The Layout of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery Lab Numbering

1. Radial Flow Turbine:

2. Hydraulic Bench With Orifice, Venturi Meter:
3. Losses In Piping Systems [H16]:
4. Hydraulic Bench, Gravimetric:
5. Flow Through Orifice:
6. Pelton Wheel Turbine:
7. Francis Turbine
8. Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump
9. Double Stage Centrifugal Pump
10. Losses In Pipe
11. Flow Through Orifice CV Measuring Apparatus
12. Reaction Turbine Model:
13. Hydraulic Bench With Venturi Meter
14. Metacentric height Apparatus
15. Double Acting Reciprocating Pump
16. Reciprocating Pump By Pygme
17. Pelton Wheel Turbine Model
 The Layout of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery Lab Details
1. Radial Flow Turbine:
A radial turbine is a turbine in which the flow of the working fluid
is radial to the shaft. The difference between axial and radial turbines consists in the way the
fluid flows through the components (compressor and turbine).

2. Hydraulic Bench With Orifice, Venturi Meter:

Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus
in hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in majority of experiments to be conducted e.g.
Venturi meters are flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe to give an
increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the flowrate can be deduced.
They have been in common use for many years, especially in the water supply industry.
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow
(in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate).

3. Losses In Piping Systems [H16]:

The Losses in Piping Systems apparatus is a vertical panel
with two separate hydraulic circuits, colour-coded for clarity. Each circuit includes various pipe system
components. The unit has wheels for mobility, which also help when storing the apparatus.
TecQuipments Digital Hydraulic Bench (H1F, available separately)* supplies each circuit with a
controlled flow of water. This allows students to study flow through the various pipe forms and
components, and study and compare the pipe and component characteristics. The circuits are made of
small-bore copper pipe, used in a wide variety of applications such as domestic central heating systems.
The small bore allows the circuits to include many pipe bends and components, while preserving
effective upstream and downstream test lengths. To measure pressure loss across components, the panel
includes piezometer tubes and a pressure gauge. The pressure gauge measures pressure loss across
valves; the piezometer tubes measure pressure loss across the other components. Included is a hand-
pump to adjust the datum position of the piezometers. Both circuits have common inlet and outlet pipes,
controlled by valves. The valves are at the outlet to minimise flow disruption.

4. Hydraulic Bench, Gravimetric:

To provide water supply and gravimetric measurement
services for use in conjunction with other accessories for specific experiments. Flat bench-top with bun
edge to hold spilled water, with water outlet connection, water discharge tube, 4 drain holes. Measuring
tank hanged on cantilever beam on knife edges. Adjustable tare weight and known weights. Tank is
automatically drained to main storage tank when weight is removed. Bench top and storage tank are
made from fiberglass. On wheels.

5. Flow Through Orifice:

An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate). Either a
volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined, depending on the calculation associated with the
orifice plate. It uses the same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states
that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the
velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.
 6. Pelton Wheel Turbine:
The Pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine. It was invented
by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving
water, as opposed to water's dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel. Many variations of
impulse turbines existed prior to Pelton's design, but they were less efficient than Pelton's design. Water
leaving those wheels typically still had high speed, carrying away much of the dynamic energy brought
to the wheels. Pelton's paddle geometry was designed so that when the rim ran at half the speed of the
water jet, the water left the wheel with very little speed; thus his design extracted almost all of the
water's impulse energywhich allowed for a very efficient turbine.

7. Francis Turbine:
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B.
Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial
flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a water
head from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft.) and are primarily used for electrical power production.
The electric generators that most often use this type of turbine have a power output that generally ranges
from just a few kilowatts up to 800 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. Penstock (input
pipes) diameters are between 3 and 33 ft. (0.91 and 10 m). The speed range of the turbine is from 75 to
1000 rpm. A wicket gate around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner controls the rate of water
flow through the turbine for different power production rates. Francis turbines are almost always
mounted with the shaft vertical to isolate water from the generator. This also facilitates installation and
maintenance.

8. Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump:

A centrifugal pump with a single impeller that can develop a
differential pressure of more than 150 psid between the suction and the discharge is difficult and costly
to design and construct. A more economical approach to developing high pressures with a single
centrifugal pump is to include multiple impellers on a common shaft within the same pump casing.
Internal channels in the pump casing route the discharge of one impeller to the suction of another
impeller. The illustration below, shows a diagram of the arrangement of the impellers of a four stage
pump. The water enters the pump from the top left and passes through each of the four impellers in
series, going from left to right. The water goes from the volute surrounding the discharge of one impeller
to the suction of the next impeller. A pump stage is defined as that portion of a centrifugal pump
consisting of one impeller and its associated components. Most centrifugal pumps are single stage
pumps, containing only one impeller. A pump containing seven impellers within a single casing would
be referred to as a seven stage pump or, or generally, as a multistage pump.

9. Double Stage Centrifugal Pump:

Two-stage centrifugal pumps are used in applications where
higher head is required. They ensure more reliable, high efficiency process and lower operating costs
instead of serial pumping system.

10. Flow Through Orifice CV Measuring Apparatus:

The theoretical velocity of jet at vena-
contracta is given by the relation, where h is the head of water at vena-contracta.
Mathematically coefficient of velocity, the difference between the velocities is due to friction of the
orifice. For a sharp edged orifice, the value of increases with the head of water.
 11. Reaction Turbine Model:
A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by
reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid; the operation of reaction turbines is described by Newton's
third law of motion (action and reaction are equal and opposite).

12. Metacentric height Apparatus:

The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial static
stability of a floating body. It is calculated as the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and
its metacentre. A larger metacentric height implies greater initial stability against overturning. The
metacentric height also influences the natural period of rolling of a hull, with very large metacentric
heights being associated with shorter periods of roll which are uncomfortable for passengers. Hence, a
sufficiently, but not excessively, high metacentric height is considered ideal for passenger ships.

13. Double Acting Reciprocating Pump:

This type of pump operates in exactly the same way as
the single acting with respect to its action. The difference is, that the cylinder has inlet and outlet ports
at EACH END OF THE CYLINDER. As the piston moves forward, liquid is being drawn into the
cylinder at the back end while, at the front end, liquid is being discharged. When the piston direction is
reversed, the sequence is reversed. With a double acting pump, the output pulsation is much less than
the single acting.

14. Reciprocating Pump By Pygme:

The Pygme pump is a single acting plunger pump utilising high
efficiency ball valves on suction and discharge ports. Electric motor drive through a high efficiency
splash lubricated gearbox. Reciprocating plunger & a detachable pump head assembly.