4.4 All parts refer to the three-bus system shown in Figure 4.23.

Answer:
a. Find how the power flows distribute using DC power flow
approximation. Use bus 3 as the reference.

1
B ' ik =
X ik
1
B ' 12= =5
X 12
1
B ' 13= =3
X 13
1
B ' 23= =20
X 23
N
1
B ' ii =
k1 X ik
1 1
B ' 11= + =8
X 12 X 13
1 1
B ' 22= + =25
X 12 X 23
P1=5.7 pu PL 1=2.0 pu
P2=3.3 pu PL 2=4.0 pu
 P1=2.0 pu PL 3=5.0 pu
Then, B matrix equation is:
1

[ 8 5 1
5 25 2 ][ ]
=[ P P 2 ]

[ ][ ] [ ]
8 5 1 = 5.7
5 25 2 3.3

The solution to the preceding matrix equation is:

[ ][ ][ ]
1
1 8 5 3 .7
=
2 5 25 0.7

[ 1
2][ ][ ]
= 0.1429 0.0286 3 .7
0.0286 0.0457 0.7

[ 1
2][ ]
= 0.509
0.074

The power flowing in each line using the DC power flow is then:
1
Pik = ( )
X ik i k
1 1
P A =P 12= ( 1 2) = ( 0.5090.074 )=2.175 pu=217.5 MW
x 12 0.2
1 1
PB =P13= ( 1 3 )= ( 0.5090 )=1.529 pu=152.9 MW
x 13 0.333
1 1
PC =P23= ( 23 ) = ( 0.0740 )=1. 48 pu=148 MW
x 23 0.05

b. Calculate the total losses

PlossA = 0.02P212= 0.02 x 2.1752 = 0.0946 pu = 9.46 MW
PlossB = 0.02P213 = 0.02 x 1.5292 = 0.0467 pu = 4.68 MW
PlossC = 0.02P223 = 0.02 x 1.482 = 0.0438 pu = 4.38 MW
PlossTotal = PlossA + PlossB + PlossC = 9.46 + 4.68 + 4.38 = 18.52 MW

c. Calculate the incremental losses for bus 1 and bus 2 as follows:

assume that P1 is balanced by an equal change on the reference bus.
Use the DC power flow data from part a and calculate the change in
power flow on all three lines PA, PB, and PC.
 PlossA = ( P ) P =(0.04 P ) P =( 0.04 x 2.175 )( 2.1750.0946 )=2.081 pu=208 MW
A
A A A

PlossB= ( )
PB
P B=( 0.04 P B ) P B=( 0.04 x 1.529 )( 1.5290.0467 ) =0.0906 pu=9.07 MW

=(
P )
PlossA P =( 0.04 P ) P =( 0.04 x 1.48 ) (1 . 480. 0438 )=0.085 pu=8.50 MW
C C C
C

d. Find the bus penalty factors calculated from the line incremental losses
found in part c.
1 1
Pf i=
(1
d Ploss
d Pi
=
)(
1
d Ploss
d Pi )
1 1
( )
Pf A =
( 1
d Ploss
d PA )=
12.081
=0.925

1 1
( )
Pf B=
( 1
d Ploss
d PB )=
10.09
=1.099

1 1
( )
Pf C =
( 1
d Ploss
d PC )=
10.085
=1.093
 PlossA
=0.04 x 2.175=0.087 pu
PA
PlossA
=0.04 x 1.529=0.06 pu
PA
PlossA
=0.04 x 1.48=0.059 pu
PA

e. Find the bus penalty factors calculated from the line incremental losses
found in part c.
1 1

(
Pf i=
1
d Ploss
d Pi )(
=
1
d Ploss
d Pi )
1 1
( )
Pf A =
( 1 )
d Ploss
d PA
=
10.087
=1 .095

1 1
( )
Pf B=
( 1 )
d Ploss
d PB
=
10.06
=1.0 64

1 1
( )
Pf C =
( 1 )
d Ploss
d PC
=
10.059
=1.0 6 3
Power System Operation and Control
EL-5172

3rd Assignment

Lecturer:
Prof. Dr.Ir. Gibson Hilman Maruhum Sianipar

By :
Karunika Diwyacitta
23215318

SEKOLAH TEKNIK ELEKTRO DAN INFORMATIKA

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG