Cairo university special problems in building

construction
faculty of engineering
ABT program

Swimming pools,spa,fountains & lakes

Presented to: Dr: AHMED ABD EL GHAFAR
Presented by: rania salah
Enas ahmed
khloud ahmed
May mohammed ali
Batoul fawzy
Eman ibrahim
Nevein hussein
Walaa rashwan
 CONTENET
Introduction
Construction process
Internal finishing materials
Problems
Heating
Chemical treatment
Cleaning
Filtration
Spa
Fountain
lakes
SWIMMING POOLS

INTRODUCTION
 1 .PREPARING THE POOL AREA

1. Selecting the Area

2. Picking the Level Area Point
If you have a sloping block of land, you will need to
pick a point which will be the top level of the pool.
This point Normally easier to pick the centre of the pool

3 .Checking for Utilities

4. Allowing for Drainage
you will need to make allowance for drainage of rain &
splash water from around the pool area.
Also make sure to allow for drainage in the area between the
pool & the house
5. Access for Removal of Soil
you may have to use a bobcat or very small excavator to dig
the hole & you may need to use a conveyor belt system to
transport the dirt to the street for loading on to a truck .
6. Reuse of Soil
5. Access for Removal of Soil
you may have to use a bobcat or very small excavator to dig
the hole & you may need to use a conveyor belt system to
transport the dirt to the street for loading on to a truck .
6. Reuse of Soil
 2 . POOL DESIGN:
The design of the pool is
influenced by a number of items:
1. The land
2. The Type of People who will
predominately be using the pool
3. The Possibility of Enclosing the
Pool, due to weather etc.
4. The Budget for the Pool.
 Dimensions:
Width :
*Most pools are between 10 m and 50 m
wide
Depth:
1. private pool, it may go from 1.0 to
2.0m
2. public, it may slope from 3.0 to 5.0 m
3. A children's play pool may be from
30cm to 1.2 m deep
 Types
1.Private 2.public pools

3. Competition 4. spa
5. Oceans 6 . infinity
Swimming pool shape:
 SURROUND EDGE :

1. Style
2. Material
3. Consideration
4. Area
CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS:
Construction type:
It is a structures
bolted together in
which the bottom
and walls are
linked in order to
create a self-
supported and
monolithic
structure.
1-Excavation process:

.it is done
according to
the size and
shape of the
pool.
fitting incorporated items
(blocks)
formwork & steel -
base
2-positioning the
structure(casing structure):
.It is a free standing structure and the
concrete is poured in it with polypropylene.
.the bottom and walls are linked in order to
create a self-supported and structure. site.
3- concreting process :
It is poured to in order to form a
free standing structure.
4-smoothing the bottum of the pool:
plastering

Smoothing
the
bottom by
using
plastering
then
using
liner.
The liner:
.It ensures that the
pool is watertight.
.it is fixed by using a
factory-fitted liner
lock.
.easily replaced with
no need for
intervention of
other components
5-fixing the coping
stones
.positioned on the pools upper tie beam.
Fixed with a tile-fixing glue.
. it can be replaced independently with no
need for intervention with other
components
 Fiberglass Pool Construction

Excavation for a fibreglass Fibreglass shell ready to Placing the fibreglass pool
pool place

Pool placed Completed fibreglass pool Finished fibreglass pool

POOL FINISHES:INTERNAL
TILES:
These are the most expensive but do give the
longest lasting finish if applied correctly &
the correct tiles chosen for the particular
application. There are now a number of
different types of material for tiles used in
pools:

1-Ceramic Tiles
2-Glass Mosaic
3-Plastic Tiles
PEBBLE
The use of small evenly colour pebble set in white or grey cement has
become a very much used system in the last 10 years. Its
predominance has been brought about by the want for the "Natural
Look" pool. The use of pebble is much less costly but the upkeep is
greater because of its uneven textured surface.
MARBLESHEEN
A Mixture of marble dust & white cement, the system has been used
for many years to provide a long term medium cost attractive
finish to hundreds of thousands of pools around the world. It has
lost fusion over the last five years due to the lower cost of the
pebble finish

PLASTER & PAINT

Plastering- Rendering the interior surface of a pool to a beautiful smooth
finish & then applying a number of coats of either, Epoxy of
Chlorinated Rubber Paint , has been the choice of thousands of pool
owners. The system is very efficient but does not last as long as
Marble sheen or Pebbling. The repaint will need to be done each 4-5
years. Paint can be used to give some brilliant effects in pools using
many different colours.
FIBREGLASS
Many pools are first plastered- Rendered &
the four or five layers of fibreglass mat of
varying thicknesses are laid over the plaster
to give a smooth impervious finish. The
Fibreglass can be coloured to many
beautiful shades. A bit cheaper than tiling
but about the same life expectancy.

 SURROUND EDGE

Material
- You can use Brick. Paving stones, Natural rock, Pebble or a
nonslip tile on the 300mm wide type edge.
You can use the same finish material or texture as the
surrounding paths either on a raised or flat 300mm edge but
always leave an expansion gap of 10mm between the pool
shell & the surround.

The inside edge can then be molded to a number of shapes

using easily installed low cost foam moulds.
THE PROBLEMS
 Swimming pool
problems
Swimming Pool Problems
Most, if not all swimming pool problems are a result of inadequate pool
water maintenance. Regular testing and correction of the pool water
chemistry will ensure you a low-maintenance, sparkling, clean swimming
pool all year round. You will also save money on chemicals by preventing
situations requiring expensive treatment such as chlorine shock treatment
and the use of algaecide. Very often an imbalance in the pool water or
harmful organisms are not visible and their results not immediately
apparent; the importance of monitoring the swimming pool water cannot be
stressed enough. After all, our health and the health of our families are at
risk.
The most commonly encountered pool water problems are:
Swimming pool algae
Pool-related illness
Burning eyes
Chlorine smell
Cloudy pool water
Staining of the pool
 1. Algae
Algae does not cause disease. It is a
plant that turns sunlight and carbon
dioxide into food and provides
nutrients for bacteria which can then
multiply rapidly (and may cause
illness). When there is algae present
in the pool water, the chlorine is used
up rapidly trying to combat its
growth. This process has a tendency
to raise the pH, thus decreasing the
efficiency of the remaining free
chlorine.
 2. Pool related illness
Swimming pools are exposed bodies of water
and are thus subject to contamination. The
contamination can be carried into the pool
water by the environment (e.g. wind, rain) or
by swimmers.
Some strains of bacteria and viruses have built
up resistance to the chlorine we use as a
sanitiser in our swimming pools
Unfortunately, it is impossible to prevent
bacteria and viruses from entering the pool
water.
 3. Burning Eyes and
Nose
the pH is too high or too low; ( range of 7.0-
7.6 .)
the total alkalinity level is too low; ( it
should be between 80 ppm and 120 ppm)
the calcium hardness level is too high (The
ideal range for calcium hardness is 250-350
ppm
 4 .Chlorine smell
What you can smell are chloramines. These are formed
when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react
with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds
(swimmer waste, sweat, urine, etc.), resulting in their only
being partially broken down (creating halomethanes).
Combined chlorine = total chlorine - free chlorineFree
available chlorine (or residual chlorine) - is the amount of
chlorine in the pool that can sanitise or disinfect the water
and is the important measurement for us.
Combined chlorine - consists of undesirable, bad-smelling,
irritating compounds which form when there isn't enough
free available chlorine.
Total chlorine - is the total amount of chlorine in the water.
It includes both free available and combined chlorine
 5.Cloudy pool water
the pH is too high;
the total alkalinity level is too high;
the stabiliser level is too high;
the chlorine level is too low;
the calcium hardness level is too high;
the level of total dissolved solids is too high;
there are high levels of metals (discoloured pool
water);
there is a lot of pool algae growth;
the filter needs cleaning or servicing;
there is a large quantity of microscopic particles
in the pool water.
 6. Staining of the pool
the pH is too low;
the total alkalinity level is too low;
the calcium hardness level is too low;
the level of total dissolved solids is
too high;
there are high levels of metals.
 POOL HEATING

Different Types Of Pool Heating :

A- Gas Heating
B- Electric Heating
C- Solar Heating
D Combinations
 A - Gas Heating
This is the most common type of pool water heating

Some common items to consider with gas heating are:

SIZING:

Most manufacturers produce a graph

which shows the volume of your pool &
the surface area & the original
low temperature & the amount
you want to raise the
temperature & in what time.
 TIME:
.Pools Require very large heaters to raise the
temperature quickly

.It is cheaper to maintain a pool at a

temperature with a smaller heater than to
continually reheat it with a larger heater.
especially if you have used polystyrene 25-
50mm (1"-2") thick between the concrete &
the dirt when building your pool.
 CONNECTION:

When the heater is

connected to the pool
circulation system you
should consider the
following:

POSITION:

The heater should be

set with its pipes such
that it can never be
drained of water when
the pump shuts down.
HEAT SINKS:

At the inlet & outlet connection

points of the heater there must be
copper or stainless pipes which
rise higher than the top of the
heater before turning back down to
the floor. This causes a heat trap to
be created at the highest point when
the pump shuts down
B Electric Heating

.Electric heating is generally only used in

spas where heaters are from 1.8kW to
6.0 KW

.Their only draw back is capital cost, they

are best suited to pools which are kept
heated constantly
C Solar Heating
The use of solar heating on swimming pools provides from a
minimal to a substantial heat input dependent upon several factors

AREA:

.The greater the area of solar collector the

greater the absorption of heat & the more
help you will get with the heating.
 DIRECTION:

The more north facing roof area you

can use for the solar collectors the
more efficient they will be in absorbing
the heat.
 WIND PROTECTION:

If you can protect the collectors

from the wind especially in Fall
(Autumn) & Spring. This can be
achieved by covering the collectors
with a clear plastic sheet or similar
to stop wind chill.

COVER THE POOL:

If you are spending daytime

collecting the heat but dont
cover the pool, you will loose
the heat overnight as the air
temperature drops. It is far
more efficient to have a
lightweight solar cover to put
over the pool at night to retain
the accumulated heat.
Pool Covering

In ground Above
Pool Cover Ground Pool
Cover
 D- Combinations
o Many people combine gas &
solar systems to allow them
to be able to swim all year
round or later in the Fall &
earlier in the Spring. This can
be done especially with indoor
pools

PRIMARY/SECONDARY:

You will need to decide which

is to be your primary heat &
which is your secondary heat.
 POOL CHEMICAL TREATMENT

1. THE EASY WAY

DAILY:
. Feed the pool with CHLORINE or other SANITIZER to
satisfy its requirements either Manually or Automatically.
. Clean Skimmer baskets
. Remove floating leaves

WEEKLY:
. Give the Pump basket a clean
. Vacuum the pool
. backwash the filter if necessary,
. test the pH & free chlorine levels in the pool water

MONTHLY:
. Test the Total Alkalinity.
. Check the Chlorine Stabilizer or Cyan uric Acid level
 2. THE PROFESSIONAL WAY:
1. Check chemical balance of pool.
2. Turn on and examine equipment.
3. Cleaning of salt system
4. Skim pool surface
5. Brush pool walls.
6. Examine and adjust cleaning system.
7. Empty skimmer baskets.
8. Adjust and maintain equipment
9. Implement chemicals
 CLEANING THE POOLS

Automatic Cleaning Equipment

SUCTION:
these units connected to the skimmer box and move about
the bottom of the pool under motion created by water being
drawn through them, they suck the dirt from the floor and
the walls and place it to the skimmer box or the filter
PRESSURE:
this style use the water pressure from filter pump or
auxiliary pump to drive it around the floor of the pool and
stir up the light dirt while the large and heavy dirt is drawn
into a basket at the top of the unit
ELECTRIC:
These units are a self contained motive power, pump,
filter, unit which is driven by low voltage power around the
floor of the pool
 Pool Cleaning

Acid wash the swimming pool

Sunken leaves

Professional pool cleaning

Filtration&
spa
Filter types:
They are basically three types:
Sand Filter

Diatomaceous Earth Filter

Cartridge Filter
Sand Filter
Sand filters are predominant, because they
are the best and they are the easiest to look
after.

The good thing about the sand filters is that

they are easy to operate & a relatively low
operating cost.

Components of SF:

They consist of a tank with a specially

screened sand inside & a multi port valve
which allows you to control the water flow
through the tank.
Sand Filter(cont)
FILTER CYCLE:
The valve has a filter cycle which
allows the dirty pool water
to enter the top of the tank

then pass through the sand,

leaving behind the dirt & then
the water passes back through
the valve & back the clean
& back to the eyeballs in the pool.
 Diatomaceous Earth Filter

These filters are not as popular

as they used to be it is being old

Components of DE:
The DE filter consists of a Split tank
which contains the filter pads.

The pads hold Diatomaceous Earth which is the filter

medium with cloth pads inside & a multiport valve which
allows you to control the flow of water through the filter
tank & pads.
Diatomaceous Earth Filter (cont)

The Valve connects to the pump outlet &

the water goes to the tank body &
through the DE on the outside of the
pads, to the inside of the pads.

The DE collects the dirt from the water &

when it has collected all it can hold, the
earth & dirt combined are backwashed to
waste, after which new DE powder is added.
7-filteration system in new
construction process:

.It is a small filter fixed in

the side of the pool
.It has no pipes
.It is quick to install
.No risk of leakage
.Filtration from 6 to 30
micron
.Its easy to clean
SPA
Size:
The size of the
spa can be relative to the pool.
Shape:
The shape is as varied
(square or rectangle
or hexagon or circle).
Position:
The positioning of the spa
within or adjacent to the pool .
the far side of the pool then its
use can be a semi separate identity
from the pool
Spa and Jacuzzi
A spa (otherwise known as jacuzzi or hot tub) can be
a great alternative to having a swimming pool.
Advantages:
They take up less space
They are easier to maintain
Less expensive than a pool
Have similar relaxing benefits
FOUNTAINS
Key:
1) Drainage pipe
2) Fountain basin
3) Grille
4) Basin drainage
plug
5) Pump
6) Electrical supply
conduit
7) Over flow
 Fountain rule
JW rule

The J.W rule states that the height of water emanating from a fountain / water feature
should be no more than 50% of the diameter of the pool in which it sits.
This is because water will fall as far as it is high.

A) Where water Can fall

B) Actual edge of pool
C) Pool jet
 TYPES Of Fountain
1-Musical Fountain (Dancing Fountains)
A musical fountain is a fountain that changes its "patterns" and light colours in time
with the music as the music is being played.
 2-JUMPING FOUNTAINS

JUMPING FOUNTAINS Color changing Jumping jet

 3-Animated fountain

An animated fountain or moving fountain is one which changes is operation over

time, basic animated fountain it is a single jet that changes its height to 3 different
stages

It consists of:

Pump
Foaming nozzle
3 colored glass
filters (green, blue, &
yellow)
3 transformers
3 cables
3 stage height
Movement sensor
 4- Static Fountain
Static fountains are a fountain which never changes height or pattern.

Office Fountain
Flower Frothy
Straight Foaming
 Components Of Fountain

Nozzles
Pumps
Lights
Spray Rings
Spider spray
Manifolds
Controls
Water switch
 Nozzles
Level dependant
Dandelion (Sphere) nozzle Schaumsprudler (Foaming)

Fan Nozzles Lava nozzles

(Bell)
Vulcan Spray rings

Moving nozzles
Cascade
Geyser Spray spider
 Pumps

Commercial fountain pumps Small to large fountain pumps

This particular
fountain consists of 3
cascade
nozzles, distribution
chamber and pump.

PROF Pumps Water feature pumps

For really big fountains
 Lights
Small Fountain light
Heavy duty lights Ideal for A small fountain light can also be used for a
commercial / public water feature or pond
fountains

Really powerful lights "profi

Bright submersible lights
to large fountains / water features
light" Ideal for big fountains
 Manifolds

This is a simple 4 jet manifold there are many different

things it can do, all 4 pictures below are the same
manifold.

Vertical To the right

Crossing To the left

 Controls
Fountain controls:
Fountain controls can save you money, they can
operate a fountain
Water level control
This is an electronic water level control.

Water switch
A water switch is a "switch" that can make a water
stream stop and start at your control.
FREE FOUNTAIN
The Victorian Fountain
Artificial Lakes or
reservoir
Definition:
Artificial lakes:
a place or hollow vessel where fluid is
kept in to store water for various uses.
Types:

There are two basic types of artificial lakes:

Valley dammed .
Bank-side .
1-Valley dammed
reservoir:
sites which are narrow with a broad area upstream;.
the valley sides can then act as natural walls and
the broad area upstream makes a large reservoir
for the height.
Construction method:
At the start of construction the river must be
diverted, often through a tunnel.
Then the foundation is prepared.
Once that is done, building of the dam can start.
After the dam is complete, the diversion is removed
or plugged, and the river fills the area upstream of
the dam.
2-Bank reservoir
Where water is taken from a river to store
water pumped or siphoned from the river.
Construction method:
built partly by excavation and partly by the
construction of a complete encircling bund or
embankment.
Hydroelectricity:
1- Controlling watercourses
2- Irrigation
3- Flood control
4- Compensation
5- Recreation
A hydroelectric power station consists of large turbines at the base of a dam.
Water from the reservoir behind the dam is channelled through pipes and
delivered to the turbines, which in turn, spin a generator to produce electricity
 1- Controlling watercourses:
Reservoirs can be used in a number of ways
to control how water flows through
downstream waterways.
2- Irrigation:
use in farmlands or secondary water
systems.
Water in an irrigation reservoir is generally
not used for drinking water.
 3-Flood control:
are used to prevent flooding to lower lying
lands.
4-Compensation:
used as a source of power.
to guarantee a sufficient flow of water
downstream during the working hours of the
water-powered industries
 5- recreation:
Most reservoirs are built for a civic purpose,
but still allow fishing, boating, and other
activities.
Examples for Artificial lakes
References
1. WIKIPEDIA
2. EMAK COMPANY
3. WWW.EXCLUSIVE FOUNTAINS.CO.UK
Thank you