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The study led to the following conclusions. (1) At the post-peak stage, the
neutral axis depth keeps
on increasing and beyond a certain point the strain in the tension
reinforcement starts to decrease,
causing strain reversal, which, if not properly accounted for, may cause
significant errors in the
evaluation of the flexural ductility of under-reinforced beam sections. (2) For
given materials, there is
a balanced steel ratio at which the tension reinforcement just yields before
strain reversal. The
balanced steel ratio increases with the concrete strength but not in direct
proportion because the
percentage increase in balanced steel ratio is generally smaller than the
percentage increase in concrete
strength. (3) The ultimate concrete strain varies with the tension steel ratio,
but for practical
applications the design values of ultimate concrete strain listed in Table 3,
which are independent of
the tension steel ratio, may be used. (4) The flexural ductility is dependent
on both the concrete grade
and the tension steel ratio. At a given concrete grade, the ductility decreases
as the tension steel ratio
increases.
Wu Yi (2006)
Hyo-Gyoung Kwak et.al (2002) Material nonlinear analyses of reinforced concrete (RC) beams
considering the tension softening branch and bond
slip have been conducted. Instead of adopting the sophisticated layer approach which has some
limitations in application
to large structures with many degrees of freedom, we have used the momentcurvature relationships
of RC
sections previously constructed through section analysis. To reduce numerical instability according to
the finite element
mesh size used, a relation simulating the tension softening branch has been taken into consideration.
For the purpose of
removing the imprecision in calculation of ultimate resisting capacity, we have included the plastic
hinge length in finite
element modeling. In addition, governing equations describing the bond-slip behavior in beams have
been derived.
Unlike the conventional bond elements using double nodes, the proposed model has used beam
elements representing
the structural response by two nodes at both ends, and has simplified the finite elements modeling
and analytical
process, besides effectively describing the bond-slip behavior. Moreover, the developed algorithm has
been reflected in
the momentcurvature relationship of RC section. Finally, correlation studies between analytical and
experimental
results have been conducted with the objective to establish the validity of the proposed algorithms.