Chuong6 - Gia Cong Be Mat Chi Tiet May PDF

Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh
Chng 6
gia cng b mt Chi tit my

Chi tit my c hnh dng, chng loi, kch thc rt phong ph. Tuy nhin,
nu xt mt cch tng qut th chi tit my l tng hp ca cc b mt c bn nh:
trn xoay (trong, ngoi), mt phng, mt xon vt, mt nh hnh. Chng ny, chng
ta nghin cu phng php gia cng cc b mt (gia cng ct gt).
6.1- gia cng b mt tr ngoi
B mt tr ngoi c nhiu dng khc nhau v kt cu nh: trc (trc trn, trc
bc, trc ngn, trc di, trc c, trc rng); ng (dy, mng); a (dy, mng); cn.
Do vy, ty theo tng loi kt cu m ta c cch g t cng nh chn phng php
gia cng thch hp.
m bo tnh nng s dng, khi ch to trc cn m bo nhng yu cu k
thut ch yu sau:
- chnh xc kch thc ng knh cc c trc lp ghp t cp
chnh xc 7 8, c th ti cp 6; cc sai s hnh dng hnh hc nh cn, van...
nm trong gii hn dung sai ng knh.
- chnh xc kch thc chiu di mi bc trc khong 0,05 2mm.
- chnh xc v v tr tng quan nh o cc c trc, khng thng
gc gia ng tm v mt u vai trc sai lch gii hn trong khong 0,01 0,05mm
- nhm b mt cc c trc lp ghp Ra = 1,25 0,16 ty theo yu cu
lm vic c th.
Phi ch to trc c th l phi cn theo tiu chun (gia cng cc trc trn,
trc bc c chnh lch ng knh cc bc khng ln); phi rn khun, dp khun
dng cho cc trc c yu cu c tnh cao nh trc lch tm, trc khuu, trong sn xut
hng lot ln, hng khi; phi c bng gang c bn cao dng cho cc trc ln
gim nh trng lng, gim lng d v thi gian gia cng.
6.1.1- Gia cng trc nhit luyn
a) Tin mt tr ngoi
Phng php g t chi tit:
B mt tr ngoi ch yu c gia cng bng phng php tin. Chun cng

ngh khi tin b mt tr ngoi c th l mt ngoi, mt trong, hai l tm, hoc kt hp
mt trong (mt ngoi) vi l tm.
Ty theo vic chn chun m khi gia cng mt ngoi ta c nhiu cch g t
chi tit khc nhau:
- G trn mm cp ba chu t nh tm (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn mm cp bn chu (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn mm cp v chng tm [chun l mt trong (ngoi) v l tm].
Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

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- G trn hai mi tm (chun l hai l tm).

- G bng ng kp n hi (chun l mt trong, mt ngoi).
- G trn cc loi trc g (chun l mt trong).
- G trn cc g chuyn dng.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc chi tit trc di (l/D > 10 12) th ngi ta phi dng
thm luynet. Luynet l trang b cng ngh khng tham gia vo nh v m ch tng
thm cng vng cho chi tit gia cng.
Luynet tnh l loi luynet c g c nh trn bng my. Loi ny c cng
vng cao nhng i hi phi iu chnh cc vu luynet cn thn. B mt ca chi tit
gia cng tip xc vi cc vu phi c gia cng trc sao cho tm ca n trng vi
ng tm hai l tm hay ng tm quay ca my.
Luynet ng l loi luynet c g c nh vi bn dao, n lun lun nm gn
v tr ca dao ct, do vy n c tc dng tt hn luynet tnh. Luynet ng c
cng vng km hn luynet tnh v thng c dng khi gia cng trc trn. Vu ca
luynet ng c th chy trc hoc sau v tr ca dao ct.
Khi gia cng tinh th vu ca luynet ng chy trc v tr dao ct v nu chy
sau th n s lm xc b mt va gia cng, cn cc trng hp khc th vu ca
luynet ng chy sau v tr dao ct.
a) b)
Hnh 6.1- Tin trc dng luynet.

a) Dng luynet c nh; b) Dng luynet di ng.
Phng php ct v bin php nng cao nng sut:
* Phng php ct:

Khi tin th ta c th dng cc phng php ct sau y:
- Ct theo lp:
1 Ct tng lp l phng php ct m vic
2 ct gt s thc hin theo tng lp.
3
Phng php ny c cng vng tt,
lc ct nh nn c th t chnh xc cao

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nhng nng sut khng cao.

- Ct tng on:
Ct tng on l phng php ct t
1
kch thc yu cu theo tng on.
2
on u trc c lng d ln nn phi
chia thnh 2 lp ct cho ht lng d,
tip theo ct tip on gia v cui cng l
on cui.
Phng php ny c nng sut cao nhng lng d ln v khng u nhau, lc
ct ln v cng vng b gim xung.
- Ct phi hp:
y l phng php ct phi hp ca
1
2
hai phng php trn, n c th iu ha
c nhc im ca hai phng php .
Lc u ta ct lp ngoi 1, sau ct cc
on 2.
Khi tin tinh, vic chn phng php ct no cn ph thuc vo cch ghi
kch thc, cch chn chun v chnh xc yu cu.
* Bin php nng cao nng sut:
Nng cao c nng sut lao ng, gim gi thnh sn phm l mc tiu hng
u ca tt c cc x nghip sn xut.
C nhiu cch nng cao nng sut sn xut nh c kh ha v t ng ho
cc quy trnh cng ngh, s dng my t ng, my iu khin theo chng trnh s,
dng cc g chuyn dng, c cu kp nhanh bng kh nn...
y, ta xt n ta xt n bin php nng cao nng sut bng cch rt ngn
thi gian gia cng trc tip T0:
L. i
T0 =
n. s
trong , L: l chiu di tin dao, L = L0 + lav + lvq
vi: L0 l chiu di tin dao thc.
lav l khong cha dao n vo.
lvq l khong cha dao vt qu.
Z
i: l s ln ct ht lng d, i =
t
vi; Z l lng d.
t l chiu su ct.
n: l s vng quay trc chnh.
s: l lng chy dao dc.
Nh vy, rt ngn thi gian gia cng trc tip, ta phi gim chiu ng

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ct L, gim s ln ct, hoc tng s vng quay, lng chy dao.

Sau y l cc bin php nng cao nng sut dng cho phng php tin.
- S dng nhiu dao ct mt lc:
Thay dao ct thng thng bng t hp gm nhiu dao. Khi gia cng, mi dao
ch ct mt phn ca chiu di chi tit do vy t c nng sut cao.
- S dng my c hai bn dao (my bn t ng):
Ngi ta thng s dng phng php ny trong sn xut ln khi lng d gia
cng kh ln.
Ss
S St
Nhiu dao ct mt lc. Dng my tin bn t ng.
- Tng ch ct:
Nu iu kin k thut cho php nh my cng sut, g kp chi tit tt, dao
c m bo... c th tng ch ct ln cao nng cao nng sut.
Ngoi ra, khi gia cng nn ti dung dch trn ngui ko di tui th ca
dao v gim thi gian ph.
b) Phay th mt tr ngoi
Mt tr ngoi cn c th gia cng bng dao phay tr trn my phay chuyn
dng v c nng sut rt cao. My loi ny c hai trc dao lp cc dao phay v mt
trc g lp chi tit.
Khi gia cng c th thc hin theo hai cch:
- Khi gia cng cc trc c kt cu n gin, mi bc trc c gia cng
cng lc bi hai dao phay lp trn hai trc dao (hnh 6.2a). Chi tit sau khi tin vo
vng gia cng phi quay quay i mt gc 1850 gia cng ht ton b chu vi b mt.
- Cch hai dng khi gia cng trc c kt cu phc tp hn, mi b mt
c gia cng bi mt dao ring v chi tit phi quay i 3700 ct ht chu vi b mt.
a) b)
Hnh 6.2- Phay trc trn my phay chuyn dng.

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6.1.2- Gia cng ln cui v gia cng sau nhit luyn

a) Tin mng
gia cng ln cui, dng phng php tin mng bng dao hp kim cng
hoc dao kim cng c li ct c mi cn thn thng v bng li ct cao.
Ch ct khi tin mng c lng chy dao v chiu su ct kh nh cn vn
tc ct th kh ln. Khi gia cng hp kim nhm, tc ct c th t 1000 1500
m/ph; vi hp kim ng V = 300 450 m/ph; kim loi khc V = 200 250 m/ph.
Khi tin mng bng dao kim cng c th khng cn dung dch trn ngui
nhng nu dng dao hp kim cng th cn thit phi c v kh nng chu nhit ca n
km hn.
My v trang b cng ngh tin mng phi c chnh xc v cng vng cao.
Tin mng c th cho php to ra b mt c cp chnh xc 6, nhm Ra = 0,1
0,4m; khng c ht mi bm vo b mt gia cng, nng sut cao.
y c th l phng php gia cng duy nht i vi vt liu l hp kim mu
v vi vt liu ny khng th mi c do phoi mi s dnh bt vo b mt lm vic
ca mi v do lm mt kh nng ct gt ca chng.
b) Mi
Sau khi nhit luyn, chi tit lun b bin dng so vi trc khi nhit luyn nh
cong vnh, l tm b hng...
gia cng sau khi nhit luyn, ngi ta dng phng php mi. Ht mi c
th dng lin kt cng ( mi), t do (mi nghin), lin kt n hi (dng t trng
lin kt).
Khi gia cng th, chn cng vi cht dnh kt l gm, ht ln; gia cng
tinh, chn mm, cht dnh kt hu c, ht nh. Khi gia cng thp cng, chn
mm hn so vi khi gia cng thp mm.
c Mi bng mi:
* Phng php mi c tm:
Chi tit khi mi c tm thng c g bng hai l tm hoc mm cp kt hp
l tm. Do , trc khi mi ta phi sa li l tm v nn thng li chi tit (nu cong).
Sn
nd
z
nct Sd
Hnh 6.3- Mi c tm.

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Chuyn ng ct do chuyn ng quay ca mi to nn, vn tc ct thng

khong v = 25 50 (m/s).
Chi tit cng quay vi chiu ngc li vi mi nhng vn tc quay nh,
khong: vct = (1 3%)v.
Khi mi c tm, thng dng hai phng php n dao: dc v ngang.
- Mi n dao dc:
Phng php chy dao dc thng dng khi mi cc b mt c chiu di ln
hn so vi chiu rng mi.
Sau mi hnh trnh chy dao
nd Sd dc, mi mi tin su vo mt
lng chy dao ngang. Phng
php ny rt thng dng, t
chnh xc cao, su ct nh (ct
nct
Hnh 6.4- Chy dao dc. th t = 0,1 0,4 mm; ct tinh t =
0,01 0,04 mm) nn lc mi b.
Lng tin dao dc c chn theo chiu rng B, khi mi th thng ly Sd
= (0,3 0,7)B; khi mi tinh ly Sd = (0,2 0,3)B.
Khi mi tinh, nhng ln chy dao cui ta khng cho tin su vo na m
vn cho tip tc mi n khi tt hoa la mi thi.
- Mi n dao ngang:
Thng dng phng php ny khi mi chi tit c ng knh ln, chiu di b
mt cn mi ngn hn chiu rng mi, sn lng ln.
Cch mi ny i hi cng vng
chi tit tt, myc cng sut ln,
nd
Sn rng bn v sa tht tt.
u im ca cch mi ny l t
nng sut cao, c th kt hp mi mt
bc v ngng trc ng thi hoc mi
nct cc b mt nh hnh. Tuy nhin
Hnh 6.5- Chy dao ngang chnh xc t c khng cao v ph
thuc vo ch sa .
Tnh thi gian c bn:
L a
+ Khi mi n dao dc: T0 = K ( ph)
n ct .S d S n
trong :
L: chiu di hnh trnh dc: L = L0 - (0,4 0,6)B; vi B l chiu rng mi;
L0 l chiu di ca b mt cn mi.
nct: S vng quay chi tit trong mt pht, v/ph.
Sd: L lng chy dao dc, mm/ vng chi tit. c xc nh bng .B/ vng

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chi tit. Khi mi th, = 0,5 0,8; khi mi tinh, = 0,2 0,5.
K : H s lin quan vi chnh xc khi mi (mi tt hoa la). Khi yu cu t
chnh xc n 0,02 0,03 mm, K = 1,7; khi t chnh xc n 0,04 0,06mm,
K = 1,4; khi t chnh xc n 0,07 0,09 mm, K = 1,25; khi t chnh xc n
0,1 0,15 mm, K = 1,1.
a :lng d mi tnh cho mt pha, mm.
Sn :lng n dao ngang, mm/htk
a
+ Khi mi n dao ngang: T0 = K (ph )
n ct .S n
Cc gi tr a, nct, K c xc nh nh trn.
Sn: l lng tin dao ngang, mm/ vng chi tit.
* Phng php mi khng tm:
Mi khng tm c c im l chun nh v ca chi tit gia cng chnh l b
mt gia cng. Chi tit mi c t t do ln cn m khng cn nh v, kp cht.
i vi cc chi tit ngn, c th t ni tip nhau trn mng dn. Do vy nng sut
gia cng cao, thch hp vi dng sn xut lot ln hoc hng khi.
Chi tit nm gia hai mi, mt ct v mt dn. dn dng to ra
chuyn ng quay (ngc chiu vi ct) v tnh tin dc trc cho chi tit.
Tc ct ca mi khong v = 30 50 m/s, tc ca dn nh hn tc
ca ct khong 75 80 ln, v th ma st gia vt mi vi dn ln hn nhiu
so vi ct.
vdn
vct
v
dn
mi
Dao Chi tit

Hnh 6.6- Mi khng tm
g chnh ca chi tit khi mi khng tm l cn . Mt ca cn phi t
song song vi trc ca mi. Gc nghing ca cn l 300 (khi chi tit c kch
thc ln d > 30 mm th gc nghing khong 20 250). Mt vt ca cn phi
hng vo pha dn v cng vi dn hnh thnh nn khi V nh v chi tit.
Chiu cao g t ca chi tit khi mi khng tm c nh hng n cht lng
gia cng rt nhiu. Thng thng, ngi ta phi t cn lm sao cho tm ca chi

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tit cao hn tm ca mi v dn ( khng b mo) mt khong (0,5 1) bn

knh chi tit nhng nh hn 14 mm.
Mi khng tm c u im l nng sut gia cng cao, thch hp cho dng sn
xut hng lot, khi, c th mi c cc chi tit m khng th mi c tm nh chi
tit nh, ngn nh cht xch, vin bi kim... v khi khng th to nn l tm g
t hoc mi s ct vo cc mi tm hoc g ca my.
Tuy nhin li c nhc im l khng m bo ng tm gia cc c trc,
khng gia cng c cc b mt khng lin tc (nh c rnh then) nn ch yu l
gia cng trc trn.
C 2 phng php mi v tm: Mi n dao dc v mi n dao ngang.
- Mi n dao dc:
Mi khng tm chy dao dc v
Bnh mi Bnh dn tnh cht cc chuyn ng ging nh
mi c tm nhng khc ch l dn
lm nhim v cung cp cho chi tit
chuyn ng quay v tnh tin. dn
c dng hypecblit trn xoay v c
t nghing i mt gc = (1 40).
Tc quay Vct v tc chy
Cn
dc Sd ca chi tit ph thuc vo tc
Hnh 6.7- Chy dao dc. dn V.dn v .
Vct = V.dn. cos. (m/ph)
Sd = V.dn. sin./ 1000 (mm/ph)
trong , l h s trt gia chi tit v dn, =0,95 0,98.
Khi bit ng knh Dd.dn v tc quay n.dn ca dn, c th xc nh Vct
v Sd theo cng thc sau:
.D d.dan .n d.dan
Vct = cos . (m / ph )
1000
S d = .D d.dan .n d.dan sin . (mm / ph )
Khi mi tinh, thng chn t 1 20 ; khi mi th chn t 2030 40.
Phng php ny cho php t chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc b mt rt cao.
- Mi n dao ngang:
Mi khng tm n dao ngang tng t nh mi c tm n dao ngang. N c th
gia cng c trc bc, nu sa chnh xc c th mi c mt cn, mt nh hnh
nhng yu cu cng vng ca chi tit phi tt v mt gia cng phi ngn.
Bnh dn khng cn c dng hypecblit m l hnh tr v trc ca n t
song song vi trc mi ( = 0). Trong trng hp , ta thy Sd s bng 0.
Vic n dao ngang Sn c thc hin bng cch tin dn hng vo pha
mi. Thng thng Sn = 0,003 - 0,01mm/vng chi tit.

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Trng hp mi b mt cn, trc dn s c quay i 1 gc so vi trc

mi bng gc cn ca chi tit cn mi. Khi cn thm mt cht t chng vo mt
u cn ln trnh trng hp chi tit b y li khi mi, lm mt chnh xc.
Tnh thi gian c bn:
l 0 .m + B
+ Khi mi n dao dc: T0 = K (ph )
Sd m
trong :
lo: chiu di chi tit c mi, mm.
m: s lng chi tit trong lot c mi lin tc theo dy chuyn.
B: chiu rng mi, mm.
Sd: lng tin dao dc, c xc nh nh trn (mm/ph).
K: h s tnh n chnh xc khi mi.
K (ph )
a
+ Khi mi n dao ngang: T0 =
n Sn
trong :
a: lng d mt pha, mm.
n: s vng quay chi tit trong 1 pht, v/ph.
Sn: lng n dao ngang ca dn, mm/vng chi tit.
K: h s chnh xc ho.
d Mi nghin:
Mi nghin l qu trnh s dng cc ht mi c ht nh dng t do, trn
vi cc loi dung dch (du nhn, m b, paraphin v mt s axit hu c), sau ph
ln b mt lm vic ca dng c nghin. Khi a dng c nghin vo tip xc vi b
mt chi tit gia cng phi to cho n mt p lc cn thit (khng ln lm), nh p lc
ny v cc chuyn ng tng i, cc ht mi s ct i mt lp t vi trn b mt chi
tit gia cng lm tng bng b mt. chnh xc v kch thc c th t c
cp 6 - 7 v nhm b mt t n Rz = 0,04 0,63.
Tuy nhin, phi trc khi mi nghin phi c gia cng chnh xc (n cp
7 v nhm b mt phi t Ra = 0,63 2,5) v mi nghin khng sa c sai lch v
tr tng quan do lng d khi mi nghin khng ln hn 0,02 mm.
Dng c nghin c ch to bng vt liu mm hn so vi cc chi tit c
nghin, thng thng c ch to bng gang Peclit, Ferit, ng... Ty theo b mt
gia cng m dng c nghin l bc ch C hay tm phng nhng phi m bo rng c
th iu chnh c p sut nghin theo gi tr yu cu cn thit.
p sut khi nghin thng chn trong khong t 2 8 Kg/cm2; gi tr ln dng
cho nghin th, gi tr nh cho nghin tinh. Tc ct thng c chn thp, t 10
12 m/ph. ht khi nghin thng chn t M3 n M20, ht M3 dng khi nghin
ln cui hay chy r, M20 dng khi nghin th.

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Cc chuyn ng ct khi nghin gm: Tnh tin kh hi v quay trn. Tu theo

trng hp c th m cc chuyn ng ny c th do chi tit hay dng c thc hin.
a chi tit Nguyn l lm vic ca mi
nghin vi dng c nghin l tm
phng: Mt a nghin c chuyn ng
quay trn, a nghin khc c th ng
yn hoc quay trn (ngc chiu vi a
kia). Chi tit c t gia hai a
Chi tit a nghin
nghin v trong a cch (khng hng
Hnh 6.8- Mi nghin mt tr ngoi tm vo a cch). a cch c tm quay
lch so vi tm quay ca hai a nghin v c x rnh, do vy chi tit gia cng s quay
quanh tm a nghin, quay quanh tm ca n v chuyn ng qua li theo phng dc
trc ca n (chy trong rnh ca a cch).
Mi nghin ni chung c nng sut thp v ht mi c kch thc nh, vn tc
nghin v p lc nghin thp. B mt sau mi nghin c th t chnh xc cp 6,
nhm b mt Ra = 0,2 0,01, cht lng b mt tt v lp kim loi c ct rt mng,
lc ct khng ln, nhit ct khng cao.
e Mi siu tinh:
Mi siu tinh l phng php gia cng ln cui, c th t cp chnh xc 6 v Rz
= 0,05 0,8. Dng c mi l u mang cc thi . Chi tit c chuyn ng quay vi
vn tc v = 6 30 m/ph, cn mi tnh tin theo phng dc trc ca chi tit vi tc
0,1 mm/vg. c bit, u mi cn c thm chuyn ng lc ngn dc trc vi
tn s cao (500 2000 hnh trnh kp/pht), nhng hnh trnh rt ngn (2 6 mm).
Sd f
Hnh 6.9- Mi siu tinh.

Khi mi siu tinh, p lc ca mi rt nh, tc ct tng i thp. Do c
chuyn ng ct phc tp nn cc vt ct mi xa u ln nhau lm cho nhn bng
cao (Rz = 0,05 0,1 m) v thi gian mi ngn.
Tuy nhin, cng nh mi nghin, mi siu tinh khng sa c sai lch hnh
dng v v tr tng quan nn lng d gia cng rt nh (5 7 m). Do vy, trc khi
mi siu tinh phi gia cng trc t c kch thc gii hn trn trong bn v.

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f nh bng:
nh bng l phng php lm tng bng b mt, thng dng cho trc
khi m v cc chi tit trang tr vi lng d khi gia cng khng ln hn 5m.
nh bng dng ht mi rt nh trn vi du nhn c bi ln bnh nh bng
n hi (bng g, vi, da p, dy ai) quay vi tc rt cao (20 40 m/s).
Trc khi nh bng, chi tit phi qua mi v cc phng php gia cng tinh
khc. Khi nh bng, c th p chi tit vo bnh mi bng tay hoc bng my.
nh bng c th t Rz = 0,05 0,1, nhng khng th sa c sai lch hnh
dng, v tr tng quan, cc khuyt tt li trn b mt (r, lm).
6.2- gia cng b mt tr trong
Cng ging nh b mt tr ngoi, b mt tr trong (l) cng c nhiu loi nh
l trn, l bc, l cn, l nh hnh. Ty thuc vo tng loi m ta c cc bin php
cng ngh khc nhau gia cng cc b mt .
thun tin trong vic xc nh gii php cng ngh khi gia cng l, ngi ta
tin hnh phn loi l theo t l gia chiu su l l v ng knh l d nh sau:
- L ngn: l/d < 0,5. - L thng: 0,5 < l/d < 3.
- L di: 3 < l/d < 10. - L su: l/d > 10
a- Khoan l
Khoan l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin v c bn nht gia cng l
trn vt liu c. Khoan khng nhng c thc hin trn my khoan m cn thc
hin kh rng ri v thng xuyn trn cc my tin, my phay, my doa...
Khoan c th gia cng c cc loi l thng v khng thng vi ng knh
t 0,25 80 mm; chnh xc gia cng thp, ch t cp 10, 11 (cao nht ch l 7 i
vi khoan nng sng); nhm b mt Ra = 20 40 m. Do vy, khoan ch dng
gia cng cc l bt bulng, l lm ren, cc l c yu cu khng cao v nguyn cng
th cho cc nguyn cng tinh sau n.
Kch thc l gia cng bng phng php khoan ph thuc vo kch thc mi
khoan. i vi l thng nh, trung bnh thng dng mi khoan rut g; l ln, chiu
dy nh v thng th dng mi khoan vnh; cn i vi l su (l/d > 10 12) th dng
mi khoan nng sng.
S d khoan ch t chnh xc thp l v:
- Kt cu mi khoan cha hon thin. Lun phi tn ti li ct ngang (v
khng th ch to mi khoan c ng knh li bng khng), ti li ct ngang gc
trc < 0, cho nn li ct ngang cng di th lc dc trc cng ln, mi khoan cng
nhanh mn. Ngy nay, ngi ta c gng ch to mi khoan sao cho li ct ngang
cng ngn cng tt.

73
- Cc sai s do ch to v mi mi khoan sinh ra ( khng ng tm gia

phn ct v chui cn) s lm cho l khoan b lay rng ra. Trn mi khoan, phn ct
c cn ngc, khi mi khoan mi li cng nhiu th kch thc l s nh i.
2 = 116 1200
a) b) c)
Hnh 6.10- Cc loi mi khoan.
a) Mi khoan rut g; b) Mi khoan vnh; c) Mi khoan nng sng.
* Cc sai s xy ra khi khoan:
L khoan b cong L khoan b lay rng L khoan b tp, loe

Hnh 6.11- Cc loi sai s khi khoan.
- L khoan b cong: sai s ny do mi hai li ct khng u, lc dc trc
ca mi khoan khng u lm cho l khoan b cong, loi ny hay gp khi khoan trn
my khoan hay my phay (chi tit ng yn). Ngoi ra, khi khoan cc vt liu m l
khoan gp phi cc r kh hay pha cng cng b sai s ny.
- L khoan b lay rng: khi tm quay v tm phn ct ca mi khoan khng
trng nhau s lm cho l khoan b rng ra.
- L khoan b tp, loe: do khi n dao khng ng tm, cng vng mi
khoan km s lm cho tm quay v tm mi khoan b lch i mt gc.
- L b thu hp: Trn mi khoan, phn ct c cn ngc, khi mn th ta
s mi li, nu mi khoan mi li cng nhiu th kch thc mi khoan s cng nh so
vi ban u, do l gia cng s nh i.
* Bin php khc phc: Ngoi nhng bin php m bo cng vng v
chnh xc ca h thng cng ngh nh chnh xc ca my, dao, g; kt cu hp
l ca chi tit; cn phi ch n cc bin php cng ngh sau y:
- Gim bt lc chiu trc v mmen ct bng cch gim bt chiu di li
ct ngang khi mi sc mi khoan.

74
- Khi khoan l su, nn cho chi tit quay to chuyn ng ct, cn mi

khoan thc hin chuyn ng tnh tin, chn lng chy dao nh lc ct b, khng
nh hng n qu trnh ct gt (v do mi khoan km cng vng nn nu n va
quay, va tnh tin th s d b nghing hoc lch).
- Dng bc dn hng m bo chnh xc.
- Khoan l nh phi khoan mi trc nh tm bng mi khoan ngn.
- Dng pointu ly du trc khi khoan.
- S dng dung dch trn ngui ng v .
b) Khot
Khot l nguyn cng m rng l, nng cao chnh xc sau khi khoan v
ch c th thc hin vi cc l c sn (l c, dp, khoan). Khot cn l nguyn cng
chun b cho nguyn cng doa, mi.
Khot c th t chnh xc cp 8, 9; nhm b mt Ra = 2,5 1,25.
Mi khot c c im l c 3 4 li ct, cng vng
ln hn nhiu so vi mi khoan, do vy d thc hin vic gia
cng vi lng d ln, c th sa c cc sai lch v hnh dng
hnh hc v v tr tng quan m khoan khng th lm c,
ng thi nng cao c bng, chnh xc, nng sut.
Khot thng dng gia cng l tr, nu dng mi khot nh hnh c th vt
ming loe, gia cng l cn, l bc, gia cng mt phng ming l ...
nng cao chnh xc ca l v gim bt thi gian ph, nng cao nng
sut, c th dng bc dn hng mt pha hoc hai pha khi khot.
Bc dn Chi tit
Bc dn
Chi tit
Hnh 6.12- Dng bc dn hng cho nguyn cng khot.
c) Doa
Doa l phng php gia cng tinh hoc bn tinh cc l sau khi khoan, khot
hoc sau khi khoan vi cc kch thc nh. Doa c th thc hin trn cc loi my
doa, my tin hay my khoan hoc c th doa tay.
Doa c th t chnh xc cp 9 7, c th t cp 6; nhm b mt Ra =
6,3 1,25 m, c khi t 0,63 m.

75
Hnh 6.13- Dao doa.
Dao doa c cng vng cao, s li ct nhiu (6 18) nhng phn b khng
i xng trnh rung ng v sai s in dp. Li ct ca dao doa c th l li
thng hay li xon c; rng c th l nguyn hay rng chp (c th thay i c
ng knh gia cng).
Doa c nng sut cao do c nhiu li ct, d cho tc ct khi doa thp (8
10 m/ph) nhng lng chy dao ln, khong 0,5 3,5 mm/v. Gi thnh ca dao doa
cao, hn na dao doa thng i theo b vi mi khoan v khot cho nn ch t hiu
qu kinh t khi sn xut lot ln i vi cc l tiu chun. Cn trong sn xut n
chic, c th thay doa bng tin.
Lng d khi doa nh v yu cu ng u kh kht khe. Khi doa th, lng
d khong 0,25 0,5 mm; khi doa tinh khong 0,05 0,15 mm. Khi lng d qu nh
s c hin tng b trt, bng km; nhng nu lng d qu ln, dao chu ti cao,
nhanh mn v co ln b mt chi tit lm bin cng gy kh khn cho nguyn cng
doa tinh (v th khng nn dng dao tinh mn doa th).
Doa cng c th gia cng c l nh, to, ngn, di theo tiu chun hoc
khng tiu chun; l thng hay khng thng.
Tuy nhin, khi doa cc l khng tiu chun th phi ch to cc loi dao
chuyn dng, lc gi thnh s cao. Bn cnh , mc d c th nhng khng nn
doa cc l ngn, l khng thng, l c rnh dc bi v l ngn s khng c kh nng
nh hng dao doa v l gia cng d b lay rng; l khng thng th s khng gia
cng n y l c. Cn l c rnh dc th khng c kh nng nh hng ng
dao vi tm l nn l gia cng s b mo.
trnh hin tng lay rng l, c th dng cc bin php sau:
- Dng trc doa ty ng: Trc dao doa khng ni cng vi trc chnh m
ni lc l. Dao doa lc ny c nh hng chnh bng l gia cng, do khng
chu nh hng sai lch ca trc chnh hoc sai lch v ng tm gia trc chnh
v trc dao.
- Dng dao doa ty ng: y l loi dao doa n gin, ch c hai li ct.
Li ct c kh nng x dch t nhiu theo phng hng knh t la theo ng
tm l gia cng. Loi ny thng dng khi gia cng cc l phi tiu chun c ng
knh t 75 150 mm, u im l gn, nh, n gin, m bo chnh xc gia cng.
- nng cao chnh xc th ngoi vic to iu kin cho lng d ng u
th nn khoan, khot, doa hoc t nht l khot, doa thc hin trn cng mt ln g.

76
Tnh thi gian c bn khi khoan, khot, doa:

l.i
T0 = (ph )
n.S
Trong :
i: s bc gia cng.
n: s vng quay ca dao (hoc chi tit khi khoan trn my tin).
S: lng tin dao vng, mm/vng chi tit.
l: chiu di tin dao, mm. l = l0 + lav + lvq, vi l0 l chiu su ca l gia cng;
- lav l lng n vo:
Dd
+ Khi khoan l t vt liu c: l av = cot g + (1 3) (mm )
2
vi, D: ng knh mi khoan, mm; d: chiu rng li ct ngang, mm; : gc nghing
chnh ca mi khoan, rad.
+ Khi khoan rng l: lav = t.cotg + (1 3) (mm)
vi, t: chiu su ct, t = Db - Da trong , Da: kch thc l trc khi khoan (hay khot,
doa) rng. Db: kch thc l sau khi gia cng.
- lvq l lng vt qu, mm.
+ Khi khoan l thng:
Khoan l t vt liu c: lvq = 1 3 mm.
Khoan rng l: lvq = (0,2 0,5)K, vi K l chiu di phn sa ng
+ Khi khoan l khng thng: lav = 0.
d) Tin l
Tin l tuy c nng sut thp hn khoan hoc khot nhng li c kh nng bo
m yu cu k thut cao hn. Ngoi ra, tin cn c th gia cng c cc loi l ln,
l phi tiu chun, l c to bng c, rn, dp sn, l cn, l bc, l c rnh, l
khng thng hoc l nh hnh...
Hnh 6.14- Tin l.

77
Tuy nhin, cc chi tit c tin l thng phi c kt cu thch hp nh c

dng trn xoay, khng qu cng knh hay qu ln v khi lng, hoc khi tm phn
b khng qu xa vi tm l gia cng trnh tnh trng gy ra lc qun tnh ly tm
ln; l khng qu su v nh v hn ch ca kch thc v cng vng dao.
Chun nh v khi tin trong ch c th l mt ngoi hoc mt ngoi kt hp vi
mt u.
Dao tin l phi c gc sau ln hn so vi gc sau ca dao tin ngoi v
thng g dao cao hn tm ca chi tit tng gc sau khi ct, hn ch s c st
mt sau ca dao vo b mt gia cng, mt khc cn c kh nng chng rung.
Tin l c th gia cng trn cc loi my tin, my phay, my doa... Khi tin
l trn my tin th thng ch gia cng cc l nh, ngn hnh tr hoc cn. Cn cc
l ca cc chi tit dng hp thng c gia cng trn my doa. Trong sn xut n
chic, khi gia cng nhng chi tit dng hp nh, c th gia cng trn my tin vn
nng (hoc my phay), lc chi tit c g trn bn dao v c chuyn ng dc,
cn dao s thc hin chuyn ng ct V theo cch gia cng trn my doa.
e) Chut l
Chut l l phng php gia cng l c nng sut cao do nhiu li ct cng
tham gia ct gt v khng mt thi gian cho vic o, iu chnh dao nh nhiu
phng php khc. V th, phng php ny c nng sut rt cao, v thng dng khi
sn xut hng lot ln, khi.
Chut c th gia cng t chnh xc b mt cp 7, nhm b mt Ra = 0,8
0,6; cht lng b mt tt v vn tc ct thp nn bin dng do khng nhiu.
Khi chut l, chuyn ng ct chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin ca dao, chi
tit ng yn. Qu trnh chut khng c chuyn ng chy dao. C th chia thnh
hai loi: chut y v chut ko.
Chut c th thay th gia cng mt ln cc nguyn cng th, bn tinh v tinh;
thay th cho c khoan rng, khot v doa; kt hp chut l vi rnh then hay rnh
then hoa.
Hnh 6.15- S chut l.

a) Chut ko; b) Chut y
78
Chut c th gia cng c cc loi l trn, vung, nh hnh nhng phi l l

thng, thng v tit din khng i; cc l c ng knh n 320 mm, then hoa
ng knh n 420 mm, rnh rng 100 mm, chiu di l n 10 m.
Tuy nhin, dao chut rt t tin, kh ch to. Lc chut ln nn my phi c
cng sut ln; chi tit, dao, my phi c cng vng ln. Chut khng sa c sai
lch v v tr tng quan do trc khi chut, l cn phi gia cng chnh xc v v
tr tng quan.
Sai s hay gp nht khi chut l thnh mng hoc thnh dy khng u l l
gia cng rt d b bin dng. Bi v khi chut, p lc hng knh ln nn i vi l c
thnh mng th sau khi chut ng knh b nh i; cn l c thnh dy khng u th
hnh dng l b mo (do bin dng n hi).
a) Tin mng
Phng php ny cng tng t nh khi gia cng mt tr ngoi. Dao tin lc
ny l dao c gn mnh hp kim cng hoc kim cng c mi nghin cn thn
vi nhm li ct Rz = 0,04 0,32, s dng my c cng vng cao, chnh
xc cao, my c tc ct cao (khi tin hp kim nhm: v = 1500 m/p; tin hp kim
ng: v = 450 m/p; tin thp: v = 200 250 m/p).
chnh xc t c khi tin mng c th l cp 6 7; Ra = 0,63 1,25 m;
nng sut gia cng cao v l phng php gia cng ch yu i vi cc hp kim mu.
b) Mi l
Mi l l phng php gia cng tinh l, cc l sau khi mi c th t cp chnh
xc 6 7; Ra = 3,2 0,2m.
Mi l thng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Mi cc l c cng cao ( qua ti).
- Mi cc l ln, l phi tiu chun, l c kt cu khng thun tin cho cc
phng php khc v c yu cu chnh xc cao.
- Mi cc l cn sa li sai lch v v tr tng quan ca l do cc nguyn
cng trc li.
V chuyn ng ct v bn cht ca qu trnh gia cng khi mi mt tr trong
cng hon ton ging nh khi mi b mt tr ngoi.
Tuy nhin, khi mi l, ng knh b hn ch bi kch thc l gia cng (
0,8ct). V th, khng th t c tc mi bng cch tng ng knh m
phi tng s vng quay ca trc mang , nhng lc ny s gp nhiu tr ngi nh lc
qun tnh ly tm s rt ln, rung ng v khng an ton. Tc ca khng c
vt qu 35 m/s. Do vy, b mt ca l gia cng t bng khng cao (so vi mi
mt ngoi).

79
c Mi bng mi:
* Phng php mi c tm:
Mi l c tm c th gia cng
c cc l tr, l cn; c thc
hin trn cc my mi trong, my
mi trn ngoi vn nng... Vic chn
my no l tu thuc vo dng sn
xut v phng php mi.
Khi mi l c tm c th thc
hin theo hai cch: chi tit quay, v
Hnh 6.16- Mi trong c tm. chi tit ng yn.
Cch 1:
Chi tit c kp cht trong mm cp v quay trn, cn trc cng quay trn
(ngc chiu vi chi tit) v thc hin chuyn ng chy dao dc hoc chay dao
ngang. Cch mi ny thng c s dng trn my mi trn trong.
nct Cch ny thng dng gia cng
nhng chi tit nh, cc vt th trn xoay hay
d g trn mm cp v c th thc hin trn
my tin vn nng vi g chuyn dng
n nh ng, a.
im lu l ng knh mi: d
Hnh 6. 17- Mi l trn 0,8.dl, vn tc quay ca trc khong 20
my mi trn trong.
30 m/s.
Cch 2:
Chi tit c g c nh trn bn my, trc mang thc hin tt c cc
chuyn ng: Chuyn ng quay trn ca ct, cc chuyn ng chy dao v
chuyn ng hnh tinh ca xung quanh l gia cng.
Kiu mi ny c dng trn my mi hnh tinh, thng gia cng cc chi
tit loi ln, cng knh nh lc my, thn, b, tm... bi v nu dng cch th nht th
vic g t ln mm cp khng th thc hin c hoc rt l kh khn, hn na s
xut hin lc ly tm, i hi
Sn my phi c kch thc rt
ln v cng sut rt ln,
n Sd
cng vng cao.
Cc my mi hnh tinh
thng c ch to theo kiu
di ng c v c th g trc
tip ln chi tit gia cng.
iu to kh nng rt thun
Hnh 6. 18- Mi l trn my mi hnh tinh.

80
li cho cc cng vic sa cha hoc trong dng sn xut n chic hay lot nh. N
thng c s dng i vi cc nh my ch to my hng nng.
* Phng php mi khng tm:
Phng php mi ny c kh nng t chnh xc v ng tm rt cao.
Thng dng gia cng cc chi tit c yu cu ng tm cao gia l v mt tr ngoi
trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, cc chi tit khng th g trn my mi trn
trong nh chi tit c thnh mng, chiu di ngn (nh segment).
Con ln t Chi tit
nct
n dn
mi dn
Con ln ta
Hnh 6.19- Mi l khng tm
Chi tit gia cng quay nh dn (c h s ma st ln) v cc con ln t v

ta. mi ngoi chuyn ng ct khi quay cn thc hin cc chuyn ng chy dao
dc v ngang.
Phng php ny c chun cng ngh l mt ngoi, nn trc khi mi phi gia
cng bn tinh hoc tinh mt ngoi.
d Mi nghin:
Mi nghin l v c bn cng ging nh mi nghin mt tr ngoi, n ht i
mt lp rt mng kim loi t chnh xc v bng b mt cao. Nghin l c
th t chnh xc cp 6, Ra = 0,3 0,01 m ( c iu ny th trc khi nghin
chi tit phi t chnh xc cp 7, Ra = 1,6 0,4 m).
Chi tit
Hnh 6.20- Mi nghin l bng bc ch C.
Khi nghin l, chuyn ng ct l chuyn ng quay trn v tnh tin kh hi

ca cc dng c nghin.

81
e Mi khn:
Mi khn l s pht trin cao hn ca mi nghin. y l phng php gia
cng tinh, t cht lng b mt tt, nng sut cao hn so vi cc phng php gia
cng khc. C th t c cp chnh xc 6, nhm b mt Ra = 0,16 0,32 m.
So vi mi nghin th mi khn c nhng thay i sau:
- Thay dng c mi nghin v bt mi bng dng c khc mang cc thi
gi l u khn.
- Chuyn ng ct c xc nh r rng, gm chuyn ng quay v
chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi dc trc ca u khn.
- p lc mi, di ca th ra hai u l sau mi hnh trnh kp v
nhng thng s khc c quy nh cht ch.
Khi gia cng, chi tit ng yn v
Trc chnh
c kp cht bng g trn bn my.
u khn c ni vi trc chnh qua
cc khp (khp cu hay khp cc ng)
v thanh dn. u khn mang nhiu thi
S n , cc thi c b tr theo phng
mi song song hay nghing vi trc quay 1
u khn
gc v c th di chuyn c theo
phng hng knh.
Chi tit
mi, sau khi a u khn vo
trong chi tit, trc chnh quay, lc ny s
cung cp mt p lc nht nh cho p
ln b mt gia cng. Vic cung cp p
Hnh 6.21- S mi khn l.
lc cho l ty vo kt cu u khn,
c th bng tay thng qua ren vt rt
hai u cn hoc tt nht l dng du p tc ng vo trc du khn tm.
Sau khi gia cng xong, ta tin hnh ngc li nh trn ly u khn ra.
Hnh 6.22 l kt cu ca u khn
Trc thay i
Cnh mang p lc ln n gin. mi c lp trn cc tm
kp, tm kp c lp trn cnh mang
. tng p lc tc dng ln , ngi
ta iu chnh bng ren trc c phn
L xo cn i xung lm bung cc cnh ra
tc dng vo b mt mi. phng
cc cnh mi b vng ra khi rt u mi
ra khi l, u v cui cc tm kp
c hai l xo vng chng vo rnh.
Hnh 6.22- Kt cu ca u khn. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu loi u khn
khc.

82
Khi gia cng, do u

l1 khn c chuyn ng
quay v tnh tin ng
thi nn to ra vt ct
gt ca ht mi l nhng
Chiu
2 su l ng xin v an cho
L nhau thnh li u n,
chnh nh c im ny
l2 m cc vt ct sau s
d
xo vt ct trc, lm
Hnh 6.23- Vt gia cng khi mi khn. cho b mt chi tit gia
cng c nhn bng.
Sau mi hnh trnh kp th phi iu chnh kch thc u khn (tng p lc
ln ), lng iu chnh ny tng ng vi lng n dao ngang khi mi l
(mm/htk). Sau khi gia cng ht lng d th khng iu chnh na, m cho thc
hin lm vic tip trong mt thi gian xo ht cc vt gia cng.
Hnh 6.24- Sai lch khi mi khn.
chnh xc khi mi khn ph thuc vo vt qu l1, l2 ca thi . Nu l1,

l2 ln th b mt gia cng s b loe; nu l1, l2 nh th b tp. Thng thng, ly chiu
di vt qu ny khong: l1, l2 = (0,25 0,5).l
u im:
- Nng sut cao, nh c nhiu thi lm vic.
- C th sa c sai s hnh dng.
- Vn tc ct thp nn nhit ct thp, t thay i tnh cht c l ca lp b mt.
- cng vng ca u khn tt, khng bin dng trc nn m bo l trn.
Nhc im:
- Sau khi gia cng c ht mi cm vo b mt gia cng, lm cho chi tit b mi
mn nhanh. khc phc, sau gia cng nn ra sch chi tit bng dung dch Keroxt.
- Khng sa c sai lch v v tr tng quan.
- Khng gia cng c kim loi mu v phoi ca kim loi mu l phoi vn, do
n s lp kn cc l trn mi, lm cho khng th mi tip c.

83
6.3- gia cng mt phng

Trong cc b mt hnh thnh nn chi tit my th mt phng l b mt ph bin
nht. gia cng mt phng, ngi ta c th dng nhiu phng php nh phay, bo,
xc, tin, mi... Sau y, ta s nghin cu cc phng php gia cng ny.
a) Bo v xc
Bo v xc l nhng phng php gia cng mt phng c tnh vn nng cao,
c s dng rng ri trong sn xut n chic v hng lot.
Bo v xc c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 9, 10, nhm b mt
Rz = 20 40m; v th thng dng gia cng th nhm bc i phn ln lng d.
Chuyn ng ct ca bo v xc n gin. Bo c chuyn ng ct l tnh tin
ca dao bo theo phng ngang, cn xc th theo phng thng ng. Ring vi my
bo ging th chi tit c g ln bn my v thc hin chuyn ng ct.
Dao bo c kt cu khng khc g dao tin v hnh dng hnh hc phn ct, cn
dao xc tuy b phn ct hi khc nhng cc gc ca phn ct th tng t dao tin
C hai phng php ny u c nng sut thp bi v:
- Tn thi gian cho hnh trnh chy khng.
- Vn tc ct thp (vi bo: v = 12 22 m/p; vi xc: v < 12 m/p) v c
chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi nn nu vn tc ct cao th lc qun tnh s rt ln.
v v
t t
s
s
Hnh 6.25- Bo v xc.
Bo thng c s dng gia cng cc mt phng ngoi. c bit vi cc

mt phng di v hp th bo t c nng sut rt cao. Chi tit thng c g trn
t hay cc c chn, v tr c kim tra bng mi r hoc ng h so, do vy m
chnh xc ph thuc vo tay ngh cng nhn.
Xc c s dng khi gia cng cc mt phng rnh, hp bn trong (nh rnh
then trong l). Dao xc c cc gc ct tng t nh bo, hnh dng th c ch to
thch ng vi chuyn ng theo phng thng ng.
Khi gia cng mt phng bng phng php bo, xc th u tin chn chiu su
ct ln trc, sau mi chn n tc ct.

84
Tnh thi gian c bn khi bo v xc:

B.i
To = (ph )
n.S
Vi: B l chiu rng tnh theo phng chy dao, mm.
B = b0 +b1 +b2;
b0 l chiu rng ca b mt gia cng; b1, b2 l lng n vo v vt qu.
i: s bc gia cng.
S: lng tin dao sau mt hnh trnh kp, mm/htk.
n: s hnh trnh kp trn mt pht, htk/ph
V .1000
n= c ;
L(1 + m)
Vc l tc ct khi bo (xc);
L l chiu di hnh trnh bo (xc) tnh theo phng vn tc ct,
L = l0+l1+l2;
l0:chiu di b mt gia cng; l1, l2: lng cha trc v thot dao khi bo
m l t s gia tc ct v tc chy khng khi dao bo (xc) li v:
m = Vc / Vck.
Ngoi ra, c th tnh theo cng thc:
(b + b 1 + b 2 ).(l 0 + l 1 + l 2 ).(1 + m)
T0 = 0 i (ph )
Vc .1000.S
b) Phay
Phay l phng php gia cng mt phng c s dng rng ri nht. Trong
sn xut ln, phay hu nh thay th hon ton bo bi v phay c nhiu li ct, tc
ct cao hn nn nng sut cao hn.
Hnh 6.26- Cc s phay cc mt phng.

85
Khi phay, chnh xc c th t c cp 8, 9; nhm b mt Rz = 10 20.

Khi phay tinh c th t chnh xc cp 7, Ra = 1,25.
Phay mt phng c th c s dng trn cc my phay vn nng nm ngang
hay ng, my chuyn dng. Ngoi ra, cn c th dng my phay ging.
Dao gia cng mt phng c th l dao phay hnh tr, dao phay mt u, dao
phay ngn hay dao phay a.
Khi phay mt phng bng dao phay tr c th thc hin bng hai cch:
- Phay nghch: l cch phay m vct tc ct v hng tin dao ngc
chiu trong vng ct.
Phay nghch thng c dng v chiu dy lp ct t nh n ln nn t va
p, nn bo qun my, dao d dng v c th dng my c gia cng. Do vy, khi
gia cng th hay gia cng vt liu cng th nn phay nghch.
Tuy nhin, v lp ct bt u c chiu dy l 0 do , ti y vt liu b nn
xung, khi dao i qua, ti nhng ni b nn s b li lm do bin dng n hi.
- Phay thun: l cch phay m vct tc ct v hng tin dao cng
chiu trong vng ct.
u im ca phay thun l khng gy nn hin tng trt trn b mt khi n
dao, do nhm b mt nh, ng thi nng cao nng sut (vi cng iu kin ct
th cao hn 50% so vi phay nghch) nn phay thun c dng khi gia cng tinh hay
vt liu mm, my chnh xc v c cng vng cao.
Tuy nhin, phay thun c chiu dy ct t ln xung nh, do vy gy va p, v
th ch dng phay thun khi my mi hay my c b phn kh r gia ai c v
vitme bn my (v lc ct c phng trng vi phng lc y ca vitme - ai c).
a) b)
Hnh 6.27- S phay mt phng bng dao phay tr.

a) Phay nghch; b) Phay thun
G t chi tit khi phay mt phng:

- Ly du, ct th: Chi tit c th c g trc tip ln bn my, r theo
du v k lt xc nh v tr. Sau kp cht bng ren vt hay m kp hoc g chi
tit ln t ri ct th v iu chnh dn. Phng php ny dng khi sn lng t.
- Dng g c c so dao: Vi g ph hp vi chi tit cn gia cng,
ch cn a dao vo ng c so dao v gia cng. Cch ny dng cho sn lng ln.

86
nng cao nng sut khi phay, ngy nay ngi ta dng cc cch sau:
- G nhiu dao ln mt trc gia cng ng thi nhiu b mt:
Phng php ny nhm tn dng cng
sut ca my, dng nhiu dao ct cng mt
lc, gim bt cng g t nhiu ln v c
bit l lm cho thi gian my trng nhau.
Ngoi ra, cn c th g nhiu dao ln
nhiu trc, cch ny dng khi my phay c
nhiu trc chnh.
- Phay nhiu chi tit trn mt ln g:
G nhiu chi tit ct cng mt
lc s rt ngn c thi gian ph
g t, kp cht chi tit; ng thi tn
dng rt ngn c thi gian my v
s gim lng n vo v vt qu.
Nu chi tit c kt cu b mt
khng lin tc th c th cho chy dao
nhanh qua cc ch trng gim bt
thi gian.
- Dng bn quay:
rt ngn thi gian ph, ng thi kt hp s dng nhiu dao cng mt lc,
ngi ta dng g c bn quay khng lin tc. Vi dao phay a 3 mt, ch sau mt
ln chy dao l c th gia cng c 4 b mt song song, quay i 900 l c mt chi
tit c hon thnh.
Bn quay Bn quay Dao phay
Chi tit
Chi tit
S phay trn bn quay khng lin tc. S phay trn bn quay lin tc.
Tuy nhin, bn quay lin tc vn c thi gian khng gia cng quay bn,
do tn dng lun thi gian ny, ngi ta dng bn quay lin tc. Phi c xp
st nhau, bn quay ng thi dao cng quay gia cng. Khi ct bng bn quay lin
tc, yu cu tc ca bn quay phi nh hn hay bng lng chy dao cn thit v
sao cho cng nhn c kh nng tho lp xong trong tm tay ca h.

87
- Dng bn chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi:

Trn g c th lp
c nhiu chi tit, khi ang
Vng gia cng
gia cng chi tit th nht, th
ngi cng nhn lp chi tit
Vng lp Vng tho th hai vo u kia ca g.
Khi gia cng xong chi tit th
nht th bn my s chy n dao ct tip chi tit th hai, trong lc th ngi
cng nhn tho chi tit th nht ra v lp vo phi th ba. Khi gia cng xong chi tit
th hai th bn my chy ngc li gia cng chi tit th ba v c tip tc nh th.
Tnh thi gian c bn:
Khi phay bng dao phay tr v mt u:
L.i
T0 = (ph )
SM
trong :
SM: lng tin dao pht, mm/ph
SM = Sz.Z.n,
Sz l lng tin dao rng (mm/rng); Z l s rng ca dao phay; n l s vng
quay ca dao (v/ph).
l: chiu di hnh trnh chy dao, mm
l =l0 +lav +lvq
l0 l chiu di b mt gia cng (mm);
lav l lng n vo, n c xc nh:
+ Vi dao phay tr: l av = R 2 (R t ) 2
R l bn knh dao phay tr (mm); t l chiu su ct (mm).
+ Vi dao phay mt u: l av = D.t t 2
D l ng knh dao phay, t l chiu su ct (mm).
lvq l lng vt qu, thng c chn t 2 5mm v ph thuc vo ng
knh dao.
c) Chut mt phng
Chut mt phng l phng php gia cng mt phng c chnh xc, nng
sut cao (gia cng th, tinh ch trong mt ln chut) nhng gi thnh cng cao (ch
to dao kh tn km) do vy ch dng trong sn xut hng lot.
Chut mt phng c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 7, nhm
b mt Ra = 0,32 0,16.
Khi chut mt phng, ngoi yu cu v cng sut my, cng vng ca my,
dao; vic kp cht chi tit phi ht sc chc chn.
Chut mt phng c th dng nhiu kiu dao khc nhau.

88
Chut lp l phng php

chut m lng d c chia thnh
cc phn c chiu dy bng nhau.
Cch ny thng c dng gia
cng b mt qua gia cng v t
chnh xc tt.
Chut mnh l phng php
chut m lng d c chia thnh
cc phn c chiu dy khc nhau.
Cch ny thng dng gia cng
b mt cha qua gia cng, yu cu
Chut lp Chut mnh rng ca dao c cao nh nhau v
Hnh 6.28- S chut mt phng. chiu rng ca rng s c m dn
ra v mt pha hoc t gia m rng
ra hai pha hoc t hai pha m vo gia, lc ny dao chut lm vic tng t nh bo
c nhiu dao.
tng nng sut khi chut mt phng, ngi ta cn thay chuyn ng tnh
tin ca dao bng chuyn ng quay lin tc ca bn my trn c g chi tit hoc
bng chuyn ng quay lin tc ca hai bnh truyn lm cho bng ti chy lin tc.
a) Bo tinh mng
Bo tinh mng l phng php gia cng tinh mt phng cc chi tit khng qua
nhit luyn hoc bng hp kim mu c kh nng t chnh xc v cht lng b
mt cao. Ngoi ra, y l phng php gia cng tinh mt phng c nng sut rt cao.
Bo tinh mng c th gia cng mt phng t chnh xc cp 7; nhm b
mt Ra = 0,32 0,16. Tuy nhin, trc chi tit phi c gia cng t chnh
xc cp 8, 9; nhm b mt dao cao Ra = 0,16; my bo chnh xc, cng vng
cao, khng c r, li ct c ch to chnh xc (qua mi nghin), g dao chnh
xc (kim tra bng khe h nh sng).
Bn cht ca bo tinh
mng vi dao rng bn l dng
dao c li ct rng (40 120
mm); ct vi chiu su ct rt
b (0,05 0,08 mm) nhng
lng chy dao li kh ln (
0,5 chiu rng li ct); tc
Hnh 6.29- Bo tinh mng. ct cng tng i ln, i vi
dao thp gi th v = 6 12 m/ph, cn i vi dao hp kim th v = 15 20 m/ph.

89
b) Mi
c Mi trn my mi phng:
Mi trn my mi phng l mt phng php c bn gia cng tinh mt
phng, hoc gia cng ln cui cc mt qua ti sau khi phay hay bo.
Mi phng c th gia cng c mt phng t chnh xc cp 7, nhm b
mt Ra = 1,6 m. Tuy nhin, do nhit pht sinh ra trong qu trnh mi phng ln nn
rt d gy ra bin dng nhit trong qu trnh mi, c bit ch vi cc chi tit mng.
* Mi phng bng mi hnh tr:
Phng php mi phng
V
ny c kh nng t c
chnh xc v nhn bng b
mt cao bi v phng php
ny c th thot phoi, thot
S nhit v ti dung dch trn
ngui vo khu vc gia cng
d. Tuy nhin, do din tch
Vbm tip xc vi chi tit khng ln
Hnh 6.30- Mi phng bng mi hnh tr. nn nng sut thp, khc
phc th dng rng bn.
* Mi phng bng mi mt u:
Phng php mi ny c nng sut
cao, tit kim c mi. Tuy nhin,
do kh thot phoi v kh a c dung
dch trn ngui vo vng gia cng do
m vic thot nhit chm, v vy
chnh xc v nhn bng thp hn so
Hnh 6.31- Mi phng bng vi mi bng mi hnh tr. Mun c
mi mt u.
c chnh xc v nhn bng cao th
phi chn ch ct thp, lc th nng sut li khng cao.
Nu nghing i mt gc nh th c th gii quyt c vn thot nhit,
thot phoi v a dung dch trn ngui, nhng khi cc vt mi s khng xa ln
nhau nn nhn bng b mt thp v mt gia cng cn b lm xung.
d Mi nghin:
Mi nghin mt phng thng c gia cng trn my nghin trc thng ng
hoc dng cc g trn my khoan hay my phay ng.
a nghin c ch to theo dng tm hoc dng a trn. B mt ca a
nghin c th phng hoc c cc rnh; vi a phng th qu trnh cp bt nghin rt
kh khn nn chi tit s c profin li, cn a c rnh cho php bt nghin i ti tt c
cc phn ca b mt gia cng nn chi tit c chnh xc v nng sut cao hn.

90
Khi nghin th, a nghin thng lm bng ng hay hp kim mu (v chng

c kh nng gi c ht mi ln); cn khi nghin tinh th a nghin c lm bng
gang peclit (v loi ny d gi ht mi mn nh). Bt nghin l Al2O3 hay Cr2O3.
Nghin phng c thc hin bng cc phng php: bc tnh tin i li (a);
bc vng (b) v phng php phi hp (ca bc tnh tin v bc vng):
1 2 3 1
a) b)
Hnh 6.32- Cc phng php nghin mt phng.
1- Dng c nghin; 2- Vng cch; 3- Chi tit
- Theo phng php bc tnh tin i li, chuyn ng ca chi tit gia cng
bao gm chuyn ng tnh tin i li song song hoc cc chuyn ng tnh tin i li
vung gc vi nhau.
- Theo phng php bc vng th a nghin quay, chi tit c nh hoc
a nghin c nh, chi tit quay.
- Cn phng php phi hp th a nghin quay, chi tit th tnh tin i li.
c) Co
Co l phng php gia cng tinh vi dng c l dao co (thp dng c) v
c thc hin bng tay hay bn c kh.
Co c th gia cng c nhiu b mt khc nhau nh mt phng, rnh mang
c, rnh then...; c th t chnh xc cao v phng (c th t 0,01/ 1000 mm)
v v tr tng quan gia chng bng cc dng c n gin. Tuy vy, co li tn nhiu
cng sc, nng sut khng cao v khng gia cng c vt liu qu cng nn thng
dng sn xut nh.
Bn cht ca co l dng bn mu (m bn) c phng cao, trt ln mt
lp sn rt mng ri p ln b mt cn co kim tra phng, sau tm nhng
im cao c dnh sn co. B mt phng c nh gi qua s im dnh sn phn
b trn mt phng.
- Co th: 12 18 im trn din tch 25x25 mm2.
- Co tinh: 20 25 im trn din tch 25x25 mm2.
B mt sau khi co c th gi c lp du
bo m bi trn tt trong qu trnh lm vic,
v nh c th gip cho mt phng lu mn.
Mn t nht Mn ln nht

91
6.4- gia cng b mt ren

Ren l loi b mt c to thnh trn c s ng xon c tr (hoc cn). B
mt ren c s dng rt ph bin trong c kh ni ring v cng nghip ni chung.
Ren c nhiu loi khc nhau nh ren kp cht (bulng, ai c c tit din
tam gic); ren truyn ng (vitme - ai c c tit din hnh thang, ch nht, trn);
ren lp kn (ren ng nc c tit din trn u).
Nhng yu cu khi gia cng ren l: chnh xc bc ren; chiu dy ren trn
ng knh trung bnh; chnh xc bin dng v tit din ren; bng sn ren...
a) Tar, bn ren
Ct ren bng tar v bn ren c tin hnh bng tay hay bng my. Tar v
bn ren l hai dng c ct ren c tiu chun ha. Tar dng ct ren trong, bn
ren dng ct ren ngoi.
c Tar
Ty theo cng dng v kt cu m ngi ta chia tar thnh cc loi sau:
l1 l2 l4 - Tar tay: gm 2, 3 chic trong mt b.
- Tar my: dng trn my khoan.

- Tar ai c: dng gia cng ai c.
Tar ch yu dng ct ren trong tiu
l l3 chun c ng knh trung bnh v nh.
Tar c th gia cng c ren tr, ren cn,
Hnh 6.33- Tar tay. thng hoc khng thng.
Gc nghing chnh ty theo loi tar v iu kin ct m c gi tr khong
3030 250. Rnh tar dng cha phoi, ty theo ng knh m s rnh c th t 3
6 rnh, thng thng l rnh thng, i vi l su th l rnh xon.
Tc ct khi gia cng bng tar thp (5 15 m/p) bi v tar c nhiu li
ct cng lm vic mt lc, do nhit to ra ln, rt d gy chy nh ren.
chnh xc khi ct ren ty thuc vo vt liu lm tar, chnh xc ch to
n v phng php thc hin khi gia cng. Nu phn ct c mi th chnh xc c
th t cp 7, nu khng ch t cp 8.
L ren c gia cng bng tar d b nghing, lc s rt d gy tar.
khc phc hin tng ny, khi tar my phi thc hin khoan v tar trn mt ln g;
nu hai ln g th khi tar phi dng u t la d nh v tar theo l khoan.
Nng sut ct ren bng tar rt thp v tc ct thp v hnh trnh chy
khng. nng cao nng sut, ngi ta dng loi tar t bp li sau khi ct ren xong
c th rt thng ra khi l; hay dng mi tar my u cong trn my khoan hay
tin gia cng ai c lin tc, loi b c hnh trnh chy khng.

92
d Bn ren:
Nu trng hnh dng bn ngoi, khng k
cc l thot phoi th bn ren c hnh ca mt
ai c. Trn vnh ngoi ca bn ren c 4 l cn
900 bt vt kp bn ren trong tay quay. Hai
trong 4 l c ng tm lch i so vi
phng hng knh mt lng l c dng iu
chnh kch thc khi bn ren b mn.
c im v tc ct, chnh xc v
nng sut cng ging nh l tar.
nng cao nng sut, ngi ta cng
dng loi bn ren t m, tc l sau khi ct ren
xong, cc li ct ca bn ren t m ra c
ng knh trong ln hn ng knh nh ren
Hnh 6.34- Bn ren.
v c th rt hn ra ngoi.
b) Tin ren
c Tin ren bng dao tin ren
y l phng php gia cng ren ph bin nht c tin hnh trn my tin
ren va vn nng, ph hp vi sn xut n chic v lot nh.
p ng yu
cu lm vic ca ren
phi bo m gc tit
din , bin dng ren v
ng knh trung bnh.
iu ny ch c th thc
hin c khi g dao
chnh xc, tc l li ct
phi nm trong mt
Hnh 6.35- Tin ren.
phng nm ngang vi
ng tm ca chi tit gia cng, ng i xng ca mi dao thng gc vi ng
tm chi tit v cch n mt on bng bn knh chn ren.
Ngy nay, c hai phng php tin ren nh sau:
- Tin dao hng knh:
a) b)
Phng php ny c th ct
ren t nhn b mt ren
cao nhng kh thot phoi
nn ch c th p dng ch
S S
ct thp, do nng sut
Hnh 6.36- S ct khi tin ren. ct thp.
a) Tin dao hng knh; b) Tin dao nghing.
93
- Tin dao nghing: Kiu ny d thot phoi, iu kin ct tt hn nhng

nhn mt ren li khng cao. Do , thng thng ln ct cui cng tin hnh
chy dao hng knh tng nhn bng b mt ren.
Khi tin ren nhiu u mi, lc chuyn sang u mi khc cn iu chnh dao
vo ng v tr, khi chi tit c tch khi xch tin ren v quay mt gc tng ng
so vi s u mi ren.
nng cao nng sut tin ren, c th nng cao ch ct trong ch yu l
tng vn tc ct v chiu su ct. Tuy nhin, cch ny s gp kh khn khi gia cng
ren c bc ln, chiu di on ct ren ngn v rt d b va p. khc phc th
ngi ta dng c cu rt dao nhanh, sau khi gia cng ht chiu di ren th s c tc
ng lm cho dao li ra hay tin vo (ph thuc vo ren trong hay ngoi), tip l
rt dao ra nhanh cho n khi chm c chn th dao li tr v v tr ban u.
d Tin ren bng dao rng lc
Dao rng lc c coi nh gm
nhiu dao tin ren n c chiu cao tng
dn trong mt ln chy ren c th gia
cng chiu su ren, m bo nng sut
gia cng .
Ct ren bng dao rng lc thng
c tin hnh trn my tin rvnve t
ng v bn t ng.
Hnh 6.37- Dao tin rng lc. Gia cng ren bng dao rng lc ch
dng khi ct ren thng sut.
e Gia cng ren bng u ct ren
Dng u ct ren c th ct ren
trong v ren ngoi trn my chuyn dng
hoc trn my tin ren vn nng.
Trn thn ca u ct ren c lp cc
dao ct ren rng lc. cui hnh trnh
ct, cc dao c ni nhanh ra khi vng
tip xc vi chi tit, do vic li dao
c tin hnh nhanh hn v gim thi
gian ph.
Gia cng ren bng u ct ren
thng dng trong sn xut hng lot, tc
ct tng i ln 15 20 m/ph.
Phng php ny cho nng sut rt
Hnh 6.38- u ct ren.
cao, cao hn hn cc phng php gia
cng ren trc.

94
f Tin ren gi lc
tin ren cao tc, ngi ta dng mt u tin ren cao tc lp trn my tin
vn nng hoc my chuyn dng. Phng php ny c th gia cng c c ren trong
v ren ngoi.
u tin ren cao tc thng lp 4 6 dao v lp lch tm so vi tm chi tit.
Khi quay mi li dao ht i mt lng hnh li lim. u tin ren cao tc ngoi
chuyn ng quay sinh ra vn tc ct, cn c chuyn ng tnh tin ct ht chiu
di ren.
Hnh 6.39- S tin ren cao tc.

a) Tin ren cao tc bao ngoi; b) Tin ren gi lc khng bao
u ren cao tc c th dng vn tc ct ln (v cc dao ct khng lin tc nn
thot phoi, thot nhit tt), nu dng dao thp gi v = 80 100 m/ph; cn dng dao
gn mnh hp kim cng th vn tc ct c th n 300 m/ph. V vy, nng sut rt cao.
c) Phay ren
Phay ren l phng php gia cng ren trong v ren ngoi t chnh xc v
nng sut cao. Thng dng trong sn xut hng lot trn my phay chuyn dng.
c Phay on ren di
on ren di khi chiu di on ren gia cng ln hn 2 3 ln ng knh ren,
khi dng dao phay a gia cng.
Hnh 6.40- S phay on ren di bng dao phay a.

95
Khi dng dao phay a th trc dao phi nghing vi trc mt gc ng bng
gc nng ca ren.
Tuy nhin, dng cch ny s c sai s dng ren bi v ch ng knh trung
bnh ca ren mi yu cu gc nghing ca trc dao bng gc nng ca ren, trong khi
dao lun xoay mt gc c nh. Hn th na, li ct khng nm trong mt phng
qua tm, do ren c bin dng ng th dao phi c li ct dng ng cong,
m nu th th qu phc tp.
V vy, ngi ta dng dao c li ct thng v chp nhn sai s dng ren.
Cho nn, cch ny ch dng gia cng ren c yu cu chnh xc khng cao
hoc gia cng th mc d c nng sut kh cao.
d Phay on ren ngn
on ren ngn khi chiu di on ren gia cng khng vt qu 2 3 ln ng
knh ren, khi dng dao phay rng lc gia cng.
Hnh 6.41- S phay on ren ngn bng dao rng lc.

Khi lm vic, chi tit quay chm, dao va quay va tnh tin dc trc. Trc dao
khng cn phi g nghing i mt gc so vi trc chi tit, iu ny c ngha nh
tin, do nu g dao ng tm ca n v ca chi tit cng nm trong mt phng
nm ngang v song song vi nhau th dng li ct l ng thng, dao d ch to v
chnh xc dng ren cao hn.
d) Cn ren
Cn ren l mt trong nhng phng php gia cng ren t nng sut cao nht,
nn thng dng trong sn xut hng khi v hng lot ln.
V bn cht, cn ren khc hn vi cc phng php gia cng ren m ta ni
trn, ch n to ren khng phi bng cch ct ra phoi m bng bin dng do.
Chnh c im ny gip cho ren c c sc bn rt tt do khng lm ct t cc th
dc ca kim loi nh cc phng php gia cng ct gt.
Dng c cn ren c th l bn cn phng, bn cn hnh cung hay con ln ren
(l cn ren).
Bn cn ren phng (a) lp trn g c th lm vic trn u my bo hoc

96
my chuyn dng cn ren; trn bn cn c to ra cc rnh vi gc nghing ren

tng ng vi ren cn gia cng. Cch ny dng cn ren nhng chi tit c ren vi
kch thc nh.
Hnh 6.42- S gia cng ren bng phng php cn.
Cn bng hai l cn ren (b) lm vic trn my cn ren chuyn dng, c nng
sut cao hn v chuyn ng lin tc (khng gin on nh dng bn cn ren).
Khi cn, chi tit c trn thanh sao cho tm chi tit thp hn tm l cn
khong 0,2 mm. L cn A quay trn trn trc c nh, l B c dn ng quay v c
th ra vo iu chnh khi gia cng.
Cn ren bng bn cn hnh cung (c) thng dng khi cn ren t ng c nng
sut rt cao (20.000 25.000 bulng/h), song chnh xc ren khng cao.
Cn bng ba l cn (d) cho chnh xc v nng sut cao.
6.4.2- Gia cng sau nhit luyn
Mi ren dng gia cng tinh nhng ren c yu cu chnh xc cao nh ren
trn cc calip ren, tar, con ln ren, bn cn ren, ren trong cc my chnh xc... v cc
loi ren qua nhit luyn.
Mi ren c thc hin trn my mi ren chuyn dng, c cng ngh gia cng
chnh xc v tng i phc tp. Tuy vy, ngy nay do yu cu nng cao cht lng
sn phm, cng ngh ny pht trin mnh m v c nhiu thit b mi ren chnh
xc ra i.

97
Ch ct khi mi ren c th tnh ton theo cng thc cho trong s tay. Tuy
vy, khi chn ch mi cn phi ch n vt liu gia cng, s ln mi, cng vt
mi m iu chnh cho ph hp.
Cn v lng d khi mi, vi nhng loi ren bc nh th ngi ta khng ct s
b m mi to ren ngay trn phi; ren c bc ln v gia cng s b th lng d
mi cn li c th tnh theo cng thc:
= K.D0,25.S0,25 (K: h s)
vi: D: ng knh ren mi (mm)
S: bc ren (mm)
a) Mi bng mi mt u mi ( mi n)
Phng php ny c dng ph bin, prfin ca tng ng vi prfin ren.
mi c chuyn ng quay v tnh tin
hng knh c th gia cng c nhng loi
n ren c kch thc khc nhau v mi c ht
chiu su ca n. Bn my mang chi tit quay
v c chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc vi tc
nct dch chuyn bng mt vng quay ca n.
Khi g t, trc ca mi v trc ca chi
Sct
tit nm trong mt phng nhng lch nhau mt
gc ng bng gc nng ca ren.
Hnh 6.43- S mi ren
bng mi mt u mi. Phng php ny t chnh xc gia
cng cao, cu to ca n gin, d sa .
b) Mi bng mi nhiu u mi
nng cao nng sut, ngi ta dng phng php mi ren vi mi nhiu
u mi.
Thc ra, nhiu u mi gm nhiu
mt u mi ghp li nn nng sut cao hn
n mt u mi.
Phng php ny, mi khng cn t
nghing so vi chi tit mt gc m t c
nct ng tm song song vi ng tm chi tit.
Tuy nhin, cng v iu ny m chnh xc
Sct
thp hn mi vi mt u mi.
Phng php ny ch mi c cc loi ren
Hnh 6.44- S mi ren
c bc ln hn 0,6 mm bi v nu bc ren
bng mi nhiu u mi.
nh hn th khng m bo bn ca mi,
d lm v cc ng ren ca mi.
Mi ren bng mi nhiu u mi i hi my phi c c cu sa chnh
xc, thng thng dng c cu tin bng mi kim cng.

98
6.5- gia cng b mt then

B mt then l loi b mt dng truyn mmen xon hoc dn hng, c
dng rng ri v cu to n gin v chc chn, d tho lp, gi thnh r...
Then l chi tit c tiu chun ha gm nhiu loi khc nhau nh then
bng, then vt, then bn nguyt, then hoa.
6.5.1- Gia cng then trn trc
Then trn trc c gia cng bng phng php phay sau khi trc tin tinh.
Nu then c yu cu i xng cao, trc khi phay then phi mi hai c trc lm
chun (g ln hai khi V ngn) khi gia cng.
a) Gia cng then bng
Then bng l loi then c tit din hnh ch nht, hai u thng hoc trn, mt
lm vic l hai mt bn. Rnh then bng c nhiu loi nh: khng thng, thng mt
u v thng hai u.
Loi khng thng Loi thng mt u Loi thng hai u

Hnh 6.45- Cc loi rnh then trn trc.
gia cng rnh then bng trn trc, ngi ta s dng dao phay ngn, c
th l dao phay ngn thng thng hay dao phay ngn chuyn dng.
c Dng dao phay ngn thng thng
Do dao phay ngn thng thng
khng c li ct mt u, cho nn khi
gia cng rnh then bng loi khng thng
th phi khoan mi mt (hoc hai) l c
ng knh bng chiu rng rnh then, sau
, mi cho dao phay ngn vo v thc
hin chy dao dc trc ct ht chiu di
rnh then. ng chuyn dao theo s
Hnh 6.46- Phay rnh then bng (6.48a) i vi khoan mi mt l v theo s
vi dao phay ngn thng thng. (6.48b) i vi khoan mi hai l.
Khi gia cng rnh then bng loi thng mt hoc hai u th khng cn phi
khoan mi. ng chuyn dao khi phay rnh then bng thng mt u theo s (a)

99
v thng hai u theo s (b) hnh 6.48.

d Dng dao phay ngn chuyn dng
Dao phay ngn chuyn dng khc vi loi
dao phay ngn thng thng, ch n c thm
li ct mt u, do vy khi ct rnh khng
cn phi khoan mi.
ng chuyn dao theo s (b) hnh 6.48.
Li dao nhanh Chy dao nhanh
Gia cng Gia cng

Hnh 6.47- Phay rnh then bng a) b)
vi dao phay ngn chuyn dng. Hnh 6.48- S ng chuyn dao.
b) Gia cng then vt
Then vt l loi then lm vic cc mt trn v mt di, cn mt bn c khe
h. Then c vt mt mt c dc 1 / 100.
Loi then ny truyn c mmen xon ln lc
dc trc, c th chu c va p; tuy nhin n gy
ra rung ng nn ngy cng t c s dng.
gia cng rnh then vt trn trc, ngi ta
dng dao phay a ba mt. Tuy dng dao phay a
ba mt gia cng s c chnh xc km v rnh
then d b rng ra (do bin dng n hi ca trc g
dao, dao mi khng ng, kh bo m c mt
bn dao thng gc vi ng tm trc g dao),
Hnh 6.49- Then vt
nhng do then vt c mt bn h, cho nn vn
dng v loi ny c nng sut rt cao.
c) Gia cng then bn nguyt
Then bn nguyt cng ging nh then bng c
mt lm vic l hai mt bn, n c u im l c
th t ng thch ng vi cc nghing ca rnh
may, nhng nhc im l trc b yu do phay
rnh (c su hn cc loi then kia).
gia cng rnh then bn nguyt trn trc,
dng dao phay a ba mt. Lc ny, dao quay v ch
c chuyn ng hng knh. Bn knh ca dao bng
bn knh then v thng l b ( rnh su) nn ch
Hnh 6.50- Then bn nguyt
ct b hn ch, do vy, nng sut thp.

100
d) Gia cng then hoa

Do cng ngh phay rnh then cha hon thin, mun gia cng chnh xc th rt
phc tp v tn km. Do , nu cn chnh xc th thay rnh then bng rnh then hoa.
a)
b) c)
Hnh 6.51- S phay trc then hoa.
Then hoa c th coi l gm nhiu then v cc then c lm lin vi trc,
thng c khong 5, 6, 8, 10 rnh.
Phay rnh then hoa trn trc c th c thc hin bng mt hoc hai ln ty
theo sn lng. Trong sn xut hng lot, phay rnh then hoa c thc hin hai ln:
phay hai mt bn trc, sau phay phn mt tr (a); hoc phay mt ln bng dao
nh hnh (b). Trong sn xut ln, hay dng dao phay ln then hoa dng trc vt trn
my phay ln chuyn dng (c).
6.5.2- Gia cng then trn l
a) Gia cng then bng

Then bng trn l thng gp cc bnh rng, bnh ai, a xch, tay quay...
gia cng rnh then trn l, ngi ta
thng dng phng php xc trn my xc. Vi
phng php ny, vic iu chnh my c thc
hin theo kiu ly du v c dng rt nhiu
trong mi dng sn xut.
Ngoi ra, trong sn xut nh, khi gia cng
rnh then trn l, thng dng phng php bo
trn my bo ngang.
Hnh 6.52- Xc rnh then. Cn trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi, th

101
hay dng phng php chut, c th l gia cng l xong, sau mi chut rnh then
hoc l kt hp chut rnh then v l ng thi. Vi cch ny, then c gia cng
chnh xc, nng sut rt cao nhng ch to dao kh tn km.
b) Gia cng then hoa
Vi sn xut dng nh, vic gia cng then hoa trn l c thc hin bng
cch xc trn my xc tng rnh mt, ri phn gia cng n ht.
Khi sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi th dng phng php chut gia cng
then hoa trn l. Lc ny l gia cng then hoa c gia cng sn, dao chut ch
ct phn rnh then hoa.
Ngoi ra, c th dng phng php bin dng do gia cng l then hoa,
l t l then hoa.
6.5.3- Mi rnh then hoa
Then hoa l mi ghp cn c chnh xc, v vy, sau khi gia cng cn phi
mi then hoa c trc ln l.
Khi lp ghp then hoa, s c 3 phng php nh tm mi ghp:
nh tm theo ng nh tm theo ng nh tm theo hai

knh trong. knh ngoi. cnh bn.
Hnh 6.53- Cc phng php nh tm then hoa.
- Lp theo ng knh trong t c ng tm cao nht. Thng thng

l dng kiu lp ny v n chnh xc.
- Lp theo ng knh ngoi t c ng tm thp hn, nhng khi
mi s d hn so vi nh tm theo ng knh trong. Kiu lp ny thng dng trong
tt c cc mi ghp then khng dch chuyn dc trc.
- Lp theo hai cnh bn c ng tm km nht nhng n truyn c
mmen xon cao nht v ti trng phn b u trn cc rng. Mi ghp ny thng
dng khi yu cu quay hai chiu, truyn mmen xon ln, khng yu cu cao v
ng tm.
a) Mi rnh then hoa trn trc
Khi mi rnh then hoa trn trc, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php mi sau:
c Khi nh tm theo ng knh trong
mi rnh then hoa trn trc khi nh tm theo ng knh trong, ngi ta
thng dng phng php mi nh hnh.

102
Phng php mi nh hnh ny, g lp n

gin, m bo chnh xc v tr tng quan ca
cc b mt. Tuy nhin, do mi ng thi c ba
mt cho nn, rt nhanh mn, trong qu trnh gia
cng phi sa lin tc.
Nu mun ko di tui th ca th phi dng
c cng cao hn cng chi tit, do vy s
Hnh 6.54- Mi nh hnh
rnh then hoa trn trc. lm cho cht lng b mt mi xu. khc phc
nhc im ny, ngi ta tin hnh mi na tinh
bng c c tnh k thut ph hp, sau mi tinh bng cng hn. Tuy nhin,
nh th th nng sut s gim.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng cc kiu mi khc nh: mi hai cnh bn ring,
mi ng knh trong ring.
d Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi:
Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi th vic mi rnh then hoa trn trc s
c tin hnh trn my mi trn ngoi ging nh mi cc b mt tr trn.
e Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn:
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn, vic mi
hai cnh bn s c tin hnh trn my mi
phng bng a, c dng thm c cu phn
mi ht cc mt bn.
Kh khn ca cch ny l vic g lp v
Hnh 6.55- Mi cnh bn iu chnh phc tp v trn cng mt trc lp
rnh then hoa trn trc. hai nn khong trc th ra lp cc mt
bch p s di, d gy ra rung ng.
b) Mi rnh then hoa trn l
Vic mi rnh then hoa trn l kh thc hin hn so vi mi trn trc.
c Khi nh tm theo ng knh trong
Mi rnh then hoa trn l, nh tm theo ng knh trong cng c thc hin
ging nh mi l b mt tr trong, c tin hnh trn my mi trn trong.
d Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi:
Trng hp ny, ngi ta thng dng phng php mi khn. Kt cu ca
u khn rnh then hoa khc vi u khn l thng.
e Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn:
Khi nh tm theo hai cnh bn, thng dng phng php mi nghin mi
hai cnh bn.

103
6.6- gia cng b mt nh hnh

B mt cc chi tit my, ngoi cc mt c bn nh mt phng, mt tr... cn c
cc mt cong, mt thn khai, mt hypecboit... Tp hp cc loi b mt ny ta c mt
nh hnh.
6.6.1- Gia cng bng phng php chp hnh
a) Dng dao nh hnh
c Tin
Tin bng dao nh hnh to nn cc b mt chi tit bi mt ng sinh l mt
ng bt k do li dao to thnh, quay quanh ng chun trn.
Tin nh hnh c th dng dao tin
nh hnh hnh tr hoc hnh trn. C li
ct ca dao l mt ng sinh nn cn
mi dao chnh xc, qu trnh ch to dao
phc tp, gi thnh cao nn ch dng trong
S sn xut ln.
Do ch cn thc hin chy dao ngang
l c th hnh thnh c chi tit nn nng
Hnh 6.56- Tin nh hnh.
sut rt cao. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh ct
thc hin trn ton b chiu di li ct nn lc ct rt ln, i hi my phi c cng
sut ln, cng vng ca h thng cng ngh rt cao.
chnh xc ca chi tit s khng t c cao, do ph thuc vo vic ch to
dao v bin dng ng cong.
d Phay
Phay vi dao nh hnh c th phay c mt s loi mt nh hnh nh mt
cong, rnh, mt tng hp... vi nng sut cao.
Phng php ny thng ch
dng gia cng cc b mt nh
hnh ngn trong sn xut ln v
dao phi ch to ring cho tng
loi sn phm, c hnh dng ging
nh hnh dng b mt chi tit,
chnh xc tng i nn qu trnh
ch to dao rt phc tp, gi cao.
Khi gia cng, lc ct s ln,
phi hn ch v ch ct. Chiu
Hnh 6.57- Phay nh hnh. su ct v ng knh dao s thay
i trong qu trnh ct, chnh xc ca sn phm ph thuc vo chnh xc ca
dao, cch g t chi tit v chnh xc ca b mt chun.

104
b) Chp hnh theo dng

c Tin
Tin chp hnh theo dng s dng dao tin thng, dng c lm ring c
th ging hnh dng chi tit (nh gia cng piston) hoc khc hnh dng chi tit (nh
ch l rnh cho bn dao c con ln chy bn trong).
Phng php ny khng nhng
ch gia cng c mt nh hnh trn
xoay m cn c th gia cng c
Sd nhng mt lch tm, mt lm vic ca
cam, mt van ca pittng...
Khi gia cng theo phng php
ny th dng c lp c nh trn
bn my, vitme - ai c bn dao
ngang ca my tin c tho i, my
Hnh 6.58- Tin chp hnh theo dng.
ch c chuyn ng chy dao dc, cn
chuyn ng chy dao ngang c thc hin theo dng.
d Phay
Phng php ny gii quyt c kh khn m dao phay nh hnh gp phi
nh chiu di mt nh hnh ln, nu dng dao phay nh hnh th vic thit k v ch
to dao rt kh khn, mt khc li ct di nn lc ct ln, ch ct s b hn ch .
Thc cht ca qu trnh phay chp
hnh l mt trong hai chuyn ng
vung gc vi nhau c thc hin da
theo profin ca dng ch to trc.
lm c vic phi tho vitme -
ai c chy dao ca bn my theo
phng , cn mi d lun p st vi
dng chp hnh do tc dng ca l xo
hay i trng tng ng. Chuyn ng
chy dao theo phng cn li c gi
nguyn nh c.
Hnh 6.59- Phay chp hnh. chnh xc ca phay chp hnh
ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh xc
ca dng, truyn ng ca my, c cu ph, ng thi ph thuc vo chnh xc
iu chnh.
Hnh dng dng c to nn bng phng php v v hon ton cn c vo
dng chi tit gia cng. gim nh hng sai s ca dng, ngi ta lm dng c
kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi chi tit thc. Tuy nhin, nh th th kt cu s rt cng
knh, phc tp.

105
c) Chp hnh theo c cu

Chp hnh theo c cu l dng gia cng chp hnh, nhng phi da vo dng
m da vo cc c cu c bit.
Tin chm cu ngoi bng mm quay. Tin chm cu ngoi bng thanh c.
Hnh 6.60- Tin chm cu ngoi.

Khi cn tin chm cu, mun m bo chnh xc v nng sut cao, ta s
dng thm g chuyn dng gia cng, c th l mm quay hoc thanh c.
Mm quay l mt b phn c g thm ln bn xe dao thng qua mt ci ke
vung gc. Trn mm quay l dao gia cng. Khi quay tay quay, nh b truyn trc
vt - bnh vt m mm quay s mang dao, quay quanh tm ca mm quay (lc ny
c iu chnh trng vi tm ca chm cu cn tin).
Ngoi ra, cn c th dng thanh c tin chm cu. Dng mt thanh c t
mt du vo l khuyt trn mt c chuyn dng, u kia ca thanh c c gn vi
bn trt ngang. Khi cho tin dao ngang t ng, thanh c s quay quanh l khuyt
trn c chuyn dng, y bn trt xe dao sang pha bn phi, lc dao s ct c
mt mt cong c bn knh bng chiu di thanh c.
6.6.2- Gia cng bng phng php bao hnh
Mt nh hnh c gia cng theo phng php bao hnh l bnh rng dng
thn khai. Lc ny, li ct c dng thng nn d mi chnh xc. Hn na, phng
php ny c nguyn l gia cng tt nn m bo chnh xc cao. Phng php ny ta
s nghin cu k Chng 9 - Gia cng bnh rng.
6.6.3- Gia cng bng my iu khin theo chng trnh s CNC
y l lnh vc gia cng mi, xem k gio trnh Lp trnh trn my CNC.

106

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Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

gia cng b mt Chi tit my

B mt tr ngoi ch yu c gia cng bng phng php tin. Chun cng

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

- G trn hai mi tm (chun l hai l tm).

Hnh 6.1- Tin trc dng luynet.

* Phng php ct:

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

nhng nng sut khng cao.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

ct L, gim s ln ct, hoc tng s vng quay, lng chy dao.

Nhiu dao ct mt lc. Dng my tin bn t ng.

Hnh 6.2- Phay trc trn my phay chuyn dng.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

6.1.2- Gia cng ln cui v gia cng sau nhit luyn

Hnh 6.3- Mi c tm.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Chuyn ng ct do chuyn ng quay ca mi to nn, vn tc ct thng

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Dao Chi tit

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

tit cao hn tm ca mi v dn ( khng b mo) mt khong (0,5 1) bn

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Trng hp mi b mt cn, trc dn s c quay i 1 gc so vi trc

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Cc chuyn ng ct khi nghin gm: Tnh tin kh hi v quay trn. Tu theo

Hnh 6.9- Mi siu tinh.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

- Cc sai s do ch to v mi mi khoan sinh ra ( khng ng tm gia

* Cc sai s xy ra khi khoan:

L khoan b cong L khoan b lay rng L khoan b tp, loe

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

- Khi khoan l su, nn cho chi tit quay to chuyn ng ct, cn mi

Hnh 6.12- Dng bc dn hng cho nguyn cng khot.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Hnh 6.13- Dao doa.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Tnh thi gian c bn khi khoan, khot, doa:

Hnh 6.14- Tin l.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Tuy nhin, cc chi tit c tin l thng phi c kt cu thch hp nh c

Hnh 6.15- S chut l.

Chut c th gia cng c cc loi l trn, vung, nh hnh nhng phi l l

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Hnh 6.19- Mi l khng tm

Chi tit gia cng quay nh dn (c h s ma st ln) v cc con ln t v

Hnh 6.20- Mi nghin l bng bc ch C.

Khi nghin l, chuyn ng ct l chuyn ng quay trn v tnh tin kh hi

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Khi gia cng, do u

Hnh 6.24- Sai lch khi mi khn.

chnh xc khi mi khn ph thuc vo vt qu l1, l2 ca thi . Nu l1,

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

6.3- gia cng mt phng

Bo thng c s dng gia cng cc mt phng ngoi. c bit vi cc

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Tnh thi gian c bn khi bo v xc:

Hnh 6.26- Cc s phay cc mt phng.

Khoa C kh - Trng i hc Bch khoa

Khi phay, chnh xc c th t c cp 8, 9; nhm b mt Rz = 10 20.