UNIT I (A)

Notes from Sir titled - Site Selection Criteria for New Development

UNIT I (B)
Vocabulary

Part of Encyclopedic
Term Definition
Speech Entry

contour representation of an area's elevation points or slopes.

map
A map is a flat sheet of paper, but the surface of the Earth is not
flat at all. Maps are two-dimensional, while the Earths surface is
three-dimensional. Maps use contour to show elevation above sea
level. Maps with contours are called topographic maps.

elevation height above or below sea level.

landform specific natural feature on the Earth's surface.

quadrant one of four parts of a grid. Quadrants are divided into northwest,
northeast, southeast and southwest.

relief the difference in elevation between areas of a specific region.

terrain topographic features of an area.

topographi map showing natural and human-made features of the land, and
c map marked by contour lines showing elevation.

On a topographic map, the vertical distance between contour lines,

called the contour interval, stays the same. For the island example,
the next contour line after the 25 foot line would be at 50 feet. This
line would be created by connecting all the points 50 feet above
sea level. If the island were 130 feet tall, 75, 100 and 125 foot
contour lines would also be needed. The 125 foot contour line will
probably be almost a circle and very small because there is only 5
feet of island left above it. This tells you that anything inside a
closed contour line is higher than the elevation of that line, and
anything outside is lower.

Contour lines on a make believe island. Sea level is

the 0" contour

Site inventory and significance in site appraisal

Site inventory is taking stock of the existing conditions on a piece of land. It includes locating site feature, identifying problems such as erosion,
compaction, excess runoff volume, ugliness and decline and identifying positive attributes such as a good view, a nice specimen plant or typical
travel patterns. It also includes other environmental factors such as wind patterns, sun patterns and noise issues and infrastructure factors such as
where utilities and foundations are located. In the inventory, size of plants, volume of water that is running off the site in a typical 1 rainstorm event,
patterns of water movement on the property and other quantifiable information is determined.

Steps to determine what is on the property.

Record the site data

Social:

How people move through the area

Views
Noise
Proximity to other things
Environmental:
Erosion
Is there any and locate the areas (SF and places) on the site map
Indicate severity of the problem (depth of ruts, how widespread)
Slope
Note the steepness (percent grade) and extent of grade changes (how high does the land go over a set
horizontal distance?)
Note if the slope is constant or where the grade changes steepness
Exposure (which way the [slope faces)
Moisture/water issues and distribution on property
Identify water sources (roof runoff, slope runoff, drive runoff, low spots)
The locations of areas which are wet during a rain (flow paths and puddling)
Areas that are wet 2-3 days after a typical 1 rain
Areas that are wet 5-7 days after a typical 1 rain
Sun/shade locations (position and extent of each in the morning and afternoon)
Soil type (from the County soil maps and/or soil analysis sent to State Extension Service Soil lab)
Existing plants place all plants in one of three categories
Plants to keep where they are
Appropriateness/desire to keep
Plants to be moved
Plants to go
Unhealthy plants
Exotic invasives
Misplaced plants
Identify the planting zone (cold hardiness and heat zone) as well as the physiographic province in the
Chesapeake Bay Watershed (USDA Hardiness Zones 5b 7a, Heat Hardiness 7-3)
Mountain
Piedmont
Coastal Plain
Hardscape/Infrastructure:
Identify amount of impervious surface on the property (record location and SF of each roof area, patios, decks,
sidewalks, sheds, any other thing which covers the ground and is impervious such as a boat)
Locate all utilities (overhead and underground)
End product of inventory:
A map of conditions that exist on the property and factors which impact property from outside of the property.
When all the data is gathered ,the site will be taken care of in the same manner taking into account all the issues discussed above ,which in
turn helps in the appraisal of the site in a right direction.

c) catchment area and the rational formula-

catchment area or drainage basin, area drained by a stream or other body of water. The limits of a given catchment area are the heights of
landoften called drainage divides, or watershedsseparating it from neighboring drainage systems. The amount of water reaching the river,
reservoir, or lake from its catchment area depends on the size of the area, the amount of precipitation, and the loss through evaporation
(determined by temperature, winds, and other factors and varying with the season) and through absorption by the earth or by vegetation;
absorption is greater when the soil or rock is permeable than when it is impermeable. A permeable layer over an impermeable layer may act as
a natural reservoir, supplying the river or lake in very dry seasons. The catchment area is one of the primary considerations in the planning of a
reservoir for water-supply purposes

UNIT I (C)
Geometric roadway design can be broken into three main parts: alignment, profile, and cross-section. Combined, they provide a three-dimensional
layout for a roadway.
The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.
The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them.
The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or banking. Cross
sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside the category of geometric design.

An ideal and most interesting roadway is one that generally follows the existing natural topography of the country. This is the most economical to
construct, but there are certain aspects of design that must be adhered to which may prevent the designer from following this undulating surface
without making certain adjustments in vertical and horizontal directions.

General conditions for road engineers:

alignment with consistent conditions;
sudden changes in alignment should be avoided as much as possible (long tangents should be connected with sweeping curves of large radii);
short sharp curves should not be interspersed with long curves of small curvature;
the final alignment has to achieve best balance between grade and curvature.

The role of terrain:

considerable influence on the final choice of alignment;
the topography of an area is fitted into one of the following three classifications: LEVEL, ROLLING, MOUNTAINOUS;
classification is important for decision on maximum perpendicular slope;
in level country, the alignment is in general, limited by considerations of cost of right-of-way, land use, waterways requiring expensive bridging,
existing roads, railroads, canals and power lines, and subgrade conditions or the availability of suitable borrow (grade plays no importance);
in rolling country, grade and curvature must be considered carefully. Extent of cuts and embankments, drainage systems, and number of bridges
(dependent on whether the route follows the ridges, the valleys or a crossdrainage alignment);
in mountainous country, grades provides the greatest problem, and in general, the horizontal alignment (curvature) is conditioned by maximum
grade criteria.

Horizontal alignment :
vertical (ground plan) projection onto horizontal plane;
basic direction of road line direction is given by horizontal polygon, where in the folds directional elements are inserted;
for roads with undivided carriageway the road axes leads in the middle of the carriageway;
for roads with divided carriageway the road axes is situated in the centre of medial strip.

Vertical alignment :
unwrapped vertical plane cutting the road axis into a outline (ground plan);
consists of vertical polygon, where parabolic vertical curves are inserted in the area of polygon nodes;
elevation course line defined by grade line (level).

UNIT II (A)
Comprehensive Drainage System
A complete drainage system incorporates both surface and subsurface drains. Surface drains to remove heavy volumes of rainfall that fall in short
spans of time and subsurface drains to remove water which percolates into the soil. Soil has a natural ability to absorb just so much water.At the
point the soil becomes 100% saturated with water, it cannot absorb anymore.With no place to go, additional rainfall accumulates on the surface
resulting in flooding and erosion. This is another reason it is critical to incorporate surface drains into any drainage plan.

Sources of Water
Surface Water Sources
Water from a rainfall or irrigation event that does not infiltrate the soil appears as surface water. Surface water runoff is a major concern in
urbanized areas, where development results in a high percentage of impervious surfaces such as roofs, driveways, and streets. Surface water may
be free to flow to adjacent areas (runoff ) and contribute to soil saturation in another zone. Some surface water is retained on the ground surface in
depressions which, if soil permeability is extremely low, will pond.
Subsurface Water Sources
Most subsurface water results from surface infiltration, although water can enter the subsoil from aquifers or adjacent areas. Another potential
contributor to excess soil wetness is a perched water table that generally forms above an impermeable soil layer.

Benefits of drainage in relation to healthy soil and plant life

Surface Drainage
Benefits that occur due to the controlled removal of surface water by surface drainage systems are:
1. Erosion control.
2. Removal of surface water. Excess rain or irrigation water will naturally flow to areas of lower elevation. The excess water may remain ponded,
causing poor aesthetic conditions as well as destroying turf or damaging buildings, homes and hardscapes. Surface drainage structures can
prevent these undesirable conditions and can often be located so they will not interfere with the planned use of the site.

Subsurface Drainage
Removal of gravitational water from the soil profile provides many benefits. These benefits are often inconspicuous because they occur within the
soil and the root zone.

The benefits of subsurface drainage include:

1. Maintain soils structural capability and improving trafficability.
2. Timeliness of maintenance operations. Continued removal of excessive soil water during the recreation season permits extended, more intensive
use, resulting in increased revenue.
3. Helps the soil warm earlier in the spring.
4. Provides increased aeration in the root zone. Air is necessary in the root zone for healthy growth.
5. Deepens the root zone.
6. Increases the supply of available plant food by increasing the presence of air in the root zone. Many plant nutrients must change in their chemical
form during the period between when they are applied to the soil until they become available to the plants.
7. Decreases the damage due to freezing. Frost heaving can raise and buckle concrete slabs, sidewalks, and hardscapes. Drained soils have less
water to freeze and frost heaving is less of a problem.

Drainage Problems Caused by Surface Obstructions

1. Soil level and topography If the property is not graded correctly then it will not drain properly.
2. Tree root systems may cause impediments to surface and subsurface water flow.
3. Shrubbery root systems and certain types of ground cover will block or impede surface water flow.
4. Landscape timber, bricks, etc., will cause water flow obstructions and will inhibit or create directional water paths on the surface.
5. Plastic edging as well as a wide variety of other types of edging may affect surface drainage problems.
6. Flat work or hardscapes such as sidewalks, driveways, patios, etc., may have been installed to high and either inhibit, block, or retain water.

Drainage Problems Caused by Subsurface Obstructions

1. Poor soil conditions that are indigenous to the region or brought in for construction purposes.
2. Swimming pools or buried structures that severely limit the soils holding capacity.
3. Root barriers that may have been installed will inhibit and block water movement.
4. Broken or poorly adjusted irrigation systems.
5. Adjoining properties that may have all of the above potential problems that are routed onto your clients property.

Drainage Considerations
There are three basic forms of drainage control on a steep slope: above ground drainage diversion above the cut slope area; sub-surface drainage
within the slope; and pipe drainage from within the steep slope, primarily for draining active seepage such as springs. By far the most beneficial and
effective of these drainage techniques is the entrapment of surface water above the steep slope and the transportation of it to a safe area.
Entrapment of up slope waters can be accomplished through a number of different drainage methodologies, including berming, use of concrete-
lined or grasslined ditches. Entrapment water can thereafter be transported to a point away from the slope and safely released.
A secondary, and overall less effective method of entrapping and diverting drainage water on the slope is the use of sub-surface interception ditches
parallel to the contours of the slope. Improvements have been made, however, through the use of geo-textile fabrics and gravel envelope drains to
make sure that if these systems have to be relied upon that they have a more predictable life.
Lastly, rigid perforated pipe can be installed in seepage areas on a slope, especially in any area that perpetually weeps water, and can be drained
out beyond the toe of the slope to keep water from degrading the hillside. These rigid pipes are buried into the slope perpendicular to its face.
Many times all three of these methodologies are utilized on one project.

Drainage Materials and Applications

Drain Pipe
The two most frequently used type of drain pipe systems for residential and commercial drainage applications are Corrugated and Sewer & Drain
(smooth wall) pipe . In general terms, whether using corrugated or sewer and drain pipe, perforated pipe is used for subsurface drainage and solid
pipe is used to convey water from surface and/or subsurface drainage systems.
Corrugated Pipe
Corrugated pipe is manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and is available from 10 foot lengths to coils up to 1,000 feet long. The
longer the coil the fewer couplings necessary and the less labor required. Since corrugated pipe is flexible, it can follow the contours of the ground,
change directions in the trench, and adapt to underground obstacles more easily than rigid pipe. Labor savings and flexibility are two important
advantages of corrugated pipe. Several disadvantages of corrugated pipe are prevalent. Plumbers snakes cannot be used to clean out the pipe as
they get caught in the pipes corrugations. Corrugated pipe and fittings snap together and, henceforth, are not watertight. If slope is critical, the
flexibility of corrugated pipe makes it difficult to obtain constant slope unless the trench bed is sloped properly . Corrugated pipe has more friction
loss than smooth wall sewer and drain pipe reducing flow and increasing sediment deposits in the drain pipe.

Corrugated pipe is available in solid or perforated. The perforated version is sometimes known as slotted drain tubing. Perforated pipes are used for
subsurface drainage applications. Coextruded dual wall corrugated pipe is a variation to single wall corrugated pipe. It is more rigid and has a
smooth interior wall which gives it the characteristics of Sewer & Drain pipe.

Smooth Wall Sewer & Drain Pipe

Sewer and Drain pipe is much more rigid than corrugated pipe and manufactured from PVC, ABS and Polyethylene. It is easier to maintain a
continuous slope in critical areas with sewer and drain pipe or coextruded dual wall corrugated pipe. They will compensate for peaks and valleys in
the trench bed . PVC and ABS connections can be solvent welded or glued together ensuring watertight connections. Drain snakes can be used on
Sewer and Drain pipe if the pipe line becomes clogged. However, Sewer and Drain Pipe is more labor intensive and less flexible than corrugated
pipe.

French Drain
French drains, a form of subsurface drain, utilizes a buried perforated pipe installed in a gravel bed with a filter sock or geotextile fabric envelope
lining the trench. Water from the surrounding soil enters the gravel bed, flows into the drain pipe and utilizes gravity to flow towards the discharge
point. Perforations in single wall corrugated pipe are slits surrounding all sides of the pipe. Perforations in smooth wall drain pipe and coextruded
dual wall corrugated pipe are small diameter holes located in rows on one side of the pipe which should always face downward to prevent soil from
infiltrating the pipe. French drains are the most common method for evacuating excess ground water which has infiltrated into the soil. However,
french drains require labor, large trenches, rock or stone, filter fabric and therefore are more expensive than surface drainage systems. Also
migrating soil fines will accumulate on the filter fabric or in the drain pipe, potentially inhibiting water flow and eventually clogging, limiting the life of
the drain system.

Prefabricated Drain Systems

A prefabricated drain system usually consists of a cuspated plastic core which is completely wrapped in a geotextile fabric . The fabric may be glued
to the core or sewn. The geotextile prevents intrusion of fine soils into the drainage core. Water passes through the fabric and flows through the
core to the discharge point. The geotextile filters the fine-grained soil particles leading to the development of a stable filter cake.

Channel Drains
Channel drains are linear surface drains connected together to a length appropriate for the specific installation. Runoff water collected in the drain is
discharged to bottom or end outlets, or catch basins all of which are connected to drain pipe. They are available in widths from 1 to 16 wide and
different materials including concrete, steel, plastic or formed in place. Grates are available in cast iron, steel, brass and plastic. Channel Systems
operate on the same principle as a roof gutter. Instead of grading a deck surface to a low area, the deck is gradually sloped in one direction or
plane, and the channel drain acts as a perimeter drain at the edge of the slope. Hardscapes generate more runoff than landscapes due to the lack
of water absorption. Channel drain systems provide more overall open surface area than conventional area grates (basins and inlets) to handle the
larger volume of runoff. Ideal applications for channel drains are hardscapes or large flat work areas of concrete, asphalt, brick, pavers, etc.

Recommended Applications:
Driveways, Tennis courts,
Parking lots, Sidewalks,
Warehouses, Patios,
Swimming pools and spas Sports facilities
Washdown areas Nurseries and greenhouses

Swales
Natural surface drain swales are the least expensive method of removing undesired surface water run off. A typical swale can be approximately 2 -
60 wide and can have a depth from 2 to 60.
Terraces
The primary purpose of terracing is to move surface runoff water from sloping areas. Bench terraces and tile outlet terraces are the two types of
terraces that have been used in turf drainage.
Fill Dirt
Generally speaking fill dirt is not a positive solution to addressing drainage problems, as it generally routes the water problems to another area.
However; there are times where fill dirt, preferable a mixture of humus and sand, will be used to fill in minor low areas and direct water to safe
areas.
Culverts
Culverts can be installed under flat work, gravel or dirt to allow water to pass under an obstruction.
Dynamic Boost
Preferred for moving water and adding a boost. This system is totally dependent on rainfall and gravity. Boost is gained via connecting all of the
gutter downspouts into the drain.
Electrical Boost
Use of a submersible pump is a last resort if there are no other options available. Runoff water may need to be pumped uphill to a higher elevation
safe area if adequate fall is not available for a sloped, gravity flow, drain pipe.

Checklist for Drainage Design

1. Analyze topography.
a) Check off-site drainage pattern.Where is water coming onto site? Where is water leaving the site? Water flows perpendicular to contour
lines.
b) Check on-site topography for surface runoff and percolation.
1. Determine runoff pattern; high points, ridges, valleys, streams, and swales.Where is the water going?
2. Overlay the grading plan and indicate watershed areas; calculate square footage (acreage), points of concentration, low
points, etc.
c) Check means of disposal (also check local codes).
1. On-site (pond, creek, retention basin)
2. Off-site (street, storm drains)
3. Natural drainage system (swales)
4. Existing drainage system (drain pipe)
5. Proposed drainage system
2. Analyze other site conditions.
a) Land use and physical obstructions such as walks, drives, parking, patios, landscape edging, fencing, grassy area, landscaped area,
tree roots, etc.
b) Soil type determines the amount of water that can be absorbed by the soil.
c) Vegetative cover will determine the amount of slope possible without erosion.
3. Analyze areas for probable location of drainage structures.
4. Identify what type and size drains are required. Design the system using a combination of surface and subsurface drain systems and
underground pipes. Design pipe layout to convey water from the drains to the discharge point in the most direct and simple manner possible.

Discharge Collected Water

Once the storm water is collected and conveyed in the drain pipe, it must be discharged to a safe location. The final design of subsurface or surface
drainage systems concerns disposal of the water. The outflow rate potential must at least equal the expected inflow rate. Several options are
available to discharge water. You can discharge on site, into a pond for example, or discharge off site, into the street gutter or directly into the storm
sewer for example. You can combine different options for the best solution. The best solution is often the simplest solution.
Wet Ponds
Retention (or wet) ponds are basins which contain a permanent pool of water.
Dry Ponds
Detention facilities, or dry basins, are used as a means of controlling peak discharge rates through the temporary storage of storm runoff.
Culvert Outfall
Discharging collected water into swales, drainage ditches, creeks, ponds, etc.

UNIT II (B)

DRAINAGE OF SPORTS FIELDS

GENERAL CONCEPTS

The importance of proper surface and sub-surface drainage and the development of a good overall maintenance plan for sports field drainage
cannot be over stressed. Both of these will save money, provide better participant enjoyment, and add to the life of the field. Installing a sub-
surface drainage system in an existing sports field is often necessary. It will be satisfactory if design specifications are met and a maintenance
plan is laid out. In general, sports fields require a greater concentration of sub-surface drainage pipe installed at a shallower depth than do
agricultural fields. Playing fields for football, soccer, baseball and similar sports are generally more difficult to drain than golf courses due to
restrictions of a near level surface, compaction of the soil from heavy use, and usually a lack of funds available for soil improvement.

Tile drainage for agricultural use is an extensive activity. As a result, guidelines exist for the installation of drain tile, and for surface drainage
techniques. Drainage guidelines for non-agricultural areas are not as well organized. Sports field drainage has been carried out in a patchwork
way. Often one season after tile installation, or surface draining, field managers find their field over-or-under-drained, grasses have not rooted
well, the soil is compacted and easily injured by use. Remedial action is then necessary, often involving higher costs than the original drainage
system.

There is overlap in drainage technique between agricultural and sports field applications. The Drainage Guide for Ontario is an excellent base
from which plans can be developed for the drainage of sports fields. Field work for sports facilities generally fall into two classes; that related to
golf courses and that which is not.

Golf courses have many drainage aspects which are peculiar to them alone, although park land is similar. Other sport fields have the same
general requirements and can be grouped together. This does not preclude the use of information from one category on another type of field. It
merely serves as a logical separation of approach. General sports fields include football, soccer, rugger, baseball, tennis, field lacrosse, field
hockey, track and field and equestrian events.

Drainage of sports fields is not a recent consideration. In 1931 it was written "No grass can be expected to produce satisfactory results on water
logged soil, and where drainage is necessary, it must be provided." "A tile system of drainage under the entire field is not necessary unless
seepage is a problem. Surface compaction usually renders a general tile system ineffective." These observations succinctly summarize the major
problems of sport field drainage - surface compaction due to heavy use, and poor playing and turf conditions due to excess water.

One of the most important aspects of playability of a field is ongoing maintenance. A dense, resilient, aesthetically appealing, and safe athletic
field does not just happen. It requires proper field construction and a total management program. Surface drainage is important as well as not
allowing use when the field is wet or when it has been over-used. Maintenance of the drainage system will keep the system performing to its
capabilities.

Basic recommendations are:-

1.Keep a copy of the drain layout on file to assist with maintenance and additions to the system.
2 Keep tile drain outlets clear, and keep rodent guards in place.
3 Root-proof drains near trees, or remove any trees within 15 to 25 m of a drain.

Sports field drainage is multi-dimensional having the four water problems (drainage, erosion, water deficiency and poor maintenance). Applying
agricultural drainage criteria to sports fields is inadequate as the demands made on drainage are more rigorous then those made for agricultural
purposes.

Golf and Recreational Areas

Drainage specifications for golf courses and recreational areas are much more concise and well documented than those for playing fields. The
reasons are twofold. First is the similarity between park/golf areas and agricultural fields. Agricultural drainage, as mentioned earlier, has a huge
volume of scientific and practical literature associated with it and can be he applied to grassed recreational areas and golf fairways. A second
reason for the knowledge of golf course drainage is the strong United States Golf Association (USGA), golf course managers, and green keepers.
The construction, drainage and maintenance of tees and greens usually conform to USGA standards.
Musser (1962), in conjunction with the USGA, wrote a book on golf course turf management which included an excellent section on drainage. He
noted that poor drainage adversely affected playability, turf quality, aesthetic appeal, the freeze-thaw cycle and the usefulness of irrigation
systems. On a golf course this adds up to lost revenue as golfers cannot, or prefer not to, play the course. One solution available to a golf course
and recreational area designer that is not available to a playing field designer is contouring. Natural contours can be changed enough on a golf
course to allow for good surface drainage while preserving the natural lines that make golf courses so appealing. Playing field designers are
required to build each field to very rigid surface requirements although they may take advantage of surface grading. Proper drainage can help
prevent turf damage and soil compaction and can bring a course into playable condition a month earlier in the spring.

Playing Field Considerations

One of the primary considerations in formulating criteria for drainage is the opinion of participants and field managers. Participants give the
drainage designer an idea of ideal playing conditions. Field managers can help distinguish between ideal conditions and the best practical
solution. Obviously a field or course will not suit every participant on every day no matter how perfect the turf and drainage system.
An ideal playing surface is soft enough to give bounce to the players legs, has no wet or bare areas, has few weeds in it, presents no danger from
parts of the drainage or irrigation system, and has no stones or other hard objects on it. All of these points can be achieved by good drainage. The
last point regarding stones on the field has to do with drainage indirectly. There are constant problems with stones and glass deposited with the
sand used for top dressing the turf. The sand is to improve aeration and drainage and the stones and glass come with poor quality sand. The
major problems on playing fields arise from overuse, poor overall management, and poor control of water (irrigation and drainage).

For a spectator or recreational participant the must important aspects of good drainage are that it provides a good-looking, good- feeling turf, it
allows more playing time per year and it helps maintain a safe and reliable place to play the sport. These are the criteria the turf manager and
drainage system designer should be following. Other important factors are the cost-benefit analysis for any drainage improvements, the physical
limitations imposed by the soil, the climate, and the pattern of use, and the type of management available.

Drainage equipment should be light to prevent damage to the playing surface, or have wider tracks to reduce compaction and surface damage.
Usually the problem to be solved is drainage of surface water rather than groundwater so the final system must include forms of vertical drainage
such as sand galleries or pre-manufactured product to the underground system

Recommendations for the Drainage of Playing Fields

(Football, Baseball, Soccer, Track, Tennis, etc.)

SURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Grade playing field to a slope the sport will allow, 1- 2% is recommended from the centre line crown out to the sidelines.
2. Provide surface ditches and/or flow diversions around the field, ensure that surface water has a removal path (open channel or storm sewer).
3. Absolutely no depressions in field.

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
I. Poor to good draining soils (clay loam loam). Use Drainage Guide for Ontario.
[ i ] Spacing of drains - 10 to 18 m.
In heavy use areas (goal areas, baseball infield, bench areas) - 1.5 to 10 m.
[ ii ] Depth of drain - 45 to 75 cm (note this will not allow a football field of 160 yards to be drained at a 0.5% grade with continuous long axis pipe.
If long axis drainage is planned it most he done in two separate header sections).
[ iii ] Grade of drains - 0.35 to 1.0% (laterals) and 0.5 to 1.0% (mains).
[ iv ] Trench backfill - 3/4 in. gravel is best with 10% less than No. 60 sieve and 100% less than l -1/2 in.
[ v ] Size of tiles - 4 in. laterals; 6 in. to 8 in headers; 8 in. to 12 in mains.
(vi) Trees nearby - use non-perforated pipe within 50 ft of problem trees.

2. Very poor to poor draining soils (clay - clay loam). Use Drainage Guide for Ontario.
[ i ] See construction note 4 below.
[ ii ] Spacing of tiles - 5 to 10 m; Heavy use areas 1.5 to 5 m.
[ iii ] Depth of tiles - 40 to 60 cm (See 1 (ii)); Heavy use areas 30 to 40 cm.
(iv) Grade of tiles - 0.35 to 0.5% (laterals) and 0.5 to 1.0% (mains).
(v) Trench backfill same as (iv).
(vi) Size of tiles same as (v).
(vii) Trees nearby same as (vi).

CONSTRUCTION
1. Avoid excessive compaction by machinery during construction.
2. Add soil ameliorants (ash, sand or organic matter) to top soil and mix in well.
3. Choose a good quality top soil, or create one using site soil and proper additives.
4. On very poorly drained soil a layer of sand-gravel 15 to 25 cm thick should be installed under the top soil and directly over the top of the
backfilled drained trenches.
5. Top soil should be 25 to 35 cm thick after settling.
6. Cultivate after applying top soil.

MAINTENANCE
1. Top dressing - recommended to improve soil porosity, use high quality sieved sand with absolutely no particles granter than 3 mm in diameter.
2. Aeration by mechanical means when needed.
3. Care of turf follow usual turf care maintenance.
4. Depressions sometimes occur after construction due to settling or subsurface seepage and erosion; should be filled with sand or a sand
top soil mixture and re-seeded during a period of low field use (but as soon me possible).
5. Tile drains.
(i) Blockages - attempt to clear by flushing with water or by pipe cleaner rods; my have to dig up and clear or replace blocked section of tile.
(ii) Drain outlets - keep screens clean, vegetation away from outlet, watch for excessive discharge of silt or sand.
(iii) Retain drainage plan (preferably two copies) in a safe and accessible place.
SPECIAL SURFACES

1. Paved areas (parking lots and tennis courts) - surface grade 1 to 2%, drain as for playing fields if one or more of the following conditions exist:
(i) high water table.
(ii) active springs or seeps in area
(iii) surface water enters area.

2. Tracks around fields - hard surface or packed earth.

(i) Generally grade from the outside in, grade usually high on corners and 1.5 to 3% on straights.
(ii) With this high a surface grade drainage can be accomplished with a single 6 in. drain pipe 8 to 12 in. inside the inside edge of track.
(iii) Feed this single line into the playing field main.
(iv) Depth of pipe same an in B 1 and 2.

Recommendations for the Drainage of Golf Courses and Recreational Areas

Fairways and Recreational Areas

SURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Grade or contour wet areas so water runs to ditches, creeks or drains.
2. Provide surface ditches as necessary.

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Provide tile drainage for wet areas. Wet areas should be located before construction.
2. Install a single drain tile at the base of slopes leading to low-lying areas. Drains should run perpendicular to the water flow direction.
3. On heavy clay soils a systematic drainage system may be necessary throughout; drains should run parallel to fairway lines except where
slopes do not permit 3 to 4 pipes per fairway; on recreational areas a general plan should be drawn up as for agricultural drainage but with
spacing and depth as below.
4. It is advantageous to plan and install the drainage system before construction.

CONSTRUCTION
1. No special construction techniques are required for drainage. Clay soils should be improved by the addition of soil ameliorants.
2. Avoid excessive compaction during construction (do not work soil when wet).

MAINTENANCE
1. The usual turf management practices should be observed.
2. Correct problems as soon an they occur since the drainage will worsen and the soil and turf will be damaged if water is allowed to stand on or
in the soil.
3. Keep ditches, drains and inlet and outlet screens clear.
4. Retain all drainage plans in a safe and accessible place.

Golf Tees and Greens (and other specialty lawns)

SURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Grading and contouring at least 1% grade.
2. Do not grade to the fronts of tees or greens.
3. Provide surface or subsurface drainage paths away from the tee or green.

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Spacing of tiles - 5 to 7 m.
2. Depth of tiles - 35 to 60 cm below final surface
3. Grade of tiles - 0.5 to 3.0%.
4. Trench backfill - pea gravel.
5. Size of tiles - 4 in.

CONSTRUCTION
1. Subgrade - graded to final contour specifications, 35 cm below final surface level.
2. Trenches - cut in subgrade.
3. 10 cm layer of pea gravel (same material as trench backfill) over subgrade.
4. 5 cm layer of fine gravel (15 to 25% of pea gravel size) over pea gravel.
5. 30 cm layer of topsoil over fine gravel - allows 10 cm for settling.

MAINTENANCE
1. Usual green and tee turf management.
2. Keep drains and screens clear.
3. Retain all drainage plans in a safe and accessible place.

Sand Traps

Drain as for greens; install a geo-fabric around tiles.

UNIT II (C)

Cut and Fill

A Typical Cut/Fill Diagram

What is cutting and filling?

Cutting and filling is the process of moving earth from one place to another to make ground more level. A cut is made when earth is cut from above
the desired ground height and a fill is when earth is used to fill a hole to desired ground level. Cutting and filling is a common technique used to
create an even ground surface.

Cutting and filling land carries a certain risk - particularly when the land being filled is going to be used for your house foundations. Whenever earth
is moved the natural compaction is disturbed, and soil in this state is often described as fluffed or aerated. In order for the earth to be safe enough
for use in foundations it needs to be compacted to avoid settling. If it's not properly compacted, settling earth can cause disastrous consequences
including things like cracked foundations.

What sort of equipment is used for cutting and filling?

Cutting and filling is normally carried out using earth moving equipment like skid-steer loaders or bulldozers. Depending on the size and shape of
your site, either a drum roll style compactor or a plate compactor may be used.

Disadvantages of cutting and filling

Although it's unlikely to be a significant problem on most residential properties, cutting and filling do have certain disadvantages. For example,
flattening land can increase the amount of sound that's carried across a property or affect natural windbreaks.

UNIT III (A)

LANDSCAPE GRADING, DRAINAGE &BED PREPARATION
PART 01 GENERAL
A. Related Documents: The General Provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and General Requirements, apply
to the work specified in this Section.
B. Description ofWork: Work Included in this Section:
Stripping, stockpiling, and redistribution of topsoil, rough grading, rock removal, excavation of the soil and landscape bed construction.
Earthwork, Shrub and Groundcover Planting , Tree Planting, Seeding and Sodding Turfgrass
C. Existing Conditions: Contractor shall accept actual conditions at the project site and do work specified without additional compensation for
possible variation from grades and conditions shown, whether surface or subsurface. All grading work shall be unclassified except for rock removal
as described herein.
D. Protection:
Benchmarks andMonuments:
Maintain carefully all benchmarks, monuments and other reference points. If disturbed or destroyed, replace as directed. If found at variance with
the drawings, notify the Engineer before proceeding to lay out the work.
Protection of ExistingWork Remaining:
All existing curbs, sidewalks, driveways and paving damaged in performance of this work shall be restored, without additional cost to the Owner in
the manner prescribed by authorities having jurisdiction.

EXECUTION
A. Inspection:
Examine the areas and conditions under which earthwork and site grading is to be performed and notify the Engineer in writing of conditions
detrimental to the proper and timely completion of the work. Do not proceed with the work until unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected in an
acceptable manner.
B. Testing:
Laboratory:
The owner shall utilize services of a testing laboratory to perform tests required under this section.
Quality Control Testing During Construction:
It is the responsibility of the Contractor to notify the Engineer at appropriate times when Testing is required. Field density tests shall be performed.
C. Soil Preparation:
A sample of the proposed topsoil or planting mix shall be submitted to the Engineer 30 calendar days prior to installation and be approved prior to
installation. Soil preparation for planting areas is divided into four categories depending on the situation.
Type 1
The Type I planting bed preparation is intended for areas in which the existing soil is of sufficient quality that it can be retained and amended to
achieve the specifications for an Acceptable Planting Media. Where vegetation currently exists, it shall be removed by scraping away the top 3 4
of existing grade. This material shall be hauled away and disposed of in accordance with the contract provisions. The Contractor shall install a
sufficient quantity of soil and to achieve the desired/specified final grade and soil specification. Soil shall be added in an amount sufficient to
account for natural settling of the final soil product and provide slight positive drainage from the middle of the bed to the sides of the bed.
All planting beds and areas to be mulched shall have a 4 Vcut trench installed at the perimeter of the planting bed and adjacent to concrete walks,
curbing, and grassed areas. The Vcut trench shall form the bed line edge. Trench depth and width shall be consistent and uniform throughout the
installation. All planting beds shall be tilled to a depth of at least 8 below the final finished grade. All soil amendments shall be mixed thoroughly and
completely with the existing soil.
Type 2
The Type 2 planting bed preparation is intended for areas in which the existing soil is to be removed to a depth of 18 and replaced with soil
meeting the plant mix specification. This preparation also includes the tilling or loosening of the material to 18 depth in order to provide aeration
and lessen the compaction.
Existing soil shall be removed and disposed of in accordance with the contract provisions. The existing layer of soil between 18 and 24 deep shall
be tilled in place. The Contractor shall install a sufficient quantity of approved plant mix to achieve the desired/specified grade. Add soil in an
amount sufficient to account for natural settling.
Unless otherwise specified, the plant bed shall be graded as follows:
- Roadway medians & Planting beds crown height in inches shall be equal to median width in feet with a maximum height of 6 inches.
- Roadway plant stripsachieve positive drainage from front of walk to back of curb
- Plant beds in turf areas or around buildings 6 above surrounding grade at center of bed, 2 above grade at edge of bed.
All planting beds and areas to be mulched shall have a 4 Vcut trench installed at the perimeter of the planting bed and adjacent to concrete walks,
curbing, and grassed areas. The Vcut trench shall form the bed line edge. Trench depth and width shall be consistent and uniform throughout the
installation. All work shall be achieved from the sides of the planting bed areas. The contractor shall not allow equipment to operate on the loosened
soil or plant mix.
Type 3
The Type 3 planting is intended for individual tree and individual/group shrub planting where no soil replacement is required unless specified by
the engineer or a representative of Landscape Management. The tree and shrub planting procedures, including preparation of backfill and
planting hole are found under: TREE PLANTING and SHRUB AND GROUNDCOVER PLANTIN.
Type 4
The Type 4 planting is intended for individual tree planting in medians and roadside planting strips and shoulders. The preparation for installation
of the trees shall include the tilling of a 10x10area centered on the new tree location. The existing soil shall be broken up to a depth of 18 within
that 10x10 area and one cubic yard of composted soil conditioner shall be thoroughly mixed throughout. Soil in the bottom of the tree pit shall be
firmly tamped to reduce settling.

SOIL
Soil Types:
Topsoil :
Native soil on site or natural soil harvested from another site that naturally has the texture and composition to meet the specification described
below, and is free of noxious weed seed, shall constitute an Acceptable Planting Media.(APM)
Plantingmix:
A planting mix may be developed that will be an Acceptable Planting Media by amending the existing soil or by removing the existing soil and
replacing it with new planting mix. The planting mix shall have uniform composition throughout, with a mixture of subsoil. It shall be free of stones,
lumps, live plants and their roots, sticks, and other extraneous matter. It shall contain no manmade materials unless otherwise specified. Planting
mix shall not be used while in a frozen or muddy condition.
Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, the Acceptable Planting Media shall contain the following specified percentages of
constituents:
CLAY Minimum 10%/ Maximum 40%
SAND Minimum 20%/ Maximum 50%
SILT Minimum 20%/ Maximum 50%
ORGANIC MATTER Minimum 5%/ Maximum 10%
Organic Matter is defined as compost/humus such as sawdust or leaf mold that has completed the decomposition process. Percentage of organic
matter shall be determined by loss on ignition of moisture free samples dried at 65 degrees.
APM shall have a have an acidity range of pH 5.5 to 7.0.
Soils can be placed on a preapproved list by The City of Charlottes Landscape Management

Soil Conditioner:
Work covered in this special provision includes supplying and applying composted soil conditioner. Soil conditioner is an organic soil additive that is
mixed with the soil in order to improve its internal drainage, structure, nutrient holding capacity, nutrient holding capacity or to improve organic
matter composition. Composted soil conditioner must be thoroughly mixed and tilled into the top 8 to 10 of the existing soil in all areas to be
planted.
Soil conditioner shall be composted and aged pine bark, screened to be 9/16 size or smaller. It shall be black in color, not be fresh, have no pine
bark smell and have a acidity of pH 5.8 to 6.0. A sample of the composted soil conditioner must be submitted to the City for approval prior to
installation.

Landscape Irrigation Systems

PRODUCTS
A. PVC Pipe and Fittings:
Pipe specified shall be virgin highimpact Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe having a minimum working pressure rating of Class 200 up to and including
1 and Class 160 for pipe above 1. All PVC pipe shall be continuously and permanently marked with manufacturers name, material size, and
schedule.
Fittings to be used on specified PVC pipe, and must be of domestic manufacture. All fittings shall be identified as to pressure rating or schedule.
Solvent for use on PVC pipe and fitting shall be of a type approved by the manufacturer of the pipe. Primer shall be purple primer by the same
manufacturer as solvent. Solvent and primer application shall be in accordance to the manufacturers recommendations. Excessive solvent and
primer within and outside of the pipe is unacceptable.

B. Risers and Swing Joint Nipples:

All pipe risers to 1 shall be nonplasticized polyvinyl chloride. Schedule 80 threaded pipe. Fittings on risers shall be PVC Schedule 80 threaded
elbows. If the plan shows a nonPVC riser, compatible fittings to the riser specified shall be used.

C. Irrigation Valves:
Irrigation valves shall be molded valves with 24 volt solenoid as per the Equipment List noted on the drawings. Valves shall be globe type operated
by lowvoltage solenoids normally closed, manual flow adjustment.

D. BackflowPreventers:
Backflow preventers shall be the responsibility of the Irrigation Contractor. Irrigation point of connection is downstream side of the meter.. Backflow
preventer selection and installation is to meet or exceed local and state codes, and manufacturers recommendations.

E. Meters:
All meters & valves installed in public RightofWay shall be installed per requirements.

F. Sprinkler Heads:
All full and part circle sprinklers shall be of the fixed spray or gear driven variety as is specified on the plans. These sprinklers shall be of the popup
type with spring retraction. The sprinkler shall be easily serviced from the top. It shall have an accessible screening device and shall perform to the
manufacturers specification with regard to the diameter of throw and applied volume at a given pressure. Spacing of heads shall not exceed the
manufacturers maximum recommendation. No over spray shall be allowed to encroach on roadways, sidewalks, buildings, nor the like.

G. Valves, Sleeves & Boxes:

All irrigation pipes crossing under any streets shall be enclosed in a PVC sleeve as noted on the plan. Sleeves shall be Schedule 80 PVC, Type 1,
and must be of domestic manufacture. Pipe sleeve shall not be less than two times (2X) the outer diameter of the sleeved irrigation pipe(s).
Fiberglass or concrete boxes with fiberglass or equal covers capable of withstanding lawn tractor traffic and vehicle traffic shall be used as specified
in the Equipment List on the drawing. All systems shall be approved by Landscape Management and installed to prevent unnecessary watering
after substantial rainfall.

H. Drainage Backfill:

I. Automatic Control System:

Furnish automatic controller as specified in the Equipment List, including 24 volt timer and all connection devices. Electrical hookup to the
controller shall be by others unless specifically noted otherwise on the plan or Equipment List. All automatic control systems shall utilize a rain
sensor device and installed in accordance to the manufacturer specifications.

J. Drip Irrigation:
All drip irrigation systems drip line shall be pinned to the soil every two feet (2) or as necessary to prevent the drip line from rising from the surface.
When a water pressure reducer is required, it shall be accessible within a valve box and easily replaced. Filtration systems on the drip irrigation
system shall consist of a 120 mesh.