ME56

Lecture
Notes
Engr. Adonis A.
All the lecture notes of ME56
Closas
Air Conditioning is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air movement
and quality of air in a space.

Moist air is a working substance in airconditioning. It is the binary mixture of any air
and water vapor.

Dry air is the non-condensing component of the mixture mainly the nitrogen and
oxygen.

kg
M a=28.966 , molecular weight of dry air
kmol
M v =18.01, molecular weight of water vapor

Universal gas constant:

=1.986 Btu =8.314 kJ =1545 ft lbf
R
lbmol R kgmolK lbmol R

Dry air:

R Btu ftlbf J
R a= =0.0686 =53.35 =287
Ma lbm R lbmK kgK

Water vapor:

R Btu ftlbf J
Rv = =0.110 =85.78 =462
Mv lbm R lbmK kgK

Gas vapor mixture at temperature below critical temperature, the gas phase of a
substance is frequently referred to as a vapor.

Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of some other gases.

Atmospheric air contains some water vapor (or moisture).

Dry air is air that contains no water vapor.

The amount of water vapor changes as a result of condensation and evaporation from
oceans.

In airconditioning applications the temperature of air ranges from about -10 to about
50C.In this range, the dry air can be treated as an ideal gas with:
kJ Btu
C p =1.005 =.240
kgK lbm R

Taking 0C as the reference temperature:

kJT kJ
hdry air =C p T =1.005 ,
kg C kg
kJ T kJ
h dry air =C p T =1.005 ,
kg C kg
 T =air temperature , C
T =change air temperature , C

At 50C, the Psat of water is 12.3 kPa at pressure below this value can be treated as an
ideal gas. Therefore, water vapor in the air behaves the relation Pv=RT . Then the
P=Pa + P v
atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal gas mixture whose pressure ,
where:
Pa= pressure of dry air

Pv = pressure of water vapor

Vapor pressure it is the pressure the water vapor would exert if it existed alone at the
temperature and volume of the mixture.

h v =h(T ) v , enthalpy of water vapor

h v ( T , low P ) =hg ( T ) , enthalpy of water vapor air can be taken be equal the enthalpy of

saturated vapor at the same temperature .

kJ
h v =2501.3 , at 0 C
kg
kJ
C p ave=1.82 , at10 C
kg C

The enthalpy of water vapor approximately:

kJ
h g ( T ) 2 501.3+ 1.82T , , T C
kg
Btu
h g ( T ) 1061.5+ 0.435T , ,T F
lbm

Absolute or specific humidity (also called humidity ratio ):

m kg water vapor
= v ,
ma kg dry air

Pv V Pv
m R T R P
= v = v = v =0.622 v
ma P a V Pa Pa
R a T Ra

0.622 Pv
=
PP v
Saturated air is a mixture of dry air and vapor until such that the air cannot absorb vapor
anymore. Any moisture introduced into saturated air will condense; the amount of water
vapor in saturated air at a specified temperature and pressure.

0.622 P g 0.622 Ps
= = , P g=Ps =saturation pressure of water at a giventemperature
PP g PP s

The amount of moisture in the air has a definite effect on how comfortable we feel in an
environment.

Relative Humidity () is the amount of moisture the air holds (mv) relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature (mg).
Pv V
m R T P
= v = v = v where P g=P sat at T
m g Pg V P g
Rv T

Combining and :
P
=
(0.622+)P g

And:
0.622 P g
=
P P g

The relative humidity ranges 0 for dry air to 1 for saturated air.

H atm air =H a + H v =ma ha +mv hv

Dividing by ma:

H m h
h= =h a+ v v =h a+ h v , hv hg
ma ma

Or:
kJ
h=ha + h g ,
kg dry air
h=C p T + hg
Dry bulb temperature is ordinary temperature of atmospheric air.

Dew point temperature TDP is the temperature at which condensation begins if the air is
cooled at constant pressure.
T DP=T sat at P v

Two measures of humidity relative to saturation:

Degree of saturation/Percent humidity, is a measure of the capacity of air to absorb

moisture. It is the ratio of the air humidity ratio to the humidity ratio of the saturated air
at the same temperature.
mv
m
= = a
s m
( v)
ma s

Pv
0.622( )
PPv
=
Ps
0.622( )
PPs
 P v PP s
( )
Ps PPv

Ps
P v 1 P
( )
Ps Pv
1
P

=
[ ]
PPs
PP v

Pv =0
If , =0 , no water.
Pv =P s
If , =1100 , completely saturated.

The air containing moisture in such state is called saturated air. In this state, the air is
holding the maximum amount of water vapor (the specific humidity being ws,
corresponding to the partial pressure Ps) at temperature T of the mixture.
Ps
s=0.622
PPs

Wet bulb temperature, TWB is the temperature of air as registered by a thermometer

where bulb is covered by wetted wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air.

Wet bulb depression is the difference between the reading of the wet and dry bulb
thermometers and is equal to (TDB - TWB).

Adiabatic Saturation
Adiabatic saturated temperature is that temperature at which water by evaporating
into air can being the air to satisfy adiabatically at the same temperature.

By conservation of mass:

a , mass flow rate of dry air remainconstant

ma 1=ma 2 m

m w + m f = mw2

Or:
m a 1 + m f =m a 2 ,

the mass flow rate of vapor the air increases by an amount equal the rate of evaporation m f

Thus,
m f =m a (2 1 )

By conservation of energy:
m i hi= m e he since Q=0
=0
W

ma 1 h 1+ m f hf 2= ma2 h2

Or:
m a h1+ m a (21 )h f 2=m a h2

m a
Dividing by gives:
 h1 +( 21) h f 2=[ C p T 2+2 h g2 ]

Which yields:
T
( 2T 1)+ 2 h fg 2
C p


1 =

Where from:
0.622 P g
2 = , since =100
P P g

Then,
0.622 Pg 0.622 P s
2 = , 2= Equation2
PP g PPs

Thus we conclude that specific humidity and relative humidity of air can be determined
from equations 1 and 2 by measuring the pressure and temperature of the air at the inlet
and exit of an adiabatic saturator.

If the air entering the channel is already saturated, the adiabatic saturation temperature
1 =2
T2 will be identical to the inlet temperature T1 in which .

In general, the adiabatic saturation temperature will be between the inlet and dew point
temperatures.

Wet bulb temperature:

Sling Psychrometer is a device that works the same principle as TWB.

A more practical approach is to determine the absolute or relative humidity of air is to

use a thermometer whose bulb is covered with a cotton wick saturated with water and to
blow air over the wick. The temperature measured in this manner is called wet bulb
temperature TWB.
In general, the adiabatic saturation temperature and the wet bulb temperature are not
the same. But for air-water-vapor mixture at atmospheric pressure, the TWB happens to be
approximately equal to the adiabatic saturation temperature, T2. Therefore, the wet bulb
TWB can be used in equation 1 in place of T2to determine the specific humidity of air.

Psychrometry is the study of the properties of mixtures of air and water vapor.

Psychrometer is an instrument used in the study of the properties of air.

The Psychrometric Chart also serves as a valuable aid in visualizing the air conditioning
process.

Air Conditioning Processes

Humidifying adding moisture

Dehumidifying removing moisture

Most air conditioning processes can be modified as steady flow processes by applying
the steady flow conservation of mass for both dry air and water and conservation of
energy principles.

Dry air mass:

mai= mae
Water mass:
mi= me mai i= mae e

W
Energy=Q = m e he m i hi

KE= PE=0assume negligible

Heating/Cooling
Note that the relative humidity of air decreases during heating process even if the
specific humidity remains constant. This is because the relative humidity is the ratio of
the moisture content to the moisture capacity air at the same temperature and moisture
capacity air at the same temperature and moisture capacity increases with temperature.
Therefore, the relative humidity of heated air may be well below comfortable levels
causing dry skin and respiratory difficulties.

The conservation of mass for heating and cooling process and neglecting fan work:

m ai =ma 2=m a for dry air

1 =2 for water

Q c =m a (h 2h1 )

q s=(h2h 1)

Where:
h1=enthalpy per unit mass of dry air at the inlet

h2=enthalpy per unit mass of dry air at the exit

Sensible Heat
Qs= m a C pmix ( t 2t 1 )= m a C pa ( t 2t 1) + m a C pv ( t 2t 1 )

m a (1.005+1.82 ) ( t 2t 1 )

a V C pmix ( t 2 t 1 )

AIRAH - 24C, 50% RH at these conditions:

kg
a=1.17 3
m
kJ Btu
C pmix =1.02 =0.245
kg DA K lbm DA R
kJ
a C pmix =1.196 3
m K

Qs=1.2 V ( t 2t 1 )

L
V = , volume flow rate
s
Qs=watts

t=temp C
lb
standard air =sat . air =0.075
ft 3
Latent Heat

QL =m a ( h2h1 )

m a [ ( C p t 2+ hfg 0 2 )( C p t 1 +h fg0 1) ]

m a hfg 0 ( 2 1 )

a V hfg 0 ( 2 1 )

AIRAH - 24C, 50% RH at these conditions:

kg
a=1.17 3
m
kJ
h fg0=2501
kgDA

QL =2.9 V ( 2 1 )

L
V = , volume flow rate
s
QL =watts

g
=
kgDA
MJ
a hfg 0=2.9
m3

Heating with Humidifying

 T 3 >T 2
If steam is introduced in the humidification section and humidification is
accomplished by spraying water into the air stream instead part of the latent heat of
vaporization will come from the air, which will result in the cooling of the heated air
stream (T 3 <T 2) .

Jones, W. P., Air conditioning engineering, 5th ed.Elsevier Science & Technology Books
1.5 m3/s of moist air at a state of 15C dry-bulb, 10C wet-bulb (sling) and 101.325 kPa
barometric pressure, enters the spray chamber of an air washer. The humidifying
efficiency of the washer is 90%, all the spray water is recirculated, the spray chamber
and the tank are perfectly lagged, and mains water at 10C is supplied to make good the
losses due to evaporation.

Calculate (a) the dry-bulb temperature at exit from the washer, (b) the rate of flow of
make-up water from the mains.

a.
90 b5.558
=
100 7.6595.558

g
b=7.449
kgDA

t b=10.5 ( psychrometric chart)

 b.
m3
v a =0.8232 ( psychrometric chart )
kg
g
a=7.449 ( psychrometric chart )
kgDA
g
ba =1.891
kgDA
1.5 0.001891 3600
m
makeup=
0.8232
kg H 2 O
m
makeup=12.40
hr

Cooling with Dehumidification

If the cooling section is sufficiently long, air will reach its dew point (state 2, saturated
air). The further cooling of air results in the condensation of part of the moisture in the
air. Air remains saturated during the entire condensation process.

Evaporative Cooling

Adiabatic Mixing of Air Streams

Mass of dry air:
m ai + ma 2 =ma 3

Mass of water vapor:

1 m ai + 2 ma 2=3 ma 3

Energy:
mai h1 + ma 2 h2=ma 3 h3

ma 3
When two inlet streams are known, divide by :

1 mai 2 ma 2
+ = 3
ma 3 ma 3

And:
h1 mai h2 ma 2
+ =h3
ma 3 ma 3
Note: If the condition in 3 3, the water vapor in the air will condense because the ratios
mai ma 2
ma 3 and ma 3 represents the factors of the total flow which enter the mixing process at

state 1 and 2.

ma 3
Eliminating from the relation above:
mai 2 3 h2h3
= =
ma 2 3 1 h3h1

Jones, W. P., Air conditioning engineering, 5th ed.Elsevier Science & Technology Books
Moist air at a state of 21C dry-bulb, 15C wet-bulb (sling) and 101.325 kPa barometric
pressure enters a spray chamber. If, for each kilogram of dry air passing through the
chamber, 0.002 kg of water at 100C is injected and totally evaporated, calculate the
moisture content, enthalpy and dry-bulb temperature of the moist air leaving the
chamber.

kJ
ha =41.88 ( psychrometric chart )
kgDA
kg
a=0.008171 ( psychrometric chart )
kgDA
kJ
hw =418.06 ( thermodynamic propertiestable ,100 C saturation water )
kgwater
b=0.008171+0.002

kg
0.010171
kgDA
kJ
hb =41.88+0.002 418.06=42.716
kgDA

59.87=( 1.007 t b0.026 ) +0.010171(2501+1.84 t b)

t b=16.9
Cooling moist air at constant pressure:

1. Cooling moist air at constant volume:

'
v 1= g gives T 1 =56 C by interpolation this isthe temp at which condensation begins .

Note: When a moist air mixture is cooled at constant mixture volume the temp at
which condensation begins is not the dew point temp corresponding to the initial
state. In this state, the condensation begins at 56 C , but the dew point temp at
the initial state determined in part a is 60C.
The process is assumed to be adiabatic. The fan work is neglected, and KE=PE
are negligible.

m hout mh
=0

m
a 1 h m 1+ m
w 3 hw 3= m
a 2 hm 2 + m
w 4 hw 4

Or:
m
a 1 (ha 1 + h v1 )+ m
w 3 h w 3=m
a 2 (ha 2 + h v 2)+ m
w 4 hw 4

m
a 1= m
a 2=m
a , Dry air mass

a [ C pa (T 1 T 2 )+ 1 hg 1 2 hg 2 ] =m
m w 4 hf 1 + m
w 3 hf 3

m
w 4= m
w3 m
a (2 1 )

Water mass:
m wi = m we
m
3m
4 =m
a ( 21 )= m
makeup

Energy:
QW = m
e h e m
i hi

0=m
a 2 h2 + m
4 h 4m
a 1 h1m
3 h3
 h
( 2h1)+( m
3 m makeup )h 4 m
3 h3
0=m a

h
( 2h1)+( 21 )h 4
m
(h h )
m a= 3 3 4

Range=t at b

Approach=t bt wb

actual range
Efficiency of cooling tower =
theoretical range
t a t b
tower =
t at wb
 Theoretical Range=Range+ Approach
t at b+t b t wb

t at wb

Heat balance (approximate)

heat loss=heat gain

m
w C pw T = m
a ( h 2h1 )

m
w C pw (t a t b)= m
a ( h 2h1 )

Typical heat balance of diesel engine:

Useful output (brake power) 34%

Cooling loss 30%
Exhaust loss 26%
Friction, radiation, etc. 10%
Heat input (fuel) 100%

A.R. Trott, T.C. Welsh. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Ed. Butterworths-Heineman

A cooling tower is used for cooling the condenser water of a refrigeration system having
a heat rejection rate of 100 kW. In the cooling tower air enters at 35C (DBT) and 24C
(WBT) and leaves the cooling tower at a DBT of 26C relative humidity of 95%. What is
the required flow rate of air at the inlet to the cooling tower in m3/s. What is the amount
of make-up water to be supplied? The temperature of make-up water is at 30C, at which
its enthalpy (hw) may be taken as 125.4 kJ/kg. Assume the barometric pressure to be 1
atm.

Inlet:
DBT = 35oC and WBT = 24oC
Humidity ratio, W = 0.01426 kgw/kgda
i
Enthalpy, h = 71.565 kJ/kgda
i
3
Sp. volume, = 0.89284 m /kgda

Outlet:
DBT = 26oC and RH = 95%
Humidity ratio, W = 0.02025 kgw/kgda
o
Enthalpy, h = 77.588 kJ/kgda
Qc = ma{(hohi) (WoWi)hw} = 100 kW
ma= 18.97 kg/s,
Vi = ma x = 16.94 m3/s
m = m (W - W ) = 18.97(0.02025 0.01426) = 0.1136 kg/s = 113.6 grams/s
w a o i
Billyje L. Tadlas

Cooling Tower
A.R. Trott, T.C. Welsh. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Ed. Butterworths-Heineman

o
In an air conditioning system air at a flow rate of 2 kg/s enters the cooling coil at 25 C
o
and 50% RH and leaves the cooling coil at 11 C and 90% RH. The apparatus dew point of
o
the cooling coil is 7 C. Find a) The required cooling capacity of the coil, b) Sensible Heat
Factor for the process, and c) By-pass factor of the cooling coil. Assume the barometric
pressure to be 1 atm. Assume the condensate water to leave the coil at ADP (h = 29.26
w
kJ/kg)

o
Ti = 25 C and RH = 50%
W = 0.00988 kgw/kgda and h = 50.155 kJ/kgda
i
o
To = 11 C and RH = 90%
Wo = 0.00734 kgw/kgda
ho = 29.496 kJ/kgda

mw= m (W ) = 2.0(0.00988 0.00734) = 0.00508 kg/s

a io

From energy balance across the cooling tower, Q is given by:;

c
Q = m (h h ) m .h = 2.0(50.155 29.496) 0.00508 x 29.26 = 41.17 kW
c a i o w w

The sensible heat transfer rate, Q is given by:

s
Q =m c (T T ) = 2.0 x 1.0216 x (25 11) = 28.605 kW
s a pm i o
The latent heat transfer rate, Q is given by:
l
Q = m h (W W ) = 2.0 x 2501.0 x (0.00988 0.00734) = 12.705 kW
s a fg i o
The Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) is given by:
SHF = Q /(Q + Q ) = 28.605/(28.605 + 12.705) = 0.692
s s l
c) From its definition, the by-pass factor of the coil, BPF is given by:
BPF = (T ADP)/(T ADP) = (11 7)/(25 7) = 0.222
o
Air Conditioning is the simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, air movement
and quality of air in a space. It means to condition the air to the desired level by heating,
humidifying, dehumidifying, cleaning and deodorizing.

The purpose of the air conditioning system of a building is to provide complete thermal
comfort for its occupants.

Cooling load:
S
Q
a. Sensible, (internal, external). Example: wall, roofs, windows, lighting,
equipment, occupants, infiltration from cracks and windows without sealant, etc.
Q
b. Latent, L . Example: equipment, occupants, infiltration.

In summer comfort:
t
( 2t 1) may vary from approximately 15 to 25F (10 to 15C), depending upon the

method of air distribution.

Assuming steady-flow conditions we have:

Q S + Q L=m a ( h2h1 )
m w= m a ( 2 1 )

The enthalpy-moisture ratio:

q' =
Q S + Q L
m w
( h2h 1) h
q' = =
( 2 1 )

For Psychrometric calculations:

 Q S=m a C pmix ( t 2t 1)
Q L=m a h fg ( 2 1 )
Btu kJ
C pmix =0.245 =1.02
lbmDA F kgDA C

Depending upon the reference:

Btu
h fg =vary 1050 1150
lbm
kJ
2500 2700
kg w

At normal temperature sea level Psychrometric chart values of approximately.

Btu
h fg =1100
lbm w

kJ
2500
kg w

If it is customary to use sensible-heat-ratio instead of enthalpy moisture ratio, by

definition:
SHR =
Q S
Q S + Q L

Total heating or cooling process

Total heat
Q= Q S + Q
L =m
a ( h2h1 )

m
a ( h3h 1) + m
a ( h 2h3 )

m
a hfg 0 ( 31 ) + m
a C pm ( t 2 t 1 )

m
a hfg 0 ( 2 1 ) + m
a C pm ( t 2t 1 )

q S
SHF =SHR= , where q = q S+ q L
q

C pm ( t 2t 1 )

C pm ( t 2t 1 ) +h fg0 ( 2 1)

1
SHF =
h fg0
1+
C pm t

1
SHF =
h fg 0
1+ tan
C pm
 C pm 1
tan= ( 1)
hfg 0 SHF

S =1.2 V o ( T RoomT Supplied Air )

Q

S =mC
Q pmix ( T )

V o C pmix ( T )

Cooling coil:

a. If t2>tDP:

b. If t2<tDP:
 i. Apparatus dew point, ADP is the effective surface temperature of the cooling
coil
ii. Coil contact factor or by-pass factor (BF)

Coil contact factor

h h 0
C = i 0 = i
hi h ADP i ADP

t i t 0

t it ADP

C =1BF

Typical BF 10

Simple recirculated system:

a. Only cooling
 b. With reheat

c. With by-pass air

Supply air=DA + By pass air

ADP= Apparatus dew point
DA=Dehumidified air

Recirculated and Outside air system

a. Only cooling coil
b. With reheat

c. With by-pass air

Threlkeld, James L., Thermal Environmental Engineering, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Engelwood Cliffs, N.J., 1970.
A single zone is to be maintained at 70F dry-bulb and 50% relative humidity by
arefrigeration coil in a forced-air system. The total cooling load on the zone is 55,000
Btu/hrand the latent load is 11,000 Btu/hr. Outdoor air at 98F dry-bulb and 80F wet-
bulb isprovided at a mass rate that is 25% of the supply-air rate. Air leaving the coil is at
50F drybulb.
(a) What are the enthalpy, wet-bulb temperature, humidity ratio, specific volume, and
relative humidity of the supply air?
(b)What are the mass and volume flow rate of the supply air?
(c) What is the total coil cooling load, in Btu/hr and in tons?

a.
5500011000
SHF = =0.8
55000
Btu
h sa =19.2
lbmDA
sa=0.0066
3
ft
v sa =12.95
lbmDA
sa =86

b.
55000 lbmDA
m
sa= =9016.4
25.319.2 hr

9016.4 12.95 ft 3
Vsa= =1946
60 min
c.
Btu
hmix =25.3+0.25 ( 43.425.3 )=29.83
lbmDA
coil =m
Q sa ( hmix h sa)

9016.4 ( 29.8319.2 )

Btu
95844
hr

95844
=8 tons
12000
Threlkeld, James L., Thermal Environmental Engineering, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Engelwood Cliffs, N.J., 1970.
A room is to be maintained at a state of 20C dry-bulb and 50 per cent saturation by a
planthandling 0.5 m3/s of outside air at a state of-2C saturated. The airstream is heated
toa temperature warm enough to offset a heat loss of 2.5 kW and dry steam is then
injectedto maintain the humidity required in the room. Calculate the supply air
temperature and theheating and humidification loads.

At state O:
Moisture content = 3.205 g/kg
Enthalpy = 5.992 kJ/kg
Specific volume = 0.7716 m3/kg

1 x 1.012 + 0.003 205 x 1.89 = 1.018 kJ/kgK

2.5 = (0.5/0.7716) x 1.018 x (ts - 20)

ts = 23.8C

At state B:
Enthalpy = 32.10 kJ/kg

So, heater battery load is

(0.5/0.7716) X (32.10- 5.992) = 16.92 kW

At state S:
ts = 23.8C
Moisture content = 7.376 g/kg
Enthalpy = 42.71 kJ/kg

So, humidification load is

(0.5/0.7716) X (42.71 - 32.10) = 6.88 kW