ADVANCED SURVEYING

FIELD MANUAL

FIELD WORK NO. 1

LAYING OF A SIMPLE CURVE BY
TRANSIT AND TAPE
(THE INCREMENTAL CHORD AND
DEFLECTION ANGLE METHOD)
COURSE AND SECTION: CE 121F / A2

SUBMITTED BY:

SN. NAME: LOPEZ, ALLEN KING I. STUDENT NO.: 2013151850

GROUP NO. CHIEF OF PARTY: NARON, MA. ERICA A.

DATE OF FIELD WORK: 10/29/2015 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/13/2015

SUBMITTED TO:

PROFESSOR: Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes GRADE

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

OBJECTIVES

INSTRUMENTS

PROCEDURES

FINAL DATA SHEET

SAMPLE COMPUTATION

SKETCH

DOCUMENTATION

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVES:

1. To be able to lay a simple curve by deflection angle.

2. To master the skill in leveling, orienting and using the transit

effectively.

INSTRUMENTS:

1. 2 range poles

2. Chalk

3. 2 marking pins

4. 50 meter tape

5. Theodolite or transit

PROCEDURE:

1. The professor gives the following data:

R= 381.97m
Backward Tangent direction: N47O301E
Forward Tangent direction: S63O301E
Location of Vertex: 28 + 106
Adopt Full chord length of 20m

2. The student compute the elements of the simple curve using the
following formulas:
If the azimuth of the backward and forward tangents are given, the
intersection angle I can be solved using:
I = azimuth of the forward tangent - azimuth of the backward
tangent

The tangent distance must be solved using: T = R * tan(I/2)

The middle ordinate distance can be computed using:

M = R * [1 - cos(I/2)]
 The length of the curve (Lc) can be computed using )provided that I is
converted to radians): Lc = I * R

The long chord (C) can be solved using: C = 2 * R * sin(I/2)

The station of PC can be computed using:

Station*of*PC = Sta*V - T

The station of PT can be found by:

Station*of*PT = Sta*PC + Lc

The length of the first subchord from PC, if PC is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C1 = a full chord length):
C1 = first*full*station*on*the*curve - Sta*PC

The length of the last subchord from PT, if PT is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C2 = a full chord length):
C2 = Sta*PT - last*full*station*on*the*curve

The value of the first deflection angle d1,

d1 = 2 * sin-1 [C1/(2*R)]

The value of the last deflection angle d2,

d2 = 2 * sin-1 [C2/(2*R)]

3. Set up the transit/theodolite over the vertex V, level the instrument and
sight/locate PC and PT using the computed length of the tangent
segments. Mark the position of PC and PT by marking pins if on soft
ground or chalk if on pavement.

4. Transfer the instrument over PC, level and start locating points of the
curve using the following procedures:
a) Initialize the horizontal vernier by setting to zero reading. Tighten
the upper clamp and adjust it with the upper tangent screw.
b) Using the telescope, sight the vertex or PI with the vernier still at
zero reading.
c) Tighten the lower clamp and focus it using the lower tangent screw.
d) With the lower tangent screw already tight, loosen the upper clamp
and start to measure half the first deflection angle. Mark point A
measured with a tape the length of the first subchord.
 e) Locate the next point B, a full chord length from point A but this
time intersecting the line sighted at an angle of half the sum of d1
and the full D of the curve. Note that the transit/theodolite is still
positioned over station PC.
f) Proceed in locating other points on the curve following step e until
you cover all full chord stations on the entire length of the curve.
g) Measure the distance C2 and from the last full station on the curve
and intersecting the line of sight with a deflection angle equal to half
the intersection angle, mark the last point as PT.

5. Check the position of PT by determining the length of PC from PT and

compare it to the computed total length of the chord of the simple curve.
 FINAL DATA SHEET

FIELD WORK 1 LAYING OF A SIMPLE CURVE BY TRANSIT AND

TAPE
(THE INCREMENTAL CHORD AND DEFLECTION ANGLE METHOD)

DATE: 29 OCTOBER 2015 GROUP NO.

TIME: 12:00NN - 4:30PM LOCATION: Intramuros
WEATHER: CLOUDY PROFESSOR: Engr. Cervantes

Deflection
Central
Station Station Incremental Angle from
Incremental
Occupied Observed Chord Back
Angle
Tangent
PC 27+860 16.52 2.48 1.24
PC 27+880 20 3 2.74
PC 27+900 20 3 4.24
PC 27+920 20 3 5.74
PC 27+940 20 3 7.24
PC 27+960 20 3 8.74
PC 27+980 20 3 10.24
PC 28+000 20 3 11.74
PC 28+020 20 3 13.24
PC 28+040 20 3 14.74
PC 28+060 20 3 16.24
PC 28+080 20 3 17.74
PC 28+100 20 3 19.24
PC 28+120 20 3 20.74
PC 28+140 20 3 22.24
PC 28+160 20 3 23.74
PC 28+180 20 3 25.24
PC 28+200 20 3 26.74
PC 28+220 20 3 28.24
PC 28+240 20 3 29.74
PC 28+260 20 3 31.24
PC 28+280 20 3 32.74
PC 28+300 20 3 34.24
PC 28+303.48 3.48 0.52 34.5
Actual Length of Chord: 433.20m

SAMPLE COMPUTATION

Backward tangent direction = N47O30IE

Forward tangent direction = S63O30IE
Location of the vertex = 28 + 106
Adopt Full chord length = 20m

3O = 1145.916/R Lc = I * R
R = 381.97m Lc = 381.97(1.2043)
Lc = 460m
I = 180O - 47O30I - 63O30I
I = 69O PT = PC + Lc
PT = 27 + 843.48 + 460
T = R * tan(I/2) PT = 28 + 303.48
T = 381.97 * tan(34.5O)
T = 262.52m
Computed length of chord
M = R[1-cos(I/2)] C = 2*Rsin(I/2)
M = 381.97[1-cos(34.5O)] C = 2(381.97)[sin(34.5)]
M = 67.18m C = 432.70m

PC = V - T
PC = 28 + 106 - 262.52
PC = 27 + 843.48

Station PC to Station A

Chord = A - PC d1/360 = 6.8834 x 10-3

Chord = 27 + 860-27 - 843.48 d1 = 2.48O
Chord = 16.52m
SKETCH
DOCUMENTATION

Sighting range poles to ensure correct position (deflection angle) from PC.

Measuring the chord distance from a point (station) to another station.

DISCUSSION AND RESEARCH

The fieldwork is laying off a simple curve by transit and tape with the
use of deflection angle method. In this method, curves are staked out by the
use of deflection angles turned at the point of curvature from the tangent to
points along the curve. The method is also known as Rankines method.

Figure: Laying out a circular curve by deflection angle.

For computation of curve properties, the instructor gave the following

data: backward tangent of N47O30IE; forward tangent of S63O30IE; vertex
location of 28+106; and full chord length of 20m. By using those given, we
obtain the radius of the curve which is 381.97m, angle of intersection I which
is 69, tangent distance which is 262.52m, station PC which is 27+843.48,
station PT which is 28+303.48, the length of the curve which is 460m, and
computed length of chord which is 432.70m.

Looking at those values, it is impossible to simply lay it off in a small

ground, the length of the chord itself is 432.70m which is almost half a
kilometer. So we use scaling, in this case 1:40. Since it is a big curve, laying off
station by station will take forever, so two sub chords are initially computed
using the value of full station, stations of PC and PT. It will then be laid off
and joined when d1 and d2 are obtained.

The length of the curve is then measured from PC to PT. Our actual
length of chord is 433.20m. For comparison, the computed length of chord is
432.70m.

The degree of the curve in this field work is computed by arc basis- the
degree of curve is the central angle subtended by an arc, 20 meters in this
case. Therefore, given the radius, the degree of curve will be the ratio of arc
length and radius. Note that the angle computed here is in radians.
CONCLUSION

In this fieldwork, we were able to lay off a simple curve by deflection

angle method. Also, we were able to utilize the theodolite, which is more
efficient than the transit.

Referring to the given and computed length of chord, scaling is needed

to lay off the curve. In my opinion, a chord length of 20m is too much, a length
of 2m to 5m will void scaling and can make laying off curve easier.

From the result of the actual length of chord, which was obtained after
laying the full curve, it is close to the computed value of the length of chord. I
can say that this fieldwork is a success.

As for possible sources of error, it could be instrumental like sagging of

the tape. Precise readings and sightings on the theodolite, however eradicated
further more error.