Batch

Unsteady
MVC in D and still both decrease with t
Constant yD, less energy required
1. Solids
2. Small capacity
3. One unit, several products
4. Composition of feedstock vary widely
Cons
1. Unless relative volatility is high, does not give good separation
2. Mixture exposed to high T for long time
3. Energy requirement generally higher than continuous
Remember
Adsorption
Species affinities. Selective adsorption or chemical reaction with species in feed.
Sorbents
1. Selectivity
2. Capacity
3. Favorable kinetic and transport properties
4. Regenerable
5. Low cost
Adsorption equilibrium models
Reversible
1:1 binding
One type binding, one K
Isotherm types
Type I: Unimolecular, gas > critical temperature

Linear model when amount absorbed is low

Langmuir, derived from mass action kinetics for chemisorption
Efficient system, most sites will be used

Industrial processes for adsorption

o Adsorption
o Chromatography
o Ion exchange
Physical (VDW) Chemisorption (chem rxn)
Heat ~Hvap, exothermic >Hvap
Rate Controlled by mass transfer, rapid at low T Controlled by resistance to surface reaction
Specificity Low, entire surface works High, specific sites
Surface Coverage Complete, multilayered, VDW always work Incomplete, specific sites
Activation Energy Low High
Quantity (Loading) High Low
Reversible Irreversible

Good sorbents
o High selectivity
o High capacity
o Favorable mass transport and kinetics
o Regenerable
o Low cost
o Chemically and thermally stable
o Mechanically stable
o Resistance to fouling
o Few to no reactions
Process of adsorption
o Solute diffuses from bulk to surface
o Internal pore diffusion
o Surface diffusion
o Adsorption to surface
MC Distillation
Assume: CMO, constant P, no q loss: DoF=6+C
Raoults law Ideal mixtures
10% C
20 C2
30 C3
40 C4
Sat liq, 98 C2 in D, 97 C3 in B
C,C,A,C,B

IF ZHKF>ZHKBZHKF more HNK in bottoms and curves cross

What does F.U.G represent and what do they give
o Fenske - Nmin and distribution of nonkeys
o Underwood - Rmin
o Gilliland - N at R > Rmin
o ~Kirkbride - Feed stage location
Most important rule for choosing LK and HK
o LK and HK distribution between distillation and bottoms is required
Trays
Three sections
o Weir
Maintain a desired liquid level
o Bubbling area
Vapor-liquid contact takes place
o Downcomer
Guides liquid from upper tray to lower tray
Sieve Valve Bubble Cap
Maintenance Low Mod High
Fouling Low Mod High (collects solids)
Corrosion effects Low Mod High
Capacity High High - Very High Moderately High
Efficiency High High Moderately High
Turndown Ratio 2:1 4:1 Excellent
Entrainment Mod Mod High (3x sieve)
Pressure Drop Mod > Sieve High
(operating cost)
Cost (capital cost) Low 20% > Sieve 2-3x sieve
Applications Satisfactory for most > Turnover sieve Low vapor rates
Residence time required
Positive liquid seal essential
Operating difficulties
o High vapor rates
Excessive entrainment
Entrainment flooding
Downcomer flooding
o Low vapor rates
Weep point
Excessive weeping
Dump point
Sequencing heuristics

1. Remove unstable, corrosive, or chemically reactive components early in the

sequence. 2. Remove final products one by one as overhead distillates. 3. Remove,
early in the sequence, those components of greatest molar percentage in the feed.
4. Make the most difficult separations in the absence of the other components. 5.
Leave for later in the sequence those separations that produce final products of the
highest purities. 6. Select the sequence that favors near-equimolar amounts of
overhead and bottoms in each column

For multicomponent mixtures, VLE phase compositions and amounts determined by isothermal flash, adiabatic flash, bubble and dew point
calculations

FUG used for prelimary design and optimization of simple distillation.

Class I occur with narrow boiling range or degree of separation not sharp

Fenske

SS, heat in=heat out, CMO. Equation is exact if alpha does not vary and mixture is ideal

Underwood

Class II assumptions, alpha constant between 2 pinch points, Rmin for strip and rectifying related by CMO

Distillation design

Heuristics to select column type

VLE data

Design variables for desired separation based on mass and energy balances