Chap.

4
Force System Resultants
Chapter Outline
Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
Cross Product
Moment of Force Vector Formulation
Principle of Moments
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Moment of a Couple
Simplification of a Force and Couple System
Further Simplification of a Force and Couple
System
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
4-1-2
 Moment of a Force Scalar
Formation
Moment of a force about a point or axis a
measure of the tendency of the force to cause
a body to rotate about the point or axis
Torque tendency of rotation caused by Fx or
simple moment (Mo) z

4-1-3
 Moment of a Force Scalar
Formation
Magnitude
For magnitude of MO,

MO = Fd (Nm)
where d = perpendicular distance
from O to its line of action of force

Direction
Direction using right hand rule

4-1-4
 Moment of a Force Scalar
Formation
Resultant Moment
Resultant moment, MRo = moments of all the
forces
MRo = Fd

4-1-5
Cross Product
Cross Product (vector product)
C=AB
Magnitude
C = AB sin 0 180
Direction
C = ( AB sin )u C
C A
CB

4-1-6
Cross Product
Laws of Operation

A B = B A
( A B) = ( A) B = A ( B) = ( A B)

A ( B + D) = ( A B) + ( A D)

A ( D + B) = ( A D) + ( A B)

4-1-7
Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation

ii = 0 i j = k ik = j
j i = k j j = 0 jk = i
k i = j k j = i k k = 0

A B = ( Ax , Ay , Az ) ( Bx , B y , Bz )
= ( Ay Bz Az B y )i + ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j + ( Ax B y Ay Bx )k
(-)
or i j k i j k i j
A B = Ax Ay Az = Ax Ay Az Ax Ay
Bx By Bz Bx By Bz B x By

(+)
4-1-8
Moment of a Force-Vector
Formulation

MO = r F (=rB F) MO = r Fsin= F(r sin) = Fd

4-1-9
Moment of a Force-Vector
Formulation
Transmissibility of a Force

MO = rA F = rB F = rC F

A,B,CF

4-1-10
Moment of a Force-Vector
Formulation
Vector Formulation

i j k
M O = r F = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
4-1-11
Moment of a Force-Vector
Formulation
Resultant Moment of a System of Forces

M RO = (r F )

4-1-12
Example 4.4 Two forces act on the rod. Determine the
resultant moment they create about the flange at O. Express
the result as a Cartesian vector.

A(0, 5, 0), B(4, 5, -2)

4-1-13
Position vectors are directed from point O to each force
as shown.
These vectors are
rA = {5 j} m
rB = {4i + 5 j 2k } m
The resultant moment about O is
r
M O = (r F ) = rA F + rB F
i j k i j k
= 0 5 0 + 4 5 2
60 40 20 80 40 30
= {30i 40 j + 60k } kN m

4-1-14
Principle of Moments
Varignons Theorem

MO = r F1 + r F2 + r F3 + r F4 + ...

= r ( F1 + F2 + )

=rF

4-1-15
p. 133, 44. Two men exert forces of F = 400 N and P = 250 N
on the ropes. Determine the moment of each force about A.
Which way will the pole rotate, clockwise or counterclockwise?

4-1-16
424. In order to raise the lamp post from the position shown,
force F is applied to the cable. If F = 1000 N, determine the
moment produced by F about point A.

4-1-17
4-1-18
p. 137, 4-36 The wheelbarrow and its contents have a center of
mass at G. If F = 100 N, and the resultant moment produced by
force F and the weight about the axle at A is zero, determine the
mass of the wheelbarrow and its contents.

4-1-19
4-1-20
p. 138, 4-47 The force F = {6i + 8j +10k} N creates a moment about point O
of MO = {-14i + 8j + 2k} Nm. If the force passes through a point having an x
coordinate of 1 m, determine the y and z coordinates of the point. Also,
realizing that MO = Fd, determine the perpendicular distance d from point O to
the line of action of F.

4-1-21
 Chap. 4-2
Force System Resultants
Moment of a Force About a
Specified Axis
MyF(y-axis)
momentMoy
(projection)
1. Oy
Mo(=rF)
2.
(j)Mo dot
productMy(= Mo j)
3. My = [j (rF)] j
4-2-2
 Moment of a Force About a
Specified Axis
a-a is an arbitrary axis
M a = M O cos = M O u a
= u a (r F)
u ax u ay u az
= rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
Triple scalar product

()

M a = M a u a = [u a (r F)]u a
4-2-3
p.145 Problem 4-56
Determine the moment produced by force F about segment AB of
the pipe assembly. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.

4-2-4
4-2-5
4-2-6
p.147 Problem 4-65
The A-frame is being hoisted into an upright position by the
vertical force of F = 400 N. Determine the moment of this force
about the y axis when the frame is in the position shown.

4-2-7
4-2-8
4-2-9
Moment of a Couple

M O = r A (-F) + r B (F)
= (r B - r A ) F
= r AB F
=rF

4-2-10
Moment of a Couple
Scalar Formulation
M=Fd

Vector Formulation
M=r x F

4-2-11
Moment of a Couple
Equivalent Couples Resultant Couple
Moment( )

4-2-12
Example 4.12

Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe.

Segment AB is directed 30 below the xy
plane.

4-2-13
SOLUTION I (VECTOR ANALYSIS)

Take moment about point O,

M = rA (-250k) + rB (250k)
= (0.8j) (-250k) + (0.6cos30i
+ 0.8j 0.6sin30k) (250k)
= {-130j}N.cm
Take moment about point A
M = rAB (250k)
= (0.6cos30i 0.6sin30k)
(250k)
= {-130j}N.cm

4-2-14
SOLUTION II (SCALAR ANALYSIS)
Take moment about point A or B,
M = Fd = 250N(0.5196m)
= 129.9N.cm
Apply right hand rule, M acts in the j direction
M = {-130j}N.cm

4-2-15
p.155 Problem 76
Determine the required magnitude of force F if the resultant
couple moment on the frame is 200 NM, clockwise.

4-2-16
4-2-17
p.158 Problem 4-92
Determine the required magnitude of couple moments so that the
resultant couple moment is MR = {-300i + 450j - 600k} Nm.

4-2-18
4-2-19
p.159 Problem 4-102
If F1 = 500 N and F2 = 1000 N, determine the magnitude and
coordinate direction angles of the resultant couple moment.

4-2-20
4-2-21
4-2-22
 Chap. 4-3
Force System Resultants
Simplification of a Force and Couple
System
An equivalent system is when the external effects are
the same as those caused by the original force and
couple moment system
External effects of a system is the translating and
rotating motion of the body
Or refers to the reactive forces at the supports if the
body is held fixed

4-2-2
 Equivalent System
Point O is On the Line of Action

Point O Is Not On the Line of Action

4-2-3
 Equivalent System
Resultant of a Force and Couple
System

Force Summation : FR = F

Moment Summation : MRO = MC+Mo

4-2-4
Ex. 4-15, replace the system by an equivalent resultant force and couple
moment acting on point O.
F1 = 800kN
(0.15,0.1,0)
u CB =
(0.15) 2 + 0.12
F 2 = 300 u CB = ( 249.6,166.4,0) N
M = (0,400,300) N m

F = ( - 250, 166.4, - 800 ) N

0
M RO = M + r C F1 + r B F2
i j k
= (0,-400,300) + 0.15 0.1 1
249.6 166.4 0
= (-166.4,-650,300)N m
4-2-5
p. 169, 4-116 Replace the force system acting on the pipe
assembly by a resultant force and couple moment at point O.
Express the results in Cartesian vector form.

4-2-6
4-2-7
Further Reduction of a Force and
Couple System

M RO = FR d 4-2-8
Further Simplification of a Force and
Couple System
Concurrent Force System
A concurrent force system is where lines of
action of all the forces intersect at a common
point O

FR = F 4-2-9
Further Simplification of a Force and
Couple System
Coplanar Force System
Lines of action of all the forces lie in the same
plane
Resultant force of this system also lies in this
plane

4-2-10
Further Simplification of a Force and
Couple System
Parallel Force System
Consists of forces that are all parallel to the z
axis
Resultant force at point O must also be
parallel to this axis

4-2-11
Further Simplification of a Force and
Couple System
Reduction to a Wrench ()

M
M || ( F R ) d=
FR
M RO = M || + M
4-2-12
p.180, 4-124. Replace the force and couple moment
system acting on the overhang beam by a resultant force,
and specify its location along AB measured from point A.

4-2-13
4-2-14
4-2-15
p.182, 4-140. Replace the three forces acting on the
plate by a wrench. Specify the magnitude of the force
and couple moment for the wrench and the point P(y, z)
where its line of action intersects the plate.

4-2-16
4-2-17
4-2-18
Reduction of a Simple Distributed
Loading

( x , y)

centroid concentrated force

4-2-19
 Reduction of a Simple Distributed
Loading
Magnitude
FR = w ( x )dx = dA = A
L A

Location
M O = M RO :
xw ( x )dx = x F R
A xdA xdA
x= =
A dA A first moment

4-2-20
p.189, 4-144. Replace the distributed loading by an
equivalent resultant force and specify its location,
measured from point A.

4-2-21
4-2-22
p.191, 4-152. Wind has blown sand over a platform such that the intensity
3
of the load can be approximated by the function w=(0.5x ) N/m. Simplify
this distributed loading to an equivalent resultant force and specify the
magnitude and location of the force, measured from A.
dA = wdx
10
1 3
FR = dA = x dx
0
2
10
1
= x4
8 0
= 1250N
FR = 1.25kN Ans
10
1 4
xdA =
0
2
x dx

10
1
= x5
10 0
= 10000N m
10000
x= = 8 . 00 m Ans
1250 4-2-23
p.192, 4-160. The distributed load acts on the beam as shown. Determine
the magnitude of the equivalent resultant force and specify its location,
measured from point A.

4-2-24
4-2-25