Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

Chng 3

chnh xc gia cng

3.1- khi nim v nh ngha
chnh xc gia cng ca chi tit my l mc ging nhau v hnh hc,
v tnh cht c l lp b mt ca chi tit my c gia cng so vi chi tit my l
tng trn bn v thit k.
Ni chung, chnh xc ca chi tit my c gia cng l ch tiu kh t v
gy tn km nht k c trong qu trnh xc lp ra n cng nh trong qu trnh ch to.
Trong thc t, khng th ch to c chi tit my tuyt i chnh xc, ngha
l hon ton ph hp v mt hnh hc, kch thc cng nh tnh cht c l vi cc gi
tr ghi trong bn v thit k. Gi tr sai lch gia chi tit gia cng v chi tit thit k
c dng nh gi chnh xc gia cng.
* Cc ch tiu nh gi chnh xc gia cng:
- chnh xc kch thc: c nh gi bng sai s kch thc tht so vi
kch thc l tng cn c v c th hin bng dung sai ca kch thc .
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc: l mc ph hp ln nht ca chng
vi hnh dng hnh hc l tng ca n v c nh gi bng cn, van,
khng tr, khng trn... (b mt tr), phng, thng (b mt phng).
- chnh xc v tr tng quan: c nh gi theo sai s v gc xoay
hoc s dch chuyn gia v tr b mt ny vi b mt kia (dng lm mt chun) trong
hai mt phng ta vung gc vi nhau v c ghi thnh iu kin k thut ring
trn bn v thit k nh song song, vung gc, ng tm, i xng....
- chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc t vi v tnh cht c l lp b mt:
nhm b mt, cng b mt...
Khi gia cng mt lot chi tit trong cng mt iu kin, mc d nhng nguyn
nhn sinh ra tng sai s ca mi chi tit l ging nhau nhng xut hin gi tr sai s
tng cng trn tng chi tit li khc nhau. S d c hin tng nh vy l do tnh cht
khc nhau ca cc sai s thnh phn.
Mt s sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot u c gi tr khng i
hoc thay i nhng theo mt quy nh nht nh, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s h
thng khng i hoc sai s h thng thay i.
C mt sai s khc m gi tr ca chng xut hin trn mi chi tit khng theo
mt quy lut no c, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s ngu nhin.
3.2- cc phng php t chnh xc gia cng trn my
i vi cc dng sn xut khc nhau th s c phng hng cng ngh v t
chc sn xut khc nhau. t c chnh xc gia cng theo yu cu ta thng
dng hai phng php sau:

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

3.2.1- Phng php ct th tng kch thc ring bit

Sau khi g chi tit ln my, cho my ct i mt lp phoi trn mt phn rt ngn
ca mt cn gia cng, sau dng my, o th kch thc va gia cng. Nu cha t
kch thc yu cu th iu chnh dao n su thm na da vo du xch trn my, ri
li ct th tip mt phn nh ca mt cn gia cng, li o th v.v... v c th tip tc
cho n khi t n kch thc yu cu th mi tin hnh ct ton b chiu di ca
mt gia cng. Khi gia cng chi tit tip theo th li lm nh qu trnh ni trn.
Trc khi ct th thng phi ly du ngi th c th r chuyn ng ca
li ct trng vi du vch v trnh sinh ra ph phm do qu tay m dao n vo
qu su ngay ln ct u tin.
* u im:
- Trn my khng chnh xc vn c th t c chnh xc nh tay ngh
cng nhn.
- C th loi tr c nh hng ca dao mn n chnh xc gia cng, v
khi r g, ngi cng nhn b li cc sai s h thng thay i trn tng chi tit.
- i vi phi khng chnh xc, ngi th c th phn b lng d u n
nh vo qu trnh vch du hoc r trc tip.
- Khng cn n g phc tp.
* Khuyt im:
- chnh xc gia cng ca phng php ny b gii hn bi b dy lp phoi
b nht c th ct c. Vi dao tin hp kim cng mi bng li ct, b dy b nht
ct c khong 0,005 mm. Vi dao mn, b dy b nht khong 0,02 0,05 mm.
Ngi th khng th no iu chnh c dng c li ct ht i mt kch
thc b hn chiu dy ca lp phoi ni trn v do khng th bo m c sai s
b hn chiu dy lp phoi .
- Ngi th phi tp trung khi gia cng nn d mt, do d sinh ra ph phm.
- Do phi ct th nhiu ln nn nng sut thp.
- Trnh tay ngh ca ngi th yu cu cao.
- Do nng sut thp, tay ngh ca th yu cu cao nn gi thnh gia cng cao.
Phng php ny thng ch dng trong sn xut n chic, lot nh, trong
cng ngh sa cha, ch th. Ngoi ra, khi gia cng tinh nh mi vn dng phng
php ct th ngay trong sn xut hng lot loi tr nh hng do mn mi.
3.2.2- Phng php t ng t kch thc
Trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi, t chnh xc gia cng yu
cu, ch yu l dng phng php t ng t kch thc trn cc my cng c
c iu chnh sn.
phng php ny, dng c ct c v tr chnh xc so vi chi tit gia cng.
Hay ni cch khc, chi tit gia cng cng phi c v tr xc nh so vi dng c ct, v
tr ny c m bo nh cc c cu nh v ca g, cn g li c v tr xc nh

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

trn bn my cng nh cc nh v ring.

Khi gia cng theo phng php ny, my v dao c iu chnh sn.
Chi tit gia cng c nh v nh
c cu nh v tip xc vi mt y v mt
b bn. Dao phay a ba mt c iu
chnh trc sao cho mt bn tri ca dao
K = const cch mt bn ca nh v mt khong
2 cch b c nh v ng sinh thp nht ca
dao cch mt trn ca phin nh v pha
a
di mt khong bng a. Do vy, khi gia
cng c lot phi, nu khng k n
Hnh 3.1- Phng php t ng
t kch thc trn my phay.
mn ca dao (coi nh dao khng mn) th
cc kch thc a v b nhn c trn chi
tit gia cng ca c lot u bng nhau.
* u im:
- m bo chnh xc gia cng, gim bt ph phm. chnh xc t c
khi gia cng hu nh khng ph thuc vo trnh tay ngh cng nhn ng my v
chiu dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c bi v lng d gia cng theo phng php
ny s ln hn b dy lp phoi b nht c th ct c. (Khng cn cng nhn c tay
ngh cao nhng cn th iu chnh my gii).
- Ch cn ct mt ln l t kch thc yu cu, do nng sut cao.
- Nng cao hiu qu kinh t.
* Khuyt im: (nu quy m sn xut qu b)
- Ph tn v vic thit k, ch to g cng nh ph tn v cng, thi gian
iu chnh my v dao ln c th vt qu hiu qu m phng php ny mang li.
- Ph tn v vic ch to phi chnh xc khng b li c nu s chi tit gia
cng qu t khi t ng t kch thc nguyn cng u tin.
- Nu cht lng dng c km, mau mn th kch thc iu chnh s b ph
v nhanh chng. Do li phi iu chnh khi phc li kch thc iu chnh ban
u. iu ny gy tn km v kh phin phc.
3.3- cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng
Trong qu trnh gia cng, c rt nhiu nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng. Sai
s gia cng gm c sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
Sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot u c gi tr khng i gi l sai
s h thng khng i.
Hoc sai s xut hin trn tng chi tit ca c lot c gi tr thay i nhng
theo mt quy lut nht nh, sai s ny gi l sai s h thng thay i.
C mt sai s khc m gi tr ca chng xut hin trn mi chi tit khng theo
mt quy lut no c, nhng sai s ny gi l sai s ngu nhin.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s h thng khng i:

- Sai s l thuyt ca phng php ct.
- Sai s ch to ca dng c ct, chnh xc v mn ca my, g,.
- bin dng ca chi tit gia cng.
Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s h thng thay i:
- Dng c ct b mn theo thi gian.
- Bin dng v nhit ca my, g, dng c ct.
Cc nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s ngu nhin:
- Tnh cht vt liu ( cng) khng ng nht.
- Lng d gia cng khng u (do sai s ca phi).
- V tr ca phi trong g thay i (sai s g t)
- S thay i ca ng sut d.
- Do g dao nhiu ln.
- Do mi dao nhiu ln
- Do thay i nhiu my gia cng mt lot chi tit.
- Do dao ng nhit ca ch ct gt.
3.3.1- nh hng do bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh
H thng cng ngh MGDC (my, g, dao, chi tit) khng phi l mt h
thng tuyt i cng vng m ngc li khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc n s b bin
dng n hi v bin dng tip xc. Trong qa trnh ct gt, cc bin dng ny gy ra
sai s kch thc v sai s hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit gia cng.
Lc ct tc dng ln chi tit gia cng, sau thng qua g truyn n bn
my, thn my. Mt khc, lc ct cng tc dng ln dao v thng qua cn dao, bn
dao truyn n thn my. Bt k mt chi tit no ca cc c cu my, g, dng c
hoc chi tit gia cng khi chu tc dng ca lc ct t nhiu u b bin dng. V tr
xut hin bin dng tuy khng ging nhau nhng cc bin dng u trc tip hoc
gin tip lm cho dao ri khi v tr tng i so vi mt cn gia cng, gy ra sai s.
Gi l lng chuyn v tng i gia dao v chi tit gia cng do tc dng
ca lc ct ln h thng cng ngh. Lng chuyn v c th c phn tch thnh ba
lng chuyn v x, y, z theo ba trc ta X, Y, Z.
R Khi tin, di tc dng ca lc
Pz ct, dao tin b dch chuyn mt lng
R l . Lc , bn knh ca chi tit gia
cng s tng t (R) n (R + R).
z
Rtt Py Ta c:
R tt = R + R = (R + y )2 + z 2
y
2
z
= (R + y ) 1 +
Hnh 3.2- nh hng ca lng chuyn
R+y
v n kch thc gia cng khi tin.

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2
z
v z l rt nh so vi R nn l i lng nh khng ng k, gn ng ta c:
R+y
Rtt R + y v R y.
Do , i vi dao mt li ct, lng chuyn v y (chuyn v theo phng
php tuyn ca b mt gia cng) c nh hng ti kch thc gia cng nhiu nht, cn
chuyn v z (chuyn v theo phng tip tuyn ca b mt gia cng) khng nh hng
nhiu n kch thc gia cng.
i vi dao nhiu li ct hoc dao nh hnh th c trng hp c ba chuyn
v x, y, z u c nh hng n chnh xc gia cng. xc nh nh hng ny,
ngi ta phi dng phng php thc nghim. Phn lc ct tc dng ln h thng
cng ngh MGDC thnh ba thnh phn lc Px, Py, Pz, sau o bin dng ca h
thng theo ba phng X, Y, Z.
Trong tnh ton, ngi ta ch quan tm n lc php tuyn Py, trng hp yu
cu chnh xc cao, th phi tnh n nh hng ca Px, Pz bng cch nhn thm
h s.
Py l thnh phn lc php tuyn thng gc vi mt gia cng v y l lng
P
chuyn v tng i gia dao v chi tit gia cng. T s y c gi l cng vng
y
ca h thng cng ngh v k hiu l JHT :
Py
J HT = MN / mm (kG / mm )
y
Nh vy, tr s bin dng y c quan h vi lc tc dng theo hng v vi
cng vng ca h thng cng ngh.
nh ngha v cng vng: cng vng ca h thng cng ngh l kh
nng chng li bin dng ca n khi c ngoi lc tc dng vo.
Lng chuyn v ca h thng cng ngh khng phi l chuyn v ca mt chi
tit m l chuyn v ca c mt h thng gm nhiu chi tit lp ghp vi nhau. Do ,
theo nguyn l cng c lp tc dng ta c:
y = ym + yg + yd + yp
1
Mt khc, theo nh ngha ta c: y = Py .
J
1 1 1 1 1 1
T , suy ra: = + + + =
J Jm Jg Jd Jp Ji
iu ny cho thy rng, h thng cng c nhiu thnh phn th cng km cng
vng. Vi mt chi tit c cng vng l J, nu ta chia chi tit ny thnh nhiu
chi tit nh khc ri ghp li th chi tit mi s c cng vng km hn trc.
Tuy nhin, i khi ta phi chia nh chi tit ra cho d gia cng, lc ny cn phi
chn phng php ph hp vn m bo vic gia cng v cng vng.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

1
Gi = l mm do, th ta c: HT = m + g + d + p
J
Ta c nh ngha mm do: " mm do ca h thng l kh nng bin
dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh di tc dng ca ngoi lc".

a) nh hng ca cng vng h thng cng ngh

thy r hn nh hng ca cng vng h thng cng ngh n chnh
xc gia cng, ta kho st qu trnh tin mt trc trn. Chi tit c g trn hai mi
tm, v tr tng i gia dao v chi tit ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca trc,
sau v bn dao. Do vy, ta kho st chuyn v ca tng b phn ni trn, ri tng hp
li s c chuyn v ca c h thng cng ngh, t bit c sai s gia cng.
c Sai s do chuyn v ca hai mi tm gy ra
Gi s, xt ti v tr m dao ct cch mi tm sau mt khong l x.
Lc ct php tuyn ti im
C B
ang ct l Py. Lc ny, do km
A cng vng nn mi tm sau b
ys
D r1 Ps dch chuyn mt on ys t
yt Pt
A C B im B n B, cn mi tm
x
trc b dch chuyn mt on
Py
yt t im A n A. Nu xem
L
chi tit gia cng cng tuyt i
Hnh 3.3- S tin trc trn trn hai mi tm th ng tm ca chi tit s
dch chuyn t AB n AB.
Gi L l chiu di trc cn gia cng, lc ny lc tc dng ln mi tm sau l:
(L x )
m A = 0 Ps . L Py . (L x ) = 0 Ps = Py .
L
Lc tc dng ln mi tm trc s l:
x
Pt + Ps = Py Pt = Py .
L
Lng chuyn v ca mi tm sau theo phng lc tc dng Py:
P Py (L x )
ys = s = . (1)
Js Js L
Lng chuyn v ca mi tm trc theo phng lc tc dng Py:
P Py x
yt = t = . (2)
Jt Jt L
Vy, v tr tng i ca mi dao so vi tm quay ca chi tit s dch chuyn i

mt khong t C n C: CC' = CD + CD' = y t + (y s y t ).

(L x ) (3)
L

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Nh vy, nu cha k n bin dng ca chi tit gia cng th i lng CC

chnh l lng tng bn knh r1 ca chi tit gia cng ti mt ct ang xt.
Py (L x )2 Py x 2
Thay (1), (2) vo (3) ta c: r1 = . + . 2
Js L2 Jt L
T phng trnh ny ta thy, khi ta thc hin chuyn ng n dao dc ct
ht chiu di chi tit (tc l khi x thay i) th lng tng bn knh r1 l mt
ng cong parabol.
T , ta thy r nh hng ca cng vng ca hai mi tm khng nhng
gy ra sai s kch thc m cn c sai s hnh dng, n lm cho trc tin c dng
lm gia v loe hai u.
d Sai s do bin dng ca chi tit gia cng
Chi tit gia cng c cng vng khng phi l tuyt i nh khi ta xt trn,
m n cng s b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca lc ct. Ngay ti im m lc ct
tc dng, chi tit gia cng s b vng. vng chnh l lng tng bn knh r2 v
cng l mt thnh phn ca sai s gia cng.
Lng tng bn knh r2 ny hon ton c th xc nh c nh cc bi ton
c bn v bin dng n hi ca mt h di tc dng ca ngoi lc. Sau y l vi
kt qu cho cc trng hp in hnh:
- Trng hp chi tit g trn 2 mi tm
P x 2 (L x )2
r2 =
y
.
3EI L
vi: E: mun n hi ca vt liu
chi tit gia cng.
x I: mmen qun tnh ca mt
L ct gia cng (vi trc trn I = 0,05d4).
Py L3
Khi dao chnh gia chi tit th r2 l ln nht: r2 max =
48EI
- Trng hp chi tit g trn mm cp (cngxn)
Khi gia cng nhng chi tit ngn
L
c < 5 , phi ch cn g trn mm cp.
d
x d
Lng chuyn v cc i ca phi:
L3
y =P .
max y 3EI
ymax Trong trng hp ny cng
L 3EI
vng ca phi s l: J =
p
L3

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

- Trng hp phi c g trn mm cp v c chng mi tm sau

Khi phi c g nh bn th vic
xc nh lng chuyn v cc i ca
phi phi gii bng bi ton siu tnh.
P .L3
=
y
Ta c: y
x max 102.E.I
L x
ti v tr: = 2 1 = 0,414
L
ymax 102.E.I
v: J =
p
Py NB L3

- Trng hp gia cng trc trn c thm luynet

Khi gia cng trc trn di
L
c t s > 10 , cn thit phi
d
c thm luynet.
Nu l luynet c nh th
x lng chuyn v cc i ca
L phi theo phng Py c xc
nh bng cng thc:
0,089.Py .L3
y =
Py max 48.E.I
x
ti v tr:= 0,2343 , cng
R1 L
48.E.I
Py vng ca phi: J =
p
0,089.L3
e Sai s do bin dng ca dao v g dao:
Dao ct v g dao khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc cng b bin dng n hi
P
v lm cho bn knh chi tit gia cng tng ln mt lng r3 vi: r3 = y .
Jd
cng vng Jd ca dao ct v g dao l hng s. dao s mang dao ct di
chuyn dc theo trc ca chi tit ct ht chiu di. V vy, v tr bt k khi coi
ch ct l khng i th Py lun l hng s. V th, r3 cng l hng s.
iu ny chng t rng r3 ch c th gy ra sai s kch thc ng knh ca
chi tit gia cng m khng gy ra sai s hnh dng. Do , bng cch ct th, o v
iu chnh li chiu su ct hon ton c th kh c r3.

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b) nh hng do dao mn
Khi dao mn s lm cho li ct b cn i, vic lm cho kch thc gia cng
thay i, lc ct cng thay i mt lng Py t l thun vi din tch mn Um.
Ngoi ra, cc thng s hnh hc ca dao cng c nh hng n lng thay i
lc php tuyn Py. Do vy, khi xc nh Py ngoi mn dao cn phi nhn thm cc
h s iu chnh.
Ta c: Py = Kdm. K. K. Kr. Um (cc h s t l c tra theo bng)
Khi gia cng trn cc my iu chnh sn (theo phng php t ng t
kch thc), mn dao s gy ra sai s h thng thay i.
c) nh hng do sai s ca phi
Tng qut th sai s ng knh ca chi tit gia cng do nh hng ca

cng vng l: D = 2(y m + y d + y p ) = 2.y = 2 , vi Py = CPy. Sy. tx. HBn = Cy. Sy. tx.
Py
J
Do sai s v hnh dng hnh hc ca phi trong qu trnh ch to m trong qu
trnh ct lng d gia cng thay i, lm cho chiu su ct cng thay i v lc ct
thay i theo, gy nn sai s hnh dng cng loi trn chi tit.
Kch thc Nu gi p l sai s ca
khi iu chnh phi th khi gia cng s xut
hin sai s ca chi tit l ct.
Ta c: ph = 2Rph
Dct max
Dph max

= 2(Rph max - Rph min)

= 2(t0 max - t0 min)
ymax

v ct = 2ct
t min = 2(ymax - ymin)
t max

ymin vi, t0 l chiu su ct tnh ton

Dct min khi iu chnh my; nu gi t
Dph min l chiu ct thc t th:
t = t0 - y
Hnh 3.4- nh hng sai s hnh dng ca phi Do : tmax = t0 max - ymax
n sai s hnh dng ca chi tit khi tin. tmin = t0 min - ymin
ph
Gi = l h s chnh xc ha, K = ct l h s gim sai (h s in dp).
ct ph
y max y min y max y min y max y min
K= = =
t 0 max t 0 min (t max + y max ) (t min + y min ) (t max t min ) + (y max y min )
1 t t
Vy, = = 1 + max min > 1 .
K y max y min

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Hay ph > ct , iu ny ni ln rng sau mi bc gia cng, sai s s gim i.

Nu cng ln th sai s ca phi nh hng n sai s ca chi tit cng gim.
T phi ban u c sai s ph, sau khi gia cng ln 1 s c chi tit c sai s
D1
l D1. Sau gia cng ln 2, sai s chi tit s l D2, suy ra = .
D 2
C nh vy, n ln ct th i, sai s ca chi tit sau ln ct i l Di, h s chnh
xc l:
D i 1
= .
D i
Nhn cc h s chnh xc sau i ln ct, ta c:
ph
ln


i ph D i
= i = ln .
D i
Ch rng, vic tnh s bc cng ngh ch ng n s bc th i no m
sai s gia cng Di ca chi tit ln hn sai s do nh hng ca h thng cng ngh.
Tm li, khng th sau mt ln gia cng m ta c chi tit c chnh xc
theo yu cu, v cc ln gia cng v sau th nh hng ca sai s do phi cng t.
3.3.2- nh hng do chnh xc v tnh trng mn ca my,
g v dao ct

a) nh hng ca my
Vic hnh thnh cc b mt gia cng l do cc chuyn ng ct ca nhng b
phn chnh ca my nh trc chnh, bn xe dao, bn my... Nu cc chuyn ng ny
c sai s, tt nhin n s phn nh ln b mt gia cng ca chi tit my.
L * Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin
khng song song vi sng trt ca thn
a
rmax my trong mt phng nm ngang th khi tin
chi tit gia cng s c hnh cn.
Ta c, rmax - r = a, vi a l khng
song song trong mt phng nm ngang trn
Sng trt chiu di L.
* Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin
L khng song song vi sng trt ca thn
my trong mt phng thng ng th khi tin
rmax
chi tit gia cng s c hnh hypecblit.
Ta c, rmax2 = r2 + b2, vi b l khng
song song trong mt phng thng ng trn
Sng trt chiu di L.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

* Nu sng trt khng thng trn mt

phng nm ngang s lm cho qu o chuyn
ng ca mi dao khng thng, lm cho
ng knh chi tit gia cng ch to, ch nh.
ng knh Di ti mt mt ct no s
Sng trt l: Di = D 2
vi: D l ng knh ti mt ct nu sng trt thng; l lng dch chuyn ln
nht ca sng trt trn mt phng nm ngang so vi v tr tnh ton.
* lch tm ca mi tm
A A-A
trc so vi tm quay ca trc
e1 chnh s lm cho ng tm ca
e
chi tit gia cng khng trng vi
ng tm ca hai l tm
Tm quay c gia cng trc g t.
(tm trc chnh my) Chi tit vn c tit din trn
nhng tm ca n lch vi
Tm quay khi Tm quay khi ng ni hai l tm l e1.
gia cng phn B gia cng phn A * Nu chi tit gia cng trong
mt ln g th ng tm ca chi
B A
tit l ng thng nhng hp
vi ng ni hai l tm mt
ng ni hai l tm gc . Nhng nu gia cng vi
hai ln g (i u) th mi on
ct c mt ng tm ring.
* Nu trc chnh my phay
ng khng thng gc vi mt
phng ca bn my theo phng
ngang th mt phng phay c
s khng song song vi mt
phng y ca chi tit c
S nh v trn bn my. khng
Bn my song song ny chnh bng
khng vung gc ca ng tm
trc chnh trn c chiu rng
ca chi tit gia cng.
* Nu trc chnh my phay
ng khng thng gc vi mt

phng ca bn my theo phng
dc ca bn my th b mt gia
Bn my S
cng s b lm.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

My d c ch to nh th no th sau mt thi gian s dng cng b mn.

Hin tng mn trong qu trnh s dng l do ma st gia cc mt c chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau. Nht l khi c bi phoi trn ln vi du bi trn th hin tng
mi mn cng nhanh. Ngoi ra, du bi trn v dung dch trn ngui cn gy nn
hin tng n mn ha hc nhng b phn n tc dng vo v lm mn thm
nhanh. Trng thi mn ca my s gy ra sai s mang tnh cht h thng.
b) nh hng ca g
Sai s ch to, lp rp g cng nh hng n chnh xc ca chi tit gia
cng. Nu g ch to c sai s hoc b mn sau mt thi gian s dng s lm thay
i v tr tng quan gia my, dao v chi tit gia cng, do , gy ra sai s gia cng.
m bo chnh xc gia cng (b li nhng sai s do ch to, lp rp, mn
cc chi tit chnh ca g), chnh xc ca g c ch to ra phi cao hn t
nht mt cp so vi chnh xc ca kch thc cn t c s gia cng trn g
. iu ny khng d dng t c khi gia cng nhng chi tit c chnh xc cao.
c) nh hng ca dng c ct
chnh xc ch to dng c ct, mc mi mn ca n v sai s g t
dng c trn my u nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc dng c nh kch thc (mi khoan, khot, doa,
chut...) th sai s ch to dng c nh hng trc tip n chnh xc gia cng.
Dao phay ngn, phay a dng gia cng rnh then th sai s ng knh v
chiu rng ca dao cng nh hng trc tip n chnh xc chiu rng rnh then.
Sai s bc ren, gc nng ca ren, gc nh ren, ng knh trung bnh ca cc
loi tar, bn ren u phn nh trc tip ln ren gia cng.
Khi gia cng bng cc loi dao nh hnh, nu prfin ca li ct c sai s s
lm sai b mt gia cng.
Ngoi sai s ch to, trong qu trnh ct, dao s b mn v nh hng rt ln
n chnh xc gia cng. Ty theo mc mn, dao c th thay i c hnh dng ln
kch thc v sinh ra sai s trn chi tit gia cng di dng sai s h thng thay i.
Ngoi ra, vic g t dao khng chnh xc cng gy nn sai s kch thc v
hnh dng hnh hc ca chi tit gia cng. V d, khi tin ren, nu dao g khng vung
gc vi ng tm chi tit th gc ren ct ra bn phi v bn tri khng bng nhau
Hay khi tin trc trn, nu dao g cao hn hoc thp hn tm quay ca chi tit th s
lm cho ng knh chi tit gia cng tng ln mt lng.
3.3.3- nh hng do bin dng nhit ca my, dao v chi tit

a) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca my

Khi my lm vic, nhit cc b phn khc nhau c th chnh lch khong
10 150C, sinh ra bin dng khng u v my s mt chnh xc.

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31
 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

nh hng n chnh xc gia cng nhiu nht l bin dng nhit ca

trc chnh. Nhit tng lm cho tm trc chnh x dch theo hng ngang v hng
ng v cc im trn n c nhit khc nhau.
Thng thng, nhit tng nhiu nht trc chnh, nhit y c th
cao hn cc ni khc ca trc chnh t 30 40%.
X dch theo hng ngang lm thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit
gia cng, gy ra sai s h thng thay i. Khi s vng quay trc chnh n cng ln
th s x dch cng nhiu v t l thun vi n .
Thi gian t nng trc chnh khong 3 5 gi, sau nhit t nng
cng nh v tr tm s n nh. Nu tt my s xy ra qu trnh lm ngui chm v
tm ca trc chnh s x dch theo hng ngc li.
khc phc sai s gia cng do bin dng nhit gy ra c th cho my chy
khng ti chng 2 3 gi ri mi tin hnh iu chnh my.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc my cng c chnh xc cao, nh nng mt tri chiu vo
cng lm cho my mt chnh xc.
b) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca dao ct
Ti vng ct, hu ht cng c hc cn thit cho qa trnh ct u chuyn thnh
nhit. Ty theo ch ct, vt liu lm dao, vt liu gia cng m t l phn nhit phn
b vo phoi, chi tit gia cng, dng c ct v mt phn ta ra mi trng xung quanh
s khc nhau.
Khi nhit ct truyn vo dao, dao b n di, mi dao vn thm v pha trc
lm cho ng knh ngoi gim i, ng knh l tng ln. Cho n khi dao trng
thi cn bng nhit th dao khng n di thm na v nu khng c s mn dao th
kch thc gia cng s khng i.
c) nh hng do bin dng nhit ca chi tit gia cng
Mt phn nhit vng ct truyn vo chi tit gia cng, lm n bin dng v
gy ra sai s gia cng. Nu chi tit c nung nng ton b th ch gy ra sai s kch
thc, cn nu b nng khng u th cn gy ra c sai s hnh dng.
Nhit ca chi tit gia cng trong qu trnh ct ph thuc vo ch ct.
Khi tin, nu tng vn tc ct v lng chy dao, tc l rt ngn thi gian nung nng
lin tc chi tit gia cng th nhit ca n s nh. Cn chiu su ct tng th nhit
chi tit gia cng cng tng theo.
3.3.4- Sai s do rung ng pht sinh ra trong qu trnh ct
Rung ng ca h thng cng ngh trong qu trnh ct khng nhng lm tng
nhm b mt v sng, lm cho dao nhanh mn m cn lm cho lp kim loi
mt b cng ngui, hn ch kh nng ct gt.
Rung ng lm cho v tr tng i gia dao ct v vt gia cng thay i theo

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

chu k, nu tn s thp, bin ln s sinh ra sng b mt; nu tn s cao, bin

thp s sinh ra nhm b mt.
Ngoi ra, rung ng lm cho chiu su ct, tit din phoi v lc ct s tng,
gim theo chu k, lm nh hng ti sai s gia cng.
3.3.5- Sai s do chn chun v g t chi tit gia cng gy ra
c th gia cng c phi g t chi tit ln my. Bn thn vic g t ny
cng c sai s v nh hng trc tip n chnh xc gia cng. Khi g t khng
hp l, sai s do g t ln v nh hng n chnh xc gia cng.
3.3.6- Sai s do phng php o v dng c o gy ra
Trong qu trnh ch to, vic kim tra, o lng cng gy ra sai s v nh
hng n chnh xc gia cng. Nhng sai s do o lng bao gm:
- Sai s do dng c o: tuy l dng c nh gi chnh xc gia cng
nhng bn thn n khi ch to, lp rp cng b sai s.
- Sai s do phng php o nh chn chun , cch c, lc o khng u....
- Sai s do mn ca dng c sau mt thi gian s dng,
gim bt nh hng ca o lng n chnh xc gia cng, khi o lng
phi chn dng c o v phng php o ph hp vi chnh xc theo yu cu.
3.4- cc phng php xc nh chnh xc gia cng
3.4.1- Phng php thng k kinh nghim
y l phng php n gin nht, cn c vo chnh xc bnh qun kinh t
nh gi.
chnh xc bnh qun kinh t l chnh xc c th t c mt cch kinh
t trong iu kin sn xut bnh thng, l iu kin sn xut c c im sau:
- Thit b gia cng hon chnh.
- Trang b cng ngh t c yu cu v cht lng.
- S dng bc th trung bnh.
- Ch ct theo tiu chun v nh mc thi gian cng theo tiu chun.
Cch tin hnh: Cho gia cng trn mt loi my, mt ch cng ngh, bc
th trong iu kin tiu chun v xem th t c chnh xc gia cng ra sao.
Lm nhiu ln nh th, thng k li kt qu t c v lp thnh bng.
chnh xc bnh qun kinh t khng phi l chnh xc cao nht c th t
c ca mt phng php gia cng v cng khng phi l chnh xc c th t
c trong bt k iu kin no.
Phng php ny nn dng lm tham kho v khi vn dng phi cn c thm
iu kin sn xut c th xc nh cho thch hp.
3.4.2- Phng php xc sut thng k
Phng php ny c s dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi.
Cch tin hnh: Ct th mt lot chi tit c s lng thu c nhng

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

c tnh phn b ca kch thc t c. Thng thng, s lng chi tit ct th t

60 n 100 chi tit trong mt ln iu chnh my. o kch thc thc ca tng chi
tit trong c lot. Tm kch thc gii hn ln nht, nh nht ca c lot. Chia
khong gii hn t ln nht n nh nht thnh mt s khong (thng ln hn
6 khong). Xc nh s lng chi tit c kch thc nm trong mi khong v xy
dng ng cong phn b kch thc thc nghim.
ng cong thc nghim c trc honh l kch thc t c, cn trc tung l
tn sut ca cc kch thc xut hin trong mi mt khong. Trn ng cong thc
nghim ta thy rng: kch thc phn b ca c lot chi tit ct th tp trung khong
gia. S chi tit ct th trong mt ln iu chnh my cng ln th ng cong cng c
dng tim cn n ng cong phn b chun Gauss.

0 L

Hnh 3.5- ng cong phn Hnh 3.6- ng cong phn

b kch thc thc nghim. b kch thc chun Gauss.

Phng trnh ng cong phn b chun c vit di dng:

(L L )
i
2

1 2
y=
2
.e
. 2
vi, : phng sai ca ng cong phn b.
Li: kch thc thc t c ca chi tit ct th th i
L : kch thc trung bnh cng ca lot chi tit ct th.
n
Li
i =1
L= ; trong , n l s lng chi tit ct th ca mt lot trong
n
mt ln iu chnh my.
Phng sai ca ng cong phn b tc thi xc nh theo cng thc:

(L i L )
n 2

i =1
=
n
Trong khong 3, cc nhnh ca ng cong gn st vi trc honh v
gii hn ti 99,73% ton b din tch ca n. Nh vy, trong phm vi 3 ng
cong phn b chun cha ti 99,73% s chi tit trong c lot ct th.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

y2 ngha: Gi s c hai ng cong

min max phn b kch thc y1 v y2 vi khong
phn tn tng ng l 61 v 62. Dung
y1
sai ca kch thc cn gia cng l T. Ta
thy rng, y2 c cp chnh xc cao hn
62
y1 (v 2 < 1) v y2 c 62 < T nn s
61
khng c ph phm, cn y1 c 61 > T
T nn s c ph phm.
Tuy nhin, ng cong phn b chun mi ch th hin tnh cht phn b
ca cc sai s ngu nhin. Trong qu trnh gia cng, cc sai s ngu nhin, sai s h
thng thay i, sai s h thng khng i cng ng thi xut hin. V vy, sau khi
xc nh c phng sai ca sai s ngu nhin cn phi xc nh quy lut bin
i ca sai s h thng thay i B(t). Ring sai s h thng khng i A s khng
nh hng n s phn tn kch thc gia cng v c th trit tiu c n khi iu
chnh my.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh
B gia cng, phn b kch thc
B =0
=3 3 B thc phi l t hp ca quy
3 = 0,67
3 lut phn b chun v quy
B B lut bin i sai s h thng
= = 1,1
3 3 thay i l quy lut ng xc
L sut. Lc ny, ng cong
phn b kch thc s ph
-3 0 3
Hnh 3.7- ng cong phn b kch thc thc. B
thuc vo t l .
3
Nu sai s h thng thay
i khng tuyn tnh vi thi
gian th ng cong phn b
kch thc s khng i xng.
Hnh 3.8- ng cong phn b khng i xng. Lc , d m bo 6 T
nhng c th vn c ph phm.
Nu khi gia cng mt lot
chi tit m c hai hay nhiu
nhm chi tit c sai s h
thng khc nhau th ng
Hnh 3.9- ng cong phn b kch thc cong phn b s c hai hoc
ca 2 nhm chi tit trn 2 my khc nhau. nhiu nh. V d nh mt lot
chi tit nhng c gia cng trn hai my khc nhau th ng cong phn b s c 2
nh.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

B
Ngoi ra, c th t hp cc sai s ngu
nhin v cc sai s h thng thay i bng cch
x dch ng cong phn b chun i mt lng
bng sai s h thng nhng vn gi nguyn hnh
dng ng cong phn b (hnh 3.10). Trong
trng hp ny, khong phn tn tng cng cc
Hnh 3.10- ng cong phn kch thc c lot chi tit ct th c xc nh
b c tnh ti cc sai s ngu theo cng thc:
nhin v sai s h thng. = 6 + B
Phng php ny tuy n gin nhng tn km v phi ct th c lot chi tit.
gim bt chi ph ng thi rt ngn thi gian xc nh quy lut phn b kch
thc, ngi ta dng cc s liu c sn tham kho khi gia cng cc kch thc c
tnh cht tng t trong iu kin gia cng tng t.
3.4.3- Phng php tnh ton phn tch (dng trong nghin cu)
Theo phng php ny, ta phn tch nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s gia cng,
tnh cc sai s , ri tng hp chng li thnh sai s gia cng tng. T , v quy
lut phn b v cn c vo nh gi chnh xc gia cng.
Trong mi trng hp, sai s gia cng tng phi nh hn dung sai cho php
ca chi tit cn ch to.
* Phn tch nguyn nhn: (xem trang 22; 23)
* Tng hp cc sai s:
- Tng cc sai s h thng khng i A l mt sai s h thng khng i v
c tng hp theo nguyn tc tng i s:
p
A = Ai .
i =1
- Tng cc sai s h thng thay i B(t) l mt sai s h thng thay i v
c tng hp theo nguyn tc tng i s:
q
B (t ) = B j (t ) .
j =1
- Tng cc sai s ngu nhin l mt sai s ngu nhin v c tng hp theo
nguyn tc cng xc sut, c phng sai l:
n
= (K z . z )2 .
z =1
- Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin tng hp theo nguyn tc tng s hc.
* V quy lut phn b:
Lc bt u gia cng, trung tm phn b l C0, khong phn tn l D0E0 vi
C0D0 = C0E0 = 3.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

Kch thc
Ek

3
Ck

Dk
B(t)

E0

C0 Bi(t)
Ai
A

D0
L0 Thi gian (pht)
t0 ti tk
S lng (chic)

Hnh 3.11- ng cong phn b thc kch thc gia cng.

Sau , theo thi gian sai s h thng thay i s lm cho trung tm phn b di
ng theo ng C0Ck, gii hn phn b n cng bin i theo ng D0Dk v E0Ek.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh gia cng kch thc cc chi tit t c theo thi
gian s thay i trong hai ng gii hn D0Dk v E0Ek. T , ng phn b kch
thc gia cng s c dng nh trn, l ng cong tng hp ca sai s h thng
thay i B(t) v sai s ngu nhin.
Khi khong phn tn ca
ng cong kch thc thc
bng vi dung sai ca chi tit cn
Lmax
gia cng: = T, th ta phi iu
chnh li my, a tm phn b v
li v tr ban u. Khong thi gian
gia hai ln iu chnh my, ngi
ta gi l chu k iu chnh li my.
Tck Ch rng, chu k iu chnh
Lmin
my phi nh hn hoc bng tui
bn dao v nu khng th dao s h
Hnh 3.12- Chu k iu chnh li my.
khi cha kp iu chnh li my.
3.5- iu chnh my
iu chnh my nhm m bo chnh xc ca tng nguyn cng. y
l qu trnh chun b, g t dng c ct, g v cc trang b cng ngh khc ln
my; xc nh v tr tng i gia dng c ct v mt cn gia cng nhm gim bt
cc sai s gia cng, t c cc yu cu cho trn bn v.
Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, chnh xc gia cng yu cu c th

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

t c bng phng php ct th.

Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, chnh xc gia cng nhn c
bng phng php t ng t kch thc trn my iu chnh sn. Lc ny, iu
chnh my c nhim v:
- G t g v dng c ct vo v tr c li nht cho iu kin ct gt.
- Xc nh ch lm vic ca my v chu k iu chnh li my.
- m bo v tr tng i ca dng c ct, g, c t, mu chp hnh...
xc nh chnh xc qu tch v lng dch chuyn ca dao so vi chi tit gia cng.
y l vn phc tp nht ng thi n cng c ngha quyt nh n chnh
xc gia cng.
Hin nay c ba phng php iu chnh hay dng nht l: iu chnh tnh, iu
chnh theo chi tit ct th bng calip th v iu chnh theo chi tit ct th bng dng
c o vn nng.
3.5.1- iu chnh tnh
iu chnh tnh l g dao theo calip hay mu khi my ang ng yn (cha ct).
Tin hnh:
- Lp calip (hoc mu) vo v tr ca chi tit gia cng, sau dch chuyn
dng c ct t st vo b mt ca calip (hoc mu) ri kp cht dng c li.
- Cc c t cng theo calip m iu chnh mt cch tng t.
- Xc nh ch ct v chu k iu chnh li my.
- G phi vo v tr v gia cng.
c im:
- Phng php ny nhanh, n gin.
- Tuy nhin, khng t c chnh xc gia cng cao v trong qu trnh
gia cng, h thng cng ngh b bin dng n hi do nhit ct v lc ct gy ra (khi
my ang ng yn th cha c). Ngoi ra, do cha tnh n o trc chnh (do c
khe h trc), nhm b mt ca calip hay mu chp hnh. Do , kch thc thc gia
cng s ln hn (mt ngoi) hoc nh hn (mt trong) so vi kch thc yu cu.
hn ch sai s, ngi ta phi b li lng thay i kch thc thc ca chi
tit gia cng so vi kch thc iu chnh bng cch thm hoc bt i mt lng b
sung bs (thm vo khi gia cng mt trong, bt i khi gia cng mt ngoi).
Lctt = Lcct bs
Trong , Lctt: kch thc iu chnh tnh ton.
Lcct: kch thc thc ca chi tit gia cng cn nhn c sau khi iu
chnh my; nu iu chnh ban u tm phn b nm gia trng dung sai th:
(L + L max ) , L , L : kch thc nh nht, ln nht trn bn v.
L dc tt = min min max
2
bs: lng b sung cho bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh, khe
h trc chnh, nhm b mt ca chi tit gia cng.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

i vi b mt khng i xng: bs = 1 + 2 + 3
i vi b mt i xng: bs = 2(1 + 2 + 3)
Py
vi, 1: lng bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh, 1 = .
J
2: chiu cao nhp nh, 2 = Rz.
3: khe h bn knh ca trc chnh my, thng thng 3 = 0,02 0,04 mm.
Du (+) ly khi gia cng mt tron v du (-) khi gia cng mt ngoi
Theo kinh nghim, sai s ca lng b sung c th ti 50% gi tr bn thn n
cng thm cc sai s khc nn phng php iu chnh tnh khng cho php t
chnh xc cao hn cp 7. Vy, iu chnh tnh ch dng sn xut n chic, lot nh.
3.5.2- iu chnh theo chi tit ct th nh calip th
Phng php ny dng calip lm vic ca ngi th tin hnh iu chnh.
Calip l dng c kim tra xem kch thc thc ca chi tit c nm trong phm vi
dung sai hay khng m khng cn bit gi tr thc ca chi tit. Kt cu ca calip nt
c hai u: mt u c kch thc danh ngha bng kch thc gii hn nh nht ca
l, gi l u qua; mt u c kch thc danh ngha bng kch thc gii hn ln
nht ca l, gi l u khng qua.
Tin hnh:
- Xc nh v tr tng i ca dao vi phi, sau c nh cc vu, c chn...
- Tin hnh ct th khong 3 5 chi tit.
- Dng calip kim tra cc chi tit trn, nu t th gia cng cho c lot chi tit.
c im:
- iu chnh my theo phng php ny chc chn c ph phm bi v lot
chi tit c gia cng l n chic, c khong phn tn l 6:
+ Nu 6 > T, th chc chn c ph phm.
+ Nu 6 T, s khng c ph phm khi tm ca ng cong phn b kch
thc trng tm min dung sai chi tit, tuy nhin do ta khng xc nh c tm ca
ng cong phn b kch thc do vy vn c ph phm.
- Nu s lng chi tit ct th cng nhiu th ph phm cng gim nhng
cng khng th loi tr ht ph phm.
iu chnh my l phng php ph bin, c dng trong cc nh my c kh.
3.5.3- iu chnh theo chi tit ct th nh dng c o vn nng
Tin hnh:
- G t dao v cc c hnh trnh cn c vo kch thc iu chnh Lc.
- Ct th m chi tit.
- o kch thc m chi tit , xc nh c tm phn b v phng sai
- So snh tm phn b kch thc v tm dung sai, t iu chnh my
theo dung sai thu hp.

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 Gio trnh: Cng ngh ch to my Lu c bnh

Phng php ny do gio s A. B. Iakhin xut da trn c s l thuyt xc

sut l: Nu c mt lot chi tit m kch thc ca n phn b theo quy lut chun
vi phng sai l . Nu phn loi s chi tit trn thnh nhiu nhm, mi nhm m
chi tit th kch thc trung bnh ca cc nhm phn cng phn b theo quy

lut chun vi phng sai l 1 = .
m
Hnh 3.13 ch ra cc v tr bin
Tdc 1 =
m ca ng cong phn b lot phi
trong min dung sai T v cc ng

cong phn b ca nhm.
Nu kch thc trung bnh cng
ca m chi tit ct th ri vo khong
M N MN th s khng c ph phm.
3 31 31 3 Khong MN c gi l dung sai
T iu chnh Tdc v n c xc nh
Hnh 3.13- ng cong phn b kch thc nh sau: Tdc = T - 6( + 1)
ca c lot () v ng cong phn b theo T
kch thc trung bnh ca tng nhm (1). T s = c gi l h s an
6
ton v cng ln th kh nng gim ph phm cng tng. Nh vy, dung sai iu
chnh Tdc c quan h vi dung sai chi tit ch to T, h s an ton v s chi tit
ct th m. Nu tng s chi tit ct th m, dung sai iu chnh Tdc s tng v d iu
chnh hn nhng thi gian ct th ko di.
S chi tit ct th m c xc nh nh sau:
2
6
m> (thng ly m = 2 8 chi tit)
T 6
Nu c tnh n sai s h thng th dung sai iu chnh s gim xung. Lc ,
dung sai iu chnh s l: Tdc = T - 6( + 1) - HT
= T - 6( + 1) - [A + B(t)]
vi: A l sai s h thng c nh (c th loi tr c nn khng cn quan tm).
B(t) l sai s h thng thay i.
* Nu khng tnh n sai s h thng thay i B(t): trng hp ny ch nn
ng dng khi gia cng i m dng c ct c tc mi mn nh nh dao kim
cng...; dng khi yu cu chnh xc gia cng cao bi v chnh xc gia cng cao
th cn T nh, lc yu cu Tdc nh.
* Nu tnh n sai s h thng thay i B(t): trng hp ny c s dng
rng ri hn v cc dao c mi mn nh nh dao kim cng th rt t. Khi lng
mn ca dao lm cho kch thc gia cng sp vt ra khi dung sai cho php th phi
iu chnh li ng cong phn b li li, nm trong phm vi dung sai v khng
sinh ra ph phm.

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