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School
Kamla Nagar, Agra
A
Project Report
On
For C.B.S.E Delhi
TRANSFORMER
2015-16
Certificate
This is to certify that Subhangi Yadav student of Class XII, S.S
convent SR. Sec.School completed the project titled Transformer during the
academic year 2015-2016 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics
practical evaluation of CBSE 2016, and submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics mentor Miss. Sushma
singh for her vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to
the OTHER staff of the Department of Physics for their support during the making
of this project.
( Shubhangi Yadav)
12th Science
TRANSFORMER
PRINCIPLE
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
voltage.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated
sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound
on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s 1 s2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through
the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the
iron core is also negligible.
INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
D / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E Ep / Rp
E Ep = Ip Rp
E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
In a step up transformer
Ep I p = Es I s Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
ENERGY LOSSES:-
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized
by taking laminated cores.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations