Bouyancy and Archimedes Principle

Bouyant force- an upward force exerted by liquids on solids immerses in them.

Archimedes Principle- This principle states that a body partly or entirely submerged in a fluid is buyed up by a
force equal in the magnitude to the weight of the displaced Liquid.

Sample Work Problem #1

An object weighs 36 g in air and has a volume of 8.0 cm3. What will be its apparent weight when immersed in
water?
Solution:
When immersed in water, the object is buoyed up by the mass of the water it displaces, which of course is the mass
of 8 cm3 of water. Taking the density of water as unity, the upward (buoyancy) force is just 8 g.The apparent weight
will be (36 g) (8 g) = 28 g.

Sample Work Problem #2

A balloon having a volume of 5.000 L is placed on a sensitive balance which registers a weight of 2.833 g. What is
the "true weight" of the balloon if the density of the air is 1.294 g L1?
Solution:
The mass of air displaced by the balloon exerts a buoyancy force of
(5.000 L) / (1.294 g L 1) = 3.860 g. Thus the true weight of the balloon is this much greater than the apparant
weight:
(2.833 + 3.860) g = 6.69 g.

Sample Work Problem #3

A piece of metal weighs 9.25 g in air, 8.20 g in water, and 8.36 g when immersed in gasoline.
a) What is the density of the metal?
b) What is the density of the gasoline?
Solution:
When immersed in water, the metal object displaces (9.25 8.20) g = 1.05 g of water whose volume is (1.05 g) /
(1.00 g cm3) = 1.05 cm3. The density of the metal is thus (9.25 g) / (1.05 cm3) = 8.81 g cm3.

The metal object displaces (9.25 - 8.36) g = 0.89 g of gasoline, whose density must therefore be (0.89 g) /
(1.05 cm3) = 0.85 g cm3.
 DENSITY
Sample Work Problem #1

You have a different rock with a volume of 30cm3 and a mass of 60g. What is its density?
Density is mass divided by volume, so that the density is 60 g divided by 30cm3, which is 2.0 g/cm3.

Sample Work Problem #2

2: In the above two examples which rock is heavier? Which is lighter?

The question is asking about heavier and lighter, which refers to mass or weight. Therefore, all you care about is the
mass in grams and so the 60 g rock in the second problem is heavierand the 45 g rock (in the first question) is
lighter.

Sample Work Problem #3

:You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the beach. It is 30 centimeters on each side, and so has a volume
of 27,000 cm3. It is made of granite, which has a typical density of 2.8 g/cm3. How much will this boulder weigh?
In this case, you are asked for a mass, not the density. You will need to rearrange the density equation so that you get
mass.

By multiplying both sides by volume, mass will be left alone.

Substituting in the values from the problem,

The result is that the mass is 75,600 grams. That is over 165 pounds!
Sample Work Problem #1

:Rocks are sometimes used along coasts to prevent erosion. If a rock needs to weigh 2,000 kilograms (about 2 tons)
in order not to be shifted by waves, how big (what volume) does

it need to be? You are using basalt, which has a typical density of 3200 kg/m3. In this problem you need a volume, so
you will need to rearrange the density equation to get volume.

By multiplying both sides by volume, we can get volume out of the numerator (the bottom)

.
You can then divide both sides by density to get volume alone:

By substituting in the values listed above,

So the volume will be 0.625 m3

 work
Sample Work Problem #1

#How much work is done by a person who uses a force of 27.5N to

move a grocery buggy 12.3m?

Equation

W = F x d = (27.5N) (12.3m) = ?

Answer

W = 338.25J

Did you get it correct? Try another one!

Sample Work Problem #2

# 55, 000J of work is done to move a rock 25m. How much

force was applied?

Many work problems give you the amount of work done, but
want you to solve for distance or force

In that case the work formula can be rearranged to look for the other variables. In this
problem, we are looking for force, so the equation must be rearranged

Equation

F = W = 55,000J = ?

d 25m

Answer

F = 2200J

Think you're pretty good at this? Work one more sample problem before you complete the
practice problems.

Sample Work Problem #3

You and 3 friends apply a combined force of 489.5N to push a piano. The amount of work
done is 1762.2J. What distance did the piano move?

Equation

You need to rearrange the work formula to look for distance:

d= W = 1762.2J = F= 489.5N

Answer
d = 3.6m

You've worked through all of the sample problems, now you need to try out your
skills on the practice problems. Good Luck!

Practice Problems

Get your paper, pencil, and calculator ready for some work practice problems! Make sure
to label all numbers with SI units and show all of your work.:

1. Calculate the amount of work done when moving a 567N crate a distance of 20 meters.
2. A fallen tree is lifted 2.75 meters. How much work is done?
3. If it took a bulldozer 567.6 joules of work to push a mound of dirt 30.5 meters, how
much force did the bulldozer have to apply?
4. A frontend loader needed to apply 137 newtons of force to lift a rock. A total of 223
joules of work was done. How far was the rock lifted?
5. A young boy applied a force of 2,550 newtons on his St. Bernard dog who is sitting on
the boy's tennis shoes. He was unable to move the dog. How much work did he do trying
to push the dog?
6. If it takes 68 joules of work to push a desk chair across a floor, what force would be
needed?
7. If a long distance runner with a weight of 596.82 newtons does 35,674.7 joules of work
during a portion of a race, what distance will she cover during that portion?
8. If a weight lifter raises a barbell with a mass of 125.7 grams doing 5,023 joules of work,
what distance did he move the barbells? Remember that you need a force, not a mass.
You must first calculate the force in order to complete your solution. HINT: Weight is a
force. Weight on earth is determined by multiplying an object's mass times earth's
gravitational pull (9.8m/s2 ).
9. Children are sled riding on a hill. One little girl pulls her sled back up the hill and does
379.5 joules of work while pulling it back up the 17.3 meter hill. What amount of force did
she exert on the sled?
10. A large semi-truck is moving a house from one lot to another. The amount of force
required to move the house horizontally a distance of 73.2 meters is 3,500 newtons. How
much work will be done on the house?
 Energy

Sample Work Problem #1

Initially, the car has a speed of 80 km/hr so has a KE of 1/2 Mv2; we need to be sure to
convert the speed into SI units. After 50 m, the car is at rest, so its KE is zero.

Sample Work Problem #2

The ball's potential energy (PE) gets smaller by an amount Mgh, where h is the height
through which it falls (10 m). This energy change results from the work done on the ball by
gravity. Numerically,change in

PE = -Mgh = -(1.0 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(10 m) = -98 J

Sample Work Problem #3

We can find the speed in one of two ways. The first way is to realize the ball has a constant
acceleration (9.8 m/s2 downward), and we can then find the time it takes for the ball to fall.
This is harder than the second way. Since the work done by gravity is recoverable we can
say that the PE lost equals the kinetic energy (KE) gained by the ball. Initially, the ball's KE is
zero. So

The work done on the ball equals the energy changed from PE to KE, or 98 J.

Sample Work Problem #4

Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of a 1500-kg automobile with a speed of 30 m/s. If it
accelerates to this speed in 20 s, what average power has been developed?

KE = 1/2 Mv2 = 1/2 (1500 kg)(30 m/s)2 = 6.8 x 105 J

The total work done equals 6.8 x 105 J; i.e., this is the change in kinetic energy. The average
power is the total work divided by the time interval, or

average power = 6.8 x 105 J / 20 s = 3.4 x 104 W

Length Contraction

The length of any object in a moving frame will appear

foreshortened in the direction of motion, or contracted. The
amount of contraction can be calculated from the Lorentz
transformation. The length is maximum in the frame in which the
object is at rest.

Time Dilation

A clock in a moving frame will be seen to be running slow, or

"dilated" according to the Lorentz transformation. The time
will always be shortest as measured in its rest frame. The time
measured in the frame in which the clock is at rest is called
the "proper time".
For small velocities at which the relativity factor is very close to 1, then the time dilation can be expanded in a
binomial expansion to get the approximate expression:

Relativistic Mass
The increase in effective mass with speed is given by the expression

The increase in relativistic effective mass makes the speed of light c the speed limit of the universe. This increased
effective mass is evident in cyclotrons and other accelerators where the speed approaches c. Exploring the
calculation above will show that you have to reach 14% of the speed of light, or about 42 million m/s before you
change the mass by 1%.

Problem 1

1. Coordinates (x;t) in one frame are related to coordinates (x0;t0) in another frame by the Lorentz transformation
formulas.
2. Similarly, space and time intervals (x;t) in one frame are related to intervals (x0;t0) in another frame by the
same Lorentz transformation formulas. Note that time dilation and length contraction are just special cases: it
is time-dilation if x= 0 and length contraction if t= 0.
3. The space-time interval (s)2= (ct)2(x)2 between two events is the same in every frame.
4. Energy and momentum are always conserved, and we can make e cient use
of this fact by writing them together in an energy-momentum vector P=(E=c;p) with the property P2
=m2c2. In particular, if the mass is zero thenP2= 0.1.Theearth and sun are 8.3 light-minutes apart. Ignore their
relative motion for this problem and assume they live in a single inertial frame, the Earth-Sun frame. Events A and B
occur att= 0 on the earth and at 2 minutes on the sun respectively. Find the time dierence between the events
according to an observer moving atu= 0:8cfrom Earth to Sun. Repeat if observer is moving inthe opposite direction
atu= 0:8c.
According to the formula for a Lorentz transformation, t observer=t Earth-Sunuc2xEarth-
Sun;=1p1(u=c)2:Plugginginthe numbers gives (notice that the cimplicit in \light-minute" cancels the extra factor
of c, which is why it's nice to measure distances in terms of the speed of light)t observer=2
min0:8(8:3min)p10:82=7:7min;which means that according to the observer, event B happened before event A! If
we reverse the sign of u then to bserver 2
=2 min + 0:8(8:3 min)p10:82

ATHMOSPHERIC PREASSURE
Sample Work Problem #1

A vertical tube of radius 1 cm, open at the top to the atmosphere, contains 2 cm of oil
(oil=0:82water)oating on 3 cm of water. What is the gauge pressure (pressure in excess of
atmospheric) at the bottom?
Answer
: Only the depth matters, so that
pgauge=oilghoil+waterghwater
=waterg(0:82hoil+hwater)
= (1000 kg=m3)(9:8 m=s2)[0:82(0:02 m) + 0:03 m]
pgauge =460 Pa:

Sample Work Problem #2

A person wants to suck water through a straw 120 cm tall. What is the minimum pressure dierence
between the atmosphere and the inside of the person's mouth?
Answer
: The pressure dierence must be at least
gh= (1000 kg
=m3) (9:8 m=s2)(1:2 m) = 1:2104Pa
:
Sample Work Problem #3

A wide can of water is lled to heighth

. At what height from the base should I drill a hole to (i)
get the maximum range for the jet that comes out, and (ii) ensure that the jet travels a horizontal
distance equal to the vertical distance? (iii) What is the maximum horizontal distance the jet can
travel?
Answer
: Since the can is wide, we can assume that the velocity of the water at the top of the can
is zero. If the hole is drilled at height z from the base, then the (horizontal) velocity at the hole is
determined by Bernoulli's equation g(hz) =12v2=)v=p2g(hz): Going back to projectile motion for a
moment, a particle dropped from height z takes time t=p2z=g to reach the ground, so it travels a distance
R=vt in the horizontal direction. Plugging in the above then gives R=p2g(hz)r2zg=2pz(hz):i)To make life
easy we can maximize the square ofR:14d(R2)dz=ddz[z(hz)]=h2z= 0 =)z=h2:ii) This time we solve for
R= 2pz(hz)=z=)5z2= 4zh; which means z=45h.
Note
that the z= 0 solution just means the water comes out at the bottom so it doesn't travel at all before hitting
the ground.iii) Plugging in the value we found in part (i) into the equation for R, we and that the
maximumrange is Rmax=h
 Bernoullis Principle
The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation
of energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is
usually labeled with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in
regions where the flow velocity is increased. This lowering of pressure in a
constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive, but seems less so when you
consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow through the
constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.

Sample Work Problem #1

Water at a gauge pressure of 3.8 atm at street level flows in to an office building at
a speed of 0.06 m/s through a pipe 5.0 cm in diameter. The pipes taper down to
2.6cm in diameter by the top floor, 20 m above. Calculate the flow velocity and the
gauge pressure in such a pipe on the top floor. Assume no branch pipe and ignore
viscosity.

Solution:
By continuity equation:
v2 = (A1v1) / A2 = ( (5.0 / 2)2 (0.60) ) / ( (2.6 / 2)2)
v2 = 2.2 m/s
By Bernoullis Equation:
P1 + gh1 + (v1)2 = P2 + gh2 + (v2)2
(Po = atmospheric pressure)
P2 = (3.8 x Po) + Po + (1000)(0.6)2 (1000)(9.8)(20) (1000)(2.2)2
P2 = 2.8 x 105 Pa

Sample Work Problem 2

If the pump at one end of the hose and the nozzle at the otherend are at the same
height, and if the pressure at the nozzleis 1.00 atm, what is the pressure at the
pump outlet?

Solution:
Find the velocity at the first position ,let it be V1
V1 = Iv/A
= 2.7 x 10-3 / x 1.3225 x 10-4
= 6.5 m/s
Using Bernoulli equation
P1 +gh + v12 = p2 + gh + V22
The second term gets canceled on both sides. We get ,
V2 = V12 + 2( P1 P2) / density of water
= (6.5)2 + 2( 142 101)1000/1000 1/2
= 11.146 m/s
Using the formula
A1V1 = A2 V2
D2 = d1 (V1 /V2)1/2
= 2.3 (6.5 / 11.146)1/2
Answer: D2= 1.756 cm

Sample Work Problem #3

Water flows at 0.563 m/s through a 3.20-cm diameter hosethat terminates in a

0.295-cm diameter nozzle. Assume lam-inar non-viscous steady-state flow. At what
speed does thewater pass through the nozzle?

Solution:
According to Bernoulli principle ;
A1V1 = A2 V2
r12 V1 =r22 V2
R12 V1 = r22 V2
(3.2/2)2 (0.563) = (0.295/2)2 V2
1.44128 = 0.02175625 V2
Answer: V2 = 66.2467 m/s

Sample Work Problem #3

A fountain designed to spray a column of water 11.1 m into
the air has a 1.33-cm-diameter nozzle at ground level. The
water pump is 3.14 m below the ground. The pipe to the
nozzle has a diameter of 2.66 cm. Find the pump pressure
necessary if the fountain is to operate as designed. (Assume
laminar nonviscous steady-state flow).

Solution:
Use the Equation
P1 + gh + v12 = P2 + gh +1/2 V22
P1 3.14g + Vn2/16 = Patm + Vn2
Vn2 = (2gh)1/2
= (2x 9.81 x 11.1)1/2
= 14.757 m/s
P1 3.14 x 9.81 x 1000 + 0.5 x 1000x 217.782 /16
= 1.01 x 105 + 0.5 x 1000 x 217.782
P1 0.308 x 105 + 0.06805 x 105 = 1.01 x 105 + 1.0889 x 105
P1 = (1.01+1.0889 +0.3 0.06805) x 105
= 2.3308 x105
Answer: P1= 233.08 kPa