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Abstract: Generally, conventional power factor corrections harmonics and voltage imbalance on electrical and electronic
techniques assume ideal conditions, viz. sinusoidal supply equipment is explained in various papers [l].
voltage and balanced load. But vast majority of the domestic Harmonic contents vary randomly and consequently the
and industrial loads present in the power distribution system are conventional compensating techniques such as the use of
non-linear and unbalanced. Under such conditions, attempt to passive LC filters to perform harmonic reduction are
make the power factor unity result into a non-sinusoidal source
current, which increases total harmonic distortion (THD) in the ineffective [2]. Due to this many types of active filters have
system. On the other hand attempt to make harmonic free been developed to compensate current and or voltage
current may not result in unity power factor because of the harmonics viz. shunt active filter, series active filter or
harmonics present in the supply voltage. Thus, there is a trade combination of both [2-51. Controlling the injection of
off between improvement in power factor and reduction in current harmonic by the non-linear load can eliminate non-
THD. With the introduction of power quality norms by various sinusoidal operation of the system. This can be achieved by
utilities, it has become unavoidable to optimize power factor the installation of shunt active filters. In this technique, a
while satisfying harmonics limits. In this paper, a novel current source inverter is connected in parallel with the load.
technique for optimisation of THD and power factor subject to This injects compensating current into the system to cancel
power quality constraints is presented. The algorithm uses
the undesired components of load current that are responsible
Lagrange multiplier technique to optimise the non-linear
equations. The algorithm calculates the control coefficients by for harmonics and low power factor.
Newton Raphson method and is used to compute the desired The quality and performance of these filters mainly depend
source current that balances the system besides optimising on the method used to generate the reference current for
power factor satisfying the load power while meeting the THD compensation [6]. Most of these methods use p-q or d-q
limits. Knowing the load current, the compensating current to transformation theory and assume a sinusoidal supply
be supplied by the shunt active power filter to the power system voltage. Control methods adopted by others [7,8] assume a
is calculated. This technique, besides satisfying the power non-sinusoidal supply, but use only positive sequence voltage
quality norms, also balances the imbalance in the system. It is at the fundamental frequency to generate sinusoidal
applicable for single-phase and multi-phase system under
sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal supply conditions. The proposed references to ensure that the supply current is harmonic free
scheme does not use the widely used p-q theory and use simple and power factor is unity. However, when the supply voltage
computational techniques. Simulation using MATLAB has is non-sinusoidal, perfect harmonic compensation (PFC) does
shown encouraging results. The scheme is being implemented in not result into unity power factor (UPF) and vice versa. In
hardware using DSP. such conditions, non-linear optimisation technique [9,IO] is
found to be an efficient method to optimise the power factor
Key words: Power Quality and Harmonics, Power factor and total harmonic distortion (THD) satisfying the power
compensation, Active Power Filters, DSP Control. quality norms or guidelines. The method adopted in [9] also
LINTRODUCTION
uses p-q theory and is not applicable to single-phase
conditions. Also most of the proposed active filters are based
In electrical power distribution system, most of the loads on analogue implementation.
are inductive in nature. Residential loads and vast majority of In this paper, an improved control algorithm for the
other single-phase loads cause imbalance in the system. The reference current to the inverter under non-sinusoidal supply
increased uses of power electronic devices also impair power voltage and unbalanced load condition is presented. This
quality in the grid. These non-linear loads draw non- algorithm is based on a non-linear optimisation technique and
sinusoidal currents from the system consequently voltage does not use p-q or d-q transformation. This technique
drops are produced across impedances of transmission line, considers harmonics in supply voltage for power factor
transformer and generator causing non-sinusoidal voltages in computation. It is more versatile and flexible and is
the system. This distorted voltage affects other linear or non- applicable to both single phase and multi-phase system with
linear loads connected to the system. Effect of these linear, non-linear, balanced or unbalanced load conditions.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Bapatla Engineering College. Downloaded on July 03,2010 at 22:19:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
The control signal is computed using TMS320LF2407A calculates the reference compensating current and generate
DSP controller. control pulses for the inverter using DSP. This compensating
This paper is organized into the following sections. Section current when injected into the system cancels the undesired
I1 details basic concept of the proposed scheme. Section I11 component of load current that are responsible for the low
presents the algorithm for the scheme under non-sinusoidal power factor and high THD.
supply conditions. The result of the computer simulations
using MATLAB is included in section IV. Section V details
conclusion.
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- - III. Inequality constraints
components contain a mean value ( p - ,po and an
- - Let the total current harmonic distortion be limited to
alternating component ( p - ,Po ) THDiH,, The inequality constraint is given by
- - - I - -
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Waveforms of non-sinusoidal supply voltage considered
for simulation is shown in Fig 3(a) and unbalanced load
current is shown in Fig. 3(b). Calculated 3-phase source
current at 5% THD after the compensation is shown in Fig.
3(c) and waveform of computed compensating current is
shown in Fig. 3(d). This compensating current is the
reference current for the inverter.
1W I I I
50 I
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Fig 4(a) Time (sec)
-100 I I
0.m 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Fig, 3 (cl Time (sec1
-40 I
0.02 10.025 0.03 0.035
I
0.04
It may be noted from above figure that the source current
Fig 3(d) fime (sec) after compensation follows the computed current very
Fig 3 Wave forms of supply voltage, load current, reference source closely. Current harmonics in phase a, before and after
current and compensating current compensation is shown in Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b) respectively.
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V CONCLUSIONS
60
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