PDF

Mt ti liu ngn gn
gii thiu v LATEX 2

hay LATEX 2 trong 155 pht
Bin son: Tobias Oetiker

Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna v Elisabeth Schlegl
Dch bi: Nguyn Tn Khoa

Phin bn 4.00, Ngy 07 thng 06 nm 2005
ii
Bn quyn 2000-2005 thuc v Oetiker v nhng ngi ng gp cho ti liu

LShort. All rights reserved.
y l mt ti liu min ph. Bn hon ton c th phn phi li cho nhng
ngi s dng khc hoc c th chnh sa cho ph hp. Tuy nhin bn phi tun
theo nhng yu cu trong giy php bn quyn GNU (General Public License ca
Free Software Foundation; phin bn 2 hay cc phin bn khc theo kin ring
ca bn).
Ti liu ny c pht hnh vi hy vng rng n s tr nn hu ch, nhng
n KHNG KM THEO BT K S BO M NO, ngay c nhng
m bo ngm hiu v vic thng mi ho hay phi ph hp vi mt ch c th
no (vn ny bn c th tham kho giy php GNU General Public License
bit thm chi tit).
Thng thng, bn s nhn c mt bn sao ca giy php GNU General
Public License km theo ti liu ny; nu cha c, bn c th gi th n Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. c mt
bn sao.
Cm n!
Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn gii thiu v LATEX 2.09

bng ting c ca:
Hubert Partl <partl@mail.boku.ac.at>

Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universit
at f
ur Bodenkultur Wien
Irene Hyna <Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at>
Bundesministerium f
ur Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien
Elisabeth Schlegl <noemail>
in Graz
Nu bn quan tm n ti liu bng ting c, bn c th ti v bn cp

nht ca Jorg Knappen ti CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/german.
iv
Trong thi gian thc hin ti liu ny, ti tham vn kin ca mt s

ngi c chuyn mn v LATEX nhm tin comp.text.tex v nhn c
nhiu s hng ng v ng gp kin ca mi ngi. Chnh nh vo s
nhit tnh gip trong vic chnh sa li, a ra cc kin ngh cng
ti liu tham kho ca mi ngi ti mi c th hon tt ti liu ny. Ti
chn thnh cm n mi ngi. Tt c cc li trong ti liu ny l ca ti
!!! (ti l ngi son tho m). Nu bn tm thy mt t no vit sai li
chnh t th c l rng mt trong nhng ngi bn sau b xt n!
Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Jan Busa,

Markus Br uhwiler, Pietro Braione, David Carlisle, Jos Carlos Santos,
Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Christopher Chin, Carl Cerecke,
Chris McCormack, Wim van Dam, Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes,
Matthias Dreier, David Dureisseix, Elliot, Hans Ehrbar, Daniel Flipo,
David Frey, Hans Fugal, Robin Fairbairns, Jorg Fischer, Erik Frisk,
Mic Milic Frederickx, Frank, Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths,
Alexandre Guimond, Cyril Goutte, Greg Gamble, Neil Hammond,
Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Bjorn Hvittfeldt, Martien Hulsen,
Werner Icking, Jakob, Eric Jacoboni, Alan Jeffrey, Byron Jones, David Jones,
Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Michael Koundouros, Andrzej Kawalec, Alain Kessi,
Christian Kern, Jorg Knappen, Kjetil Kjernsmo, Maik Lehradt, Rmi Letot,
Johan Lundberg, Alexander Mai, Martin Maechler, Aleksandar S Milosevic,
Henrik Mitsch, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren, Lenimar Nunes de Andrade,
Demerson Andre Polli, Maksym Polyakov Hubert Partl, John Refling,
Mike Ressler, Brian Ripley, Young U. Ryu, Bernd Rosenlecher, Chris Rowley,
Risto Saarelma, Hanspeter Schmid, Craig Schlenter, Baron Schwartz,
Christopher Sawtell, Geoffrey Swindale, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec,
Scott Veirs, Didier Verna, Fabian Wernli, Carl-Gustav Werner,
David Woodhouse, Chris York, Fritz Zaucker, Rick Zaccone, and Mikhail Zotov.
Li m u
LATEX [1] l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu

khoa hc v ton hc vi cht lng bn in rt cao. ng thi, n cng rt
ph hp vi cc cng vic son tho cc ti liu khc t th t cho n nhng
cun sch hon chnh. LATEX s dng TEX [2] lm b my nh dng.
Ti liu ngn gn ny s gii thiu v LATEX 2 v n s gii thiu hu ht

cc ng dng ca LATEX. Bn c th tham kho thm [1, 3] bit thm chi
tit v h thng LATEX.
Ti liu ny c chia lm 7 chng (6 chng c dch t ti liu gc v

1 chng hng dn s dng LATEX son tho ti liu ting Vit):
Chng 1 gii thiu cu trc c bn ca cc ti liu c son tho bng

LATEX 2 . Ngoi ra, chng ny cng gii thiu s lc v lch s pht
trin ca LATEX. Kt thc chng, bn s hiu c c ch lm vic
ca LATEX. y s l nn tng quan trng m t bn c th kt hp
vi cc kin thc cc chng sau c c mt ci nhn su hn v
LATEX.
Chng 2 i su vo vic son tho cc ti liu. Bn s c gii thiu

v nhng lnh c bn, ph bin cng vi nhng mi trng nh dng
trong LATEX. Sau khi kt thc chng, bn s c th t son tho mt
s kiu ti liu n gin.
Chng 3 hng dn cch son tho cc cng thc bng LATEX. Chng ti
s cung cp cho cc bn rt nhiu v d minh ho cch s dng sc
mnh ny ca LATEX. Chng ny s c kt thc bng mt bng lit
k tt c cc k hiu ton hc c h tr trong LATEX.
vi
Chng 4 ni v vic to ch mc, danh mc ti liu tham kho v thm

hnh nh dng EPS vo ti liu. Chng ny cng ni v vic to mt
ti liu dng PDF vi pdfLATEX, gii thiu mt s gi m rng hu
dng nh XY-pic, pdfscreen, . . . .
Chng 5 hng dn to cc tp tin hnh nh vi LATEX. Bn cnh vic s

dng cc cng c v hnh bn ngoi thit k hnh nh ri thm vo
ti liu, bn c th m t hnh nh v LATEX s trc tip v cho bn.
Chng 6 ni v nhng nguy him tm n ca vic thay i nh dng

chun ca LATEX. Bn s bit c nhng thay i khng nn lm v
n s khin cho LATEX xut ra ti liu kt qu khng p.
Chng 7 hng dn ci t v s dng gi VnTeX son tho ti liu

bng ting Vit vi LATEX.
Bn nn c ti liu theo th t cc chng bi v ti liu ny khng qu

di. Hy tm hiu tht k cc v d bi l chng cha ng rt nhiu thng
tin v s c s dng xuyn sut trong ton b ti liu.
LATEX c th c s dng gn nh trn mi h thng my tnh, mi h iu

hnh, t my PC, Mac n cc h thng my tnh ln nh UNIX v VMS.
Ti cc mng my tnh trong cc trng i hc, bn c th thy rng LATEX
c ci t sn. Thng tin hng dn cch thc truy cp v s dng
c cung cp trong phn Local Guide [4]. Nu bn gp kh khn trong vic
s dng th hy lin h vi ngi a cho bn quyn sch ny! Vic hng
dn ci t v cu hnh LATEX khng thuc vo phm vi gii thiu ngn gn
ca ti liu. y, chng ti ch tp trung gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn
son tho ti liu bng LATEX.
Nu bn c nhu cu lin quan n LATEX, hy tham kho thm ti liu

trang web ca Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN). Trang ch
c t ti http://www.ctan.org. Bn c th ti v tt c cc gi d
liu thng qua cc chng trnh FTP a ch ftp://www.ctan.org hay
rt nhiu a ch lin kt ph khc trn th gii nh ftp://ctan.tug.org
(US), ftp://ftp.dante.de (Germany), ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk (UK). Nu
bn khng cc nc trn th hy la chn a ch no gn bn nht.
vii
Bn s thy nhng phn cn tham kho thm CTAN trong sut ti liu
ny, c bit l cc tham chiu n phn mm v ti liu bn c th ti v.
Thay v phi vit ton b a ch URL, chng ti s ch vit CTAN: sau l
v tr trong cy th mc CTAN.
Nu bn mun s dng LATEXtrn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng

thng tin a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/systems.
Nu bn thy rng ti liu ny cn c b sung, thay i th hy lin h

vi chng ti.
Tobias Oetiker <oetiker@ee.ethz.ch>
Department of Information Technology and

Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Ti liu hin thi ang c a ch:

CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort
Mc lc
Cm n! iii
Li m u v
1 Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX 1

1.1 Tn gi ca tr chi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 TEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Nhng iu c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Trnh by bn in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca LATEX . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Mt s k t c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Mt s lnh ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.4 Cc li ch thch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.1 Cc lp ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6.2 Cc gi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6.3 Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 Cc ti liu ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Son tho vn bn 19
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
MC LC ix
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.2.1 Canh l cc on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.2 Ngt t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Cc chui k t sn c trong LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1 Du trch dn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.2 Du gch v du ngt qung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.3 Du ng () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 K hiu v () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.5 K hiu ng tin Euro () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.6 Du ba chm (. . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.7 Ch ghp, gch ni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.8 Du trng m v cc k t c bit . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 S h tr i vi ting B o Nha . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.2 S h tr i vi ting Php . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.3 S h tr i vi ting c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.4 H tr i vi ting Hn Quc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6 Khong cch gia cc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.8 Tham chiu cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.9 Ch thch cui trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.11 Mi trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11.1 Cc mi trng lit k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11.2 Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.11.3 Trch dn v cc on th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.11.4 Li ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.11.5 In n ng nguyn vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.11.6 Mi trng bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc 54

3.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
MC LC x
3.5 Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.9 Cc k hiu in m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4 Nhng tnh nng c trng ca LATEX 80

4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.2 Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3 To ch mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.7 Lm vic vi pdfLATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.7.1 Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.7.2 Cc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.7.3 S dng hnh nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7.4 Cc siu lin kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7.5 Vn vi cc lin kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.7.6 Cc vn vi Bookmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5 Bin son hnh nh ton hc 103

5.1 Tng quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 Mi trng picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.1 Cc lnh c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2.2 Cc on thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.3 Mi tn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.4 ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.5 Vn bn v cng thc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2.6 Lnh \multiput v \linethickness . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2.7 Hnh oval. Lnh \thinlines v \thicklines . . . . . 111
5.2.8 Cc cch s dng cc khung hnh c nh ngha trc112
5.2.9 Cc ng cong Bzier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.2.10 Catenary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2.11 Tc trong thuyt tng i c bit . . . . . . . . . 116
5.3 XY-pic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
MC LC xi
6 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX 120

6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.1.1 To lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.1.2 To mi trng mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.1.3 To mt gi lnh mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2.1 Cc lnh thay i font ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
6.2.2 Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh dng . . . . 127
6.2.3 Vi li khuyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3 Cc khong trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3.1 Khong cch gia cch hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3.2 nh dng on vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.3.3 Khong trng ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3.4 Khong trng dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.4 Trnh by trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.6 Cc hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7 Son tho ti liu ting Vit 140
Ti liu tham kho 141
Ch mc 143
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2 V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng
LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1 V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

4.2 V d minh ho cch s dng gi beamer . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1 V d v mt gi lnh t to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

6.2 Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang. . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Danh sch bng
1.1 Cc lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3 Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong LATEX. . . . . 16
2.1 Du trng m v cc k t c bit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.2 Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3 Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5 Cc v tr c php. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc. . . . . . . 70

3.2 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3 Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4 Quan h hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5 Cc ton t hai ngi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.6 Cc ton t ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.7 Cc du mi tn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.8 Cc du ngoc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.9 Cc du ngoc ln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.10 Cc k hiu khc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.11 Cc k hiu thng thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.12 Cc du ngoc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.13 Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.14 Quan h hai ngi theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.15 Cc du mi tn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.16 Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS. . . 78
3.17 Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
DANH SCH BNG xiv
3.18 Cc k hiu khc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.19 Cc kiu ch ci trong ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4.2 C php ca vic to ch mc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.1 Font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.2 Kch thc ca font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.3 Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun. . . . . . 126
6.4 Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc. . . . . . . . 126
6.5 Cc n v trong TEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Chng 1
Nhng kin thc c bn v

LATEX
Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu mt cch ngn gn s ra i v qu trnh

pht trin ca LATEX 2 . Phn hai s tp trung vo cc cu trc c bn ca mt
ti liu son tho bng LATEX. Sau khi kt thc chng ny, cc bn s c c
nhng kin thc cn bn v cch thc lm vic ca LATEX v iu ny s l mt
nn tng quan trng bn c th hiu k nhng chng sau.
1.1 Tn gi ca tr chi
1.1.1 TEX
TEX l mt chng trnh c thit k bi Donald E. Knuth [2]. TEX c
thit k nhm phc v cho vic son tho cc vn bn thng thng v cc
cng thc ton hc. Knuth bt u thit k cng c sp ch TEX vo nm
1977 khm ph tm lc ca cc thit b in n in t khi m n bt u
xm nhp vo cng ngh in n lc by gi. ng hy vng rng s trnh c
xu hng lm gim cht lng bn in, iu m cc ti liu ca ng b nh
hng. TEX nh chng ta thy ngy nay c pht hnh vo nm 1982 cng
vi mt s nng cp c b sung vo nm 1989 h tr tt hn cho cc
k t 8-bit v a ngn ng. TEX c ci tin v tr nn cc k n nh,
c th chy trn cc h thng my tnh khc nhau v gn nh l khng c
li. Cc phin bn ca TEX ang dn tin n s v phin bn hin nay l
3.141592.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn 2
TEX c pht m l Tech, vi ch nh trong t Ach 1 trong ting

c hay t Loch trong tign Scotland. ch bt ngun t bng ch ci ca
ting Hy Lp, trong X l ch ch hay chi. Ngoi ra TEX cn l m u
tin ca t texnologia (technology) trong ting Hy Lp. Trong mi trng
vn bn thng thng, TEX c vit l TeX.
1.1.2 LATEX
LATEX l mt gi cc tp lnh cho php tc gi c th son tho v in n
ti liu ca mnh vi cht lng bn in cao nht thng qua vic s dng
cc kiu trnh by chuyn nghip c nh ngha trc. Ban u, LATEX
c thit k bi Leslie Lamport [1]. LATEX s dng b my nh dng TEX
lm ht nhn c bn phc v cho vic nh dng ti liu. Ngy nay, LATEX
c duy tr v pht trin bi mt nhm nhng ngi yu thch v nghin
cu v TEX, ng u l Frank Mittlebach.
LATEX c pht m l Lay-tech hay l Lah-tech. LATEX trong mi
trng vn bn thng thng c vit l LaTeX. LATEX 2 c pht m l
Lay-tech two e v vit l LaTeX2e.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn
1.2.1 Tc gi, ngi trnh by sch v ngi sp ch
Trc khi mt tc phm c in n, tc gi s gi bn vit tay ca mnh n
nh xut bn. Sau , ngi trnh by sch s quyt nh vic trnh by ti
liu ( rng ca ct, font ch, khong cch gia cc tiu , . . . ). Ngi
trnh by sch s ghi li nhng ch dn nh dng ca mnh ln bn vit tay
v a cho ngi th sp ch, v ngi th ny s sp ch cho quyn sch
theo nhng nh dng c ch dn trn bn vit tay.
Ngi trnh by sch phi c gng tm hiu xem tc gi ngh g khi
vit bn vit tho c th quyt nh c nhng hnh thc nh dng ph
1
Trong ting c c hai cch pht m i vi ch ch. Mt trong hai cch ny l m
ch trong ch Pech v cch c ny c v ph hp. Khi c hi v iu ny, Knuth
tr li trong Wikipedia ting c nh sau: Ti khng bc mnh khi mi ngi pht m
TEX theo cch ring ca h . . . v c nhiu ngi pht m ch X bi m ch nh v
n theo sao nguyn m e ch khng phi ch mnh khi n theo sau nguyn m a. Nga,
tex l mt t rt thng dng v c pht m l tyekh. Tuy nhin cch pht m chnh
xc nht l Hy Lp v h dng m ch mnh trong t ach hay Loch.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn 3
hp cho: tiu , trch dn, v d, cng thc, . . . . y l cng vic phi da

nhiu vo kinh nghim v ni dung ca bn tho.
Trong mi trng LATEX, LATEX ng vai tr l ngi trnh by sch v
s dng TEX nh l mt ngi th sp ch. Tuy nhin, LATEX ch l mt
chng trnh my tnh do n phi c hng dn bi ngi son tho.
Ngi son tho s cung cp thm thng tin m t cu trc logic ca tc
phm v thng tin ny s c vit vo vn bn di hnh thc l cc lnh
ca LATEX.
y chnh l mt trong nhng im khc bit ln i vi cc chng trnh
son tho WYSIWYG2 nh l: MS Word, hay Corel WordPerfect. Vi cc
chng trnh trn th ngi son vn bn s tng tc trc tip vi chng
trnh v h s thy ngay kt qu ca vic inh dng. Khi ny, vn bn trn
mn hnh s phn nh ng vi bn in.
Khi s dng LATEX, bn khng nhn thy bn in ngay khi son tho. Tuy
nhin, sau khi bin dch bn c th xem v sa i ni dung trc khi thc
hin thao tc in n.
1.2.2 Trnh by bn in
Vic thit k bn in l mt cng vic th cng. Nhng ngi son vn bn
khng c khiu trnh by thng mc phi mt s li nh dng nghim trng
v quan im: Nu mt ti liu trng sc so th n c thit k tt.
Tuy nhin cc ti liu c in n l c ch khng phi trng by
trong mt phng trin lm ngh thut. Do , tnh r rng, d c, d hiu
phi c t ln hng u. V d:
Kch thc ca font ch v vic nh s tiu phi c chn mt
cch hp l nhm lm cho cu trc ca cc chng, mc tr nn r
rng i vi ngi c.
Chiu di ca dng vn bn phi ngn khng lm mi mt ngi
c; ng thi, n phi di c th nm va vn trong trang giy.
iu ny mi nghe qua ta thy c v mu thun nhng y chnh l
mt yu t rt quan trng quyt nh n tnh r rng v p mt ca
ti liu.
Vi cc h son tho WYSIWYG, tc gi thng to ra cc ti liu sc
so, trng p mt nhng li khng m bo c tnh thng nht trong
2
What you see is what you get.
1.2 Nhng iu c bn 4
nh dng cc thnh phn ca ti liu. LATEX ngn chn nhng li nh th

bng cch yu cu ngi son tho phi nh ngha cu trc logic ca ti
liu. Sau , chnh LATEX s la chn cch trnh by tt nht.
1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca LATEX

Khi nhng ngi s dng cc phm mm WYSIWYG v nhng ngi s
dng LaTeX gp nhau, h thng tranh lun v nhng im mnh / im
yu ca LATEX i vi cc chng trnh son tho thng thng v ngc
li. Cch tt nht m bn nn lm l ng gia v lng nghe. Tuy nhin, i
lc bn s khng th no ng ngoi c!
Di y l mt s im mnh ca LATEX:
Cc m hnh trnh by bn in chuyn nghip c sn v iu ny s

gip cho ti liu do bn son tho trng tht chuyn nghip.
Vic son tho cc cng thc ton hc, k thut c h tr n ti

a.
Ngi s dng ch cn hc mt s lnh d nh xc nh cu trc

logic ca ti liu. Ngi dng gn nh khng bao gi cn phi suy ngh
nhiu n vic trnh by bn in v cng c sp ch TEX lm vic
ny mt cch t ng.
Ngay c nhng cu trc phc tp nh ch thch, tham chiu, biu bng,

mc lc, . . . cng c to mt cch d dng.
Bn c th s dng rt nhiu gi thm vo (add-on package) min

ph nhm b sung nhng tnh nng m LATEX khng h tr mt cch
trc tip. V d: cc gi thm vo c th h tr vic a hnh nh
PostScript hay h tr vic lp nn cc danh mc sch tham kho
theo ng chun. Bn c th tham kho thm thng tin v cc gi cng
thm trong ti liu The LATEX Companion [3].
LATEX khuyn khch ngi son tho vit nhng ti liu c cu trc r
rng bi v y l c ch lm vic ca LATEX.
TEX, cng c nh dng ca LATEX 2 , c tnh kh chuyn rt cao v

hon ton min ph. Do , chng trnh ny s chy c trn hu
ht cc h thng phn cng, h iu hnh khc nhau.
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX 5
LATEX cng c nhiu im cha thun li cho ngi s dng. Bn c th lit

k ra nhng im bt li ny khi bt u s dng LATEX. y, ti xin lit
k ra mt vi im nh sau:
LATEX khng phc v tt cho nhng k nh mt lng tri.
Mc d, i vi mt kiu trnh by vn bn nh sn, cc tham s nh

dng u c th thay i nhng vic thit k mt kiu trnh by mi
hon ton l rt kh khn v tn nhiu thi gian.3
Bin son nhng ti liu khng c cu trc, hoc ln xn ... l rt kh

khn
Trong nhng bc lm vic u tin bn c th dng chut nhng khi

s dng quen th con chut s khng phc v g nhiu cho khi nhim
nh du logic (Logical Markup).
1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX

D liu a vo cho LATEX l vn bn thng thng c lu di dng k t
ASCII. Bn c th son tho tp tin ny bng mt chng trnh son tho
vn bn thng thng nh Notepad, vim, gvim, . . . Tp tin ny s cha phn
vn bn cng nh cc lnh nh dng ca LATEX.
1.3.1 Khong trng

Cc k t: khong trng hay tab c xem nh nhau v c gi l k t
khong trng. Nhiu k t khong trng lin tip cng ch c xem l mt
khong trng. Cc khong trng v tr bt u mt hng th c b qua.
Ngoi ra k t xung hng n c xem l mt khong trng.
Mt hng trng gia hai hng vn bn s xc nh vic kt thc mt on
vn. Nhiu hng trng c xem l mt hng trng.
T y tr i, cc v d s c trnh by nh sau: bn tri s l phn d
liu c nhp vo v bn phi s l kt qu c xut ra tng ng (phn
kt qu c xut ra c ng khung).
3
Mt s tin n cho rng y s l mt trong nhng im yu c khc phc tronog
phin bn LATEX3
y l mt v d cho thy
rng nhiu khong
trng cng y l mt v d cho thy rng nhiu khong
ch c xem l trng cng ch c xem l mt khong
mt khong trng. trng.
ng thi mt hng trng s bt u mt
on mi.
ng thi mt hng trng
s bt u mt on mi.
1.3.2 Mt s k t c bit
Nhng k t sau l cc k t c dnh ring hay c mt ngha c bit
trong LATEX hoc l n khng c mt trong bt k b font ch no. Khi bn
nhp chng vo mt cch trc tip th thng thng chng s khng c in
ra v i khi n cng khin cho LATEX lm mt s vic m bn khng d
on trc hoc chng cng c th khin cho LATEX bo li.
# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ |
Bn s thy rng cc k t ny s c s dng rt nhiu trong ti liu.

s dng cc k hiu trn trong ti liu, bn cn phi thm vo mt tin t
pha trc l du gch cho (\).
\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{} #$%&_{}
Cc k hiu khc c th c in ra trong cc cng thc ton hay cc du

trng m vi cc ch th lnh. Du gch cho (\) khng th c nhp vo
bng cch thm vo trc n mt du gch cho (\\) nh cc trng hp
trn. Khi bn nhp vo \\ th LATEX s hiu rng bn mun xung hng4 .
1.3.3 Mt s lnh ca LATEX

Cc lnh ca LATEX cn phi c nhp vo theo ng ch hoa v ch thng.
N c th c hai dng thc nh sau:
4
Bn nn nhp vo $\backslash$. Ch th lnh ny s in ra du \.
Chng c th bt u bng du \ v tip theo l tn lnh (ch gm cc

k t). Cc tn lnh thng c kt thc bng mt khong trng, mt
s hay mt k hiu.
Chng gm c mt du vch cho ngc (\) v ch ng mt k hiu.
LATEX b qua khong trng sau cc lnh. Nu bn mun c khong trng

sau cc lnh th bn nn nhp thm vo {} v mt khong trng hay mt
lnh khong trng c bit sau tn lnh. Vic nhp vo {} s ngn cn LATEX
xo mt cc k t khong trng sau tn lnh.
Knuth phn loi ngi

s dng \TeX{} thnh
Knuth phn loi ngi s dng TEX thnh
\TeX{}nicians
TEXnicians v TEXeperts.
v \TeX
eperts.
R rng trong v d trn, khi s dng lnh \TeX m khng thm vo { }

th ch cc khong trng gia t experts v \TeX b b qua v do chng
c vit lin nhau thnh TEXexperts.
Mt s lnh cn c tham s. Cc tham s ny s c ghi gia du
ngoc { } pha sau tn lnh. Mt s lnh c yu cu tham s; tuy nhin,
cc tham s ny l tu chn, khi ny n c nhp vo trong du ngoc
vung [ ].
Bn c th \textsl{da} vo ti! Bn c th da vo ti!
Vui lng bt u mt
Vui lng bt u mt hng mi!
hng mi!\newline
Cm n!
Cm n!
1.3.4 Cc li ch thch
Khi m LATEX gp mt k t % th n s b qua phn cn li ca hng ang
c x l. Ngoi ra, cc k t xung hng v cc khong trng u hng
tip theo s c b qua.
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu 8
Bn c th s dng k t ny thc hin vic ghi ch vo tp tin son

tho m khng lo lng vic in chng ra cng vi bn in hon chnh.
N qu l % n gin
% tt hn <----
N qu l mt v d khng in, v ngha
mt v d khng in,
v ngha
Ngoi ra, k t % cn c th c s dng chia cc hng d liu nhp

vo qu di khi m cc k t khong trng hay l xung hng khng c
php xut hin.
Vi cc li bnh di, bn c th s dng mi trng c cung cp bi
gi verbatim l comment. Gi ny c a vo s dng thng qua lnh sau:
\usepackage{verbatim}
y l mt v d khc
\begin{comment}
cng n gin nhng hu dng y l mt v d khc minh ho cch a li
\end{comment} bnh vo ti liu.
minh ho cch a li bnh
vo ti liu.
Bn cn ch rng mi trng ghi ch ny khng lm vic trong nhng

mi trng phc tp nh l cc mi trng cha cc cng thc ton hc.
1.4 Cu trc ca tp tin nhp liu

Khi m LATEX 2 x l mt tp tin d liu vo, n s i hi d liu vo phi
c mt cu trc nht nh. Mi tp tin d liu vo phi c bt u bi
lnh:
\documentclass{...}
Lnh ny s xc nh kiu ca ti liu m bn mun son tho. Tip n,

bn c th thm vo cc lnh khc nh dng cu trc ca ton b ti
liu. Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng cc gi khc thm vo cc tnh nng m
rng khng c sn trong LATEX. Cc gi lnh c th c a vo bng
cch s dng lnh
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng 9
\usepackage{...}
Khi vic khai bo nh dng ca ti liu hon tt5 , bn c th bt u
son phn thn ca ti liu vi lnh
\begin{document}
By gi th bn bt u son tho phn vn bn kt hp vi cc lnh
nh dng hu ch ca LATEX. Khi hon tt vic son tho, bn s thm vo
lnh
\end{document}
Lnh ny s yu cu LATEX kt thc phin lm vic. Ni dung cn li
trong ti liu s b b qua.
Hnh 1.1 minh ho cu trc c bn ca mt tp tin nhp liu c son
tho theo LATEX. Mt v d v tp tin nhp liu phc tp hn s c cung
cp hnh 1.2
1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng

Ti dm cc rng bn ang c gng th lm vic da trn on d liu
vo ngn gn trang 9. Di y l mt s hng dn: bn thn ca LATEX
khng phi l mt chng trnh c giao din thn thin vi ngi dng (GUI
- Graphic User Interfaces) vi cc nt nhn dng nh dng vn bn.
LATEX l mt phn mm x l tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Mt vi phin bn
ci t ca LATEX c giao din ha thn thin v bn c th nhn chut
bin dch. Tuy nhin, i vi dn chuyn nghip th ngh thut nm
5
Vng d liu nm gia \documentclass v \begin{document} c gi l vng li
ta (ting Anh l preamble).
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Nh gn nhng c nhiu ngha
\end{document}
Hnh 1.1: Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca LATEX

1.5 Mt s lnh thng dng 10
cch m bn dng hng lnh dch mt tp tin d liu vo thng qua cc

hng lnh. Ch : chng ti gi s rng mt phin bn chy c ca LATEX
c trn my ca bn.
1. Son tho tp tin d liu vo ca bn bng mt chng trnh son tho

n gin thng thng. Trn h thng my UNIX th cc phn mm
son tho thng thng u c kh nng thc hin thao tc ny. Trn
h thng Windows th bn c th s dng Notepad hay cc chng
trnh khc v xc nh dng lu tr l Plain text. Ngoi ra, bn cn
lu rng phn m rng ca tp tin l .tex.
2. Chy LATEX vi tp tin d liu vo ca bn. Nu chng trnh thc

hin thnh cng th n s xut ra mt tp tin c phn m rng l .dvi.
Trong mt s tnh hung, bn cn phi chy LATEX nhiu ln c th
c c bng mc lc v mt s tham chiu bn trong vn bn. Khi
m tp tin d liu vo ca bn c li th LATEX s bo cho bn bit v
ngng thao tc x l tp tin ny. Khi ny, hy nhn Ctrl-D tr v
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
% Ta ca ti liu
\author{H.~Partl}
\title{Minimalism}
\begin{document}
% To ta
\maketitle
% To bng mc lc
\tableofcontents
\section{Vi iu th v}
Mt ti liu th v??!!
\section{Tm bit cc bn}
\ldots{} y l phn kt thc.
\end{document}
Hnh 1.2: V d v mt cu trc ca mt ti liu c son tho bng LATEX.

1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu 11
dng lnh bnh thng.
latex thu01.tex
3. By gi bn c th xem tp tin DVI. C nhiu cch thc hin tc

v ny. Bn c th xem trn mn hnh vi lnh
xdvi thu01.dvi &
Lu : lnh trn c thc thi trn nn h iu hnh Unix, trong ch

ho X11. Nu bn lm vic trn nn h iu hnh Windows bn
c th s dng chng trnh tng t l yap (yet another previewer).
Ngoi ra, bn c th chuyn tp tin dng DVI sang dng PostScript
in n hay xem vi chng trnh Ghostscript.
dvips -Pcmz thu01.dvi -o thu01.ps
Nu h thng LATEX trn my bn c ci t chng trnh dvipdf

th bn c th chuyn tp tin t dng DVI trc tip sang dng PDF.
dvipdf thu01.dvi
1.6 Cch trnh by mt ti liu

1.6.1 Cc lp ti liu
Thng tin u tin m LATEX cn bit khi x l mt tp tin d liu vo l
kiu ti liu m ngi son tho mun to ra. Kiu ti liu s c xc nh
vi lnh
\documentclass[tu chn]{lp}
y, lp cho bit kiu ti liu cn bin son. Bng 1.1 lit k cc kiu ti
liu c nh ngha sn. Bn cnh cc kiu ti liu chun, LATEXcn cho
php thm vo cc gi m rng nhm h tr cho vic to ra cc kiu ti liu

khc nh: th t, cc trang trnh din, . . . . Tham s tu chn s tu bin
nh dng ca cc kiu ti liu. Cc tham s trong mc tu chn phi c
cch nhau bi du phy. Bn c th xem thm bng 1.2 bit thm cc
tham s thng dng.
V d: mt tp tin ngun ca LATEX c th c bt u vi
\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}
Lnh ny s bo cho LATEX bit rng bn cn to mt ti liu kiu article

vi c ch l 11 im, c in hai mt trn kh giy A4.
1.6.2 Cc gi
Trong qu trnh son tho ti liu, bn s nhn thy rng c mt s cng
vic m LATEX khng th gii quyt c. V d, ch vi LATEX th bn khng
th kt hp cc hnh nh vo ti liu c, hay n gin hn l bn khng
th a mu sc vo ti liu. Khi ny, c th m rng kh nng ca LATEX,
bn s cn thm vo mt s cng c b sung (chng c gi l cc gi).
Bng 1.1: Cc lp ti liu.
article ph hp khi son cc bi bo trong cc tp ch khoa hc, cc

vn bn trnh din, cc bo co ngn, chng trnh hot ng, th
mi, . . .
report ph hp khi son cc bo co gm nhiu chng, cc quyn sch

nh, lun vn,. . .
book ph hp khi son sch.
slides dng thit k cc trang trnh din. Kiu ti liu ny ny s

dng cc k t sans serif c ln. Bn c th s dng mt kiu ti
liu khc l FoilTEXa .
a
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex
Bng 1.2: Cc tu chn cho lp ti liu.
10pt, 11pt, 12pt Chnh kch thc font ch trong c ti liu. Nu

khng c tu chn no c thit lp th c ch mc inh c
chn l 10pt.
a4paper, letterpaper, . . . Xc nh c giy. C giy mc inh l

letterpaper. Ngoi ra, cn c cc kiu giy khc nh: a5paper,
b5paper, executivepaper v legalpaper.
fleqn cc cng thc c hin th bn tri thay v chnh gia.
leqno nh s cc cng thc bn tri thay v bn phi.
titlepage, notitlepage xc nh vic to mt trang trng ngay

sau ta ca ti liu hay khng. Theo mc nh, lp article
khng bt u mt trang trng ngay sau phn ta . Ngc li,
i vi lp report v book th ngc li.
onecolumn, twocolumn Ti liu c chia lm 1 hay 2 ct.
twoside, oneside Xc nh xem ti liu s c xut ra dng hai

hay mt mt. Lp article v report c thit lp l cc ti liu
mt mt. Ngc li, lp book l dng ti liu hai mt. Nhng tu
chn ny ch nhm xc nh dng thc ca ti liu m thi. Tu
chn twoside s khng thc hin vic in ti liu ra dng hai mt.
landscape Thay i cch trnh by t kiu trang dc sang trang

ngang.
openright, openany Cc chng s bt u cc trang bn tay

phi hay trang trng k tip. Tu chn ny khng lm vic i
vi lp article bi v i vi lp ny th khng c khi nim v
chng. Theo mc nh, lp report s bt u cc chng trong
k tip v lp book bt u cc chng trang pha tay phi.
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp 14
s dng cc gi b sung ny, ta cn phi s dng lnh:
\usepackage[tu chn]{tn gi }
tu chn l mt danh sch cc t kho nhm kch hot cc tnh nng ca

gi. Vi cc phin bn LATEX chun, bn c th tm thy rt nhiu cc gi
c bn. Ngoi ra, bn c th tm thy cc gi khc c phn phi ring l.
Bn c th vo cc trang web c lin quan bit thm thng tin v cch
ci t v s dng cc gi. Bn c th tm hiu thm thng tin chi tit v
m ngun, cch thit k trong quyn The LATEX Companion [3].
1.6.3 Cc nh dng trang ca trang vn bn

LATEX h tr ba kiu nh dng sn cho phn tiu / phn chn (header/footer)
ca cc trang vn bn. Cu lnh iu khin:
\pagestyle{kiu}
Tham s kiu xc nh kiu nh dng c s dng. Bng 1.4 lit k tt c

cc kiu nh dng c nh ngha sn ca trang vn bn.
Bn cng c th t nh dng cho ring tng trang vi lnh sau:
\thispagestyle{style}
Bn c th tham kho thm chi tit v vic trnh by tiu v phn

chn ca trang vn bn theo ring trong ti liu The LATEX Companion [3]
hay trong mc 4.4 trang 87.
1.7 Mt s dng tp tin thng gp

Khi lm vic vi LATEX, c i lc bn s cm thy mnh b lc gia mt m
cung cc tp tin vi cc phn ui m rng khc nhau. Di y l danh
sch lit k cc kiu tp tin m bn c th gp phi khi lm vic vi TEX.
Lu rng y ch l mt bng tm tt cc dng tp tin thng dng m
bn c th gp trong khi lm vic vi LATEX.
Bng 1.3: Mt s gi c phn phi chng vi LATEX.
doc Cung cp ti liu v cc chng trnh ca LATEX. Chng

c m t trong tp tin doc.dtxa
exscale Cung cp cc phin bn c th thay i kch thc

ca cc font ch v ton.
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltexscale.dtx.
fontenc Xc nh cch m ho font ch m LATEX nn dng.

Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ltoutenc.dtx.
ifthen Cung cp cc lnh thao tc trn cc biu mu

if . . . then do. . . hay l do. . . .
Thng tin c m t trong tp tin ifthen.dtx v The
LATEX Companion [3].
latexsym truy cp n cc k hiu trong cc font ch ca

LATEX. Bn nn s dng gi latexsym. Thng tin c
m t trong tp tin latexsym.dtx v trong The LATEX
Companion [3].
makeidx Cung cp cc lnh to ch mc. Thng tin c

m t trong mc 4.3 v trong The LATEX Companion [3].
syntonly Bin dch ti liu m khng tin hnh sp ch. Gi

ny cho php kim tra li c php khi son tho m
khng bin dch cho nn vic kim tra din ra rt nhanh.
inputenc H tr vic nhp liu theo cc bng m nh ASCII,

ISO Latin-1, ISO Latin-2, 437/850 IBM, Apple Mac-
intosh, Next, ANSI-Windows hay do ngi dng nh
ngha.
Thng tin c m t trong inputenc.dtx.
a
tp tin ny c trn my ca bn v bn c th dch n sang dng
DVI vo mt th mc bt k bng cch nh lnh latex doc.dtx Vi
cc tp tin c cp khc bn cng c th thao tc tng t.
Bng 1.4: Cc kiu nh dng sn ca trang vn bn trong LATEX.
plain nh v xut s trang gia phn chn cui trang vn

bn. y l kiu nh dng mc nh.
headings xut tiu ca chng hin ti v s th t ca trang

vn bn vng tiu ca trang; ng thi, phn chn ca
trang c trng.
empty t c phn tiu v phn chn ca trang l rng.
.tex Tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX hay TEX. N c th c bin dch vi

lnh: latex.
.sty Gi lnh thm vo cho LATEX. N l mt tp tin ring l v bn c
th kt hp n vo tp tin ti liu ca bn bng cch s dng lnh:
\usepackage.
.dtx Ti liu v TEX. Tp tin ny l dng c cung cp vi cc tp tin
nh dng. Nu bn dch mt tp tin .DTX th bn s c c ti liu
v cc tp lnh trong gi cha trong tp tin .DTX.
.ins Cc tp tin ci t i km vi cc tp tin c phn m rng l .DTX.
Nu bn ti v mt gi cng thm ca LATEX t trn mng, thng
thng th bn s c c mt tp tin .dtx v mt tp tin .ins. Chy
LATEX i vi tp tin .ins s c kt qu l tp tin .dtx.
.cls Tp tin lu cc lp nh ngha vic nh dng ti liu ca bn. Chng
c s dng bi lnh:
\documentclass.
.fd Tp tin m t font ch gip LATEX c thng tin v cc font ch mi.
Di y l mt s tp tin c to ra khi bn s dng LATEX bin
dch tp tin d liu vo:
.dvi Tp tin ny m t d liu c lp vi thit b. N cha ng kt qu
chnh ca qu trnh bin dch ca LATEX. Bn c th xem ni dung ca
n bng cc chng trnh xem tp tin DVI nh YAP, dvips, . . . .
1.8 Cc ti liu ln 17
.log Lu cc thng tin chi tit v qu trnh bin dch cui cng.
.toc Lu tiu ca tt c cc mc. N s c c trong ln bin dch

tip theo v c s dng to bng mc lc.
.lof Tng t nh tp tin .toc nhng n lu thng tin v danh sch cc

hnh nh.
.lot Tng t nh hai tp tin trn nhng n lu thng tin v cc bng

trong ti liu.
.aux Tp tin ny chuyn cc thng tin bin dch t tp tin ny n tp tin

khc. Cc tp tin .aux ny s c dng lu thng tin v cc tham
chiu cho.
.idx Nu ti liu ca bn c trang v ch mc th tp tin ny s lu tt c

cc t kho. Bn c th bin dch tp tin ny vi lnh:
makeindex. Tham kho thm chng 4.3 trang 85 bit thm chi
tit.
.ind Cha thng tin c dch t tp tin .idx. Bn c th nh km tp

tin ny vo ti liu ca bn cho ln bin dch tip theo.
.ilg Tp tin ny lu tr thng tin v nhng g m lnh makeindex tin

hnh..
1.8 Cc ti liu ln
Thng thng, khi lm vic vi cc ti liu ln, ta thng chia ti liu ra
lm nhiu phn nh hn vic qun l ti liu c thun tin, d dng
hn. LATEX cung cp cho bn hai lnh h tr cho vic ny.
\include{filename}
Bn c th s dng lnh ny trong phn thn ca ti liu chn vo ni

dung ca mt tp tin khc c tn l filename.tex. Lu rng LATEX s khng
bt u mt trang mi trc khi x l cc d liu trong tp tin d liu vo
nhp t tp tin filename.tex
1.8 Cc ti liu ln 18
Lnh th hai c th s dng trong phn ta . N cho php bn hng

dn LATEX ch a vo mt s tp tin.
\includeonly{filename,filename,. . . }
Sau khi lnh ny c thc thi phn ta ca ti liu, th ch c

cc lnh \include ng vi cc tp tin trong danh sch tham s ca lnh
\includeonly mi c tc dng. Lu rng khng c khong trng gia tn
cc tp tin trong phn danh sch tham s v cc tp tin phi c cch ra
bi du phy.
Lnh \include tin hnh sp ch d liu t nhp tin mt trang mi.
Vic s dng lnh \includeonly l rt hu ch bi v cc ch th kt thc
trang s khng b di chuyn ngay c khi mt s tp tin a vo b b qua.
Nu khng thch vic sp ch ny th bn c th chn tp tin vo trc tip
thng qua lnh:
\input{filename}
Lnh ny ch n thun l km tp tin c ch inh vo ti liu hin thi

ca bn m khng km theo iu kin g c.
Nhm gip cho LATEX c th kim tra ti liu ca bn mt cch nhanh
chng hn, bn c th s dng gi syntonly. Gi ny cho php LATEX lt qua
ti liu ca bn v ch kim tra mt s c php v cc lnh nhng khng
xut ra kt qu (tp tin DVI). Khi s dng gi ny, LATEX s chy rt nhanh
v bn s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian. Cch s dng gi ny rt n
gin:
\usepackage{syntonly}
\syntaxonly
Khi m bn mun to ra cc trang kt qu tht s, bn ch vic loi b

gi syntonly ra khi ti liu.
Chng 2
Son tho vn bn
Sau khi c xong chng va qua, bn c nhng kin thc c bn v cu trc

ca mt ti liu c son tho vi LATEX 2 . Trong chng ny, bn s c
cung cp thm cc thng tin khc c th son tho nhng ti liu thc s
bng LATEX.
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng

By Hanspeter Schmid <hanspi@schmid-werren.ch>
iu quan trng khi son tho mt ti liu (tr cc ti liu hin i DAAC 1 )
l kh nng truyn t nhng tng, thng tin, kin thc n c gi. c
gi s d tip thu hn khi ni dung c son tho v trnh by mt cch
c h thng. Ngoi ra, iu ny cn c phn nh thng qua ngh thut in
n bi v bn in s phn nh cu trc logic ca tng v ngha ca cc
thnh phn bn trong.
LATEX khc vi cc h son tho vn bn khc im bn ch cn cung
cp cho n cu trc logic v ngha ca cc thnh phn ca vn bn. Sau
, m hnh ca bn in s c thit k mt cch t ng sao cho ph hp
vi cc yu cu nh dng trong phn tu chn u ti liu hay trong cc
tp tin km theo.
n v quan trng nht trong LATEX (cng nh trong in n) l on vn.
Chng ta gi l cc vn bn n v bi v mt on vn bn s phn
nh nhng ngh lin lc hay mt tng c th. Nhng mc sau s gip
1
Different At All Cost, mt bn dch ca Swiss UVA (Ums Verrecken Anders).
2.1 Cu trc vn bn v vn v ngn ng 20
cho bn bit c cc cch thc thc hin cc cng vic nh: yu cu

LATEX xung hng vi lnh \\, hay ngt on bng cch nhp vo mt hng
trng. Vic quyt nh khi no kt thc mt on vn l rt quan trng bi
v cc on vn s c nhim v chuyn ti nhng tng, ngh. Khi m
mt ngh vn cn tip tc m ta li vit n mt on vn khc th s
khng hp l. Ngc li, ta nn bt u mt on vn mi khi ta bt u
mt dng suy ngh mi.
Trn thc t, hu ht mi ngi cha nh gi ng mc vai tr ca vic
t cc du cch on mt cch hp l khi son tho ti liu. Hn na, nhiu
ngi cn khng bit c ngha ca vic cch on cc on vn; hay c
th l ni v vic ngt on trong LATEX m khng hiu r v n. Bn cnh
, vic son tho cc cng thc Ton hc nm trn cng mt hng vi phn
vn bn cng d dn n mt s li rt thng dng. y l mt s v d:
bn hy t kim tra xem ti sao c lc th cc hng trng (ngt on) c
s dng trc v sau mt phng trnh v i lc li khng. (ng lo nu
bn khng hiu ht cc lnh trong cc v d di y! Cc lnh ny s c
gii thch chi tit trong chng pha sau.)
% Th d 1
\ldots khi m Albert Einstein gii thiu phng trnh:
\begin{equation}
e = m \cdot c^2 \; ,
\end{equation}
th vo thi im , n l phng trnh c bit n nhiu nht
v ng thi cng t ngi hiu c n nht.
% Th d 2
\ldots theo lut Kirchoff v cng dng in th:
\begin{equation}
\sum_{k=1}^{n} I_k = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Hiu in th theo lut Kirchoff c cng thc l \ldots
% Th d 3
\ldots c nhiu li im.
\begin{equation}
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang 21
I_D = I_F - I_R

\end{equation}
l ht nhn ca rt nhiu mu transistor khc nhau. \ldots
n v nh hn ca vn bn l cu. Trong vn bn ting Anh, sau du

chm cu s l mt khong trng ln. Khong trng ny s ln hn khong
trng i sau mt ch vit tt. LATEX s c gng on xem bn mun t
khong trng ln hay nh trong cu. Nu LATEX khng lm ng, bn cn
phi hng dn cho n. iu ny s c cp n phn tip theo.
Cu trc ca mt vn bn cn c th chia nh thnh cc phn ca cu.
Hu ht cc ngn ng u c quy tc ng php phc tp ring. Bn cn
tham kho thm ti liu v cu trc ng php ca ting Vit c th t
du cho ng.
Cui cng, bn cnh vic sp xp cc on vn mt cch hp l, bn cn
phi sp xp chng theo cp bc c th t nh: phn, chng, mc, mc
con, . . . .
2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang

2.2.1 Canh l cc on vn
Sch, ti liu, . . . thng c sp ch vi cc hng c di bng nhau.
Do , LATEX s t ng chn vo mt cch ti u cc khong trng v k
t xung hng cho c on vn. Khi cn, LATEX cng s ngt cc t qu di,
khng nm gn trn mt hng. Ngoi ra, vic inh dng cc on vn vn
cn ph thuc vo kiu ti liu m ta mun to. Thng thng th hng u
tin ca on vn s thc vo v s khng c thm khong trng gia cc
on vn. Tham kho thm mc 6.3.2 bit thm chi tit.
Trong mt s tnh hung c bit, bn cn phi yu cu LATEX thc hin
vic xung hng ngay bng lnh sau:
\\ hay \newline
Lnh sau s bt u mt hng mi ch khng phi bt u mt on mi:
\\*
Lnh sau s cho php ngt trang sau khi xung hng:
\newpage
Cc lnh sau:
\linebreak[n], \nolinebreak[n], \pagebreak[n] v \nopagebreak[n]
s thc hin theo th t tng ng cc cng vic nh: xung hng, khng
xung hng, sang trang, khng sang trang. Ngoi ra, chng cn cho php
ngi son tho tc ng n vic xung hng v sang trang vi tham s
km theo. S n y c th ly cc gi tr t 1 n 4. Khi n = 4 th LATEX s
t ng b qua lnh ny nu kt qu khng p mt. Lu : bn khng nn
nhm ln gia vic ngt trang vi vic to mi mt trang. Ngay c khi
bn s dng lnh ngt hng hay ngt trang th LATEX vn c gng thc
hin vic cn bng bin phi cng nh chiu di ca trang. Nu bn thc s
mun chuyn sang mt hng mi th hy s dng lnh tng ng (hy on
xem nn dng lnh no trong cc lnh trn).
LATEX lun c gng thc hin vic xung hng mt cch hp l. Nu n
khng th tm thy cch tt nht ngt hng theo chun th n s gi
nguyn phn vn bn (do , phn vn bn ny s nm ln sang l phi).
Khi ny, LATEX s thng bo khi bin dch l c phn vn bn nm ln ra
bin (overfull box).2 Bn c th hng dn LATEX linh ng x l tnh
hung thng qua lnh \sloppy. Lnh ny ngn cn vic to ra cc dng qu
di bng cch tng khong cch gia cc t ngay c khi m n lm cho kt
qu xut ra khng my p mt. Khi ny, cnh bo li (underfull hbox) s
2
Mc d LATEX a ra thng bo li nhng bn kh c th nhn thy c phn d
ra ny. Nu bn s dng tham s tu chn l draft trong lnh \documentclass th cc
hng ny s c nh du bi mt hng en bin phi.
xut hin. Trong a s cc tnh hung th kt qu trng s khng my p

mt. Bn c th tr li vi cch nh dng ban u nh vo lnh \fussy.
2.2.2 Ngt t
LATEX s t ng ngt t khi cn thit. Nu LATEX thc hin vic ny khng
c nh ca bn th bn c th s dng lnh sau yu cu LATEX gii
quyt trng hp c bit .
\hyphenation{danh sch cc t}
Lnh ny s lm cho cc t trong danh sch b ngt qung ti cc im c

nh du bi -. Tham s ca lnh ny ch nn cha cc k t thng thng
hay cc du c LATEX xem nh k t thng thng. Cc gi hng dn
cho vic ngt qung cc t i vi cc ngn ng khc nhau s c lu li
khi lnh ny c thc hin. iu ny c ngha l nu bn t lnh ny vo
phn ta th ti liu ca bn s b nh hng bi cch ngt qung t ca
ting Anh. Nu bn s dng lnh ny sau phn \begin{document}; ng
thi, bn s mt gi h tr ngn ng ca bn nh l babel th cc hng dn
v vic ngt qung t s c kch hot thng qua gi babel.
V d di y s ngt qung t hyphenation cng nh l t Hy-
phenation; ng thi, n s ngn khng cho t FORTRAN, Fortran v
fortran b ngt qung. Lu rng khng c mt k t c bit no c
php c mt trong danh sch tham s.
V d:
\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}
Lnh \- t mt cch tu du cch vo mt t. y cng chnh l im

ngt qung duy nht ca t. Lnh ny c bit hu dng i vi nhng t
c k t c bit (v d nh cc k t v du trng m) bi v LATEX khng
t ng ngt qung cc t c k hiu c bit.
I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%

I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialido-
i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%
cious
al\-i\-do\-cious
2.3 Cc chui k t sn c trong LATEX 24
Nhiu t c th c gi trn cng mt hng vi lnh:
\mbox{on vn bn}
Lnh ny cho php cc tham s lun c gi trn cng mt hng.
S in thoi ca ti s thay i
S in thoi ca ti s thay i trong
trong thi gian ngn sp n. S
thi gian ngn sp n. S mi s l:
mi s l: \mbox{(08 8561144)}.
(08 8561144).
Tham s \mbox{\emph{tn tp tin}} Tham s tn tp tin dng lu tn ca tp
dng lu tn ca tp tin. tin.
Lnh \fbox c tnh nng tng t nh lnh \mbox nhng c thm c

im l c mt hp v xung quanh phn vn bn.
2.3 Cc chui k t sn c trong LATEX

Trong mt s v d cc trang trc, bn lm quen vi mt vi lnh c
bn ca LATEX phc v cho vic son tho nhng chui c bit.
Tn lnh V d M t
\today Ngy 29 thng 10 nm 2005 Ngy thng hin thi
\TeX TEX Tn ca b my sp ch yu thch ca bn!!!
\LaTeX LATEX Tn ca tr chi
\LaTeXe LATEX 2 Phin bn hin ti ca LATEX
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu

2.4.1 Du trch dn
Bn khng nn s dng " lm du trch dn . Trong in n, ngi ta thng
dng du m ngoc v ng ngoc c bit. Trong LATEX, bn nn s dng
hai du (du huyn) lm du m ngoc v hai du (du lc) lm du
ng ngoc. i vi mc n th s dng mi mt k t tng ng.
2.4 Cc k t c bit v cc k hiu 25
Vui lng nhn phm x

Vui lng nhn phm x kt thc.
kt thc.
Bn c th thy rng qui tc nhp liu ny khng p mt trong qu

son tho nhng kt qu ca bn in l rt n tng. Ngoi ra bn cn ch
rng k hiu ng m ngoc c th khc i tu thuc vo font ch ang s
dng.
2.4.2 Du gch v du ngt qung

LATEX cung cp bn kiu du gch. Bn c th s dng ba trong s vi
s cc du gch lin tip khc nhau. Du gch th t khng phi l mt du
gch bnh thng. N l du tr trong ton hc .
daughter-in-law, X-rated\\ daughter-in-law, X-rated

pages 13--67\\ yes---or no? pages 1367
\\ $0$, $1$ yesor no?
v $-1$ 0, 1 v 1
Tn ca cc du gch ny l: - hyphen, en-dash, em-dash v

du tr.
2.4.3 Du ng ()
K t ny thng c thy trn cc a ch web. to ra k t ny trong
LATEX, ban c th s dng lnh \~ tuy nhin kt qu khng hon ton l
iu ta mun. Bn nn son tho nh sau:
http://www.rich.edu/\~{}bush \\ http://www.rich.edu/bush
http://www.clever.edu/$\sim$demo http://www.clever.edu/demo
2.4.4 K hiu v ()
V d di y minh ho cho vic in ra mt k hiu v trong LATEX:
Nhit hin nay l $-30\,

^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. Ti sp Nhit hin nay l 30 C. Ti sp b ng
b ng bng y.
bng y.
2.4.5 K hiu ng tin Euro ()

Ngy nay, khi son tho ti liu c lin quan n tin t, bn s cn s dng
n k hiu ca ng Euro. Hin nay, c nhiu font ch c k hiu ny. Bn
c th s dng gi textcomp a vo k hiu ca ng Euro nh sau:
\usepackage{textcomp}
dng lnh sau:
\texteuro
in ra k hiu ny.
Nu font ch ca bn khng h tr k hiu ny hay bn khng thch k
hiu Euro ca font ch trn, bn c th s dng mt trong cch sau:
Cch 1: dng gi eurosym. Gi ny cung cp k hiu chnh thc ca ng
euro.
\usepackage[official ]{eurosym}
Nu bn mun k hiu ng Euro ph hp vi font ch ca bn th bn

c th thay th tu chn l gen thay cho tu chn official
Cch 2: dng gi marvosym. Gi ny cung cp nhiu k hiu khc nhau
trong c k hiu ng Euro
\EUR
Cc lnh: \texteuro{}, \euro{}

Cc lnh: , v 1000 trng khc nhau.
v \euro{1000} trng khc nhau.
2.4.6 Du ba chm (. . . )
Trn cc my nh ch, du phy hay du chm c cng mt kch thc vi
cc k t khc. Trong in n sch, cc k t ny ch chim mt khong nh
v c t rt st k t trc n. Do , bn khng th nhp vo du ba
chm bng cch nhp 3 du chm lin tip nhau. Thay vo , ta c mt
lnh thc hin vic ny:
\ldots
Khng phi nhp nh th ny ... Khng phi nhp nh th ny ... m nn

m nn nhp nh th ny:\\ nhp nh th ny:
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots New York, Tokyo, Budapest, . . .
2.4.7 Ch ghp, gch ni

Mt s cc t hp cc k t c sp ch khng ch bng cch ln lt a
vo tng k t m phi s dng cc k t c bit.
ff fi fl ffi. . . thay v ff fi fl ffi . . .
Cc t hp k t ny c gi l ch ghp v c th ngn chn bng cch
chn vo \mbox{} gia hai k t cn x l. iu ny c th cn thit i vi
cc t c xy dng t hai t khc.
\Large Not shelfful\\ Not shelfful

but shelf\mbox{}ful
but shelfful
2.4.8 Du trng m v cc k t c bit

LATEX h tr vic s dng du trng m v cc k t c bit ca cc ngn
ng khc nhau. Bng 2.1 lit k tt c cc du trng m c p dng i
vi ch o. Tng t, bn cng c th ghp cc du trng m ny vi cc k
t khc.
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t 28
t mt du trng m pha trn ch i hay j, du chm pha trn

ca n phi c b i. iu ny c thc hin bng lnh \i v \j.
H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \el\eve,\\

sm\o rrebr\o d, !Se\~norita!,\\ Htel, nave, lve,
Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{} smrrebrd, !Se norita!,
Stra\ss e Schonbrunner Schlo Strae
Bng 2.1: Du trng m v cc k t c bit.
\o \o \^o \~o
o \=o o \.o o \"o c \c c
o \u o o \v o o \H o o \c o
\d o o \b o
oo \t oo

\oe \OE \ae \AE

a \aa
A \AA
\o \O l \l L \L
\i \j ! ! ? ?
2.5 S h tr i vi cc ngn ng quc t

Khi bn son tho mt ti liu bng mt ngn ng khc vi Ting Anh, bn
cn phi cu hnh li LATEX cho ph hp:
1. Cc chui c to mt cch t ng3 phi c chuyn sang ngn

ng chn. i vi mt s ngn ng, nhng s thay i ny c th
c thc hin thng qua vic s dng gi babel thit k bi Johannes
Braams.
2. LATEX cn bit cc qui lut v ngt qung t i vi mt ngn ng mi.

Vic a cc lut ny vo LATEX l tng i phc tp. N i hi phi
3
Mc lc, Danh sch cc hnh minh ha, . . .
xy dng li tp tin inh dng vi cc mu ngt qung t ng sn c.

Bn c th tham kho thm Local Guide [4] bit thm chi tit.
3. c trng v cch thit k bn in ca tng ngn ng. V d, trong

ting Php, trc cc du hai chm (:) thng c khong trng.
Nu h thng ca bn c cu hnh ph hp, bn c th kch hot

gi babel bng cch thm vo lnh:
\usepackage[ngn ng ]{babel}
sau lnh \documentclass. Mt danh sch cc ngn ng c xy dng cho

h thng LATEX ca bn s c lit k mi khi trnh bin dch chy. Babel
s t ng kch hot cc quy lut ngt qung t tng ng. Nu nh dng
LATEX ca bn khng h tr vic ngt qung t ng, babel vn hot ng
nhng tt ch ngt t i. iu ny s dn n nhng nh hng xu n
kt qu xut ra ca ti liu.
Babel cng xc nh mt s lnh mi cho mt s ngn ng n gin
ho vic nhp cc k t c bit. V d nh trong ting c c nhiu hin
tng bin m nh (aou) nn ta s c cc lnh tng ng xut ra cc k
t ny. Vi babel, bn c th nhp vo o bng cch nh "o thay v \"o.
Nu bn s dng gi babel vi nhiu ngn ng khc nhau
\usepackage[ngn ng A,ngn ng B ]{babel}
bn phi s dng lnh
\selectlanguage{ngn ngA}
chn c th mt ngn ng.

Hu ht cc my tnh hin i u cho php bn nhp vo cc k t
c bit t bn phm. LATEX c th iu khin cc k t ny thng qua gi
inputenc:
\usepackage[bng m ]{inputenc}
Khi s dng gi ny, bn nn quan tm n kh nng ngi khc khng

th xem c nhng tp tin ca bn trn my ca h do s khc bit v
bng m. V d nh trong ting c th bin m a l tng ng vi k t

132 trong h iu hnh OS/2 nhng trn cc h thng Unix s dng bng
m ISO-LATIN 1 l 228, trong khi vi bng m cp1251 ca h iu hnh
Windows th k t ny khng tn ti. Do , bn nn s dng tnh nng ny
mt cch cn thn. Cc bng m sau c th c s dng tu thuc vo cc
h thng m bn lm vic4 :
H iu hnh Bng m
western latin cyrillic
Mac applemac macukr
Unix latin1 koi8-ru
Windows ansinew cp1251
DOS, OS/2 cp850 cp866nav
Trong trng hp bn cn phi son tho mt ti liu a ngn ng v

gp vn vi bng m, bn nn chuyn sang s dng bng m unicode
bng cch s dng gi ucs.
\usepackage{ucs}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
gip bn son tho ti liu theo bng m utf8.

Font encoding l mt vn khc. N nh ngha v tr ca tng k t
trong font ch. Cc bng m khc nhau c th c nh x vo mt bn
font encoding. Font encoding c qun l thng qua gi fontenc:
\usepackage[encoding]{fontenc}
vi encoding l l bng m ca font ch. Bn c th np cng mt lc nhiu

bn m khc nhau.
Font encoding mc nh ca LATEX l OT1, y l encoding ca font
ch Computer Modern TEX. Font ch ny ch c 128 k t 7-bit. Khi cn n
cc k t c du TEX s t ng kt hp k t thng thng v k t du
li vi nhau. Mc d kt qu trng p mt khi in n nhng cch lm ny
khin cho vic ngt t t ng khng th thc hin. Bn cnh cc k t
4
bit thm thng tin v cc bng m dnh cho ngn ng Latin v hay ngn ng h
Cyrillic, bn c th c ti liu ca hai gi tng ng l inputenc.dtx and cyinpenc.dtx.
Xem thm mc ?? bit cch to ti liu hng dn ca cc gi.
Hy Lp hay Cyrillic hay mt s k t latin c bit khng th to c ch

bng cch kt hp k t thng thng v k t du.
gii quyt vn ny, mt s font 8-bit ch ging font ch CM ra
i. Cc font ch Extended Cork (EC) trong encoding T1 cha cc k t
thng thng, du chm cu, ... cho hu ht cc ngn ng c gc Latin
Chu u. Cc font ch LH c cc k t cn thit son cc ti liu bng
cc ngn ng s dng Cyrillic script. V s k t Cyrillic l rt nhiu nn
cc font ny c chia thnh bn encoding T2A, T2B, T2C v X2.5 Cc
font ch CG ch cc k t tronng LGR encoding v dng son cc vn
bn ting Hy Lp.
Thng qua vic s dng cc font ch ny, bn c th s dng tnh nng
ngt t nh khi son tho ti liu ting Anh.
2.5.1 S h tr i vi ting B o Nha

kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t nhng v thay i cc chui gc sang
ting B o Nha, vi lnh:
\usepackage[portuguese]{babel}
Nu nh bn ang Brazil, bn c th thay th ngn ng bng brazilian.

Trong ting B o Nha, c rt nhiu du trng m nn bn cn thm
vo gi sau
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
c th nhp liu
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
v lnh trn tnh nng ngt qung t c thc hin ng.

Xem bng 2.2 bit thm chi tit v nhng g cn thm vo phn ta
ca ti liu s dng tnh nng h tr cho Ting B o Nha. Lu
rng chng ta s s dng vic m ho d liu vo dng latin1. Do , n s
khng lm vic trn nn tng Mac hay DOS. s dng tnh nng ny, bn
ch cn s dng cch m ho ph hp vi h thng ca bn.
5
Bn c th tham kho thm ti liu v danh sch cc ngn ng c h tr trong [?].
Bng 2.2: Phn ta h tr ting B o Nha.
\usepackage[portuges]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
2.5.2 S h tr i vi ting Php

c th s dng c tnh nng h tr ting Php trong LATEX, bn c th
s dng lnh sau:
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
Lu rng, v l do pht trin, tn ca gi babel dnh cho ting Php l

frenchb hay francais ch khng phi l french.
Tnh nng ny kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t trong ting Php khi
bn cu hnh ng cho h thng LATEX. N cng s t ng thay i cc
chui t ng thnh ting Php (nh l: Mc lc, Ti liu tham kho, . . . ).
ng thi, mt tp hp cc lnh mi cng s c hiu lc nhm h tr cho
vic son tho cc ti liu bng ting Php. Tham kho thm mc 2.3
bit thm chi tit .
Ngoi ra, bn s thy rng cch trnh by cc danh sch s thay i khi
ta chuyn sang ting Php. bit thm chi tit v cch lm vic ca tu
chn frenchb ca gi babel c th tu bin tnh nng ca n, bn c th
chy chng trnh dch ca LATEX dch tp tin frenchb.dtx v c tp
tin kt qu frenchb.dvi.
2.5.3 S h tr i vi ting c
c th s dng tnh nng h tr ny, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\usepackage[german]{babel}
Lnh trn s kch hot tnh nng ngt qung t i vi ting c sau khi
bn cu hnh h thng LATEX mt cch hp l. Ngoi ra, n cng t ng
Bng 2.3: Cc lnh c bit dnh cho ting Php.
\og guillemets \fg{} guillemets

M\up{me}, D\up{r} Mme , Dr
1\ier{}, 1\iere{}, 1\ieres{} 1er , 1re , 1res
2\ieme{} 4\iemes{} 2e 4es
\No 1, \no 2 No 1, no 2
20~\degres C, 45\degres 20 C, 45
\bsc{M. Durand} M. Durand
\nombre{1234,56789} 1 234,567 89
thay i cc chui t ng sang ting c. Bn cnh , tp hp cc lnh

h tr cho vic son tho vn bn bng ting c cng s c kch hot.
Hy tham kho thm 2.4 bit thm chi tit. i vi gi inputenc, tt c
cc tnh nng ny s b tt i nhng vn bn ca bn vn c nh vi mt
bng m c th.
Bng 2.4: Mt s k hiu c bit trong ting c.
"a a "s
" "

"< or \flqq "> or \frqq
\flq < \frq >
\dq
Trong cc ti liu bng ting c, bn thng gp cc k hiu trch dn

trong ting Php (y l mt v d). Khi sp ch cho mt ti liu bng
ting c, i lc ta thy rng khng c s thng nht v vic ny. i khi
du trch dn trng nh: v d. Nhng i vi nhng ngi Switzerland
ni ting c th du trch dn trng ging nh trong ting Php: trch dn

.
Mt vn ln xut pht t vic s dng lnh \flq: nu bn s dng
cc font ch OT1 (theo mc nh) th du trch dn s trng ging nh k
hiu ton v n s gy ra mt s vn . Do , s dng du trch
dn nh trn th bn nn thm vo lnh sau: \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}.
2.5.4 H tr i vi ting Hn quc6

s dng tnh nng ny, bn cn gii quyt 3 vn sau:
1. Bn phi c kh nng son tho tp tin d liu vo bng ting Hn. V

tp tin d liu ny phi n thun l mt tp tin vn bn. Tuy nhin bi
v ting Hn s dng cc k t ring khng c trong bng m US-ASCII
cho nn cc k t s trng rt l i vi cc chng trnh son tho vi
bng m ASCII thng thng. Hai bng m c s dng rng ri nht
trong vic son tho ting Hn l EUC-KR v phn m rng ca n
tng thch vi bng m s dng bi MS-Windows bng ting Hn l
CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Vi cc bng m ny th cc k t trong
bng m US-ASCII s i din cho k t ASCII thng thng tng t
nh cc bng m tng thch khc nh ISO-8859-x, EUC-JP, Shift_JIS
v Big5. Mt khc, cc m tit Hangul, Hanjas (Cc k t Trung Quc
s dng trong ting Hn), Hangul Jamos, Hirakanas, Katakanas, cc
k hiu hy lp kirin v cc k hiu, k t khc trong KS X 1001 s c
i din bi hai qung tm lin tip. Phn u tin lu tp MSB ca
n. n gia nhng nm 1990, ngi ta mt rt nhiu cng sc
trong vic xy dng mt mi trng h tr ting Hn i vi cc h
iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn. Bn c th xem thm a ch
http://jshin.net/faq lt qua cc thng tin v lm th no
s dng ting Hn trong cc h iu hnh khng phi bng ting Hn
trong nhng nm 1990. Ngy nay, c ba h iu hnh chnh (Mac OS,
Unix, Windows) u h tr tng i tt cho cc ngn ng khc nhau
trn th gii. Do , vic son tho mt ti liu bng ting Hn khng
6
Phn ny c a vo do c rt nhiu cu hi xung quanh vic son tho bng ting
Hn Quc trong LATEX. Mc ny c son tho bi Karnes KIM thay mt cho nhm
dch ti liu ny sang ting Hn. Ngoi ra, n cng c dch sang ting Anh bi SHIN
Jungshik v tm tt li bi Tobi Oetiker
cn qu kh khn ngay c khi trn mt my tnh khng chy h iu

hnh ting Hn.
2. TEX v LATEX c thit kt cho cc h thng ch vit khng vt qu

256 k t trong bng ch ci. Do , chng c th lm vic vi cc
ngn ng c nhiu k t hn nh ting Hn Quc7 , ting Trung Quc.
Do , mt c ch mi c xy dng. N chia cc font ch CJK
vi hng ngn hay hng vn cc t hp thnh cc font ch nh hn
vi 256 k t. i vi ting Hn, c 3 gi ang c s dng rng ri
l: HLATEX vit bi UN Koaunghi, hLATEXp vit bi CHA-Jaechoon v
CJK package vit bi Werner Lemberg.8 HLATEXv hLATEXp h tr ti
a cho ting Hn. C hai u c th x l cc tp tin c son tho
vi bng m EUC-KR. HLATEX c th x l lun c tp tin d liu vo
vi bng m CP949/Windows-949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n
son tho cc ti liu a ngn ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht
v Hn Quc).
Gi CJK c th x l d liu c son tho bng bng m UTF-8
cng nh mt s bng m khc nh EUC-KR v CP949/Windows-
7
Korean Hangul l mt bng ch ci vi 14 ph m v 10 nguyn m c bn (Jamos).
Khng ging nh h thng ch vit Latin hay Cyrillic, cc k t ring l phi c sp
xp trong cc hnh ch nht cng kch thc nh cc k t ting Trung Quc, mi s
i in cho mt m tit. Mt tp hp v hn cc m tit c th c to t tp hu
hn cc m tit v ph m ny. Chun chnh t mi trong ting Hn (c Nam ln Bc
Hn) t ra mt s gii hn v vic lp nn cc nhm ny. Do ch c mt s hu
hn cc m tit ng ng php l tn ti. Bng m ting Hn nh ngha m cho tng
m tit ny (KS X 1001:1998 v KS X 1002:1998). Do , bng ch ci ting Hn s
c x l nh trong ting Nht v Trung Quc vi h thng ch vit gm hng vn
cc k t tng hnh v k t tc k. ISO 10466/Unicode ngh c hai cch ca vic
hin th ting Hn dng cho ting Hn hin i bng cch dng bng m Conjoining
Hangul Jamos (bng ch ci c ti http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1100.pdf)
bit thm v m rng cho tt c cc m tit ng chnh t trong ting hang hin i
(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAC00.pdf). Mt trong nhng vn lm nn
lng nht khi son tho mt vn bn bng ting Hn vi LATEX hay cc h son tho khc
l vic h tr Middle Korean v ting Hn trong tng laicc m tit c th c biu
din bng cch kt hp Jamos trong unicode. Ngi ta hy vng rng trong tng lai, b
my nh dng TEX nh v s gii quyt c c vn ny cc nh ngn ng
hc v lch s hc s ri b vic s dng MS Word (hin nay MS Word h tr kh tt cho
Middle Korean).
8
Bn c th download cc gi trn a ch
CTAN:/tex-archive/language/korean/HLaTeX/
CTAN://tex-archive/language/korean/CJK/ v http://knot.kaist.ac.kr/htex/
949/UHC. Bn cng c th dng n son tho cc ti liu a ngn

ng (c bit l ting Trung Quc, Nht v Hn Quc). Tuy nhin, gi
CJK ny khng i km vi bt k font ch Hn no.
3. Mc ch cui cng ca vic s dng cc chng trnh son tho nh

TEX v LATEX l c c mt ti liu c thm m. Do , vic
c nhng font ch p l mt yu t rt quan trng. HLATEX cung cp
nhng font UHC PostScript vi 10 h font khc nhau v cc font ch
Minhwabu9 (TrueType) vi 5 h font khc nhau. Gi CJK lm vic vi
mt tp hp font ch c s dng bi phin bn c hn ca HLATEX
v c th s dng cc font TrueType ca Bitstream.
s dng gi HLATEX, bn hy khai bo nh sau trong phn ta ca

ti liu:
\usepackage{hangul}
Lnh ny s kch hot tnh nng son tho ting Hn. Cc tiu ca
chng, mc, mc con, mc lc, . . . s c dch sang ting Hn v nh dng
ca ti liu cng s thay i theo quy c mu ti liu bng ting Hn.
Cc gi trn cng cung cp tnh nng la chn mt mu nh. Trong
ting Hn, c rt nhiu cp tin t tng ng v mt ng php nhng khc
nhau v hnh thc. Cp tin t no ng s tu thuc vo m tit ng trc
kt thc bi mt nguyn m hay ph m. (iu ny phc tp hn nhng ta
c th ni nm na nh th cho d hiu.) Ngi dn Hn Quc s khng gp
kh khn trong vic la chn cp tin t no cho thch hp nhng TEX s
khng xc nh c vic s dng cp no s dng lm tham chiu v
cc chui mc nh s thay i trong khi son tho. HLATEX gii phng
c ngi dng khi vn ny bng mt c ch lm vic hot ng kh
tt (nhng vn c li).
Khi bn khng cn mt s tnh nng c bit ca son tho ting Hn,
n gin ho, bn c th dng lnh sau kch hot tnh nng son tho
9
B Vn Ho Hn Quc
2.6 Khong cch gia cc t 37
bng ting Hn:
\usepackage{hfont}
bit thm chi tit v vic son tho ting Hn vi HLATEX, bn c th

tham kho thm HLATEX Guide. Hy tham kho thm thng tin trang
web ngi Hn Quc dng TeX ti a ch http://www.ktug.or.kr/. ng
thi bn cng c th tm thy ti liu ny bng ting Hn.
2.6 Khong cch gia cc t

bin phi ca mt ti liu c canh thng ct, LATEX s chn khong
trng vo gia cc t. LATEX s chn nhiu khong trng hn vo cui cu,
v iu ny s lm cho vn bn d c hn. LATEX qui nh rng mt cu s
kt thc vi du chm cu, du hi hay du chm cm. Nu mt du chm
cu theo sau mt ch vit ho th n khng c xem l kt thc ca mt
cu bi v cc du chm ng sau cc ch vit hoa thng xut hin cc
t vit tt.
Tt c cc trng hp ngoi l i vi qui tt ny phi c xc nh c
th bi ngi son tho. Mt du gch cho ng trc mt khong trng
s to ra mt khong trng n rng. Mt du ~ s to ra mt khong trng
khng th n rng v ngn khng cho xung hng. Lnh \@ ng trc mt
du chm cu s xc nh rng du chm ny kt thc mt cu ngay c khi
n theo sau mt ch ci vit hoa.
Mr.~Smith was happy to see

Mr. Smith was happy to see her
her\\ cf.~Fig.~5\\
cf. Fig. 5
I like NEWWORLD\@.
I like NEWWORLD. What about you?
What about you?
Khong trng thm vo sau du chm cu c th b b qua vi lnh sau:
\frenchspacing
Lnh ny s yu cu LATEX khng chn thm khong trng vo sau du chm.

iu ny rt ph bin trong cc ngn ng khc vi ting Anh, tr phn mc
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc 38
lc ti liu tham kho. Nu bn s dng lnh \frenchspacing th khng

cn s dng lnh \@.
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc
Nhm gip cho ngi c d dng tm ra nhng phn cn thit trong ti liu,
bn nn chia nh ti liu thnh cc chng, mc v mc con. LATEX h tr
cc lnh c bit dng ta ca cc mc lm i s. Vic s dng chng
theo th t nh th no s tu thuc vo bn.
Cc lnh sau sn c dnh cho lp ti liu dng article:
\section{...}
\subsection{...}
\subsubsection{...}
\paragraph{...}
\subparagraph{...}
Nu bn mun chia ti liu ca mnh thnh cc phn m khng nh

hng n vic nh s chng, mc bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\part{...}
Khi lm vic vi lp ti liu report hay book, lnh chia cu trc ln nht
l
\chapter{...}
Trong lp ti liu dng article khng c khi nim chng. Bn c th

xem cc ti liu dng article nh cc chng ca mt quyn sch.
Khong cch gia cc on, vic nh s v kch thc font ch ca tiu
ca cc on s c LATEX quyt nh mt cch t ng.
Hai lnh chia on sau tng i c bit:
Lnh \part khng nh hng n vic nh s th t cc chng.
Lnh \appendix khng c tham s. Lnh ny ch thay i vic nh
s chng t s sang ch.10
10
i vi lp ti liu dng report th n thay i cch nh s cc mc.
2.7 Ta , cc chng v cc mc 39
LATEX s to ra bng mc lc bng cch trch ly phn ta ca cc

mc v v tr trang ca chng ln bin dch cui cng. Lnh
\tableofcontents
s hin th ni dung ca bng mc lc ti v tr n c chn vo. Mt ti

liu cn phi c bin dch hai ln LATEX c th xy dng c bng
mc lc. i khi LATEX s yu cu bn bin dch ln th ba c c mt
bng mc lc tht chnh xc.
Tt c cc lnh chia on c lit k trn cng c th c vit di
dng c du * pha sau. Khi ny, ta ca cc mc s khng c hin
th v khng c a vo bng mc lc. V d nh khi bn khng mun
hin th ta ca mc \section{Tr gip} vo bng mc lc, bn c th
chia on vi lnh \section*{Tr gip}.
Thng thng ta ca cc mc s c a vo bng mc lc. i
khi iu ny khng thc hin c do ta qu di. Khi ny, ta c th yu
cu LATEX a vo phn mc lc mt ta thay th ngn hn.
\chapter[Ta cho bng mc lc]{y l mt ta

di v chn ngt, khng th v cht no}
Ta ca ti liu s c to ra bi lnh
\maketitle
Phn ta ca ti liu phi c xc nh bi mt trong s cc lnh sau:
\title{...}, \author{...} v c th thm v tu chn v ngy thng vi lnh \date{...}
trc khi gi lnh \maketitle. Tham s \author c th c cung cp vi

nhiu tn cch nhau bi lnh \and.
Bn c th tham kho thm v d v cc lnh trn hnh 1.2 trang 10.
Bn cnh cc lnh chia on c gii thiu trn, LATEX 2 gii thiu
thm 3 lnh s dng vi ti liu l book. Chng s rt hu ch cho vic
chia on n phm ca bn. Cc lnh ny dng thay i ta ca cc
chng v vic nh s trang s lm vic theo yu cu ca bn:
2.8 Tham chiu cho 40
\frontmatter phi l lnh u tin ngay sau lnh \begin{document}. Khi

ny cc trang s c nh s theo s La M v cc mc s khng
c nh s. Thng thng, bn nn s dng lnh chia on vi du
* pha sau (nh l \chapter*{Li ta}) i vi li ta nhm khin
cho LATEX khng lit k chng.
\mainmatter nm ngay pha trc chng u tin ca quyn sch. Cc

trang s c nh s theo s Rp v khi ng li b m s trang.
\appendix nh du vic bt u cc ph lc. Sau khi lnh ny c gi,

cc chng s c nh s bng cc k t.
\backmatter xut hin ngay trc phn cui cng ca ti liu nh mc lc

ti liu tham kho v bng ch mc. Trong cc ti liu chun, bn s
khng thy c tc dng ca n mt cch c th.
2.8 Tham chiu cho

Trong cc quyn sch, bng bo co, bi bo, ta thng thy rt nhiu tham
chiu cho n hnh nh, biu bng v cc on vn bn c bit. LATEX cung
cp cc lnh sau h tr cho vic to tham chiu cho:
\label{tn nhn}, \ref{tn nhn} v \pageref{tn nhn}
vi tn nhn l mt tn gi c ch nh bi ngi son tho. LATEX thay

th \ref bi s th t ca cc mc, mc nh, hnh, biu bng hay cc nh
l tng ng vi lnh \label. Lnh \pageref s in ra s th t ca trang
xut hin lnh \label tng ng.11 i vi ta ca cc mc th s th
t ca ln bin dch trc s c s dng.
Mt tham chiu n mc con

\label{sec:con} trng nh: xem Mt tham chiu n mc con trng nh:
mc~\ref{sec:con} xem mc 2.8 trang 40.
trang~\pageref{sec:con}.
11
Cc lnh ny khng bit n i tng chng tham chiu n. Lnh \label ch lu
li s hiu ca vic nh s cui cng.
2.9 Ch thch cui trang 41
2.9 Ch thch cui trang

Vic thm vo ch thch cui trang c thc hin vi lnh:
\footnote{ni dung cn ch thch}
khi ny, mt li ch thch s c in ra cui trang. Nhng li ch thch

phi c t 12 sau mt t hay mt cu m chng tham chiu n. Cc li
ch thch i vi mt cu hay mt on ca cu nn c t sau du chm
hay du phy.13
Ngi dng LATEX rt hay s dng ch thcha

Ngi dng \LaTeX{} rt hay s dng ch thch\footnote{y l mt ch thch}
a
y l mt ch thch
2.10 Cc t c nhn mnh

Nu mt vn bn c nh bng my nh ch th cc t quan trng
s c nhn mnh bng cch gch di chng.
\underline{ni dung}
i vi cc n bn ca sch th cc t s c nhn mnh bng cch thay

i nh dng ca chng thnh in nghing. LATEX h tr vic ny bng cch
cung cp lnh sau
\emph{ni dung}
nhn mnh phn ni dung. Tu thuc vo ng cnh, lnh ny s tc ng

n tham s theo cc tng ng:
12
t l mt trong nhng t thng dng trong ting Vit.
13
Lu rng nhng li ghi ch cui trang s khin cho ngi c mt i s ch i
vi phn vn bn ang c. Hu ht chng ta u t m nn hay c phn ch thch pha
di trc. Do , i khi ta c th thm vo nhng thng tin cc phn ch thch cui
trang v iu ny rt hiu qu!14
14
Thng tin khng cn phi nm ngay nhng v tr m n hng n!!!.
2.11 Mi trng 42
\emph{ nhn mnh mt t

trong mt on vn bn
nhn mnh mt t trong mt on vn
c nhn mnh th \LaTeX{}
bn c nhn mnh th LATEX s s dng
s s dng font ch
font ch bnh thng nhn mnh t y.
\emph{bnh thng}
nhn mnh t y.}
bn cn phn bit vic yu cu LATEX nhn mnh mt t v yu cu LATEX

s dng mt font khc i vi t :
\textit{Bn cng c th
\emph{nhn mnh} vn bn
khi m n c chnh l
Bn cng c th nhn mnh vn bn khi m
in nghing,}
n c chnh l in nghing, trong font
\textsf{trong font ch dng
ch dng sans-serif, hay kiu nh my.
\emph{sans-serif},}
\texttt{hay kiu
\emph{nh my}.}
2.11 Mi trng
thun tin cho vic nh dng phn vn bn, LATEX nh ngha sn
mt s mi trng h tr. s dng, bn cn phi nhp vo nh sau:
\begin{mi trng} vn bn \end{mi trng}
vi mi trng l tn ca mi trng cn s dng. Mi trng c th an

xen vo nhau khi m th t an xen l hp l.
\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}
Trong phn ny, bn s c gii thch v tt cc cc mi trng quan trng

trong LATEX.
2.11.1 Cc mi trng lit k

Vi LATEX, ta c cc mi trng lit k sau:
2.11 Mi trng 43
Mi trng itemize ph hp vi vic lit k nhng danh sch n gin.
Mi trng enumerate c dng lit k cc danh sch (cc mc

c nh s mt cch t ng).
Mi trng description c dng khi cn m t cc mc trong danh

sch.
\flushleft
\begin{enumerate}
\item Bn c th kt
hp mi trng cc danh 1. Bn c th kt hp mi trng cc
sch theo mnh: danh sch theo mnh:
\begin{itemize}
\item Nhng i khi n Nhng i khi n trng khng
trng p.
khng p. - Vi mt du gch.
\item[-] Vi mt du gch.
\end{itemize} 2. Do , hy nh rng:
\item Do , hy nh rng:
\begin{description} Nhng iu ng ngn s tr nn
\item[Nhng iu ng ngn] s tr hay khi chng nm trong mt
nn hay khi chng nm trong mt danh sch
danh sch Nhng iu hay c th c trnh
\item[Nhng iu hay] c th c by mt cch p mt thng
trnh by mt cch p qua cc danh sch.
mt thng qua cc danh sch.
\end{description}
\end{enumerate}
2.11.2 Canh tri, canh phi, v canh gia

Mi trng flushleft v flushright c tc dng canh tri hay canh phi
on vn bn. Bn cnh , mi trng center c tc dng canh gia on
vn. Nu bn khng a ra cc k hiu xung hng (\\) th LATEX s t ng
lm iu cho bn.
2.11 Mi trng 44
\begin{flushleft}
on vn bn ny c\\
on vn bn ny c
canh tri. \LaTeX{} s khng
canh tri. LATEX s khng c gng lm cho
c gng lm
cc hng c cng chiu di.
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushleft}
\begin{flushright}
on vn bn ny c\\
on vn bn ny c
canh phi. \LaTeX{} s khng
canh phi. LATEX s khng c gng lm cho
c gng lm
cc hng c cng chiu di.
cho cc hng c cng chiu di.
\end{flushright}
\begin{center}
Nm tm \\ca tri t. Nm tm
\end{center} ca tri t.
2.11.3 Trch dn v cc on th
Mi trng quote rt hu dng khi son tho cc li trch dn, cc cu quan
trng hay cc v d.
Mt quy lut quan trng

kim sot chiu di
ca mt hng l: Mt quy lut quan trng kim sot chiu
\begin{quote} di ca mt hng l:
Bnh qun th mi hng
c khng qu 66 k t. Bnh qun th mi hng c
\end{quote} khng qu 66 k t.
y chnh l l do v sao
m cc gi ca \LaTeX{} c y chnh l l do v sao m cc gi ca
cc bin ln LATEX c cc bin ln theo mc nh v y
theo mc nh v y cng cng l l do ti sao cc bo li s dng cch
l l do ti sao cc bo in lm nhiu ct.
li s dng
cch in lm nhiu ct.
2.11 Mi trng 45
C hai mi trng khc c tnh nng tng t l: quotation v verse.

Mi trng quotation rt hu ch i vi cc trch dn di khong vi on
vn bi v n s canh l hng u tin ca cc on. Ngoi ra, mi trng
verse thch hp vi vic son cc bi th khi m vic xung hng ng mt
vai tr quan trng. Vic xung hng s c thc hin vi lnh \\ cui
hng v mt hng trng cui cc on th.
Lng l
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{verse}
Em m thi gian tri mi\\ Lng l
Sao ngy c di bt tn\\
Sao m c mi Em m thi gian tri mi
mong lung\\ Sao ngy c di bt tn
em lc mt\\ Sao m c mi mong lung
Mt anh tht ri.\\ em lc mt
Mt anh tht ri.
Tnh gic\\ Tnh gic
Tri bng sng bn em\\ Tri bng sng bn em
C n, lng l\\ C n, lng l
Em li m Em li m thi gian tri mi
thi gian tri mi\\ Bao cuc tnh n ri i
Bao cuc tnh n ri i\\ Nh cn gi
Nh cn gi\\ Nhng c bao gi em khc
Nhng c bao gi em khc c u\\ c u
Phi chng nc mt chn Phi chng nc mt chn
su tnh c\\ su tnh c
Phi chng trong lng\\ Phi chng trong lng
Em ch khc v anh? \ldots Em ch khc v anh? . . .
\end{verse}
\end{flushleft} on Th Ngc H
\begin{flushright}
on Th Ngc H
\end{flushright}
2.11.4 Li ta
Cc ti liu khoa hc thng bt u vi phn tm tt ni dung chnh
gip cho c gi c c ci nhn tng qut. LATEX cung cp mi trng
2.11 Mi trng 46
abstract thc hin vic ny. Thng thng mi trng ny s c s

dng vi kiu li liu l bi bo (article).
\begin{abstract}
Ni dung ca phn li ta. Ni dung ca phn li ta.
\end{abstract}
2.11.5 In n ng nguyn vn
Cc vn bn c son tho trong cp lnh \begin{verbatim} v \end{verbatim}
s c in n trc tip ra my in ging nh nhng g bn nhp vo (bao
gm c vic xung hng, khong trng m khng thng qua qu trnh nh
dng ca LATEX).
thc hin iu ny bn trong mt on vn th ta s dng lnh sau:
\verb+ni dung+
Lnh + l mt v d v k t gii hn. Bn c th s dng cc k t bt k

tr cc ch ci, du * hay khong trng. C rt nhiu v d ca LATEX trong
sch ny c son vi lnh ny.
Lnh \verb|\ldots| \ldots

Lnh \ldots . . .
\begin{verbatim}
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10 10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
\end{verbatim} 20 GOTO 10
\begin{verbatim*}
phin bn c du * phinbncdu*
pha sau ca mi trng phasaucamitrng
\ei{verbatim} nhn \ei{verbatim}nhn
mnh khong trng gia mnhkhongtrnggia
cc t trong vn bn. ccttrongvnbn.
\end{verbatim*}
Lnh \verb cng c th c s dng tng t nh trn

2.11 Mi trng 47
\verb*|nh th ny :-) | nhthny:-)
Mi trng verbatim v lnh \verb khng c s dng lm tham s

ca cc lnh khc.
2.11.6 Mi trng bng

Mi trng tabular c th c s dng son tho cc bng p mt
vi s tu bin cc ng k ng v ng k dc. LATEX s xc nh chiu
rng ca cc ct mt cch t ng.
Tham s table spec ca lnh
\begin{tabular}[pos]{table spec}
xc nh nh dng ca bng. l xc nh ct canh l tri, r xc nh ct

canh l phi v c xc nh ct canh gia; p{ rng } xc nh ct c
kch thc cho trc vi ni dung c canh l c hai bn km theo cc k
t xung hng; k hiu | xc nh ng k thng ng.
i vi cc ct c ni dung qu di so vi chiu rng ca trang, LATEX s
khng t ng bao bc (wrap) ni dung bn trong ct. Tham s p{ rng}
s nh rng ca ct v t ng bao bc vn bn trong ct nh i vi
cc on vn bn thng thng.
Tham s pos xc nh v tr ca bng theo chiu dc da vo ng k
bao quanh phn vn bn. Bn c th nhp vo cc gi tr t, b v c xc
nh vic sp xp bng u, cui hay gia trang.
Trong mi trng tabular, lnh & c dng ngn cch cc ct, lnh
\\ bt u mt hng mi v lnh \hline dng v mt hng ngang. Bn
c th thm vo cc ng k nh bng cc lnh nh \cline{j -i} vi i v j
l s ct m ng k i qua.
2.11 Mi trng 48
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline 7C0 & c s 16 \\
3700 & c s 8 \\ 7C0 c s 16
\cline{2-2} 11111000000 3700 c s 8
& c s 2 11111000000 c s 2
\\ \hline \hline 1984 s thp phn
1984 & s thp phn \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{|p{4.7cm}|}
\hline
on vn ny s c
on vn ny s c ng
ng khung li. Hy vng
khung li. Hy vng rng bn
rng bn s
s thch tnh nng ny.
thch tnh nng ny.
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
K t phn cch ct c th c xc nh vi lnh @{...} . Lnh ny s

xo khong cch ni gia cc ct v thay vo l k t gia du ngoc do
bn ch nh. Di y l mt ng dng ph bin ca lnh ny trong vic
sp thng hng cc s nguyn. Mt ng dng khc ca lnh ny l dng
b qua khong trng u bn vi tham s @{} . @{} .
\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}
\hline
khng c khong cch trn u khng c khong cch trn u
\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\hline
c khong trng hai u\\ c khong trng hai u
\hline
\end{tabular}
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by 49
Hin nay, LATEX cha h tr trc tip cho vic sp thng hng cc ct lu
cc s thp phn,15 nhng chng ta vn c th sp thng hng bng cch
dng 2 ct: mt ct c canh l bn phi gm cc s nguyn v mt ct
c canh l bn tri cha s thp phn. Lnh \@{.} s c dng thay
i du phn cch gia cc ct thnh du .. ng qun thay th cc du
chm thp phn trong s liu ca bn thnh k hiu cch ct (&). Bn c th
dng thm mt ct xut ta bng cch s dng lnh\multicolumn.
\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}
Cc biu thc i vi s
$\pi$ & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Value}
\\ \hline $\pi$ & 3&1416 Cc biu thc i vi s Value
\\ $\pi^{\pi}$ 3.1416
& 36&46 \\ 36.46
$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$ ( ) 80662.7
& 80662&7
\\
\end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}
{Nguyn} \\ Nguyn
\hline Tn & Khoa! \\ Tn Khoa!
\hline
\end{tabular}
Ni dung son tho vi mi trng tabular lun nm gn trn mt trang

vn bn. Nu bn mun son tho cc bng di, bn c th tham kho thm
cc mi trng nh supertabular v longtabular.
2.12 Tnh linh ng trong cch trnh by

Ngy nay, a s n phm u cha rt nhiu hnh nh v biu bng. y
l cc thnh phn cn c x l c bit bi v chng khng c php b
phn tch ra cc trang khc nhau. Mt trong nhng bin php khc phc
15
nu cc gi cng c c ci t trn my ca bn th hy tham kho thm gi
dcolumn.
l bt u mt trang mi mi khi gp phi hnh minh ho hay biu bng

qu ln c th trnh by gn trong mt trang. Gii php ny s lm cho
mt s trang ca ti liu gn nh l rng hay c rt t ni dung lm cho bn
in tr nn khng p.
Mt gii php khc cho vn ny l cho php hnh minh ho hay biu
bng khng nm gn trong trang hin ti nm trong trang k tip trong khi
phn ni dung ca trang k tip s tip tc c trnh by trong trang hin
ti. LATEX cung cp hai mi trng thc hin vic ny, mt dnh cho cc
hnh minh ho v mt dnh cho cc biu bng. c th s dng tt hai
mi trng trn, bn cn hiu c c ch lm vic bn trong ca LATEX.
Nu bn khng nm vng iu ny th i khi LATEX s lm bn tht vng
v n khng b tr biu bng hay hnh minh ho ng v tr m bn mong
mun.
Trc tin, ta hy xem qua cc lnh c LATEX h tr thc hin cng

vic ny:
Tt c cc d liu trong mi trng figure hay table u c xem l
d liu linh ng. C hai mi trng ny u h tr mt s tu chn v v
tr sp t chng trong ti liu
\begin{figure}[v tr ] hay \begin{table}[v tr ]
Tham s v tr bo cho LATEX bit v tr c th trnh by ni dung. Tham

s ny c thit lp bng cch xy dng mt chui nh dng t cc lnh
c sn. Xem bng 2.5 bit thm chi tit.
Mt biu bng c th bt u vi hng lnh sau:
\begin{table}[!hbp]
Tham s v tr [!hbp] cho yu cu LATEX t biu bng ngay ti v tr hin

thi (h) hay trn mt trang c bit ch dnh cho cc d liu linh ng nh
biu bng ny (p) hay cui trang (b) thm ch trong trng hp n trng
khng p mt (!). Vic b tr theo mc nh s l [tbp].
LATEX s t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ho theo cc tham s do ta
cung cp. Khi m biu bng hay hnh minh ha khng th c hin th
ngay, n s c a vo hng i16 . Khi mt trang mi bt u, LATEX kim
tra hng i v c gng a biu bng hay hnh minh ho ph hp nht
16
y l hng i dng FIFOfirst in first out
Bng 2.5: Cc v tr c php.

K hiu V tr t ni dung . . .
h ngay ti v tr m biu bng hay hnh minh ho c
son tho. Tu chn ny ph hp vi cc font ch nh.
t u ca mt trang
b cui ca mt trang
p trn mt trang c bit ch cha cc d liu linh ng
nh vy.
! khng quan tm n cc tham s bn tronga , nh hng
n vic sp xp n.
Lu rng pt v em l hai n v ca TEX. Bn c th c thm bng 6.5

trang 131 bit thm chi tit.
a
nh l s biu bng hay hnh minh ha linh ng c php c trn mt trang.
vo. Nu LATEX khng thc hin c th biu bng hay hnh minh ho trong
hng i y s c xem nh va mi xut hin trong vn bn17 (c ngha
l n s b a xung cui hng i ch i c x l.) LATEX s c gng
gi ng th t xut hin ca cc biu bng v hnh minh ha. y l l
do m ti sao mt hnh minh ho hay biu bng b y xung n cui ti
liu. Do :
Nu LATEX khng t cc biu bng hay hnh minh ha ng v
tr bn mong mun th li gy ra l do mt biu bng hay hnh
minh ho no gy nghn hng i.
LATEX cho php vic nh v tr ch vi mt tham s nhng iu ny s
gy ra cc vn bi v nu LATEX khng th t n ti v tr nh yu cu th
n s gy nghn hng i, nh hng n cc thnh phn khc trong hng
i ny. C th, bn khng nn s dng tham s [h]tham s ny hot ng
khng tt v do , trong cc phin bn gn y ca LATEX, tham s ny t
ng c thay i bi tham s [ht].
Chng ti gii thch cho cc bn v mt s nhng kh khn hay gp; tuy

nhin, vn cn mt s iu cn lu khi s dng hai mi trng ny.
17
tr trng hp ta s dng tham s l h v tham s ny s khng thc hin c
Lnh
\caption{tiu }
nh tiu cho biu bng hay hnh minh ho. Vic nh s th t vo chui
Hnh hay Bng s c LATEX t ng thc hin.
Hai lnh sau
\listoffigures v \listoftables
lm vic tng t nh lnh \tableofcontents. Lnh ny cho php xut ra

danh sch cc hnh nh minh ho hay biu bng. Cc danh sch ny s hin
th c phn ta . Do , nu bn t cc ta qu di th bn nn cung
cp thm mt ta tu chn ngn hn LATEX c th thay th n vo
trong danh sch. lm iu ny, bn ch cn a thm ta c thu
gn vo trong du ngoc vung.
\caption[Ngn gn]{y l mt ta di i l di, di ...}
Vi cc lnh nh \label v \ref, bn c th tham chiu n mt biu

bng hay mt hnh minh ho.
Di y l mt v d v vic v mt hnh vung v chn n vo ti liu.
Bn c th s dng n nu bn mun dnh khong trng cho cc hnh nh
sp c thm vo ti liu.
Hnh~\ref{white} l mt v d v nh.
\begin{figure}[!hbp]
\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[5cm]{\rule{0pt}{5cm}}}
\caption{Hnh c kch thc 5x5~cm.} \label{white}
\end{figure}
Trong v d trn, LATEX s c gng ! t mt hnh ngay ti v tr ny18 . Nu

LATEX khng thc hin thnh cng th n s c gng t hnh ny cui
trang. Nu LATEX vn khng thc hin c th n s c gng t hnh ny
mt trang no ph hp. Nu trang ny khng tho cc vic dt hnh ny,
LATEX s bt u mt trang mi v li tin hnh li cc thao tc trn.
18
gi s nh hng i ang rng
2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v 53
Trong mt s tnh hung th bn cn s dng lnh sau
\clearpage hay l lnh \cleardoublepage
nhm yu cu LATEX phi xut ra ngay tt c cc biu bng hay hnh minh
ho trong hng i v bt u mt trang mi. Lnh \cleardoublepage s
to thm mt trang mi bn phi.
Bn s hc cch a cc hnh nh PostScript vo ti liu c son
bi LATEX 2 phn sau.
2.13 Bo v cc lnh d v
Vn bn lm tham s cho cc lnh nh \caption hay \section c th xut
hin nhiu ln trong ti liu (e.g trong phn mc lc cng nh trong phn
ni dung vn bn). Mt s lnh s gy ra li khi c s dng lm tham s
cho cc lnh ging nh \section. Cc lnh ny gi l cc lnh d vv d
nh lnh \footnote hay \phantom. Cc lnh d v ny cn phi c bo
v (tt c chng ta u cn c bo v?). Bn c th bo v chng bng
cch t lnh \protect trc cc lnh ny.
Lnh \protect ch c hiu lc i vi lnh ngay bn phi ca n. Vic
lm dng lnh \protect cng khng gy nh hng g.
\section{Ti l mt ngi n cn
\protect\footnote{v bo v phn ch thch cui trang}}
Chng 3
Son tho cc cng thc ton

hc
By gi bn sn sng! Trong chng ny bn s b ht hn vi tnh nng

siu vit ca TEX: son tho ti liu Ton hc. Tuy nhin, chng ny ch cung
cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn nht. i vi mt s ngi dng th nhng
kin thc y s khng son tho cc cng thc ton phc tp nhng
ng nn ch bi v bn c th tham kho thm trong AMS-LATEX1 .
3.1 Tng quan

LATEX nh ngha mt ch c bit son tho cc cng thc ton hc.
Cc cng thc ton ny c th c a vo ngay trong mi trng vn bn
hay ta c th tch ri chng khi cc on vn. Phn ni dung ton hc
trong on vn c th c son tho gia du $ v $ hay $ v $, hay
\begin{math} v \end{math}.
Cng $a$ bnh phng

vi $b$ bnh phng Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c
c $c$ bnh phng. Ta c bnh phng. Ta c th vit di dng cng
c th vit di dng thc l: c2 = a2 + b2
cng thc l: $c^{2} = a^{2}+b^{2}$
1
The American Mathematical Society a ra nhng gi m rng rt mnh cho LATEX.
Rt nhiu v d trong phn ny s dng n cc phn m rng . Tt c cc phn m
rng ny u c cung cp km vi cc phin bn TEX. Ngoi ra bn c th ti v a
ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex.
3.1 Tng quan 55
\TeX{} c pht m l
$\tau\epsilon\chi$.\\[6pt]
TEX c pht m l .
100~m$^{3}$ nc.\\[6pt]
Tnh yu xut pht t 100 m3 nc.
\begin{math}
Tnh yu xut pht t .
\heartsuit
\end{math}.
Nu mun bin son cc cng thc, phng trnh ln tch ri khi on

vn bn, bn c th bin son chng trong cp ngoc \[ v \] hay gia
\begin{displaymath} v \end{displaymath} m khng phi ngt on
vn ang son tho ra lm nhiu phn.
Cng $a$ bnh phng vi Cng a bnh phng vi b bnh phng c

$b$ bnh phng c $c$ c bnh phng. Ta c th vit li di dng
bnh phng. Ta cng thc l:
c th vit li di dng
cng thc l: c2 = a2 + b2
\begin{displaymath}
c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2} Hay ta c th vit:
\end{displaymath}
Hay ta c th vit: \[c=a+b\] c=a+b
Mi trng equation s gip bn nh s cc phng trnh. Bn cnh

bn c th nh du phng trnh vi lnh \label v tham chiu n n
bng lnh \ref hay \eqref trong gi amslatex.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:eps}
\epsilon > 0
\end{equation} >0 (3.1)
T bt phng trnh (\ref{eq:eps}),
T bt phng trnh (3.1), chng ta c th
chng ta c th suy ra rng
suy ra rng . . . ng thi t (3.1) chng ta
\ldots ng thi t
suy ra . . .
\eqref{eq:eps}
chng ta suy ra \ldots
Bn cn ch n s khc nhau v kt qu bin son ca cng thc trong

ch son tho ton hc v trong ch hin th ton hc (displaymath)
.
3.1 Tng quan 56
$\lim_{n \to \infty}

Pn 1 2
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} limn k=1 k2 = 6
= \frac{\pi^2}{6}$
\begin{displaymath}
\lim_{n \to \infty} n
X 1 2
\sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} lim =
n k2 6
= \frac{\pi^2}{6} k=1
\end{displaymath}
Bn s thy rng c nhiu s khc bit gia ch son tho ton hc

v ch son tho vn bn. Di y l mt s thuc tnh c bn ca mi
trng ton hc:
1. Cc khong trng v k t xung hng khng c ngha quan trng:

hu ht cc khong trng u bt ngun t logic ca biu thc ton
hc hay c xc nh thng qua cc lnh nh: \, , \quad hay \qquad.
2. Khng c php c cc hng trng. Mi cng thc s nm trn mt

on vn.
3. Mi k t u c xem l tn ca bin. Nu bn mun son tho vn

bn thng thng bn trong mt cng thc, bn phi s dng lnh
\textrm{...} (xem thm phn 3.7 trang 66).
\begin{equation}
\forall x \in \mathbf{R}:
\qquad x^{2} \geq 0 x R : x2 0 (3.2)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad
\textrm{vi mi }x\in\mathbf{R} x2 0 vi mi x R (3.3)
\end{equation}
Cc nh ton hc thng i hi nghim ngt v vic dng ng cc k

hiu. Do , vic s dng quy c v vic in m, thng qua vic s dng
\mathbb t gi amsfonts hay amssymb l rt hu ch.
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc 57
\begin{displaymath}
x^{2} \geq 0\qquad \textrm{vi mi }
x\in\mathbb{R} x2 0 vi mi x R
\end{displaymath}
3.2 Gp nhm cc cng thc

Hu ht cc lnh trong ch son tho cng thc ton hc ch c tc dng
i vi k t k tip do trong trng hp bn mun n c tc dng i
vi nhiu k t, bn c th nhm chng trong du ngoc: {...}.
\begin{equation}
a^x+y \neq a^{x+y} ax + y 6= ax+y (3.4)
\end{equation}
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc

Mc ny s gii thiu cc cng thc quan trng c s dng son tho
cc cng thc ton. Hy tham kho thm mc 3.10 trang 70 bit thm
chi tit v danh mc cc lnh h tr son tho cng thc ton hc.
Cc ch ci Hy lp vit thng c nhp vo nh sau: \alpha, \beta,
\gamma, . . . , cn cc ch ci vit hoa th c nhp nh sau: \Gamma, \Delta,
...2
$\lambda,\xi,\pi,\mu,\Phi,\Omega$ , , , , ,
S m v ch s c nhp vo bng cch s dng cc k t: ^ v _.
$a_{1}$ \qquad $x^{2}$ \qquad

$e^{-\alpha t}$ \qquad a1 x2 et a3ij
2
$a^{3}_{ij}$\\ ex 6= ex2
$e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$
2
Khng c k hiu Alpha vit hoa trong LATEX 2 bi v n trng ging nh ch A
dng font roman. Khi vic nh ngha cc k kiu mi hon tt th mi vic s thay i.
3.3 Xy dng khi cc cng thc ton hc 58
Du cn bc hai c nhp vo thng qua lnh \sqrt. i vi du cn

bc n th ta c th nhp vo nh sau: \sqrt[n]. Kch thc ca du cn s
c xc nh bi LATEX. Trong trng hp bn ch mun hin th k hiu
khai cn (khng c ng k trn u), bn c th s dng lnh: \surd.
$\sqrt{x}$ \qquad
p 3
$\sqrt{ x^{2}+\sqrt{y} }$ x x2 + y 2

\qquad $\sqrt[3]{2}$\\[3pt] [x2 + y2]
$\surd[x^2 + y^2]$
Lnh \overline v \underline s trc tip to ra cc hng ngang pha

trn hay pha di cng thc.
$\overline{a+b}$ a+b
Lnh \overbrace v \underbrace s to ra nhng du ngoc di nm

di hay nm trn biu thc ton hc.
$\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}$ |a + b +{z + z}

26
thm cc du m vo trong cng thc ton nh du mi tn nh

hay du ng, bn cn s dng cc lnh trong bng 3.1 trang 70. thc
hin vic a vo cc du m trn nhiu k t, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\widetilde v \widehat. Du s xut ra du phy pha trn.
\begin{displaymath}
y=x^{2}\qquad y=2x\qquad y=2 y = x2 y 0 = 2x y 00 = 2
\end{displaymath}
Cc vectors c th c son tho bng cch t thm mt du mi tn

nh pha trn ca bin. Lnh \vec s m nhim vic ny. Ngoi ra, lnh
\overrightarrow v \overleftarrow s h tr bn son tho cc vector t
mt im A n im B.
\begin{displaymath}
\vec a\quad\overrightarrow{AB}
~a AB
\end{displaymath}
Thng thng th bn s khng son tho mt cch trc tip du chm

thay cho du nhn. Tuy nhin, i khi ta cng nn vit vo trnh lm ri
mt ngi c. Khi ny, bn nn s dng lnh \cdot.
\begin{displaymath}
v = {\sigma}_1 \cdot {\sigma}_2
{\tau}_1 \cdot {\tau}_2 v = 1 2 1 2
\end{displaymath}
Tn ca cc hm nh hm log thng c son tho dng font thng

ng ch khng phi dng in nghing nh nh dng ca cc bin. LATEX
cung cp mt s lnh son tho cc hm ph bin nh:
\arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min
\arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr
\arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec
\arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin
\sinh \sup \tan \tanh
\[\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} sin x

lim =1
\frac{\sin x}{x}=1\] x0 x
son tho hm ng d, ta c th s dng hai lnh \bmod son

tho ton t nh phn a mod b v \pmod i vi cc biu thc nh x a
(mod b).
$a\bmod b$\\ a mod b

$x\equiv a \pmod{b}$ x a (mod b)
son tho phn s, ta s dng lnh sau: \frac{...}{...}.

Thng thng th ngi ta thch nhp vo dng 1/2 bi v n s trng
p hn i vi ti liu ch c mt vi phn s.
$1\frac{1}{2}$~ting
\begin{displaymath} 1 12 ting
\frac{ x^{2} }{ k+1 }\qquad
x^{ \frac{2}{k+1} }\qquad x2 2
x k+1 x1/2
x^{ 1/2 } k+1
\end{displaymath}
son tho cc h s ca nh thc hay cc cu trc tng t, bn c

th s dng lnh \binom trong gi amsmath.
\begin{displaymath}
n
\binom{n}{k}\qquad\mathrm{C}_n^k Ckn
\end{displaymath} k
i vi cc quan h nh phn th vic s dng cc k hiu chng ln nhau

t ra rt hiu qu. Lnh \stackrel t tham s th nht ln trn tham s
th hai.
\begin{displaymath} Z
!
\int f_N(x) \stackrel{!}{=} 1 fN (x) = 1
\end{displaymath}
Bn c th dng lnh \int son tho ton t tch phn, lnh \sum
son tho ton t tnh tng v lnh \prod son tho ton t tnh
tch. Cn trn v cn di s c son thng qua lnh ^ v _ tng t nh
vic son ch s trn/di.3
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad n
X Z
2 Y
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon i=1 0
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{i=1}^{n} \qquad n
X Z
2 Y
\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \qquad
\prod_\epsilon i=1 0
\end{displaymath}
Gi amsmath cng cung cp hai cng c tng kh nng iu khin vic

nhp cc biu thc c h thng ch s phc tp l \substack v mi trng
subarray.
3
AMS-LATEX m rng vic son ch s trn nhiu hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\sum_{\substack{0<i<n \\ 1<j<m}}
P(i,j) = X X
P (i, j) = Q(i, j)
\sum_{\begin{subarray}{l} i\in I\\
0<i<n iI
1<j<m 1<j<m 1<j<m
\end{subarray}} Q(i,j)
\end{displaymath}
Ngoi ra, TEX cn cung cp cc dng k hiu khc cho du ngoc v cc

k hiu gii hn khc nh l: [ h k l). Du ngoc trn hay ngoc vung c
th c nhp vo vi cc phm thch hp. i vi du ngoc mc ({), ta s
dng lnh \{. Cn cc k hiu gii hn khc u phi s dng lnh (nh l
\updownarrow). Hy tham kho thm bng 3.8 trang 74 bit thm v
danh sch cc k hiu gii hn c sn.
\begin{displaymath}
{a,b,c}\neq\{a,b,c\} a, b, c 6= {a, b, c}
\end{displaymath}
Lnh \left v \right s t ng xc nh kch thc ca du ngoc

sao cho ph hp vi kch thc ca biu thc. Lu rng cc lnh \left
v \right phi i thnh tng cp (c ngha l sau khi m ngoc th bn
phi ng ngoc cho ph hp). Trong tnh hung bn khng mun du ng
ngoc pha bn phi th bn c th dng lnh \right. ng ngoc nhng
khng hin th k hiu ng ngoc.
\begin{displaymath}
3
1 + \left( \frac{1}{ 1-x^{2} } 1
\right) ^3 1+
1 x2
\end{displaymath}
Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung son tho, bn s cn phi t xc

nh kch thc ca cc du ngoc. iu ny c thc hin bi cc lnh
\big, \Big, \bigg v \Bigg nh l mt tin t ca cc lnh son tho du
ngoc.4
4
Cc lnh ny c th hot ng khng nh d inh khi m cc lnh thay i kch thc
khc nh 11pt hay 12pt c gi. Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th s dng gi lnh
exscale hay amsmath khc phc.
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton 62
2
$\Big( (x+1) (x-1) \Big) ^{2}$\\ (x + 1)(x 1)
$\big(\Big(\bigg(\Bigg($\quad )
o
$\big\}\Big\}\bigg\}\Bigg\}$\quad

$\big\|\Big\|\bigg\|\Bigg\|$

thm du ba chm vo mt cng thc, bn c th s dng nhiu

lnh khc nhau. Trong , lnh \ldots s xut ra cc du chm nm st pha
di ca hng; lnh \cdots s xut chng ra gia hng; lnh \vdots s
xut chng theo chiu dc v lnh \ddots s xut chng theo hng ng
cho.. Hy tham kho thm cc v d trong mc 3.5 bit thm chi tit.
\begin{displaymath}
x_{1},\ldots,x_{n} \qquad
x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n} x1 , . . . , xn x1 + + xn
\end{displaymath}
3.4 Cc khong trng trong cng thc ton

Nu vic t ng sp xp cc khong trng trong cng thc ca TEX khng
p ng ng yu cu nh dng ca bn, bn c th thay i chng bng
cch thm vo cc lnh x l khong trng c bit. Bng di y lit k
thng tin v cc lnh qui nh khong trng trong cng thc ton.
Lnh Kch thc

\,

\:

\;
\

\qquad
Kch thc s tng ng vi ch
\quad
M trong font ch hin ti
Lnh \! s to ra khong trng rt ph hp trc du - i vi cc s

m.
3.5 Ging theo ct 63
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
\begin{displaymath} ZZ
\int\!\!\!\int_{D} g(x,y) g(x, y) dx dy
\, \ud x\, \ud y D
\end{displaymath} thay v
thay v
Z Z
\begin{displaymath} g(x, y)dxdy
D
\int\int_{D} g(x,y)\ud x \ud y
\end{displaymath}
Lu rng k t d trong cng thc lin quan n o hm th c nh

dng kiu roman.
AMS-LATEX cn cung cp thm mt phng php khc tinh chnh cc
khong cch gia cc k hiu tch phn l \iint, \iiint v \idotsint. Khi
bn s dng gi amsmath th bn c th son tho nh sau:
\newcommand{\ud}{\mathrm{d}}
ZZ
\begin{displaymath}
dx dy
\iint_{D} \, \ud x \, \ud y D
\end{displaymath}
Bn c th tham kho thm ti liu testmath.tex (c cung cp chng

vi gi amsmath do AMS-LATEX cung cp) hay chng 8 trong The LATEX
Companion [3] bit thm chi tit.
3.5 Ging theo ct

Mi trng array s cung cp cho bn kh nng son tho cc mng. Mi
trng ny lm vic tng t nh mi trng bng. Lnh \\ c dng
ngt hng.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathbf{X} =
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
x11 x12 . . .

x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots \\
X = x21 x22 . . .

x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots \\ .. .. ..
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots . . .
\end{array} \right)
\end{displaymath}
3.5 Ging theo ct 64
Mi trng ny cng c th c dng son tho cc biu thc ch

gm mt du ngoc ln bn tri, khng c du ng ngoc bn phi nh vo
lnh \right. .
\begin{displaymath}
y = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
a & \textrm{nu $d>c$}\\
b+x & \textrm{nu i chi vo a nu d > c
bui sng}\\ y= b + x nu i chi vo bui sng
l c ngy

l & \textrm{c ngy}
\end{array} \right.
\end{displaymath}
Cc lnh v hng ngang, hng dc trong mi trng tabular cng c s

dng trong mi trng ny.
\begin{displaymath}
\left(\begin{array}{c|c}
1 & 2 \\
1 2
\hline
3 4
3 & 4
\end{array}\right)
\end{displaymath}
i vi cc cng thc nhiu hng (nh l h phng trnh), bn c th

s dng mi trng eqarray v eqnarray* thay cho mi trng equation.
Trong mi trng eqarray th mi hng (tng ng l mt phng trnh)
u c nh s. Tuy nhin, mi trng eqarray* s khng nh s cc
phng trnh.
Mi trng eqnarray v eqnarray* hot ng tng t nh mt bng
gm 3 ct vi nh dng l {rcl}, trong , ct gia c th c dng
xut du bng =. Lnh \\ c tc dng xung hng.
\begin{eqnarray}
f(x) & = & \cos x \\
f (x) = cos x (3.5)
f(x) & = & -\sin x \\ 0
\int_{0}^{x} f(y)dy & f (x) = sin x (3.6)
Z x
= & \sin x f (y)dy = sin x (3.7)
\end{eqnarray} 0
3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn 65
Nu ch bn s thy rng khong cch ca hai v vi du = l kh ln.

Ta c th gim khong cch ny xung vi lnh \setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}.
Cc phng trnh di s khng c t ng chia ra lm cc on
nh. Ngi son tho phi xc nh v tr xung hng v chng phi c
tht vo bao nhiu. Di y l hai phng php thc hin iu ny:
{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}
\begin{eqnarray} x3 x5
\sin x & = & x -\frac{x^{3}}{3!} sin x = x +
3! 5!
+ \frac{x^{5}}{5!}-{}
x7
\nonumber \\ + (3.8)
7!
& & {}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+{}\cdots
\end{eqnarray}}
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{ \cos x = 1
-\frac{x^{2}}{2!} +{} } x2
cos x = 1 +
\nonumber\\ 2!
& & {}+\frac{x^{4}}{4!} x4 x6
-\frac{x^{6}}{6!}+{}\cdots + + (3.9)
4! 6!
\end{eqnarray}
Lnh \nonumber yu cu LATEX khng nh s phng trnh.

Vi cc phng php ny, ta c th son tho cc phng trnh c
ging theo ct. Ngoi ra, gi amsmath cng cung cp mt tp cc lnh hiu
qu thc hin vic ny5 .
3.6 Cc khong trng thay cho phn vn bn

Chng ta khng th thy phn ni dung l tham s ca lnh phantom tuy
nhin phn ni dung ny vn c sp ch trong ti liu. Chng ta c th
da vo y c c mt s th thut son tho rt th v.
Khi chng ta son tho cc ch s trn v di vi cc lnh nh ^ v _,
chng ta c c kt qu rt p mt nhng i khi chng ta mun b
5
Hy xem thm thng tin chi tit v cc mi trng align, flalign, gather, multiline v
split
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch 66
sung thm mt t c c kt qu tt nht. Lnh \phantom l mt lnh

rt hiu qu trong vic ci thin kt qu trnh by ca cc cng thc. Lnh
ny c chc nng l dnh ra mt s khong trng theo yu cu.
\begin{displaymath}
{}^{12}_{\phantom{1}6}\textrm{C}
\qquad \textrm{so vi} \qquad 12 12
6C so vi 6 C
{}^{12}_{6}\textrm{C}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
\Gamma_{ij}^{\phantom{ij}k} \qquad
\textrm{so vi} \qquad ij k so vi kij
\Gamma_{ij}^{k}
\end{displaymath}
3.7 Kch thc ca cc font ch h tr son

tho ti liu Ton hc
Trong ch son tho cng thc ton hc, TEX s t ng chn kch thc
ca font ch tu thuc vo ng cnh. V d nh i vi cc ch s trn hay
ch s di th LATEX s t ng son tho vi kiu ch nh hn. Khi bn
mun son tho mt phng trnh kiu ch roman th bn khng nn dng
lnh \textrm bi v lnh ny s lm cho c ch thay i kch thc font ch
mt cch t ng cho ph hp vi ng cnh ca LATEX khng lm vic bi
v lnh textrm s tm thi chuyn mi trng ton hc hin ti sang mi
trng son tho vn bn. Bn cn lu rng lnh \mathrm s ch lm vic
tt vi nhng phn vn bn ngn. Lnh \mathrm s khng c tc dng i
vi cc khong trng v cc k t c du.6
\begin{equation} 2^{\textrm{nd}}
\quad 2^{\mathrm{nd}} 2nd 2nd (3.10)
\end{equation}
6
Gi amsmath ca AMS-LATEX cho php lnh \textrm lm vic vi vn bn c
thay i kch thc.
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . 67
i khi bn cn yu cu LATEX thay i kch thc font ch cho ph hp.

Trong ch son tho ti liu Ton hc, bn c th s dng 4 lnh sau:
\displaystyle (123), \textstyle (123), \scriptstyle (123) and
\scriptscriptstyle (123).
Vic thay i kiu nh dng cng s nh hng n cch hin th cc k
hiu gii hn.
\begin{displaymath}
\mathop{\mathrm{corr}}(X,Y)=
\frac{\displaystyle
n
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x) X
(xi x)(yi y)
(y_i-\overline y)}
i=1
{\displaystyle\biggl[ corr(X, Y ) = n n 1/2
X X
\sum_{i=1}^n(x_i-\overline x)^2 (xi x)2 (yi y)2
\sum_{i=1}^n(y_i-\overline y)^2 i=1 i=1
\biggr]^{1/2}}
\end{displaymath}
y l mt trong cc v d cn phi s dng cc du ngoc ln thay cho cc

du ngoc bnh thng vi lnh \left[\right].
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . .
Khi son tho cc ti liu Ton hc, bn s cn phi son tho cc b ,
nh ngha, tin v cc cu trc tng t. LATEX s h tr bn vi lnh
sau:
\newtheorem{name}[counter ]{text}[section]
Tham s name l mt t kho ngn xc nh nh l. Tham s text

s cho php ta xc nh tn gi ca nh l (y l tn ca nh l trong
bn in).
Cc tham s trong du ngoc vung l tu chn. Chng c s dng
xc nh vic nh s cho nh l. Tham s counter s gip xc nh tham
s name ca nh l c khai bo. Khi ny nh l mi s c nh
s theo cng mt chui. Tham s section cho php bn xc nh cch nh
s nh l.
3.8 nh l, nh lut, . . . 68
Sau khi gi lnh \newtheorem trong phn ta ca ti liu, bn c th

gi tip cc lnh sau trong phn thn ca ti liu:
\begin{name}[text]
y l mt nh l rt th v
\end{name}
Phn ny chnh l phn chi tit ca nh l. Di y l mt v d c th,
n s gip bn hiu c r hn v mi trng nh l ny.
% definitions for the document

% preamble
\newtheorem{law}{Law}
\newtheorem{jury}[law]{Jury}
%in the document Law 1 Xin cho cc bn!!!
\begin{law} \label{law:box}
Xin cho cc bn!!!
\end{law} Jury 2 (Th 12) C l ti gp bn.
\begin{jury}[Th 12] Hy tham kho thm phn 1
C l ti gp bn. Hy tham
kho thm Law 3 ng, ng, ng
phn~\ref{law:box}\end{jury}
\begin{law}
ng, ng, ng
\end{law}
nh l Jury s dng chung b m nh nh l Law. Do , nh l

ny s c nh s theo nh chui nh s ca nh l trong h thng cc
nh l nh Law.
\flushleft
\newtheorem{mur}{Murphy}[section]
\begin{mur}
Nu c hai hay nhiu Murphy 3.8.1 Nu c hai hay nhiu cch
cch hn lm mt hn lm mt iu g v hn na mt
iu g v hn na mt trong cc cch ny c th gy ra cc thm
trong cc cch ny c ho th s c mt ngi no sn lng lm
th gy ra cc thm ho n.
th s c mt ngi
no sn lng lm n.
\end{mur}
3.9 Cc k hiu in m 69
Trong v d trn, nh l Murphy s c nh s theo mc hin ti.

Ngoi cch chn tham s l section nh trn, ta c th chn cc tham s
khc nh chapter hay subsection.
3.9 Cc k hiu in m
Trong LATEX, vic son tho cc k hiu in m l tng i kh khn; c
l y l ch ca LATEX bi v nhng ngi son tho nghip d rt d
lm dng chc nng ny. Lnh thay i font ch nh \mathbf s xut ra cc
k t m; tuy nhin lnh ny s i kiu font ch sang dng roman trong
khi cc k hiu ton hc thng c vit nghing. Ngoi ra, ta cn c lnh
\boldmath nhng lnh ny ch c tc dng bn ngoi mi trng ton hc.
N cng c tc dng vi cc k hiu.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad \mathbf{M} \qquad
\mbox{\boldmath $\mu, M$} , M M , M
\end{displaymath}
Nu ch bn s thy rng du phy li tr nn qu m v iu ny l

khng cn thit.
Gi amsbsy (c trong b amsmath) cng nh gi bm trong b cng c s
h tr vic nh dng ny vi lnh \boldsymbol.
\begin{displaymath}
\mu, M \qquad
\boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{M} , M , M
\end{displaymath}
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc 70
3.10 Danh sch cc k hiu ton hc

Cc bng sau y trnh by tt c cc k hiu thng thng c th s dng
trong ch son tho ton hc.
s dng cc k hiu c lit k bng 3.123.167 , th bn cn phi a
gi amssymb vo ti liu phn ta ca ti liu v cc font ch AMS dnh
cho ton hc phi c ci sn trn my. Nu gi AMS v cc font ch cha
c ci t th bn c th ti v a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex
Bn cng c th ti v mt danh sch chi tit hn v cc k hiu ti a ch
CTAN:info/symbols/comprehensive.
Bng 3.1: Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc.
a
\hat{a} a
\check{a} a
\tilde{a} a
\acute{a}
a
` \grave{a} a \dot{a} a
\ddot{a} a
\breve{a}
a
\bar{a} ~a \vec{a} A
b \widehat{A} A
e \widetilde{A}
Bng 3.2: Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit thng.
\alpha \theta o o \upsilon

\beta \vartheta \pi \phi
\gamma \iota $ \varpi \varphi
\delta \kappa \rho \chi
\epsilon \lambda % \varrho \psi
\varepsilon \mu \sigma \omega
\zeta \nu \varsigma
\eta \xi \tau
7
cc bng sau c trch t symbols.tex c son bi David Carlisle v sau c
thay i nhiu theo s gi ca Josef Tkadlec.
Bng 3.3: Cc ch ci Hy Lp vit hoa.
\Gamma \Lambda \Sigma \Psi

\Delta \Xi \Upsilon \Omega
\Theta \Pi \Phi
Bng 3.4: Quan h hai ngi.
Bn c th c c cc k hiu ngc li tng ng vi cc k hiu y

bng cch thm vo tin t \not trc lnh tng ng.
< < > > = =

\leq or \le \geq or \ge \equiv
.
\ll \gg = \doteq
\prec \succ \sim
\preceq \succeq ' \simeq
\subset \supset \approx
\subseteq \supseteq = \cong
< \sqsubset a = \sqsupset a 1 \Join a
v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq ./ \bowtie
\in 3 \ni , \owns \propto
` \vdash a \dashv |= \models
| \mid k \parallel \perp
^ \smile _ \frown \asymp
: :
/ \notin 6= \neq or \ne
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny
Bng 3.5: Cc ton t hai ngi.
+ + -
\pm \mp / \triangleleft
\cdot \div . \triangleright
\times \ \setminus ? \star
\cup \cap \ast
t \sqcup u \sqcap \circ
\vee , \lor \wedge , \land \bullet
\oplus \ominus \diamond
\odot \oslash ] \uplus
\otimes \bigcirc q \amalg
4 \bigtriangleup 5 \bigtriangledown \dagger
\lhd a \rhd a \ddagger
\unlhd a \unrhd a o \wr
Bng 3.6: Cc ton t ln.

P S W L
\sum \bigcup \bigvee \bigoplus
Q T V N
\prod \bigcap \bigwedge \bigotimes
` F J
\coprod \bigsqcup \bigodot
R H U
\int \oint \biguplus
Bng 3.7: Cc du mi tn.
\leftarrow or \gets \longleftarrow \uparrow

\rightarrow or \to \longrightarrow \downarrow
\leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow l \updownarrow
\Leftarrow = \Longleftarrow \Uparrow
\Rightarrow = \Longrightarrow \Downarrow
\Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow m \Updownarrow
7 \mapsto 7 \longmapsto % \nearrow
- \hookleftarrow , \hookrightarrow & \searrow
( \leftharpoonup * \rightharpoonup . \swarrow
) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown - \nwarrow

\rightleftharpoons \iff (bigger spaces) ; \leadsto a
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny
Bng 3.8: Cc du ngoc.
( ( ) ) \uparrow \Uparrow
[ [ or \lbrack ] ] or \rbrack \downarrow \Downarrow
{ \{ or \lbrace } \} or \rbrace l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow
h \langle i \rangle | | or \vert k \| or \Vert
b \lfloor c \rfloor d \lceil e \rceil
/ / \ \backslash . (c hai u trng)
Bng 3.9: Cc du ngoc ln.

\lgroup \rgroup \lmoustache \rmoustache
w
\arrowvert w \Arrowvert \bracevert

Bng 3.10: Cc k hiu khc.

.. ..
... \dots \cdots . \vdots . \ddots
~ \hbar \imath \jmath ` \ell
< \Re = \Im \aleph \wp
\forall \exists 0 \mho a \partial
0
0 \prime \emptyset \infty
\nabla 4 \triangle 2 \Box a 3 \Diamond a

\bot > \top \angle \surd
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit
\neg or \lnot [ \flat \ \natural ] \sharp
a
S dng gi latexsym s dng cc k hiu ny.
Bng 3.11: Cc k hiu thng thng.
These symbols can also be used in text mode.
\dag \S \copyright \textregistered

\ddag \P \pounds % \%
Bng 3.12: Cc du ngoc theo AMS.
p \ulcorner q \urcorner x \llcorner y \lrcorner

| \lvert | \rvert k \lVert k \rVert
Bng 3.13: Ch ci Hy Lp v Do Thi theo AMS.
z \digamma \varkappa i \beth k \daleth \gimel

Bng 3.14: Quan h hai ngi theo AMS.
l \lessdot m \gtrdot + \doteqdot or \Doteq

6 \leqslant > \geqslant : \risingdotseq
0 \eqslantless 1 \eqslantgtr ; \fallingdotseq
5 \leqq = \geqq P \eqcirc
\lll or \llless \ggg or \gggtr $ \circeq
. \lesssim & \gtrsim , \triangleq
/ \lessapprox ' \gtrapprox l \bumpeq
\lessgtr \gtrless m \Bumpeq
Q \lesseqgtr R \gtreqless \thicksim
S \lesseqqgtr T \gtreqqless \thickapprox
4 \preccurlyeq < \succcurlyeq u \approxeq
2 \curlyeqprec 3 \curlyeqsucc v \backsim
- \precsim % \succsim w \backsimeq
w \precapprox v \succapprox \vDash
j \subseteqq k \supseteqq \Vdash
b \Subset c \Supset \Vvdash
< \sqsubset = \sqsupset \backepsilon
\therefore \because \varpropto
p \shortmid q \shortparallel G \between
` \smallsmile a \smallfrown t \pitchfork
C \vartriangleleft B \vartriangleright J \blacktriangleleft
E \trianglelefteq D \trianglerighteq I \blacktriangleright
Bng 3.15: Cc du mi tn theo AMS.
L99 \dashleftarrow 99K \dashrightarrow (\multimap

\leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows \upuparrows
\leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows \downdownarrows
W \Lleftarrow V \Rrightarrow \upharpoonleft
\twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \upharpoonright
\leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \downharpoonleft
\leftrightharpoons
\rightleftharpoons \downharpoonright
\Lsh \Rsh \rightsquigarrow
" \looparrowleft # \looparrowright ! \leftrightsquigarrow
x \curvearrowleft y \curvearrowright
\circlearrowleft \circlearrowright
Bng 3.16: Quan h ph nh hai ngi v cc du mi tn theo AMS.
\nless \ngtr & \varsubsetneqq

\lneq \gneq ' \varsupsetneqq
\nleq \ngeq " \nsubseteqq

\nleqslant \ngeqslant # \nsupseteqq
\lneqq \gneqq - \nmid
\lvertneqq \gvertneqq \nparallel
\nleqq \ngeqq . \nshortmid
\lnsim \gnsim / \nshortparallel
\lnapprox \gnapprox \nsim
\nprec \nsucc \ncong
\npreceq \nsucceq 0 \nvdash
\precneqq \succneqq 2 \nvDash
\precnsim \succnsim 1 \nVdash
\precnapprox \succnapprox 3 \nVDash
( \subsetneq ) \supsetneq 6 \ntriangleleft
\varsubsetneq ! \varsupsetneq 7 \ntriangleright
* \nsubseteq + \nsupseteq 5 \ntrianglelefteq
$ \subsetneqq % \supsetneqq 4 \ntrianglerighteq
8 \nleftarrow 9 \nrightarrow = \nleftrightarrow
: \nLeftarrow ; \nRightarrow < \nLeftrightarrow
Bng 3.17: Cc ton t nh phn theo AMS.
u \dotplus \centerdot | \intercal

n \ltimes o \rtimes > \divideontimes
d \Cup or \doublecup e \Cap or \doublecap r \smallsetminus
Y \veebar Z \barwedge [ \doublebarwedge
\boxplus \boxminus \circleddash
\boxtimes \boxdot } \circledcirc
h \leftthreetimes i \rightthreetimes ~ \circledast
g \curlyvee f \curlywedge
Bng 3.18: Cc k hiu khc theo AMS.
~ \hbar } \hslash k \Bbbk

\square \blacksquare s \circledS
M \vartriangle N \blacktriangle { \complement
O \triangledown H \blacktriangledown a \Game
\lozenge \blacklozenge F \bigstar
\angle ] \measuredangle ^ \sphericalangle
\diagup \diagdown 8 \backprime
@ \nexists ` \Finv \varnothing
\eth 0 \mho
Bng 3.19: Cc kiu ch ci trong ton.
V d Lnh Gi lnh cn dng

ABCdef \mathrm{ABCdef}
ABCdef \mathit{ABCdef}
ABCdef \mathnormal{ABCdef}
ABC \mathcal{ABC} euscript vi tu chn mathcal
A BC \mathscr{ABC} mathrsfs
ABCdef \mathfrak{ABCdef} eufrak
ABC \mathbb{ABC} amsfonts hay amssymb
Chng 4
Nhng tnh nng c trng ca

LATEX
Khi kt hp cc phn li vi nhau thnh mt ti liu ln LATEX s gip bn

thng qua mt s tnh nng mnh nh vic to bng ch mc, qun l mc lc
ti liu tham kho v cc cng vic khc. bit thm chi tit v cc tnh nng
c trng v kh nng m rng ca LATEX, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu
LATEX Manual [1] v The LATEX Companion [3].
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu

LATEX cung cp nhng phng tin c bn lm vic vi cc phn c ni
dung mang tnh linh ng nh hnh nh hay hnh th thng qua hai mi
trng l figure v table.
Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt s cch khc to ra hnh nh da vo cc lnh
ca LATEX hay t cc gi m rng ca LATEX. Tuy nhin, a s ngi dng
nhn xt rng vic s dng cc tnh nng ny l tng i phc tp, kh
khn v hi kh hiu. Do , chng ti quyt nh khng gii thch chi trong
phm vi ti liu ngn ngn ny. Bn c th tham kho thm trong The LATEX
Companion [3] v LATEX Manual [1] bit thm chi tit v ch ny.
Mt cch tip cn khc n gin hn l to ra cc hnh nh vi cc chng
trnh chuyn dng1 sau a chng vo ti liu. Cc gi ca LATEX cung
cp rt nhiu bin php thc hin iu ny. Tuy nhin, trong khung kh
1
XFig, CorelDraw!, Freehand, Gnuplot, . . .
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu 81
ca ti liu ny, chng ti ch trnh by v vic s dng cc hnh nh dng

Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) bi v vic a cc i tng ny vo ti liu
l tng i n gin v c s dng rng ri. c th s dng c cc
hnh nh dng EPS, bn cn phi c my in h tr PostScript2 xut kt
qu.
Mt tp lnh h tr vic a hnh nh vo ti liu lm vic kh tt c
cung cp trong gi graphicx c thit k bi D. P. Carlisle. y l mt phn
ca h cc gi c tn l graphics.3
2
Mt cch khc xut dng PostScript l s dng phn mm GhostScript ti a
ch CTAN:/tex-archive/support/ghostscript. Ngi dng Windows v OS/2 c th
cn phn mm GSView.
3
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics
4.1 a nh EPS vo ti liu 82
Gi s bn ang lm vic trn mt h thng c sn my in PostScript v

gi graphicx, bn c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau c th a hnh nh
vo ti liu:
1. Xut kt qu trong cc chng trnh ho ra di dng EPS.4
2. Np gi graphicx trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo nh sau:
\usepackage[driver ]{graphicx}
vi driver l tn ca chng trnh dch t dng dvi sang dng postscript.

Chng trnh thng c s dng l dvips. Tn ca driver l mt i
hi bt buc bi v khng c tiu chun v cch thc mt hnh nh
c a vo trong TEX. Thng qua vic bit c tn ca driver th
gi graphicx s xc nh cch chn thng tin v hnh nh vo tp
tin .dvi my in c th hiu c v a tp tin .eps vo mt cch
chnh xc.
3. S dng lnh sau:
\includegraphics[key=value, . . . ]{file}
a tp tin file vo ti liu. Thng s tu chn ca keys l mt danh

sch c phn cch bi du phy ca cc gi tr values. Cc tham s
keys c th c s dng thay i rng, cao v s xoay vng ca
hnh nh. Bng 4.1 s lit k cc kho quan trng.
4
Nu chng trnh ca bn khng th xut di dng EPS, bn c th th ci t
driver ca my in PostScript (v d nh my Apple LaserWriter) v in kt qu lm vic
ra tp tin vi driver ny. Thng thng th tp tin ny s c nh dng l EPS. Lu
rng mt hnh nh dng EPS khng c php cha nhiu hn mt trang. Mt s driver
ca cc my in c th c cu hnh trc tip xut ra dng EPS.
4.2 Ti liu tham kho 83
Bng 4.1: Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx.
width co dn hnh nh theo chiu rng yu cu

height co dn hnh nh theo chiu cao yu cu
angle xoay hnh nh ngc chiu kim ng h
scale chnh t l kch thc ca hnh nh
Di y l mt v d minh ho lm r tnh nng trn
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]{test}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
V d trn s a vo ti liu mt tp tin c tn l test.eps. u tin,

hnh nh s c xoay mt gc 90 ngc chiu kim ng h. Sau , n
s c tng kch thc chiu rng ln gp 0.5 ln chiu rng ban u. T
l l 1.0 bi v ta khng ch nh v chiu cao ca hnh nh. Chiu rng v
chiu cao c th c xc nh theo nhng kch thc tuyt i. Xem thm
bng 6.5 trang 131 bit thm chi tit. Nu bn mun i su vo mc
ny, bn nn c 2 ti liu sau: [8] v \eps.
4.2 Ti liu tham kho

Bn c th to ra mc lc cc ti liu tham kho thng qua mi trng
thebibliography. Trong mi trng ny, mi mc s c bt u nh sau:
\bibitem[label ]{marker }
Tham s marker c s dng trch dn sch, bi bo hay cc bi

84
lun c s dng n trong ti liu.
\cite{marker }
Nu bn khng s dng tu chn label, cc mc t s c lit k, nh

s mt cch t ng. Tham s sau lnh \begin{thebibliography} s xc
nh khng gian dnh cho phn nh s ca cc nhn (label). Trong v d
di y, tham s {99} s cho LATEX bit rng khng c mc no trong danh
sch cc ti liu tham kho c nh s rng hn s 99.
Phn 1 [1] cho rng . . .
Phn 1~\cite{pa} cho rng \ldots

\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{pa} H.~Partl:
\emph{German \TeX}, TUGboat Quyn~9,
Ti liu tham
pht hnh lne~1 (1988)
\end{thebibliography}
kho
[1] H. Partl: German TEX, TUGboat

Quyn 9, pht hnh lne 1 (1988)
4.3 To ch mc 85
i vi cc d n ln, c l bn s cn kim tra chng trnh BibTEX.

BibTEX c cung cp km theo vi hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi
ca TEX. Chng trnh ny s gip bn bo qun c s d liu v ti liu
tham kho v a cc tham chiu tng ng vo ti liu. Phn mm BibTEX
da vo khi nim style sheet to ra cc mc lc ti liu tham kho trc
quan. Khi nim style sheet cho php mc lc ti liu tham kho c xy
dng da vo cc mu c nh sn.
4.3 To ch mc
i vi cc ti liu hon chnh th phn ch mc ng mt vai tr ht sc
quan trng. Vi LATEX v chng trnh h tr vic to ch mc makeindex,5 ,
vic to ch mc cho mt ti liu tr nn ht sc n gin. Phn ny ch
gii thiu s qua nhng lnh c bn h tr vic to cc ch mc. c c
mt ci nhn su sc hn, bn c th tham kho thm ti liu The LATEX
Companion [3]. .
kch hot tnh nng to ch mc ca LATEX, bn cn phi s dng vo
gi makeidx trong phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage{makeidx}
ng thi, bn phi kch hot cc lnh to ch mc bng cch s dng lnh:
\makeindex
trong phn ta ca ti liu.
Ni dung ca ch mc s c xc nh vi lnh:
\index{key}
Trong , tham s key l mc t trong t in cc ch mc. Bn s nhp vo

lnh \index{...} ti v tr m bn mun mc t trong bng ch mc s tr
n. Bng 4.2 s gii thch thm v tham s key thng qua mt vi v d.
5
Trn cc h thng khng h tr tp tin c tn di hn 8 k t, chng trnh c gi
l makeidx.
4.3 To ch mc 86
Bng 4.2: C php ca vic to ch mc.
V d Mc t Ch thch
\index{hello} hello, 1 Mt mc t n thun
\index{hello!Peter} Peter, 3 Mc t con ca mc t hello
\index{Sam@\textsl{Sam}} Sam, 2 Mc t c nh dng
\index{Lin@\textbf{Lin}} Lin, 7 Ging nh trn
\index{Jenny|textbf} Jenny, 3 nh dng s trang
\index{Joe|textit} Joe, 5 Ging nh trn
\index{eolienne@\eolienne} olienne, 4 iu khin cc du
Khi tp tin d liu vo c x l bi LATEX, mi lnh \index s ghi

mt mc t tng ng cng vi s trang hin ti vo danh sch cc mc t
trong mt tp tin c bit. Tp tin ny s c tn trng vi tp tin d liu
vo nhng khc phn m rng (.idx). Tip theo, tp tin .idx ny s c
x l bi chng trnh makeindex.
makeindex tn tp tin
Chng trnh makeindex s to ra mt danh sch cc ch mc c sp

xp trong tp tin c tn tng t nhng khc phn m rng (.ind). Nu
chng trnh LATEX li c gi x l tp tin d liu vo ban u th bng
ch mc c sp xp ny s c a vo ti liu ti v tr m LATEX tm
thy lnh
\printindex
Gi showidx i km vi LATEX 2 s in ra tt c cc mc t ct bn tri

ca phn vn bn. iu ny rt thun li cho vic kim tra li vic to cc
ch mc.
Lu rng vic s dng lnh \index mt cch khng cn thn c th
nh hng n cch trnh by ti liu.
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang 87
ti \index{ ti}. Khc vi

ti\index{ ti}. Bn cn ch ti . Khc vi ti. Bn cn ch n v
n v tr ca du chm cu. tr ca du chm cu.
4.4 Trang tr u ca cc trang

Gi fancyhdr6 c vit bi Piet van Oostrum, cung cp cho ta mt s lnh
n gin tu bin phn ta v chn ca cc trang trong ti liu. Hy
nhn vo phn ta v phn chn ca cc trang trong ti liu ny, bn s
thy tnh hu dng ca gi ny. Vn tinh xo ca vic to ta v phn
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
% xc nh rng phn ta v phn chn ca trang
% s c vit thng.
\renewcommand{\chaptermark}[1]{\markboth{#1}{}}
\renewcommand{\sectionmark}[1]{\markright{\thesection\ #1}}
\fancyhf{} % xo cc nh dng hin ti i vi phn ta trang
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\bfseries\thepage}
\fancyhead[LO]{\bfseries\rightmark}
\fancyhead[RE]{\bfseries\leftmark}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0.5pt}
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt}
\addtolength{\headheight}{0.5pt} % to khong trng cho vch ngang
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhead{} % chnh phn ta cho trang trng
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % v ng k ngang
}
Hnh 4.1: V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr.
chn ca cc trang l vic a vo tn ca mc hay chng hin ti. LATEX

x l vic ny theo hai bc. Trong nh ngha ca phn ta , phn chn
6
c ti a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/fancyhdr.
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn 88
ca trang, bn s dng lnh \rightmark v \leftmark cho bit mc v

chng tng ng hin ti. Hai lnh ny s xut ra mc hay chng mi khi
lnh to mc hay chng mi c x l.
Lnh \chapter v cc lnh c tc dng tng t khc khng t nh
ngha li lnh \rightmark v \leftmark. Chng gi lnh khc (nh l
\chaptermark, \sectionmark hay \subsectionmark) nh ngha li lnh
\rightmark v \leftmark.
Nu bn mun thay i phong cch th hin tn chng trong phn ta
ca trang, bn ch cn nh ngha li lnh \chaptermark. .
Hnh 4.1 lit k cc tham s c th s dng trong fancyhdr lm cho
chng trng ging nh phn ta , chn ca cun sch ny. Theo ti, bn
nn s dng cc kiu nh dng c ngh trong phn ch thch.
4.5 Mi trng h tr trch ng nguyn vn

Trong cc phn trc ca ti liu, bn c dp tip xc vi mi trng
verbatim. Trong mc ny, bn s hc cch s dng gi verbatim. Gi verbatim
l mt s b sung cho mi trng verbatim. N gip gii quyt mt s cc
hn ch ca mi trng verbatim. Bn thn ca mi trng ny khng c g
l c bit nhng s b sung ca n: gi verbatim thm vo mt s tnh
nng mi rt hu dng. Gi verbatim cung cp lnh
\verbatiminput{tn tp tin}
nhm cho php a vo phn vn bn nguyn mu trong tp tin c tn tn

tp tin vo ti liu (bn trong mi trng verbatim).
V gi verbatim l mt phn ca b cng c cho nn n s c ci t
sn trn hu ht cc h thng LATEX. Bn c th tham kho thm thng tin
chi tit v gi ny bn nn c ti liu [9].
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca LATEX
Hu ht cc bn ci t ca LATEX u i km vi mt s lng ln cc gi
phc v vic nh dng ti liu. Tuy nhin, mt s gi hu dng khc phi
c ti v t mng. Ni m bn c th tm thy hu ht cc tin ch ny l
CTAN (http://www.ctan.org/).
4.6 Ti v v ci t cc gi ca LATEX 89
Cc gi nh geometry, hyphenat, v mt s gi khc thng c to

thnh t hai tp tin: mt tp tin vi phn m rng l .ins v tp tin kia c
phn m rng l .dtx. Thng th i km vi cc gi cn c tp tin hng
dn nh readme.txt. Bn nn c k tp tin ny.
Trong bt k trng hp no th sau khi ti v cc gi m rng, bn cn
phi thc hin hai thao tc sau:
1. Cho h thng TEX sn c bit v s tn ti ca gi mi ny trn h
thng ca bn.
2. Bin dch tp tin ti v bit thm chi tit.

Di y l cch thc hin thao tc th nht:
1. Dng LATEX dch tp tin .ins. Qu trnh ny s trch ra mt tp

tin dng .sty.
2. Chuyn tp tin dng .sty n th mc m phin bn TEX trn my

bn c th tm thy chng (thng thng th bn nn t n trong th
mc .../localtexmf /tex/latex.
3. Cp nht li c s d liu lu tr cc tp tin trong phin bn TEX

trn my ca bn. Tu theo cc phin bn ca LATEX m bn c th
s dng cc lnh tng ng nh: vi teTeX, fpTeX l texhash; web2c
l maktexlsr; MikTeX l initexmf -update-fndb hay s dng giao
din ha.
By gi bn c th trch ti liu hng dn ca gi t tp tin dng .dtx:
1. Chy LATEX i vi tp tin .dtx. Kt qu to ra l tp tin .dvi. Lu

rng c th bn s phi chy LATEX nhiu ln cc tham chiu cho
c chnh xc.
2. Kim tra xem LATEX c to ra tp tin .idx hay khng. Nu bn khng

tin thy tp tin ny th bn c th tin hnh bc 5.
3. to ra tp tin ch mc, s dng lnh sau:

makeindex -s gind.ist tn tp tin
(vi tn tp tin l tn ca tp tin chnh (khng c phn m rng)).
4. Chy LATEX dch tp tin .dtx thm mt ln na. .

4.7 Lm vic vi pdf LATEX 90
5. To tp tin dng .ps hay .pdf vic xem c d dng v p mt

hn.
i khi bn s thy rng LATEX cng to ra tp tin .glo (t in thut

ng). Dng lnh sau gia bc 4 v 5: makeindex -s gglo.ist -o name.gls
name.glo
Nh dng LATEX dch tp tin .dtx ln cui trc khi thc hin bc 5.
4.7 Lm vic vi pdf LATEX

By Daniel Flipo <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
PDF l mt kiu nh dng ti liu siu vn bn. Ging nh cc trang web,
mt s t trong ti liu dng PDF s c nh du nh cc siu lin kt.
Chng s lin kt n cc v tr khc trong ti liu hay thm ch l trong
cc ti liu khc. Khi bn nhn chut vo cc siu lin kt ny, bn s c
chuyn n v tr lin kt tng ng. i vi LATEX th iu ny c ngha
l cc lnh \ref v \pageref s a vo cc siu lin kt. Do bng ni
dung, ch mc v cc cu trc tng t khc tr thnh mt tp hp ca cc
siu lin kt.
Hin nay, hu ht cc trang web u c vit bng ngn ng HTML
(HyperText Markup Language). Kiu nh dng theo ngn ng ny c hai
im bt li khi son tho cc ti liu khoa hc:
1. Ni chung th vic a cc cng thc ton hc vo ti liu HTML khng
c h tr. Mc d chng ta c chun thc hin iu ny nhng
hu ht cc trnh duyt hin nay cha h tr hay thiu cc font ch
cn thit.
2. Vic in n cc ti liu HTML tht n gin nhng kt qu xut ra

li ph thuc rt nhiu vo h iu hnh v trnh duyt. iu ny c
ngha l cc bn in ca cng mt ti liu c th trng rt khc nhau.
Bn cnh cht lng ca bn in s km xa so vi LATEX.
Hin nay, ngi ta c rt nhiu c gng to ra cc chng trnh chuyn
t tp tin LATEX sang tp tin HTML. Trong s c mt s chng trnh
thc hin tng i thnh cng vic to ra cc trang web r rng, d c t
mt ti liu c son tho bng LATEX. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc phn mm
u khng lm tt v chng khng th gi nguyn nh dng ban u. i
vi cc ti liu s dng cc tnh nng phc tp ca LATEX v cc gi m rng
th cc chng trnh chuyn t LATEX sang HTML khng th thc hin tt

vic chuyn i. Do , i vi cc tc gi mun a ti liu ca mnh ln
web nhng mun gi nguyn cch trnh by bn in vi cht lng cao la
chn PDF (Portable Document Format) nh l mt gii php tt. Hn na,
hu ht cc trnh duyt web ngy nay u h tr vic c ti liu dng ny
sau khi ci thm mt phn m rng cn thit.
Khc vi cc ng dng DVI v PS, ti liu dng PDF c th c xem
v in n trn hu ht cc h iu hnh (Unix, Mac, Windows) nh vo phn
mm Adobe Acrobat Reader hay xpdf (c th ti v min ph t trang web
ca Adobe). Do vic phn phi ti liu theo nh dng PDF s c gi
n vi ti liu ca bn mt cch d dng hn rt nhiu.
4.7.1 Cc ti liu PDF dnh cho Web

Vic to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun ca LATEX tr nn rt d dng
nh vo phn mm pdfTEX c thit k bi Hn Th Thnh. pdfTEX to
ra tp tin u ra dng PDF cn TEX s to ra tp tin dng DVI. Ngoi ra,
ta cng c bn pdfLATEX c tc dng to ra tp tin PDF t tp tin ngun
ca LATEX.
C hai bn pdfTEX v pdfLATEX u c ci t sn i vi cc phin
bn mi ca TEX nh l teTEX, fpTEX, MikTEX, TEXLive v CMacTEX.
to ra tp tin PDF thay v tp tin DVI, bn ch cn thay lnh latex
file.tex bng lnh pdflatex file.tex. Trn cc h thng m LATEX khng
c gi t dng lnh, bn c th tm thy c nt iu khin tng ng
vi lnh ny.
Trong LATEX, bn c th t kch thc trang giy (nh a4paper hay
letterpaper) thng qua tham s ty chn ca lnh \documentclass{..}.
Cc lnh trn cng lm vic vi pdfLATEX. Ngoi ra, pdfLATEX cn cn phi
bit thm kch thc ca trang giy ch khng ch phn din tch c dng
trnh by ti liu. Khi s dng gi hyperref (xem thm trang 94), kch
thc ca trang c th c thay i mt cch t ng. Nu khng, bn s
phi t iu chnh kch thc trang giy bng cch a v cc lnh sau trong
phn ta ca ti liu:
\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth
\pdfpageheight=\paperheight
Mc ny s khng i su vo chi tit lin quan n s khc nhau gia LATEX
v pdfLATEX. Nhng khc bit chnh lin quan n 3 vn sau: vic s dng
font ch, nh dng ca hnh nh a vo v vic t cu hnh cc siu lin

kt.
4.7.2 Cc font ch
pdfLATEX c th lm vic vi tt c cc kiu font ch (PK bitmaps, True-
Type, PostScript type 1. . . ) nhng ch yu l nh dng font ca ca LATEX,
font PK dng bitmap cho ra kt qu rt xu khi ti liu c xem bng
Acrobat Reader. c ti liu p mt th ch nn s dng cc font ch
dng PostScript Type 1. Cc bn ci t mi ca TEX s t ng cu hnh
vic ny. Nu mi th vn hnh tt th bn c th b qua c mc ny.
Chng ta s khng bn v font ch trong ti liu ny v t LATEX lm
tt vic x l cc font ch cng nh vic s dng b font ch ring ca n
p ng yu cu ca vic son tho v in n cc ti liu khoa hc.
B font PostScript da vo font ch Computer Modern v AMSFonts
c xy dng bi Blue Sky Research v Y&Y, Inc. Sau h chuyn
bn quyn sang cho American Mathemcatical Society. Cc font ch ny
c cng b rng ri t nm 1997 v c phn phi km theo cc phin
bn ca TEX.
Tuy nhin son tho ti liu bng cc ngn ng khc vi ting Anh
bn cn s dng b font ch EC, LH hay CB (xem thm phn ni v font ch
OT1 trang 30). Vladimir Volovich to ra nhm font ch cm-super bao
gm ton b font EC/TC, EC Concrete, EC Bright v LH. Bn c th ti
v a ch CTAN:/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super. Ngoi ra n cng c thm
TEXLive7 v MikTEX. Apostolos Syropoulos cng to ra b font type 1 CB
ting Hy Lp v c th ti v a ch CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/cb.
Tuy nhin, c hai b font ch ny khng c cng cht lng in n nh b
font ch Type1 CM ca Blue Sky/Y&Y.
i vi cc ti liu s dng cc ngn ng gc Latin bn c mt s tu
chn khc.
Bn c th s dng gi aeguill, Almost European Computer Modern

with Guillements. Bn ch cn thm dng \usepackage{aeguill} vo
phn ta s dng b font ch o AE thay v b font EC.
Ngoi ra, bn c th s dng gi mltex. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c tc

dng khi bn bin dch pdfTEX vi tham s mltex.
Tng t nh h thng MlTEX, b font ch o AE lm cho TEX tin rng

n c y 256 k t bng cch to ra cc k t b thiu trong b font CM
v thm vo theo trnh t ca font EC. iu ny cho php chng trnh s
dng b font c cht lng rt cao l type 1 CM. V cc font ch c tun
theo encoding T1 nn tnh nng t ngt t s hot ng rt tt i vi cc
ngn ng Chu u c gc Latin. Hn ch duy nht ca hng tip cn ny
l tnh nng tm kim ca phn mm Acrobat Reader khng hot ng c
khi bn cn tm kim ni dung c cc k t c du.
i vi ting Nga th bn c mt gii php tng t l s dng b font ch
o C1, b font ny c th ti v ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/font-packs/c1fonts.
Cc font ch ny kt hp b font type 1 chun CM ca Bluesky v cc font
ch type 1 CMCYR ca Paradissa v BaKoMa.
Mt gii php khc l khng s dng b font CM m chuyn sang s
dng cc font PostScript type 1. Hin nay, mt s font ch dng ny c
cung cp km theo vi Acrobat Reader. B font ny c kch thc cc k t
khc nhau do vic trnh by ti liu s c cht thay i. Thng thng, b
font ch ny s dng nhiu khong khng hn cc font ch CM (cc font ch
CM rt tit kim khong khng). Ngoi ra, tnh mch lc tng th ca ti
liu cng b nh hng bi v cc font ch nh Times, Helvetica v Courier
(cc font chnh cn thay i) khng c thit k trnh by mt cch cn
i trong mt ti liu nh l cc font ch CM.
Ngoi ra, cn c 2 b font ch na p ng yu cu ny: pxfonts, da
trn font Palatino nh dng cho vn bn trong phn thn ca ti liu
v gi txfonts, da trn font Times. s dng hai gi ny, ta ch cn thm
vo cc hng sau phn ta ca ti liu.
\usepackage{pxfonts}
Bn c th thy cnh bo sau khi bin dch tp tin ngun
Warning: pdftex (file eurmo10): Font eurmo10 at ... not found
trong tp tin c phn m rng l .log. iu ny c ngha l mt s font
ch c s dng y khng c tm thy. Bn cn phi sa cc li
ny nu khng th trong ti liu dng PDF cc trang c cc k t b thiu s
khng c hin th.
Vic thiu cc font ch EC c cht lng tng ng vi cc font ch
CM type 1 lun c mi ngi quan tm. Do , cc gii php cho vn
ny s xut hin theo thi gian.
4.7.3 S dng hnh nh

Vic a hnh nh vo trong ti liu c h tr tt nht vi gi graphicx
(xem trang 80). Thng qua vic s dng cc driver c bit l pdftex, gi
graphicx cng s lm vic tt vi pdfLATEX:
\usepackage[pdftex]{color,graphicx}
Trong v d trn, ta a vo tu chn mu bi vic s dng mu sc

trong ti liu tr nn ngy cng ph bin.
Mt trong nhng vn y l dng EPS (Encapsulated Postscript)
khng c h tr trong cc tp tin dng PDF. Nu bn khng nh ngha
mt tp tin m rng trong lnh \includegraphics, gi graphicx s t ng
tm tp tin thch hp (ph thuc vo vic chn driver. i vi pdftex, nh
dng ca tp tin ny c th l .png, .pdf, .jpg, .mps (MetaPost) v .tif
nhng khng l .eps.
Gii php n gin cho vn ny l chuyn cc tp tin dng EPS sang
dng PDF thng qua vic s dng tin ch epstopdf. i vi cc i tng
hnh hc vect (cc hnh v), y l mt gii php tt. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
dng bitmap (nh, hnh c quyt t ngoi vo) th gii php ny khng
tht s thuyt phc bi v bn thn nh dng PDF h tr vic a vo
cc tp tin PNG v JPEG (PNG thch hp cho cc nh c t mu cn JPEG
thch hp cho cc nh chp v chng chim rt t ch).
i khi, ta khng cn v cc hnh hnh hc m ch cn m t chng vi
cc ngn ng c bit (nh l METAPOST). Ngn ng ny c th c tm
thy hu ht cc phin bn c phn phi ca TEX cng vi bn hng
dn chi tit.
4.7.4 Cc siu lin kt

Gi hyperref s m nhim vic chuyn cc tham chiu trong ti liu thnh
siu lin kt. hon tt cng vic ny, ta cn thc hin mt s thao tc
h tr. Bn cn phi a lnh \usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref} vo v tr
cui cng ca phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh ny c nhiu tham s tu bin cch lm vic ca gi hyperref:
mt danh sch c phn cch bi du phy pha sau phn tu chn

ca pdftex
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}
hay cc hng ring bit vi lnh \hypersetup{options}.
Mc chn duy nht c yu cu l pdftex; cc mc chn khc l tu v

cho php bn thay i cch lm vic bnh thng ca gi hyperref.7 Di y
l danh sch cc gi tr mc nh:
bookmarks (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th ca s Bookmark

khi hin th ti liu.
unicode (=false,true ) cho php s dng cc k t khng c trong ngn

ng gc Latin trong phn bookmarks ca Acrobat.
pdftoolbar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th thanh cng c ca

Acrobat khi xem.
pdfmenubar (=true,false ) hin th hay khng hin th menu ca Acrobat.
pdffitwindow (=true,false ) chnh kch thc phng i ban u khi tp

tin pdf c xem.
pdftitle (={texte}) xc nh ni dung c hin th trong ca s Document

Info ca Acrobat.
pdfauthor (={texte}) Tn ca tc gi.
pdfnewwindow (=true,false ) xc nh xem mt ca s mi c c to

hay khng khi lin kt vt khi gii hn ca ti liu.
colorlinks (=true,false ) hin th vng lin kt bng mu. Cc mu

sc ca cc lin kt c th c chn nh sau:
linkcolor (=color,red ) mu sc ca cc lin kt bn trong ca

ti liu (nh mc, chng, trang, . . . ).
citecolor (=color,green ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc trch dn
(trong danh mc cc ti liu tham kho).
filecolor (=color,magenta ) mu ca cc lin kt n tp tin.
7
Bn cn lu rng gi hyperref khng ch lm vic vi pdfTEX. Gi ny cng c th
c cu hnh nhng thng tin ring dng PDF vo tp tin DVI ca LATEX (tp tin
ny s c a vo tp tin PS vi lnh dvips v cui cng c x l Adobe Distiller
khi n chuyn tp tin dng PS sang PDF.)
urlcolor (=color,cyan ) mu ca cc lin kt n cc a ch URL

(lin kt n hp th, a ch web).
Nu bn thy hi lng vi cc nh dng mc nh th ch vic s dng

nh sau:
danh sch cc bookmark c lit k chi tit v cc lin kt c mu

(gi tr =true l mc nh):
\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks]{hyperref}
Khi to ra cc tp tin PDF in n, bn khng nn lm cho cc lin kt

c mu bi v chng s tr thnh mu xm khi c in ra (chng tr nn
kh c v khng p mt).
\usepackage{hyperref}
\hypersetup{colorlinks,%
citecolor=black,%
filecolor=black,%
linkcolor=black,%
urlcolor=black,%
pdftex}
cung cp thng tin cho phn Document Info ca tp tin PDF, bn

thc hin nh sau:
\usepackage[pdfauthor={Pierre Desproges}%
pdftitle={Des femmes qui tombent},%
pdftex]{hyperref}
b sung cho cc siu lin kt t ng i vi cc tham chiu cho, bn

c th a vo cc lin kt tng minh nh sau:
\href{url }{text}
on m sau
Trang web \href{http://www.ctan.org}{CTAN}.

s cho kt qu l CTAN; nhn chut vo t CTAN s a bn n vi
trang web ca CTAN.
Nu lin kt khng hng n mt a ch URL m l mt tp tin trn
my th bn c th s dng lnh sau:
Bn c th xem ti liu u \href{manual.pdf}{ y}.
Khi ny, kt qu xut ra l: Bn c th xem ti liu y y. Nhn
chut vo y s m tp tin manual.pdf. (Tp tin s nm trong th mc
ca ti liu hin thi).
Tc gi ca mt bi bo c th cung cp a ch e-mail ca mnh ngi
c c th lin h vi tc gi thng qua lnh \href bn trong lnh \author
trong phn ta ca trang trong ti liu:
\author{Nguyn Tn Khoa $<$\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}%
{tankhoasp@yahoo.com}$>$
Lu rng bn phi nhp vo lin kt v c phn vn bn n c hin
th trn trang giy. Bn cng c th son tho nh sau:
\href{mailto:tankhoasp@yahoo.com}{Nguyn Tn Khoa}.
Vi Acrobat Reader th mi vic vn din ra tt p nhng khi in ti liu ra
th s khng ai bit c a ch e-mail ca bn!!!
4.7.5 Vn vi cc lin kt
Cc thng ip nh:
! pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier
(name{page.1}) has been already used, duplicate ignored
xut hin khi b m c khi ng li. V d nh khi s dng lnh
\mainmatter c cung cp bi lp ti liu dng book, b m s c
khi ng li l 1 tng ng vi chng u tin ca ti liu. Tuy nhin,
phn li ta ca ti liu cng c nh s l trang 1. Khi ny, tt c cc
lin kt n trang 1 s khng cho kt qu duy nht na! Do , thng bo
l duplicate has been ignored.
B m s thc hin vic a plainpages=false vo mc chn ca cc
siu lin kt. Khng may l iu ny ch h tr vic m trang. Mt gii
php trit hn l s dng mc chn hypertexnames=false tuy nhin khi
ny cc lin kt n cc trang trong phn ch mc s khng lm vic.
4.7.6 Cc vn vi Bookmark
Phn vn bn c hin th bi bookmark khng phi lc no cng ging
nh bn mun. Bi v cc bookmark ch n thun l vn bn cho nn n
s c t k t hn l phn vn bn ca LATEX. Cc siu lin kt s t ng
thy cc li ny v a ra cnh bo:
Package hyperref Warning:

Token not allowed in a PDFDocEncoded string:
Bn c th gii quyt vn ny bng cch cung cp mt chui k t cho

cc bookmark trnh cc li trn nh sau:
\texorpdfstring{TEX text}{Bookmark Text}
Cc biu thc ton hc chnh l cc i tng thng mc phi li ny

nht:
\section{\texorpdfstring{$E=mc^2$}%
{E\ =\ mc\texttwosuperior}}
s cho kt qu l E=mc2 trong phn bookmark.

Vic thay i mu s khng thc hin tt trong cc bookmark:
\section{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}
s to ra chui redRed!. Lnh \textcolor s c b qua nhng tham s

(red) ca n vn c in ra.
Nu bn son tho:
\section{\texorpdfstring{\textcolor{red}{Red !}}{Red\ !}}
th kt qu s d c hn.
S tng thch gia tp tin ngun trong LATEX v trong pdf LATEX
Trong tnh hung l tng, ti liu ca bn s c dch tt nh nhau vi
LATEX v pdfLATEX. Vn ln y l vic a vo cc hnh nh. Gii
php c bn cho vn ny l b qua phn m rng ca tp tin trong lnh
\includegraphics. Khi ny, c LATEX v pdfLATEX s t ng tm kim tp
tin c nh dng ph hp trong th mc hin thi. Vic bn cn lm l to
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer 99
ra cc phin bn tng ng ca tp tin hnh nh. LATEX s tm kim tp tin

dng .eps cn pdfLATEX s tm cc tp tin c phn m rng l .png, .pdf,
.jpg, .mps hay .tif (theo th t va nu).
i vi cc trng hp bn mun s dng cc m khc nhau cho cc
phin bn PDF khc nhau ca ti liu ca bn, bn c th thm vo:
\newif\ifPDF
\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined\PDFfalse
\else\ifnum\pdfoutput > 0\PDFtrue
\else\PDFfalse
\fi
\fi
nh l cc hng lnh u tin ca ti liu. Nhng hng lnh ny s xc nh
mt lnh c bit cho php bn d dng vit cc on m diu kin:
\ifPDF
\usepackage{aeguill}
\usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx,color}
\else
\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx}
\usepackage[dvips]{hyperref}
\fi
Trong v d trn, bn c th thy rng ti a vo gi siu lin kt cho
c phin bn PDF v khng phi PDF. Hiu qu ca vic a vo cc lnh
trn l lnh \href lm vic tt trong tt c cc trng hp m khng phi
a vo ch th iu khin mi ln s dng lnh \href.
Lu rng trong cc phin bn TEX hin nay (v d nh TEXLive), la
chn gia pdftex v dvips khi s dng gi graphicx v color s t ng
c xc nh mt cch t ng trong tp tin cu hnh graphics.cfg v
color.cfg.
4.8 To ti liu trnh din vi gi beamer

By Daniel Flipo <Daniel.Flipo@univ-lille1.fr>
Thng qua cch vit ln bng, dng cc loi my chiu hay thm ch trnh
din ngay trn mn mnh ca my tnh xch tay, bn c th gii thiu cc

kt qu nghin cu ca mnh n vi nhiu ngi.
S kt hp gia pdfLATEX v gi beamer s gip bn son cc bi trnh
din n tng tng t nh vi phn mm PowerPoint. Hn th, vic tp tin
c lu theo nh dng PDF l mt th mnh rt ln v n gip bn mang
ti liu i khp ni do phn mm Acrobat Reader min ph v vn hnh trn
nhiu nn tng h iu hnh khc nhau.
Gi beamer s dng gi graphicx, color v hyperref vi cc tham s c
tinh chnh ph hp vi vic trnh din trn mn hnh.
Sau khi dng pdfLATEX bin dch on m c gii thiu trong hnh 4.2,
bn s c c tp tin dng PDF gm trang ta v trang th hai cha
cc mc, cc mc ny s tng bc xut hin trn mn hnh.
Gi beamer h tr xut kt qu trc tip ra tp tin dng PDF m khng
phi thng qua qu trnh chuyn sang dng PostScript nh gi prosper hay
phi thng qua mt vi bc x l thm trc khi xut ra bi trnh din nh
gi ppower4. y ch l mt trong nhng tnh nng tin tin ca gi ny.
Da vo gi beamer, bn c th dng chung tp tin ngun bin dch
ti liu ra thnh nhiu phin bn (version) khc nhau. Cc ch th c bit
phc v cho tnh nng ny c t trong du ngoc ngn (<>).
beamer to ra tp tin trnh din dng PDF nh ni trn.
trans to ra cc slide.
handout to ra bn in.
beamer l ch mc nh. Bn c th thay i ch bin dch da vo cc

lnh c tc ng ton cc nh \documentclass[10pt,handout]{beamer}
bin dch thnh dng bn in.
Giao din ca bi trnh din s ph thuc vo mu m bn chn. Bn c
th chn cc mu km theo gi beamer hay t to nhng mu ring ph hp
vi mc ch s dng ca mnh. Bn nn xem thm trong beameruserguide.pdf
bit thm chi tit.
By gi chng ta s i su vo chi tit m ca hnh 4.2.
i vi phin bn dng trnh din trn mn hnh \mode<beamer> chng
ta s dng mu Goettingen hin th khung di chuyn (navigation panel)
ngay trong bng ni dung. Ty chn ny cho php chn kch thc ca khung
(c th l 22mm trong v d ny) v v tr ca khung ( bn phi ni dung).
Tu chn hideothersubsections s hin th ta ca chng nhng khng
\documentclass[10pt]{beamer}
\mode<beamer>{%
\usetheme[hideothersubsections,right,width=22mm]{Goettingen}
}
\title{Bi trnh din n gin}

\author[D. Flipo]{Daniel Flipo}
\institute{U.S.T.L. \& GUTenberg}
\titlegraphic{\includegraphics[width=20mm]{USTL}}
\date{2005}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}<handout:0>
\titlepage
\end{frame}
\section{V d}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Nhng vic phi lm vo bui tra ny Ch nht}
\begin{block}{Mt l \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item dn ch i do\dots \pause
\item c sch\pause
\item vui a vi mo\pause
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
v nhiu vic khc
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Hnh 4.2: V d minh ho cch s dng gi beamer

hin th cc mc con bn trong. i vi hai ch cn li l \mode<trans>

v \mode<handout> th khng c tu chn g c bit do chng s c
bin dch v hin th theo mc nh.
Cc lnh \title{}, \author{}, \institute{} v \titlegraphics{} s
nh ni dung cho trang ta ca bi trnh din. Cc tham s tu chn
nh \title[]{} v \author[]{} s gip bn nh ta cng nh phn
tc gi cho cc phin bn khc nhau ca bi trnh din trong khung ca mu
Goettingen.
Cc lnh \section{} v \subsection{} bn ngoi mi trng frame s
gip bn bin son ta cng cc ta con ca cc mc trong khung.
Cc biu tng di chuyn nh cui mn hnh bn trong khung s gip
bn di chuyn gia cc trang trong bi trnh din. Vic hin th cc biu
tng ny khng ph thuc vo vic la chn mu trnh din.
Ni dung ca mi slide hay trang mn hnh cn phi t trong mi trng
frame. Cc tham s tu chn trong cp ngoc nhn (< v >) s gip bn n
cc slide (hay trang mn hnh) theo yu cu i vi cc phin bn khc nhau
ca bi trnh din. Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng lnh <handout:0>
nn trang u tin s khng c in ra phin bn dng in n.
Bn nn t ta cho mi slide khc vi ta ca bi trnh din, lnh
\frametitle{} s gip bn thc hin tc v ny. Trong trng hp bn cn
t ta con, bn c th s dng mi trng block nh trong v d. Ngoi
ra bn cn ch rng lnh \section{} v \subsection{} s khng xut ra
ni dung tng ng trn cc slide.
Lnh \pause trong mi trng lit k (itemize) s gip bn hin th tng
mc mt. thm vo cc hiu ng bn c th dng cc lnh nh \only,
\uncover, \alt v \temporal.
In any case make sure you read through the beamer class documenta-
tion beameruserguide.pdf to get a complete picture of what is in store
for you. This package is being actively developed, check out their website
http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net/ to get the latest information. bit
thm thng tin chi tit bn nn tham kho ti liu beameruserguide.pdf.
Gi ny ang c pht trin rt nhanh, bn nn xem thm thng tin
trang http://latex-beamer.sourceforge.net c thng tin mi nht.
Chng 5
Bin son hnh nh ton hc
Hin nay rt nhiu ngi dng LATEX bin son ti liu. Bn cnh vic h tr
bin son cc ti liu thng thng, LATEX cn h tr bin son hnh nh da
trn nhng m t thun vn bn. Ban u, tnh nng ny c phn b hn ch
nhng theo thi gian, mt s lng ln cc gi m rng ca LATEX khin tc
v ny tr nn n gin, gp phn khc phc nhng hn ch trc y. Trong
chng ny, bn s lm quen vi mt vi gi tiu biu.
5.1 Tng quan

Mi trng picture cho php chng ta dng LATEX bin son trc tip
cc hnh nh. Bn c th tham kho trong LATEX Manual [1] bit thm
chi tit. Mt mt, mi trng ny vn cn mt s hn ch ln nh h s gc
ca cc on thng cng nh bn knh ca ng trn b gii hn trong mt
s t cc gi tr la chn. Mt khc, mi trng picture trong LATEX 2 c
lnh \qbezier, q c ngha l bc hai (quadratic). Cc ng cong thng
dng nh ng trn, ellipse hay cc ng cong lin tip nhau c th c
thay th bng ng cong Bzier bc hai, tuy nhin, iu ny i hi chng
ta phi thc hin cc tnh ton ton hc khng n gin. Nu bn s dng
ngn ng lp trnh nh Java to ra tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX cha cc
lnh \qbezier th sc mnh ca gi picture s tng ln rt nhiu.
Mc d vic lp trnh xut ra hnh nh mt cch trc tip vi LATEX
l mt cng vic khng n gin, mt nhc v gp phi nhng hn ch nht
nh nhng chng ta c l do thc hin vic ny: ti liu ca chng ta s
5.2 Mi trng picture 104
chim rt t b nh cng nh chng ta khng phi lo lng vic chp thiu

tp tin hnh nh minh ho khi mang ti liu t ni ny n ni khc.
Cc gi nh epic v eepic (c m t trong ti liu The LATEX Com-
panion [3]) hay pstricks s gip chng tra vt qua nhng hn ch ca gi
picture v m rng sc mnh son tho hnh nh ca LATEX.
Trong khi hai gi epic v eepic ch m rng mi trng picture, gi
pstricks c ring mi trng v ca mnh l pspicture. Gi pstricks c c
sc mnh ny nh vo vic s dng rt nhiu ngn ng PostScript. Ngoi
ra, mt s lng ln cc gi c thit k nhm phc v cho cc mc ch
nht nh. Mt trong s l XY-pic, c m t cui chng ny. Hu ht
cc gi ny u c gii thiu trong The LATEX Graphics Companion [?]
(bn khng nn nhm ln gia ti liu ny v The LATEX Companion [3]).
C l cng c ho mnh nht ca LATEX l MetaPost, ngi anh em
song sinh vi METAFONT ca Donald E. Knuth. MetaPost c ngn ng lp
trnh rt tinh t, linh hot ca METAFONT. Tuy nhin METAFONT to ra tp
tin nh dng bitmap cn MetaPost to ra nh dng PostScript thm
thm vo trong ti liu. bit thm thng tin bn c th tham kho A
Users Manual for MetaPost [?]hay [?].
Cc cch s dng hnh nh (font ch) trong LATEX v TEX c tho lun
chi tit trong TEX Unbound [?].
5.2 Mi trng picture

By Urs Oswald <osurs@bluewin.ch>
5.2.1 Cc lnh c bn
Mi trng picture1 c to ra bi mt trong hai lnh sau
\begin{picture}(x, y). . . \end{picture}
hay
\begin{picture}(x, y)(x0 , y0 ). . . \end{picture}
Cc gi tr x, y, x0 , y0 s da vo \unitlength, bn c th gn li gi tr
ny vo bt k lc no (bn ngoi mi trng picture) vi lnh nh sau
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.2cm}
Gi tr mc nh ca \unitlength l 1pt. Cp gi tr u tin, (x, y) l

to bt u, bn trong ti liu, ca hnh ch nht bao quanh hnh. Cp
gi tr ty chn th hai, (x0 , y0 ), l to gc di bn tri ca hnh ch
nht ny.
Hu ht cc lnh v c hai dng
\put(x, y){i tng}
hay
\multiput(x, y)(x, y){n}{i tng}
ng cong Bzier l mt ngoi l. Cc ng cong ny c v vi lnh
\qbezier(x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 )(x3 , y3 )
1
Mi trng picture hot ng c lp, khng cn thm bt k mt gi no khc ngoi
tr LATEX 2 chun
5.2.2 Cc on thng
\setlength{\unitlength}{5cm}
\begin{picture}(1,1)
\put(0,0){\line(0,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,0){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,2){.5}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,3){.3333}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,4){.25}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,5){.2}}
\put(0,0){\line(1,6){.1667}}

%
%
\put(0,0){\line(2,1){1}}
%

% ,
,
\put(0,0){\line(2,3){.6667}}
% ,
#
#

#
\put(0,0){\line(2,5){.4}}
% ,
#
,
\put(0,0){\line(3,1){1}}

%
% , ,
#
# "
"
"
\put(0,0){\line(3,2){1}}
% #

# "
,
"
" !
\put(0,0){\line(3,4){.75}}
% ,
#" !! !

% ,
# "
\put(0,0){\line(3,5){.6}} , " !!

%, #
"! !
\put(0,0){\line(4,1){1}}
%#
,
#

"
"
!

!

!
((( ( (

(((
\put(0,0){\line(4,3){1}}

%

,
#

"

!

"

!

(
!
((((

,
(
%

"

#
!

(
\put(0,0){\line(4,5){.8}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,2){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,3){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,4){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(5,6){.8333}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,1){1}}
\put(0,0){\line(6,5){1}}
\end{picture}
Cc on thng c v thng qua lnh
\put(x, y){\line(x1 , y1 ){length}}
Lnh \line c hai tham s:
1. vector ch phng,
2. di.
Cc thnh phn ca vector ch phng phi l cc s nguyn
6, 5, . . . , 5, 6,
nguyn t cng nhau (khng c c chung tr s 1). Hnh va ri minh ha

25 gi tr h s gc khc nhau trong gc phn t th nht. Chiu di ca
on thng ph thuc vo gi tr ca \unitlength.
5.2.3 Mi tn
\setlength{\unitlength}{1mm}
\put(30,20){\vector(1,0){30}}
\put(30,20){\vector(4,1){20}} OC
C

\put(30,20){\vector(3,1){25}}
*
C
\put(30,20){\vector(2,1){30}} yXX
X
XX
C

1

XXX C :

\put(30,20){\vector(1,2){10}} XC

-
\thicklines
\put(30,20){\vector(-4,1){30}}

\put(30,20){\vector(-1,4){5}}
\thinlines

\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-1){5}}
\put(30,20){\vector(-1,-4){5}}
\end{picture}
Cc du mi tn c v thng qua lnh
\put(x, y){\vector(x1 , y1 ){length}}
i vi mi tn, cc thnh phn ca vect ch phng b gii hn nhiu

hn so vi on thng, chng phi l cc s nguyn
4, 3, . . . , 3, 4.
nguyn t cng nhau (khng c c chung ngoi tr 1). Bn cn ch n

tc ng ca lnh \thicklines n hai mi tn hng ln gc trn bn tri.
5.2.4 ng trn
\begin{picture}(60, 40)
\put(20,30){\circle{1}}
\put(20,30){\circle{2}}
\put(20,30){\circle{4}}
\put(20,30){\circle{8}}
\put(20,30){\circle{16}}
\put(20,30){\circle{32}}
\put(40,30){\circle{1}}
\put(40,30){\circle{2}}
'$ '$
#
\put(40,30){\circle{3}}

\put(40,30){\circle{4}} j
be m
j
h
be
\put(40,30){\circle{5}}

"!
\put(40,30){\circle{6}} &% &%
\put(40,30){\circle{7}}
\put(40,30){\circle{8}} r u x z}
\put(40,30){\circle{9}}
\put(40,30){\circle{10}}
\put(40,30){\circle{11}}
\put(40,30){\circle{12}}
\put(40,30){\circle{13}}
\put(40,30){\circle{14}}
\put(15,10){\circle*{1}}
\put(20,10){\circle*{2}}
\put(25,10){\circle*{3}}
\put(30,10){\circle*{4}}
\put(35,10){\circle*{5}}
\end{picture}
Lnh
\put(x, y){\circle{ng knh}}
v ng trn c tm l (x, y) v ng knh (khng phi bn knh) l ng

knh. Mi trng picture ch chp nhn gi tr ng knh ti a l 14 mm;
tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp d gi tr ng knh nh hn gii hn

nhng vn khng c chp nhn. Lnh \circle* c dng v hnh
trn.
Khi v cc on thng, i khi ta cn phi s dng thm cc gi nh eepic
hay pstricks. Bn c th tham kho thm The LATEX Graphics Companion [?]
bit thm thng tin chi tit.
Trong mi trng picture, nu bn khng ngi tnh ton (hay dng phn
mm h tr tnh), bn c th thay th vic v cc ng trn v ellipse
bng cc ng cong Bzier. Xem thm v d trong Graphics in LATEX 2 [?]
bit thm chi tit.
5.2.5 Vn bn v cng thc

\thicklines
\put(1,0.5){\line(2,1){3}}
\put(4,2){\line(-2,1){2}} p
\put(2,3){\line(-2,-5){1}} F = s(s a)(s b)(s c)
\put(0.7,0.3){$A$}
\put(4.05,1.9){$B$} CH
HH a
\put(1.7,2.95){$C$} HH
B
\put(3.1,2.5){$a$} H
b
\put(1.3,1.7){$b$}
c

\put(2.5,1.05){$c$}
\put(0.3,4){$F= a+b+c
A s :=
\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$} 2
\put(3.5,0.4){$\displaystyle
s:=\frac{a+b+c}{2}$}
\end{picture}
Thng qua v d trn, bn c th thy rng vn bn v cc cng thc c

th c t vo mi trng picture vi lnh \put nh bnh thng.
5.2.6 Lnh \multiput v \linethickness

\linethickness{0.075mm}
\multiput(0,0)(1,0){31}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){21}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\multiput(0,0)(5,0){7}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,5){5}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\multiput(5,0)(10,0){3}%
{\line(0,1){20}}
\multiput(0,5)(0,10){2}%
{\line(1,0){30}}
\end{picture}
Lnh
\multiput(x, y)(x, y){n}{i tng}
c 4 tham s: im bt u, vect tnh tin t i tng ny n i tng

tip theo, s i tng v i tng cn v. Lnh \linethickness p dng
cho cc on thng nm ngang hay thng ng nhng khng c tc dng
i vi cc on xin hay ng trn. Tuy nhin lnh ny c tc dng vi
cc ng cong Bzier!
5.2.7 Hnh oval. Lnh \thinlines v \thicklines

\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}%
{\line(0,1){4}} ' $ $
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}%
{\line(1,0){6}} ' $
\thicklines
& % %
\put(2,3){\oval(3,1.8)} '

\thinlines
\put(3,2){\oval(3,1.8)} & %
\thicklines
\put(2,1){\oval(3,1.8)[tl]} & %
\put(4,1){\oval(3,1.8)[b]}
\put(4,3){\oval(3,1.8)[r]}
\put(3,1.5){\oval(1.8,0.4)}
\end{picture}
Lnh
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)}
hay
\put(x, y){\oval(w, h)[v tr ]}
xut ra mt hnh oval ti (x, y), c rng w v chiu cao h. Tham s v tr

l b, t, l, r tng ng vi cui trang, u trang, bn tri, bn phi.
Bn c th kt hp cc tham s v tr ny li vi nhau.
dy ca hng c th c iu khin bi hai lnh:
\linethickness{length}, \thinlines v \thicklines. Lnh \linethickness{length}
ch c tc dng vi cc ng thng nm ngang hay thng ng (v cc ng
cong Bzier) cn lnh \thinlines v \thicklines c tc dng vi cc ng
thng nm xin cng nh i vi ng trn v oval.
5.2.8 Cc cch s dng cc khung hnh c nh

ngha trc
\setlength{\unitlength}{0.5mm}
\newsavebox{\foldera}% declaration
\savebox{\foldera}
(40,32)[bl]{% definition
\multiput(0,0)(0,28){2}
{\line(1,0){40}}
\multiput(0,0)(40,0){2}
{\line(0,1){28}}
\put(1,28){\oval(2,2)[tl]}
\put(1,29){\line(1,0){5}}
\put(9,29){\oval(6,6)[tl]}
\put(9,32){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(17,29){\oval(6,6)[tr]}
\put(20,29){\line(1,0){19}}
\put(39,28){\oval(2,2)[tr]}
}
\newsavebox{\folderb}% declaration
\savebox{\folderb}
(40,32)[l]{% definition
\put(0,14){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(8,0){\usebox{\foldera}}
}
\put(34,26){\line(0,1){102}}
\put(14,128){\usebox{\foldera}}
\multiput(34,86)(0,-37){3}
{\usebox{\folderb}}
\end{picture}
Mt khung hnh (picture box) c th c khai bo thng qua lnh
\newsavebox{tn}
sau nh ngha bi lnh
\savebox{tn}(chiu rng,chiu cao)[v tr ]{ni dung}
v cui cng c v ra vi lnh
\put(x, y)\usebox{tn}
Tham s v tr c tc dng xc nh im mc ca khung (savebox).

Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng tham s l bl t im mc gc
di bn tri ca khung. Cc tham s khc l t trn, r bn phi.
Cc khung hnh c th c lng vo nhau: trong v d trn, ta thy
khung \foldera c dng bn trong nh ngha ca khung \folderb
Lnh \oval c s dng nh lnh \line s khng c tc dng nu kch
thc ca on thng nh hn 3 mm.
5.2.9 Cc ng cong Bzier

\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7}
{\line(0,1){4}}
\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5}
{\line(1,0){6}}
\thicklines
\put(0.5,0.5){\line(1,5){0.5}}

\put(1,3){\line(4,1){2}} D
\qbezier(0.5,0.5)(1,3)(3,3.5) D
D
\thinlines
HH
D
H
\put(2.5,2){\line(2,-1){3}} HH D
H
\put(5.5,0.5){\line(-1,5){0.5}} HH D
HD
\linethickness{1mm}
\qbezier(2.5,2)(5.5,0.5)(5,3)
\thinlines
\qbezier(4,2)(4,3)(3,3)
\qbezier(3,3)(2,3)(2,2)
\qbezier(2,2)(2,1)(3,1)
\qbezier(3,1)(4,1)(4,2)
\end{picture}
Trong v d trn, vic chia ng trn thnh 4 ng cong Bzier l

khng tho ng, chng ta cn t nht l 8 ng cong. Hnh minh ho cng
cho thy tc dng ca lnh \linethickness i vi cc ng thng nm
ngang v nm thng ng, lnh \thicklines i vi cc ng thng nm
xin. Ngoi ra chng ta cng thy c tc dng ca cc lnh ny i vi
cc ng cong Bzier. Bn cn lu rng lnh nm sau s c tc dng.
t P1 = (x1 , y1 ), P2 = (x2 , y2 ) l cc im cui v m1 , m2 l cc h s
gc tng ng ca ng cong Bzier. im gia iu khin S = (x, y) s
c xc nh bi

m2 x2 m1 x1 (y2 y1 )
x = ,

m2 m1 (5.1)
y = y + m (x x ) (i = 1, 2).
i i i
Xem Graphics in LATEX 2 [?] bit thm thng tin v chng trnh Java
h tr vic to cc ng cong Bzier t lnh.
5.2.10 Catenary
\setlength{\unitlength}{1.3cm}
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
\put(-2,0){\vector(1,0){4.4}}
\put(2.45,-.05){$x$}
\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){3.2}}
\put(0,3.35){\makebox(0,0){$y$}}
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(1.2384,0.0)
(2.0,2.7622)
\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(-1.2384,0.0)
(-2.0,2.7622)
y
\linethickness{.075mm}
6
\multiput(-2,0)(1,0){5}
{\line(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2,0)(0,1){4}
{\line(1,0){4}}
\linethickness{.2mm}
\put( .3,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-.7,.12763){\line(1,0){.4}}
-x
\put(-.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4}} v
\put(.8,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.2,.54308){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(1.3,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-1.7,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4}}
\put(-1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4}}
\put(-2.5,-0.25){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}
Trong hnh trn, cc na i xng nhau ca th hm s y = cosh x 1

c sp x bi ng cong Bzier. Phn na bn phi ca ng cong kt
thc bi im (2, 2.7622), h s gc l m = 3.6269. S dng phng trnh
(5.1), ta c th tnh c im iu khin gia l (1.2384, 0) v (1.2384, 0).
sai lch l rt thp v thng nh hn mt phn trm.
V d ny cng cho ta thy c cch s dng tham s tu chn ca lnh
\begin{picture}. Hnh nh s c nh ngha mt da vo cc h trc
5.3 XY-pic 116
ton hc da vo lnh
\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25)
gc di bn tri (nh du bi hnh trn mu en) c xc nh to

l (2.5, 0.25).
5.2.11 Tc trong thuyt tng i c bit

\begin{picture}(6,4)(-3,-2)
\put(-2.5,0){\vector(1,0){5}}
\put(2.7,-0.1){$\chi$}
\put(0,-1.5){\vector(0,1){3}}
\multiput(-2.5,1)(0.4,0){13} = v/c = tanh
6
{\line(1,0){0.2}}
\multiput(-2.5,-1)(0.4,0){13}
{\line(1,0){0.2}} -
\put(0.2,1.4)
{$\beta=v/c=\tanh\chi$}
\qbezier(0,0)(0.8853,0.8853)
(2,0.9640) u
\qbezier(0,0)(-0.8853,-0.8853)
(-2,-0.9640)
\put(-3,-2){\circle*{0.2}}
\end{picture}
im iu khin ca hai ng cong Bzier c tnh bi cng thc (5.1).

Nhnh dng c xc nh bi P1 = (0, 0), m1 = 1 v P2 = (2, tanh 2), m2 =
1/ cosh2 2. Khi ny to ca gc di bn tri c xc nh l (3, 2)
(hnh trn mu en).
5.3 XY-pic
By Alberto Manuel Brando Simes <albie@alfarrabio.di.uminho.pt>
Gi xy l mt gi c bit v cc biu . s dng gi ny, bn ch
5.3 XY-pic 117
vic thm vo cc hng lnh sau trong phn ta ca ti liu:
\usepackage[ty chn]{xy}
Vi ty chn l mt danh sch cc hm ca XY-pic m bn mun np vo.

Ti ngh bn a vo mc chn all LATEX np tt c cc lnh ca XY.
Cc biu ca XY-pic c v da trn m hnh ca cc ma trn trong
mi phn t ca biu c t trong mt ca ma trn:
\begin{displaymath} A B
\xymatrix{A & B \\
C & D }
\end{displaymath} C D
Lnh \xymatrix phi c s dng trong ch ton hc. Trong v d

trn, chng ta c hai hng v hai ct. to biu ny, chng ta ch cn
thm vo cc mui tn tng ng vi lnh \ar.
\begin{displaymath} AO /B
\xymatrix{ A \ar[r] & B \ar[d] \\
D \ar[u] & C \ar[l] }
\end{displaymath} Do C
Lnh v mi tn c t gc. Cc tham s y l hng tr n

ca cc mi tn. (u: mi tn hng ln, d: mi tn hng xung, r: mi tn
hng sang phi v l: mi tn hng sang tri).
\begin{displaymath}
A@ /B
\xymatrix{ @@
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[r] & B \\ @@
@@
D & C }
\end{displaymath} D C
to ra cc mi tn theo ng cho, bn ch cn s dng tham s l

t hp ca cc hng. c mi tn m hn, bn c th lp li cc tham
s v hng.
5.3 XY-pic 118
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{ A @PPP
@@ PPP
A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[drr] & & \\ @@ PPP
@@ PPP
B & C & D } PP'
\end{displaymath} B C D
Bn c th v cc biu hp dn bng cch thm vo pha trn du

mi tn cc nhn. lm iu ny, bn c th s dng cc ton t vit ln
trn hay vit xung di.
\begin{displaymath}
f
\xymatrix{ A /B
A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g & g g0
B \ar[d]^{g} \\
D \ar[r]_{f} & C } D /C
f0
\end{displaymath}
Nh thy, bn s dng cc ton t ny trong ch ton hc. S khc

bit duy nht l vic vit vn bn ln trn c hiu l vit ln pha trn
ca mi tn cn vit vn bn di ngha l di du mi tn. Ngoi
ra chng ta cn c ton t th ba l: |. Lnh t ni dung ln trn mi tn.
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{ A f /B
A \ar[r]|f \ar[d]|g &
g g0
B \ar[d]|{g} \\
D \ar[r]|{f} & C } D f0 /C
\end{displaymath}
v cc mi tn c khong trng gia, bn c th s dng lnh

\ar[...]|\hole.
Trong mt s tnh hung, vic phn bit cc kiu mi tn khc nhau l
quan trng, khi ny, bn c th t cc nhn ln cc du mi tn hay thay
i kiu hin th ca n:
5.3 XY-pic 119
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{ o
\bullet\ar@{->}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{.<}[rr] && \bullet\\
/o /o /o /o /o o/ /o ? _
\bullet\ar@{~)}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=(}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{~/}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=+}[rr] && \bullet
}
/o /o /o /o /o /o o/
\end{displaymath}
_
Bn hy ch s khc bit gia hai biu di y:
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar[r]
\ar@{.>}[r] & /
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar@/^/[r]
\ar@/_/@{.>}[r] & (
6
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}
T b sung thm vo gia hai du gch cho / / xc nh cch cc ng

cong c v. Ngoi ra, XY-pic cung cp nhiu cch khc nhau tc ng
n vic v cc ng cong. bit thm chi tit, bn c th tham kho
thm ti liu ca XY-pic.
Chng 6
Tu bin cc thnh phn ca

LATEX
Vi cc lnh hc t chng 1 n nay, bn c th son tho c cc ti

liu p mt, c tnh chuyn nghip kh cao. D chng cha t n c s
tinh xo cao nhng ti liu ca bn tun theo nhng qui tc nh dng chung
do chng rt d c v c tnh cht chuyn nghip.
Tuy nhin, trn thc t ca vic son tho vi LATEX, bn vn cn gp phi
mt s tnh hung m LATEX khng cung cp cc lnh hay mi trng ph hp
vi yu cu ca bn hay kt qu c c t cc lnh sn c khng lm cho bn
hi lng.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cng tm hiu mt vi th thut dy cho
LTEX nhng k nng mi nhm to ra cc ti liu c kiu mu khc vi cc kiu
A
mu mc nh.
6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi

Nu ch th bn s thy rng tt c cc lnh trong ti liu ny u c
ng khung v bn c th d dng tm thy chng trong phn ch mc ca
ti liu. Thay v trc tip s dng cc lnh ca LATEX, ti to ra mt gi
mi nh ngha cch cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Khi ny, ti ch cn
nhp vo nh sau:
6.1 To lnh, gi lnh v mi trng mi 121
\begin{lscommand}
\dum
\ci{dum}
\end{lscommand}
Trong v d ny, ti s dng mt mi trng mi gi l lscommand v

mt lnh mi l \ci. Mi trng mi ny s v ng khung cc lnh. Cn
lnh \ci c dng son tho tn lnh v a n vo bng ch mc. Bn
c th kim tra iu ny bng cch nhn qua mc \dum trong phn ch mc
ca ti liu ny.
Khi ti mun thay i nh dng cho cc lnh sang mt kiu khc (chng
hn nh khng ng khung na), ti ch cn thay i nh ngha ca mi
trng lscommand. iu ny gip cho vic thay i c thc hin kh d
dng m khng cn phi tm kim trong sut ti liu v tin hnh sa i.
6.1.1 To lnh mi
thm vo mt lnh mi ca ring bn, s dng lnh sau:
\newcommand{name}[num]{definition}
Thng thng, mt lnh s i hi hai tham s: name l tn ca lnh m

bn mun to v definition l nh ngha ca lnh. Tham s num trong du
ngoc vung l tu chn v xc nh s cc tham s m lnh mi cn n
(mt lnh c kh nng c ti a l 9 tham s). Nu ta b qua tham s ny
th lnh ny s c gi m khng c tham s no c.
Di y l mt v d nhm gip bn hiu r hn. Trong v d ny, trc
tin, ta s to ra mt lnh mi gi l \tnss. Lnh ny s xut ra chui The
Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2 .
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
so Short Introduction to
y l ta gc ca ti liu ny: The not
\LaTeXe}
so Short Introduction to LATEX 2 . . . The
y l ta gc ca ti
not so Short Introduction to LATEX 2
liu ny: \tnss \ldots{}
\tnss
V d tip theo s minh ho cho vic to lnh mi v lnh ny s c 1

tham s. Th lnh #1 s c thay th bi ni dung do bn cung cp. Nu
bn mun c nhiu hn 1 tham s, bn c th s dng th lnh #2, . . . .
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]
{Xin cho
\emph{#1}. Chc mt ngy tt lnh!} Xin cho Nguyn Tn Khoa. Chc mt
% trong phn thn ca ti liu: ngy tt lnh!
\begin{itemize}
Xin cho Babymilky. Chc mt ngy
\item \txsit{Nguyn Tn Khoa}
tt lnh!
\item \txsit{Babymilky}
\end{itemize}
LATEX khng cho php vic to ra cc lnh mi trng tn vi cc lnh sn

c. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, bn c th dng lnh sau: \renewcommand
mt cch tng minh. Lnh renewcommand cng c c php tng t nh
lnh \newcommand.
Trong mt s trng hp c th, bn c th s dng lnh \providecommand.
Lnh ny ging nh lnh \newcommand nhng khi m lnh c nh ngha
th LATEX 2 s t ng b qua n.
Xem thm trang ?? bit thm chi tit v cc vn lin quan n
khong trng sau mt lnh.
6.1.2 To mi trng mi
Cng nh lnh \newcommand, c mt lnh h tr cho vic to ra cc mi
trng mi. l lnh \newenvironment vi c php nh sau:
\newenvironment{name}[num]{before}{after }
Tng t nh lnh \newcommand, lnh \newenvironment cng c cc

tham s tu chn ring. D liu trong phn before s c x l trc khi
phn vn bn c x l v d liu trong phn after s c x l khi lnh
\end{name} c x l.
Di y l mt v d minh ho cho vic s dng lnh \newenvironment.
\newenvironment{king}
{\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
\hspace{\stretch{1}}}
{\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
\rule{1ex}{1ex}} ti b nh ca ti . . .
\begin{king}
ti b nh ca ti \ldots
\end{king}
Tham s num s cho bit s i s ca lnh. LATEX s kim tra xem

bn c nh ngha li mt mi trng tn ti hay khng. Khi ny, nu
bn mun thay i mt mi trng tn ti, bn c th s dng lnh
\renewenvironment. C php ca lnh ny cng tng t nh c php ca
lnh \renewcommand.
Cc lnh c s dng trong v d trn s c gii thch sau. i vi
cc lnh \rule v \stretch, bn c th tham kho thm trang ?? v 138.
Cn vi lnh \hspace th xem thm trang 130
6.1.3 To mt gi lnh mi
Khi m bn nh ngha nhiu mi trng v nhiu lnh mi, phn ta
ca ti liu ca bn s tr nn kh di. Do , bn nn to mt gi mi cha
nh ngha ca tt c cc lnh v mi trng mi ny. Sau , bn c th s
dng lnh \usepackage a gi mi ny vo s dng trong ti liu ca
bn.
% Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker

\ProvidesPackage{demopack}
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not so Short Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{The \emph{#1} Short
Introduction to \LaTeXe}
\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote}}
Hnh 6.1: V d v mt gi lnh t to.
Vic vit mt gi lnh mi bao gm vic sao chp ni dung ca phn ta

6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch 124
ca ti liu vo mt tp tin ring l vi phn m rng l .sty. C mt

lnh c bit:
\ProvidesPackage{package name}
s dng u ca tp tin lu gi lnh. Lnh \ProvidePackage cho LATEX

bit tn ca gi lnh; ng thi, n cng cho php LATEX thng bo cc li
c bn nh vic a gi lnh vo hai ln. Hnh 6.1 cho thy mt v d nh
v gi lnh t to cha cc lnh c nh ngha trong cc v d trn.
6.2 Font ch v kch thc font ch

6.2.1 Cc lnh thay i font ch
LATEX s t ng la chn font ch v kch thc font ch da trn cu trc
logic ca ti liu (mc, ch thch chn, . . . ). Trong mt s tnh hung, bn
s mun t thay i font ch. thc hin iu ny, bn c th s dng cc
lnh trong bng 6.1 v 6.2. Kch thc ph hp ca font ch l mt k thut
thit k da trn kiu ti liu v cc mc chn ca n. Bng 6.3 lit k cc
kch thc tng ng cho cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch trong cc lp
ti liu chun.
{\small Ch nh \textbf{bold}
dng Romans} {\Large Ch ln Ch nh bold dng Romans Ch ln
\textit{Italy}.} Italy.
Mt tnh nng quan trng ca LATEX 2 l cc thuc tnh ca font ch l

c lp. iu ny c ngha l bn c th thay i font ch hay kch thc
ca font ch m vn gia c cc nh dng in m, in nghing c
t t trc.
Trong ch ton hc, bn c th dng cc lnh thay i font ch
tm thi thot ra khi ch ton hc v nhp vo cc on vn bn thng
thng. thay i font ch trong ch ton hc, bn cn s dng mt
tp lnh c bit. Xem thm bng 6.4.
Lin quan n cc lnh thay i kch thc font ch, du ngoc vung
ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Chng c dng to ra cc nhm. Cc
nhm s gii hn phm vi tc dng ca cc lnh trong LATEX..
Bng 6.1: Font ch.
\textrm{...} roman \textsf{...} sans serif

\texttt{...} nh my
\textmd{...} trung bnh \textbf{...} in m
\textup{...} thng ng \textit{...} in nghing
\textsl{...} nghing \textsc{...} ch nh
\emph{...} nhn mnh \textnormal{...} font ch bnh thng
Bng 6.2: Kch thc ca font ch.
\tiny font ch nh
\scriptsize font ch rt nh
\footnotesize font ch tng i nh
\small font ch nh
\normalsize font ch thng
\large font ch ln
\Large font ch ln hn
\LARGE font ch rt ln
\huge font ch khng l
\Huge font ch ln nht
Bng 6.3: Kch thc tnh theo im (pt) ca cc ti liu chun.
C 10pt (mc nh) 11pt tu chn 12pt tu chn

\tiny 5pt 6pt 6pt
\scriptsize 7pt 8pt 8pt
\footnotesize 8pt 9pt 10pt
\small 9pt 10pt 11pt
\normalsize 10pt 11pt 12pt
\large 12pt 12pt 14pt
\Large 14pt 14pt 17pt
\LARGE 17pt 17pt 20pt
\huge 20pt 20pt 25pt
\Huge 25pt 25pt 25pt
Bng 6.4: Cc font ch son tho trong ch ton hc.
Lnh V d Kt qu
\mathcal{...} $\mathcal{B}=c$ B=c
\mathrm{...} $\mathrm{K}_2$ K
P2
\mathbf{...} $\sum x=\mathbf{v}$ x=v
\mathsf{...} $\mathsf{G\times R}$ GR
\mathtt{...} $\mathtt{L}(b,c)$ L(b, c)
\mathnormal{...} $\mathnormal{R_{19}}\neq R_{19}$ R 6= R19
\mathit{...} $\mathit{ffi}\neq ffi$ ffi 6= f f i
Ti thch {\LARGE Ton-Tin hc

v {\small Vn hc}}.
Ti thch Ton-Tin hc v Vn
hc.
Cc lnh lin quan n kch thc ca font ch cng s thay i khong

cch gia cc hng khi m mt on vn kt thc bn trong phm vi tc
dng ca lnh ny. Do , du ng ngoc } khng nn xut hin trc khi
kt thc on vn. Hy ch n v tr ca lnh \par trong hai v d sau
y.1
{\Large ng tin c gi y. ng tin c gi y. Ti ni

Ti ni thit y!!!\par}
thit y!!!
{\Large ng tin chng trai y.

Ti khng quan tm n anh
ng tin chng trai y. Ti
ta.}\par khng quan tm n anh ta.
Khi bn mun kch hot vic thay i kch thc font ch cho c don
vn bn hay nhiu hn, bn c th s dng mi trng lnh thay i.
\begin{Large}
ng tin nhng g con ng tin nhng g con gi ni.
gi ni. Nhng nh vy
th cn bit tin vo Nhng nh vy th cn bit tin
g na y???!!! \ldots vo g na y???!!! . . .
\end{Large}
Gii php ny s gip bn trnh c vic nhp thiu du ng ngoc }.
6.2.2 Lu khi s dng cc lnh thay i nh dng

Nh ni n u chng, vic thay i nh dng ca font ch, kch
thc thng qua cc lnh tc ng trc tip s lm cho ti liu ca chng ta
1
\par tng ng vi mt hng trng.
6.3 Cc khong trng 128
tr nn khng cn trong sng nh tng ban u. Do , khi cn thay i

nh dng ca vn bn ti nhiu ni trong vn bn, bn nn to ra mt lnh
mi vi lnh \newcommand.
\newcommand{\oops}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
ng \oops{bc vo} cn
ng bc vo cn phng ny!! Bn trong
phng ny!! Bn trong cn
cn phng ny ang c mt con vt l t
phng ny ang
hnh tinh khc!.
c mt \oops{con vt l}
t hnh tinh khc!.
Hng tip cn ny c nhng li im ring bi v bn c th thay i

cch nh dng v sau vi rt t cng sc. Ngc li, nu bn s dng lnh
thay i trc tip nh \textbf th khi mun thay i nh dng, bn cn
phi tm kim tt c cc lnh \textbf trong ti liu v thay th n bi lnh
nh dng khc. Hy ngh n s phc tp khi m bn mun thay i mt
lot cc nh dng phc tp!!!
6.2.3 Vi li khuyn
kt thc phn gii thiu v font ch v kch thc ca font ch, di y
l mt s li khuyn:
Hy nh l ! S dng nhiuFONT chkhc nhau Bn

s to ra mt ti liu p, v d c.
6.3 Cc khong trng

6.3.1 Khong cch gia cch hng
Bn c th thay i khong cch gia cc hng bn trong mt ti liu vi
lnh sau:
\linespread{factor }
phn ta ca ti liu. Lnh \linespread{1.3} xc nh khong cch

gia cc hng l mt ri; lnh \linespread{1.6} xc nh khong cch
gia cc hng l gp i. Bnh thng th khong cch gia cc hng khng

c cng ra cho nn khong cch mc nh l 1..
6.3.2 nh dng on vn
Trong LATEX, c hai tham s nh hng n vic trnh by cc on vn.
Thng qua cc lnh sau
\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex}
trong phn ta ca tp tin d liu vo, bn c th thay i cch trnh

by cc on vn. Hai lnh ny s tng khong cch gia cc on vn trong
khi thit lp vic canh l cc on vn l 0.
Phn tham s plus v minus ca lnh trn s cho TEX bit rng n c
th co hp li hay dn rng ra vic cch on theo mt lng c xc nh
khi m on vn tng ng cn phi nm va vn trong mt trang.
Theo nh dng vn bn thng thng chu u, cc on vn thng
cch nhau bi mt khong trng v khng c canh l. Nhng bn nn
lu rng, cch nh dng ny cng c nhng nh hng ring n bng
mc lc: khong cch gia cc hng s tng i ln lm cho bng mc lc
tr nn lng lo. trnh iu ny, bn c th t hai lnh nh dng
khong cch trong phn ta vo phn ni dung ca ti liu, sau lnh
\tableofcontent hoc bn c th khng s dng hai lnh nh dng trn.
Hu ht cc ti liu chuyn nghip u s dng nh dng on vn bng
cch canh l ch khng dng khong trng cch on.
canh l mt on vn cha c canh l, hy s dng lnh sau:
\indent
phn u ca on vn.2 . Hin l lnh ny s khng c tc ng khi lnh

\parindent c chnh l 0.
2
canh l cho on vn u tin nm sau ta mc, bn c th s dng gi
indentfirst trong b cc cng c
chnh cho on vn khng c canh l, bn c th s dng lnh sau:
\noindent
v tr u tin ca on vn. Lnh ny rt c ch khi bn bt u mt ti

liu bng phn vn bn ch khng phi lnh to mc.
6.3.3 Khong trng ngang

LATEX tc ng xc nh khong trng gia cc t v cc cu mt cch t
ng. thm vo khong trng ngang, bn c th dng lnh:
\hspace{length}
Trong tnh hung bn mun gi nguyn cc khong trng ny ti v tr

cui hng hoc u hng, bn c th s dng lnh \hspace* thay cho lnh
\hspace. Tham s length ch n thun l mt con s v n v o tng
ng (trong tnh hung n gin nht). Cc n v thng dng c lit k
trong bng 6.5..
y l mt khong
y l mt khong trng di 1.5
trng di \hspace{1.5cm}
cm.
1.5 cm.
Lnh
\stretch{n}
s to ra cc khong trng c bit. N s dn ra cho n khi n s dng

ht tt c cc khong trng trn hng. Nu hai lnh \hspace{\stretch{n}}
xut hin trn cng mt hng th vic dn rng cc khong trng s c
quyt nh da trn tham s n.
x\hspace{\stretch{1}}
x x x
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x
When using horizontal space together with text, it may make sense to
make the space adjust its size relative to the size of the current font. This
can be done by using the text-relative units em and en:
Bng 6.5: Cc n v trong TEX.
mm millimetre 1/25 inch

cm centimetre = 10 mm
in inch = 25.4 mm
pt im 1/72 inch 31 mm
em xp x chiu rng ca ch M trong font ch hin thi
ex xp x chiu cao ca ch x trong font ch hin thi
{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y}\\ big y
{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y} tin y
6.3.4 Khong trng dc

Khong cch gia cc on vn, mc, mc con, . . . c xc nh mt cch
t ng bi LATEX. Khi cn thit, cc khong trng dc gia hai on vn
c th c thm vo vi lnh sau:
\vspace{length}
Lnh ny nn c s dng gia hai hng trng. Khi cn gi khong

trng u hay cui trang, bn c th s dng lnh \vspace* thay cho lnh
\vspace..
Lnh \stretch cng vi lnh \pagebreak c th c s dng son
tho phn vn bn hng cui cng ca mt trang hay canh gia vn bn
theo chiu dc ca trang giy.
Mt vi lu \ldots
\vspace{\stretch{1}}
y s l hng cui ca trang.\pagebreak
6.4 Trnh by trang 132
Lnh sau s cho php bn thay i khong cch gia cc hng trong cng
mt on vn hay trong cng mt biu bng:
\\[length]
Vi lnh \bigskip v \smallskip, bn c th cch qung mt khong

cch nh trc theo chiu dc.
6.4 Trnh by trang

LATEX 2 cho php bn xc nh kch thc trang giy trong lnh
\documentclass. Sau khi c cung cp kch thc giy, LATEX s t ng
xc nh kch thc cc bin. Tuy nhin, i khi thao tc t ng ny khng
p ng c yu cu nh dng ca bn. V vi LATEX, bn hon ton c
kh nng tu bin iu ny cho ph hp vi yu cu cng vic.. Hnh 6.2
s cung cp cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut v cc tham s c th thay i
nhm thc hin vic nh dng theo yu cu.3
Tuy nhin, bn cn phi cn thn trc khi quyt nh vic thay i
nh dng. Bn thn LATEX c gng la chn cho bn nhng mu nh
dng mang tnh cht chuyn nghip v tng i chun trong son tho ti
liu. Do , i khi vic tu bin cc nh dng ny s cho cc bn mt kt
qu ngoi d kin (thng thng th kt qu s t hn!!!).
bn hiu r hn, ta bt u i vo phn tch vn . Khi bn t so
snh mt trang ti liu ca mnh vi mt trang ti liu c son tho bng
MS Word, bn s thy rng trang ti liu c son bng LATEX nh hn.
Tuy nhin, nu bn nhn k vo cc quyn sch c xut bn4 v m
s k t trn mt hng, bn s thy rng mi hng thng khng ch qu
66 k t. By gi, bn hy tin hnh kim tra ti liu c son tho bng
LATEX, bn cng s c kt qu tng t. Kinh nghim trong ngnh in n
cho thy rng cc hng qu di s gy kh khn cho ngi c, d lm cho
ngi c b mi mt (y cng l l do v sao m cc t bo li chn cch
in dng nhiu ct).
Nh vy, nu bn t tng rng ca phn vn bn, bn v tnh
gy kh khn cho ngi c. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn gii thiu cho cc bn
3
CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools
4
cc quyn sch c in bi cc nh xut bn danh ting.
6.4 Trnh by trang 133
6
i
4 i
5 i
6 i
2
? ?
?
6 ?Header
6
6 6
Body i
7
Margin
Notes
- 9i
10i
-
i
3
-
i
8 -
? ?
1i- Footer
i
6
11
1 one inch + \hoffset 2 one inch + \voffset

3 \oddsidemargin = 39pt 4 \topmargin = 20pt
or \evensidemargin
5 \headheight = 13pt 6 \headsep = 19pt
7 \textheight = 548pt 8 \textwidth = 390pt
9 \marginparsep = 7pt 10 \marginparwidth = 47pt
11 \footskip = 30pt \marginparpush = 7pt (not shown)
\hoffset = 0pt \voffset = 0pt
\paperwidth = 614pt \paperheight = 794pt
Hnh 6.2: Cc tham s trong vic trnh by trang.

6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu di 134
bit v cc lnh thc hin vic ny (nhng bn nn LATEX t ng la

chn cch trnh by chun nht).
LATEX cung cp 2 lnh thay i cc tham s ny. Thng thng, cc
lnh ny thng c t trong phn ta ca ti liu.
Lnh u tin ny s gn mt gi tr c nh cho mt tham s bt k:
\setlength{parameter }{length}
Lnh th hai ny s cng thm vo gi tr hin ti ca tham s:
\addtolength{parameter }{length}
Lnh th hai ny hu ch hn lnh th nht (\setlength) bi v bn c

th thao tc da trn cc nh dng sn c. thm vo vo chiu rng ca
phn ni dung 1cm, bn thm lnh sau vo phn ta ca ti liu:
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm}
Trong tnh hung ny, bn c th xem thm gi calc. Gi ny s cho php

bn s dng cc ton t s hc trong tham s ca lnh \setlength v cc
v tr khc khi bn nhp gi tr vo tham s ca mt hm.
6.5 Cc vn khc vi vic nh dng chiu

di
Khi c th, ti thng trnh vic s dng cc chiu di thun tu trong cc
ti liu c son tho bi LATEX. Thng thng, ta nn da vo cc tham
s c bn nh chiu di, rng ca cc phn t khc ca mt trang. i vi
chiu rng ca mt hnh minh ha, bn nn s dng lnh \textwidth
chnh cho hnh minh ha nm trn trong mt trang.
3 lnh di y s gip bn xc nh chiu rng, cao v su ca chui
6.6 Cc hp 135
vn bn.
\settoheight{variable}{text}
\settodepth{variable}{text}
\settowidth{variable}{text}
V d di y cho thy tc dng ca 3 lnh trn.
\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
\settowidth{\parindent}{#1:\ }
\makebox[0pt][r]{#1:\ }}{}
\begin{displaymath}
a^2+b^2=c^2 a2 + b2 = c2
\end{displaymath}
Vi: a, b l hai cnh k ca gc vung ca
\begin{vardesc}{Vi}$a$, tam gic vung.
$b$ -- l hai cnh k ca c l cnh huyn ca tam gic vung.
gc vung ca tam gic vung.
d cha c cp y!!!!
$c$ -- l cnh huyn ca
tam gic vung.
$d$ -- cha c cp y!!!!

\end{vardesc}
6.6 Cc hp
LATEX xy dng cc trang bng cch kt hp cc hp. u tin, mi k t l
mt hp nh. Chng s c gn li vi nhau to nn cc t. Sau , cc
t ny li c gn li vi nhau to ra cc t khc. Tuy nhin, vi loi
keo kt dnh c bit th chng c th co dn c c th nm trn trn
mt hng.
y ch l mt cch ni nm na c ch lm vic ca LATEX. Khng ch
cc k t mi c th c ng hp. Chng ta c th t hu ht mi th
vo trong mt ci hp (ngay c mt ci hp khc). Khi ny, mi mt hp s
c LATEX xem nh mt k t n.
6.6 Cc hp 136
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta bt gp cc hp (bao quanh cc

lnh, . . . ). Mi trng tabular v lnh \includegraphics s h tr bn to
nn cc hp trong ti liu. iu ny c ngha l bn c th sp xp hai biu
bng hay hnh nh k bn nhau. iu duy nht bn cn quan tm y l
tng chiu rng ca hai i tng ny khng c vt qu chiu rng ca
vn bn.
Ngoi ra, bn cng c th ng khung mt on vn vi lnh
\parbox[pos]{width}{text}
hay mi trng
\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} text \end{minipage}
Tham s pos c th c cc gi tr nh c,t hay b canh l hp theo chiu

dc trong mi quan h vi vch gii hn xung quanh phn vn bn. Tham s
width s xc nh chiu rng ca hp. im khc bit chnh gia mi trng
minipage v lnh \parbox l bn khng th s dng tt c cc lnh v mi
trng bn trong mt hp c to bi lnh \parbox. Ngc li, bn c th
lm mi vic bn trong mi trng minipage.
Trong khi lnh \parbox ng khung c on vn bn gm c vic xung
hng, . . . ta c mt lp cc lnh ng khung khc ch lm vic vi cc vn bn
c canh l theo chiu ngang. l lnh \mbox. Lnh ny ch n thun
xp cht mt lot cc hp vo trong mt hp khc. Bn c th ngn chn
vic LATEX tch ri 2 t bng cch s dng lnh ny. Lnh ny c tnh linh
hot rt cao.
\makebox[width][pos]{text}
Tham s width xc nh rng ca hp.5 Bn cnh cc tham s v di,

bn c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight bn
trong biu thc v di. Cc tham s ny c th c chnh da trn cc
gi tr c c bng cch o rng ca phn vn bn text. Tham s pos
ly cc gi tr sau: c: vn bn s c canh gia, l: vn bn s c dn v
5
iu ny c ngha l hp c th nh hn phn ni dung bn trong. Bn c th chnh
rng ca hp l 0pt phn vn bn bn trong hp c son tho m khng b nh
hng bi hp bao quanh.
6.6 Cc hp 137
tri, r: vn bn s c dn v bn phi hay s: vn bn s c dn tri ra

trong hp.
Lnh \framebox hot ng tng t nh lnh \makebox nhng n ch
n thun v mt hp bn ngoi phn vn bn.
V d di y cho thy mt s ng dng ca lnh \makebox v lnh
\framebox
\makebox[\textwidth]{%
gia}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{% gia
dn tri}\par
dn tri
\framebox[1.1\width]{ng
khung mt vn bn!} \par ng khung mt vn bn!
\framebox[0.8\width][r]{ ka, ka, phn vn bn qu di!!!

phn vn bn qu di!!!} \par
\framebox[1cm][l]{khng c khngBn
c chi,
cti
c
cng
phn
vyvn bn ny ch?
chi, ti cng vy}
Bn c c phn vn bn ny ch?
By gi, bn c th iu khin vic nh dng theo chiu ngang, bc

tip theo l vic thc hin nhng nh dng theo chiu dc.6 .
\raisebox{lift}[depth][height]{text}
lnh ny cho php bn nh ngha thuc tnh theo chiu dc ca hp. Bn

cng c th s dng cc lnh \width, \height, \depth v \totalheight
3 tham s u xc nh kch thc ca hp bn trong tham s text.
\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%
Aaaaaaa Hy ch kh nng
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}% rgtinh t v th v ca LATEX.
nh dng ht sc
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}}}
Hy ch kh nng nh h
dng ht sc tinh
t v th v ca \LaTeX{}.
6
Vic iu khin nh dng hon ton phi l s tng hp hi ho ca vic iu khin
theo chiu ngang v theo chiu dc
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang 138
6.7 ng k v thanh ngang

Trong mt s trang cc phn trc, bn thy lnh:
\rule[lift]{width}{height}
Thng thng, lnh ny c s dng v cc hp en.

6.7 ng k v thanh ngang 139
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}
Lnh ny rt hu dng v cc hng ngang v hng dc. V d nh ng

k ngang trong phn ta ca trang c to vi lnh \rule.
Mt ng k ngang khng c chiu rng v ch c mt chiu cao xc
nh l mt trng hp c bit. Trong ngnh son tho chuyn nghip, n
c gi l strut. N c s dng m bo rng mt thnh phn trn
trang giy c mt chiu cao nh nht xc nh. Bn c th s dng n trong
mi trng bng chc chn rng mi hng c mt chiu cao xc nh nh
nht.
\begin{tabular}{|c|}
\hline
\rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots\\
Pitprop . . .
\hline
\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut\\ Strut
\hline
\end{tabular}
Ht.
Chng 7
Son tho ti liu ting Vit
son tho c ting Vit trong LATEX bn cn s dng gi vnTEX. Tin

s Hn Th Thnh, tc gi ca pdfTEX v pdfLATEX, to ra gi ny. Bn
hy vo trang http://vntex.org c c thng tin mi nht v gi vnTEX
cng nh nhng h tr son tho ting Vit khc.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System. Addison-

Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-201-
52983-1.
[2] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and Type-

setting, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, second edition, 1984,
ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
[3] Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach and Alexander Samarin. The LATEX
Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1994, ISBN 0-
201-54199-8.
[4] Each LATEX installation should provide a so-called LATEX Local Guide,
which explains the things that are special to the local system. It should
be contained in a file called local.tex. Unfortunately, some lazy sysops
do not provide such a document. In this case, go and ask your local LATEX
guru for help.
[5] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for authors. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as usrguide.tex.
[6] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for Class and Package writers. Comes
with the LATEX 2 distribution as clsguide.tex.
[7] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 Font selection. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as fntguide.tex.
[8] D. P. Carlisle. Packages in the graphics bundle. Comes with the graph-
ics bundle as grfguide.tex, available from the same source your LATEX
distribution came from.
TI LIU THAM KHO 142
[9] Rainer Schopf, Bernd Raichle, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation

of LATEXs verbatim Environments. Comes with the tools bundle as
verbatim.dtx, available from the same source your LATEX distribution
came from.
[10] Graham Williams. The TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing

of many TEX and LATEX related packages. Available online from
CTAN:/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
[11] Keith Reckdahl. Using EPS Graphics in LATEX 2 Documents, which

explains everything and much more than you ever wanted to know
about EPS files and their use in LATEX documents. Available online
from CTAN:/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps
[12] Kristoffer H. Rose XY-pic Users Guide. Downloadable from CTAN with
XY-pic distribution
Ch s
", 24 \addtolength, 134

$, 54 , 28
$, 54 aeguill, 92
\,, 56, 62 amsbsy, 69
-, 25 amsfonts, 56, 79
, 25 amslatex, 55
\-, 23 amsmath, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69
, 25 amssymb, 56, 70
, 25 \and, 39
., sau khong trng, 37 \appendix, 38, 40
. . . , 27 \ar, 117
\:, 62 \arccos, 59
\;, 62 \arcsin, 59
\@, 37 \arctan, 59
\[, 55 \arg, 59
ti, 87 array, 63
n v, 130 article class, 12
on vn, 19 \author, 39, 97
\\, 22, 43, 45, 47, 132
\\*, 22 B5 paper, 13
\], 55 bng, 47
~, 37 ba chm cho, 62
babel, 23, 28, 29
mt mt, 13 \backmatter, 40
ta ca ti liu, 13 \backslash, 6
beamer, 99101
A4 paper, 13
\begin, 42, 105, 116
A5 paper, 13
\bibitem, 83
a, 28
\Big, 61
abstract, 46
\big, 61
acute, 28
CH S 144
\Bigg, 61 $, 54
\bigg, 61 $, 54
\bigskip, 132 \,, 56, 62
\binom, 60 \-, 23
block, 102 \:, 62
bm, 69 \;, 62
\bmod, 59 \@, 37
\boldmath, 69 \[, 55
\boldsymbol, 69 \\, 22, 43, 45, 47, 132
book class, 12 \\*, 22
brazilian, 31 \], 55
\addtolength, 134
cu trc, 8 \and, 39
Cc ch ci Hy lp, 57 \appendix, 38, 40
cc lnh d v, 53 \ar, 117
cc phng trnh di, 65 \arccos, 59
cn bc hai, 58 \arcsin, 59
cng thc ton hc, 54 \arctan, 59
calc, 134 \arg, 59
canh tri, 43 \author, 39, 97
\caption, 52, 53 \backmatter, 40
\cdot, 59 \backslash, 6
\cdots, 62 \begin, 42, 105, 116
center, 43 \bibitem, 83
ch mc, 85 \Big, 61
ch nh, 125 \big, 61
\chapter, 38 \Bigg, 61
\chaptermark, 88 \bigg, 61
\ci, 121 \bigskip, 132
\circle, 108 \binom, 60
\circle*, 109 \bmod, 59
\cite, 84 \boldmath, 69
CJK package, 35 \boldsymbol, 69
\cleardoublepage, 53 \caption, 52, 53
\clearpage, 53 \cdot, 59
\cline, 47 \cdots, 62
color, 99, 100 \chapter, 38
commands \chaptermark, 88
CH S 145
\ci, 121 \frq, 33

\circle, 108 \frqq, 33
\circle*, 109 \fussy, 23
\cite, 84 \gcd, 59
\cleardoublepage, 53 \height, 136, 137
\clearpage, 53 \hline, 47
\cline, 47 \hom, 59
\cos, 59 \href, 96, 97, 99
\cosh, 59 \hspace, 123, 130
\cot, 59 \hyphenation, 23
\coth, 59 \idotsint, 63
\csc, 59 \iiint, 63
\date, 39 \iint, 63
\ddots, 62 \include, 17, 18
\deg, 59 \includegraphics, 82, 94, 98, 136
\depth, 136, 137 \includeonly, 18
\det, 59 \indent, 129
\dim, 59 \index, 85, 86
\displaystyle, 67 \inf, 59
\documentclass, 11, 12, 16, 22 \input, 18
\dq, 33 \int, 60
\dum, 121 \item, 43
\emph, 41, 125 \ker, 59
\end, 42, 105 \label, 40, 55
\eps, 83 \LaTeX, 24
\eqref, 55 \LaTeXe, 24
\EUR, 26 \ldots, 27, 62
\exp, 59 \left, 61
\fbox, 24 \leftmark, 88
\flq, 33 \lg, 59
\flqq, 33 \lim, 59
\foldera, 113 \liminf, 59
\folderb, 113 \limsup, 59
\footnote, 41, 53 \line, 106, 113
\frac, 59 \linebreak, 22
\framebox, 137 \linespread, 128
\frenchspacing, 37, 38 \linethickness, 110, 111, 114
\frontmatter, 40 \listoffigures, 52
CH S 146
\listoftables, 52 \part, 38
\ln, 59 \phantom, 53, 66
\log, 59 \pmod, 59
\mainmatter, 40, 97 \Pr, 59
\makebox, 136, 137 \printindex, 86
\makeindex, 85 \prod, 60
\maketitle, 39 \protect, 53
\mathbb, 56 \providecommand, 122
\mathrm, 66 \ProvidesPackage, 124
\max, 59 \put, 105109, 111, 113
\mbox, 24, 27, 136 \qbezier, 103, 105
\min, 59 \qquad, 56, 62
\multicolumn, 49 \quad, 56, 62
\multiput, 105, 110 \raisebox, 137
\newcommand, 121, 122 \ref, 40, 55, 90
\newenvironment, 122 \renewcommand, 122, 123
\newline, 22 \renewenvironment, 123
\newpage, 22 \right, 61
\newsavebox, 113 \right., 61
\newtheorem, 67, 68 \rightmark, 88
\noindent, 130 \rule, 123, 138, 139
\nolinebreak, 22 \savebox, 113
\nonumber, 65 \scriptscriptstyle, 67
\nopagebreak, 22 \scriptstyle, 67
\not, 72 \sec, 59
\oval, 111, 113 \section, 38, 53
\overbrace, 58 \sectionmark, 88
\overleftarrow, 58 \selectlanguage, 29
\overline, 58 \setlength, 105, 129, 134
\overrightarrow, 58 \settodepth, 135
\pagebreak, 22 \settoheight, 135
\pageref, 40, 90 \settowidth, 135
\pagestyle, 14 \sin, 59
\par, 127 \sinh, 59
\paragraph, 38 \sloppy, 22
\parbox, 136 \smallskip, 132
\parindent, 129 \sqrt, 58
\parskip, 129 \stackrel, 60
CH S 147
\stretch, 123, 130 \xymatrix, 117

\subparagraph, 38 comment, 8
\subsection, 38 comments, 7
\subsectionmark, 88 \cos, 59
\substack, 60 \cosh, 59
\subsubsection, 38 \cot, 59
\sum, 60 \coth, 59
\sup, 59 \csc, 59
\tableofcontents, 39
du ba chm, 27, 62
\tan, 59
du chm, 27
\tanh, 59
du gch, 25
\TeX, 24
du mi tn, 58
\texorpdfstring, 98
du ng, 58
\texteuro, 26
du ngoc, 61
\textrm, 66
du ngoc vung, 124
\textstyle, 67
du phy, 27
\thicklines, 107, 111, 114
du trch dn, 24
\thinlines, 111
du tr, 25
\thispagestyle, 14
du trng m, 27
\title, 39
dnh ring, 6
\tnss, 121
\date, 39
\today, 24
dcolumn, 49
\totalheight, 136, 137
\ddots, 62
\underbrace, 58
decimal alignment, 48
\underline, 41, 58
\deg, 59
\unitlength, 105, 107
\depth, 136, 137
\usebox, 113
description, 43
\usepackage, 14, 16, 26, 29, 30,
\det, 59
123
\dim, 59
\vdots, 62
displaymath, 55
\vec, 58
\displaystyle, 67
\vector, 107
doc, 15
\verb, 46
\documentclass, 11, 12, 16, 22
\verbatiminput, 88
dotless v , 28
\vspace, 131
\dq, 33
\widehat, 58
\dum, 121
\widetilde, 58
\width, 136, 137 eepic, 104, 109
CH S 148
em-dash, 25 epic, 104

\emph, 41, 125 \eps, 83
en-dash, 25 eqarray, 64
Encapsulated PostScript, 81 eqarray*, 64
\end, 42, 105 eqnarray, 64
enumerate, 43 eqnarray*, 64
environments \eqref, 55
abstract, 46 equation, 55, 64
array, 63 eufrak, 79
block, 102 \EUR, 26
center, 43 eurosym, 26
comment, 8 euscript, 79
description, 43 executive paper, 13
displaymath, 55 \exp, 59
enumerate, 43 exscale, 15, 61
eqarray*, 64 extension
eqarray, 64 .aux, 17
eqnarray*, 64 .cls, 16
eqnarray, 64 .dtx, 16
equation, 55, 64 .dvi, 16, 82
figure, 50 .eps, 82
flushleft, 43 .fd, 16
flushright, 43 .idx, 17, 86
frame, 102 .ilg, 17
itemize, 43 .ind, 17, 86
lscommand, 121 .ins, 16
math, 54 .lof, 17
minipage, 136 .log, 17
picture, 103105, 108, 109 .lot, 17
pspicture, 104 .sty, 16, 89
quotation, 45 .tex, 16
quote, 44 .toc, 17
subarray, 60
table, 50 fancyhdr, 87, 88
tabular, 47, 136 \fbox, 24
thebibliography, 83 figure, 50
verbatim, 46, 88 \flq, 33
verse, 45 \flqq, 33
CH S 149
flushleft, 43 formulae, 54
flushright, 43 \frac, 59
foiltex, 12 frame, 102
\foldera, 113 \framebox, 137
\folderb, 113 \frenchspacing, 37, 38
font, 124 \frontmatter, 40
\footnotesize, 125 \frq, 33
\Huge, 125 \frqq, 33
\huge, 125 \fussy, 23
\LARGE, 125
\Large, 125 gi, 8, 120
\large, 125 gi makeidx, 85
\mathbf, 126 \gcd, 59
\mathcal, 126 geometry, 89
\mathit, 126 GhostScript, 81
\mathnormal, 126 graphicx, 81, 94, 99, 100
\mathrm, 126 grave, 28
\mathsf, 126 hm ng d, 59
\mathtt, 126 hng ngang
\normalsize, 125 ba chm, 62
\scriptsize, 125 h phng trnh, 64
\small, 125 HLATEX, 35
\textbf, 125 hLATEXp, 35
\textit, 125 hai mt, 13
\textmd, 125 \height, 136, 137
\textnormal, 125 \hline, 47
\textrm, 125 \hom, 59
\textsc, 125 \href, 96, 97, 99
\textsf, 125 \hspace, 123, 130
\textsl, 125 \Huge, 125
\texttt, 125 \huge, 125
\textup, 125 hyperref, 91, 94, 95, 100
\tiny, 125 hyphen, 25
font encodings, 30 hyphenat, 89
font size, 125 \hyphenation, 23
fontenc, 15, 30
\footnote, 41, 53 \idotsint, 63
\footnotesize, 125 ifthen, 15
CH S 150
\iiint, 63 li ta, 9
\iint, 63 \label, 40, 55
in m, 56, 125 Lamport, Leslie, 2
in nghing, 125 \LARGE, 125
\include, 17, 18 \Large, 125
\includegraphics, 82, 94, 98, 136 \large, 125
\includeonly, 18 \LaTeX, 24
\indent, 129 \LaTeXe, 24
indentfirst, 129 latexsym, 15
\index, 85, 86 \ldots, 27, 62
\inf, 59 \left, 61
\input, 18 \leftmark, 88
inputenc, 15, 29, 33 legal paper, 13
\int, 60 letter paper, 13
international, 28 \lg, 59
\item, 43 \lim, 59
itemize, 43 \liminf, 59
\limsup, 59
k hiu gii hn, 61 \line, 106, 113
k hiu in m, 69 \linebreak, 22
k hiu v , 25 \linespread, 128
k t c bit, 27 \linethickness, 110, 111, 114
k t xung hng, 21 \listoffigures, 52
kch thc, 130 \listoftables, 52
kch thc font c bn, 13 \ln, 59
kch thc font ch, 66, 124 \log, 59
kch thc font ch ca ti liu, 13 longtabular, 49
\ker, 59 lscommand, 121
khong cch hng kp, 129
khong trng, 5 mt, 5
u hng, 5 mi trng, 42
dc, 131 m ho font ch, 15
ngang, 130 \mainmatter, 40, 97
khong trng gia cc hng, 128 \makebox, 136, 137
kiu tp tin, 14 makeidx, 15, 85
Knuth, Donald E., 1 \makeindex, 85
Korean font \maketitle, 39
UHC font, 36 marvosym, 26
CH S 151
math, 54 \oval, 111, 113

\mathbb, 56 \overbrace, 58
\mathbf, 126 overfull box, 22
\mathcal, 126 \overleftarrow, 58
\mathit, 126 \overline, 58
\mathnormal, 126 \overrightarrow, 58
\mathrm, 66, 126
mathrsfs, 79 package, 12
\mathsf, 126 packages
\mathtt, 126 aeguill, 92
\max, 59 amsbsy, 69
\mbox, 24, 27, 136 amsfonts, 56, 79
METAPOST, 94 amslatex, 55
\min, 59 amsmath, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69
minipage, 136 amssymb, 56, 70
Mittlebach, Frank, 2 babel, 23, 28, 29
mltex, 92 beamer, 99101
mltex, 92 bm, 69
\multicolumn, 49 calc, 134
\multiput, 105, 110 color, 99, 100
dcolumn, 49
nm ngang doc, 15
ngoc, 58 eepic, 104, 109
\newcommand, 121, 122 epic, 104
\newenvironment, 122 eufrak, 79
\newline, 22 eurosym, 26
\newpage, 22 euscript, 79
\newsavebox, 113 exscale, 15, 61
\newtheorem, 67, 68 fancyhdr, 87, 88
nghing, 125 fontenc, 15, 30
nhm, 124 geometry, 89
\noindent, 130 graphicx, 81, 94, 99, 100
\nolinebreak, 22 hyperref, 91, 94, 95, 100
\nonumber, 65 hyphenat, 89
\nopagebreak, 22 ifthen, 15
\normalsize, 125 indentfirst, 129
\not, 72 inputenc, 15, 29, 33
, 28 latexsym, 15
CH S 152
longtabular, 49 picture, 109

makeidx, 15, 85 picture, 103105, 108, 109
marvosym, 26 \pmod, 59
mathrsfs, 79 Portugus, 31
mltex, 92 PostScript, 81
picture, 109 PostScript, 92, 93, 104
ppower4, 100 ppower4, 100
prosper, 100 \Pr, 59
pstricks, 104, 109 \printindex, 86
pxfonts, 93 \prod, 60
showidx, 86 prosper, 100
supertabular, 49 \protect, 53
syntonly, 15, 18 \providecommand, 122
tabular, 64 \ProvidesPackage, 124
textcomp, 26 pspicture, 104
txfonts, 93 pstricks, 104, 109
ucs, 30 \put, 105109, 111, 113
verbatim, 8, 88 pxfonts, 93
VnTeX, vi
xy, 116 \qbezier, 103, 105
\pagebreak, 22 \qquad, 56, 62
\pageref, 40, 90 \quad, 56, 62
\pagestyle, 14 quotation, 45
paper size, 13, 91 quote, 44
\par, 127 \raisebox, 137
\paragraph, 38 \ref, 40, 55, 90
\parbox, 136 \renewcommand, 122, 123
\parindent, 129 \renewenvironment, 123
\parskip, 129 report class, 12
\part, 38 \right, 61
PDF, 90 \right., 61
pdfLATEX, 92, 100 \rightmark, 88
pdfLATEX, 100 roman, 125
pdfLATEX, 91 \rule, 123, 138, 139
pdfTEX, 91
phn chn, 14 sans serif, 125
phn s, 59 \savebox, 113
\phantom, 53, 66 Scandinavian letters, 28
CH S 153
\scriptscriptstyle, 67 \tableofcontents, 39
\scriptsize, 125 tabular, 64
\scriptstyle, 67 tabular, 47, 136
\sec, 59 \tan, 59
\section, 38, 53 \tanh, 59
\sectionmark, 88 \TeX, 24
\selectlanguage, 29 \texorpdfstring, 98
\setlength, 105, 129, 134 \textbf, 125
\settodepth, 135 textcomp, 26
\settoheight, 135 \texteuro, 26
\settowidth, 135 \textit, 125
showidx, 86 \textmd, 125
siu vn bn, 90 \textnormal, 125
\sin, 59 \textrm, 66, 125
\sinh, 59 \textsc, 125
slides class, 12 \textsf, 125
\sloppy, 22 \textsl, 125
\small, 125 \textstyle, 67
\smallskip, 132 \texttt, 125
\sqrt, 58 \textup, 125
\stackrel, 60 thng ng, 125
\stretch, 123, 130 tham chiu cho, 40
strut, 139 tham s, 7
subarray, 60 thebibliography, 83
\subparagraph, 38 \thicklines, 107, 111, 114
\subsection, 38 \thinlines, 111
\subsectionmark, 88 \thispagestyle, 14
\substack, 60 ting B o Nha, 31
\subsubsection, 38 tiu , 14
\sum, 60 tilde, 25
\sup, 59 du ng ( ~), 37
superscript, 60 \tiny, 125
supertabular, 49 title, 13
syntonly, 15, 18 \title, 39
\tnss, 121
tp tin nhp liu, 9 ton hc
to ch mc, 85 du m, 58
table, 50 du ngoc, 61
CH S 154
hm, 59 WYSIWYG, 3
khong trng, 62
tr, 25 xy, 116
ton t tnh tch, 60 \xymatrix, 117
ton t tnh tng, 60
\today, 24
\totalheight, 136, 137
trnh by trang, 132
tu chn, 7, 12
txfonts, 93
ucs, 30
umlaut, 28
\underbrace, 58
underfull hbox, 22
\underline, 41, 58
\unitlength, 105, 107
units, 131
URL, 25
\usebox, 113
\usepackage, 14, 16, 26, 29, 30, 123
v tr, 50
\vdots, 62
\vec, 58
\vector, 107
vectors, 58
\verb, 46
verbatim, 8, 88
verbatim, 46, 88
\verbatiminput, 88
verse, 45
VnTeX, vi
\vspace, 131
\widehat, 58
\widetilde, 58
\width, 136, 137
www, 25
CH S 155

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Mt ti liu ngn gn

gii thiu v LATEX 2

Bin son: Tobias Oetiker

Dch bi: Nguyn Tn Khoa

Bn quyn 2000-2005 thuc v Oetiker v nhng ngi ng gp cho ti liu

Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny c ly t bn gii thiu v LATEX 2.09

Hubert Partl <partl@mail.boku.ac.at>

Nu bn quan tm n ti liu bng ting c, bn c th ti v bn cp

Trong thi gian thc hin ti liu ny, ti tham vn kin ca mt s

Rosemary Bailey, Marc Bevand, Friedemann Brauer, Jan Busa,

LATEX [1] l mt h thng son tho rt ph hp vi vic to ra cc ti liu

Ti liu ngn gn ny s gii thiu v LATEX 2 v n s gii thiu hu ht

Ti liu ny c chia lm 7 chng (6 chng c dch t ti liu gc v

Chng 1 gii thiu cu trc c bn ca cc ti liu c son tho bng

Chng 2 i su vo vic son tho cc ti liu. Bn s c gii thiu

Chng 4 ni v vic to ch mc, danh mc ti liu tham kho v thm

Chng 5 hng dn to cc tp tin hnh nh vi LATEX. Bn cnh vic s

Chng 6 ni v nhng nguy him tm n ca vic thay i nh dng

Chng 7 hng dn ci t v s dng gi VnTeX son tho ti liu

Bn nn c ti liu theo th t cc chng bi v ti liu ny khng qu

LATEX c th c s dng gn nh trn mi h thng my tnh, mi h iu

Nu bn c nhu cu lin quan n LATEX, hy tham kho thm ti liu

Nu bn mun s dng LATEXtrn my tnh c nhn, hy xem qua nhng

Nu bn thy rng ti liu ny cn c b sung, thay i th hy lin h

Tobias Oetiker <oetiker@ee.ethz.ch>

Department of Information Technology and

Ti liu hin thi ang c a ch:

1 Nhng kin thc c bn v LATEX 1

2.2 nh dng vic xung hng v sang trang . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3 Son tho cc cng thc ton hc 54

3.5 Ging theo ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4 Nhng tnh nng c trng ca LATEX 80

5 Bin son hnh nh ton hc 103

6 Tu bin cc thnh phn ca LATEX 120

7 Son tho ti liu ting Vit 140

Ti liu tham kho 141

1.1 Tp tin nhp liu c bn ca LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.1 V d v cch s dng gi fancyhdr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

6.1 V d v mt gi lnh t to. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

2.1 Du trng m v cc k t c bit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.1 Cc du trng m trong ch son tho ton hc. . . . . . . 70

3.18 Cc k hiu khc theo AMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4.1 Tn ca cc kho theo gi graphicx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

6.1 Font ch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Nhng kin thc c bn v

Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu mt cch ngn gn s ra i v qu trnh

TEX c pht m l Tech, vi ch nh trong t Ach 1 trong ting

hp cho: tiu , trch dn, v d, cng thc, . . . . y l cng vic phi da

nh dng cc thnh phn ca ti liu. LATEX ngn chn nhng li nh th

1.2.3 Nhng im mnh v im yu ca LATEX

Cc m hnh trnh by bn in chuyn nghip c sn v iu ny s

Vic son tho cc cng thc ton hc, k thut c h tr n ti

Ngi s dng ch cn hc mt s lnh d nh xc nh cu trc

Ngay c nhng cu trc phc tp nh ch thch, tham chiu, biu bng,

Bn c th s dng rt nhiu gi thm vo (add-on package) min

TEX, cng c nh dng ca LATEX 2 , c tnh kh chuyn rt cao v

LATEX cng c nhiu im cha thun li cho ngi s dng. Bn c th lit

LATEX khng phc v tt cho nhng k nh mt lng tri.

Mc d, i vi mt kiu trnh by vn bn nh sn, cc tham s nh

Bin son nhng ti liu khng c cu trc, hoc ln xn ... l rt kh

Trong nhng bc lm vic u tin bn c th dng chut nhng khi

1.3 Cc tp tin nhp liu ca LATEX

1.3.1 Khong trng