Sat10e SSM 12

Chapter 12
Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Section 12.1 3x + 3 y + 2 z = 4

1. 3x + 4 = 8 x 15. x y z = 0
2 y 3z = 8
4x = 4
x =1 Substituting the values of the variables:
The solution set is {1} . 3(1) + 3(1) + 2(2) = 3 3 + 4 = 4

1 (1) 2 = 1 + 1 2 = 0
3. inconsistent
2( 1) 3(2) = 2 6 = 8
5. (3, 2) Each equation is satisfied, so x = 1, y = 1, z = 2 ,
7. b or (1, 1, 2) , is a solution of the system of
equations.
2 x y = 5
9.
5 x + 2 y = 8 3x + 3 y + 2 z = 4

Substituting the values of the variables: 17. x 3 y + z = 10
2(2) (1) = 4 + 1 = 5 5 x 2 y 3 z = 8

5(2) + 2(1) = 10 2 = 8 Substituting the values of the variables:
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2, y = 1 , or 3 ( 2 ) + 3 ( 2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) = 6 6 + 4 = 4

(2, 1) , is a solution of the system of equations. 2 3 ( 2 ) + 2 = 2 + 6 + 2 = 10

5 ( 2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) = 10 + 4 6 = 8
3x 4 y = 4
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2 , y = 2 ,
11. 1 1
2 x 3 y = 2 z = 2 , or (2, 2, 2) is a solution of the system of
Substituting the values of the variables: equations.
1 x + y = 8
3(2) 4 2 = 6 2 = 4 19.

x y = 4
1 (2) 3 1 = 1 3 = 1 Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
2
2 2 2 second equation and solve:
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2, y = 1 , or y = 8 x
2
x y = 4
( )
2, 1
2
, is a solution of the system of equations. x (8 x) = 4
x 8+ x = 4
x y = 3
2 x = 12
13. 1
2 x + y = 3 x=6
Since x = 6, y = 8 6 = 2 . The solution of the
Substituting the values of the variables, we obtain:
system is x = 6, y = 2 or using ordered pairs
4 1 = 3
(6, 2) .
1
2 (4) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 4, y = 1 , or
(4, 1) , is a solution of the system of equations.
723
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3x = 24
23.
x + 2 y = 0
Solve the first equation for x and substitute into
the second equation:
x=8

x + 2 y = 0
8 + 2y = 0
2y = 8
y = 4
The solution of the system is x = 8, y = 4 or
using ordered pairs (8, 4)
5 x y = 21
21.
2 x + 3 y = 12
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
add the equations to eliminate y:
15 x 3 y = 63
2 x + 3 y = 12

17 x = 51
x=3
Substitute and solve for y:
5(3) y = 21
15 y = 21
y = 6
3x 6 y = 2
y = 6 25.
The solution of the system is x = 3, y = 6 or 5 x + 4 y = 1
using ordered an pair ( 3, 6 ) . each side of the second equation by 3, then add
to eliminate y:
6 x 12 y = 4

15 x + 12 y = 3
21x =7
1
x=
3
3 (1/ 3) 6 y = 2
1 6y = 2
6y = 1
1
y=
6
1 1
The solution of the system is x = , y = or
3 6
1 1
using ordered pairs , .
3 6
724
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
4 x + 2(2 x) = 12
4 x + 4 x = 12
8 x = 12
3
x=
2
3 3
Since x = , y = 2 = 3
2 2
3
The solution of the system is x = , y = 3 or
2
3
2x + y = 1 using ordered pairs ,3 .
27. 2
4 x + 2 y = 3
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
y = 1 2x

4 x + 2 y = 3
4 x + 2(1 2 x) = 3
4x + 2 4x = 3
0 =1
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
x + 2y = 4
31.
2 x + 4 y = 8
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
x = 4 2 y

2 x + 4 y = 8
2(4 2 y ) + 4 y = 8
8 4y + 4y = 8
0=0
These equations are dependent. The solution of the
system is either x = 4 2 y , where y is any real
2 x y = 0 4 x
29. number or y = , where x is any real number.
4 x + 2 y = 12 2
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the Using ordered pairs, we write the solution as
second equation and solve: {( x, y) x = 4 2 y, y is any real number} or as
y = 2x 4 x
( x, y ) y = , x is any real number .
4 x + 2 y = 12 2
725
2 x 3 y = 1 Substitute and solve for x:

33. 1 1
10 x + y = 11 x + (3) = 3
2 3
Multiply each side of the first equation by 5,
and add the equations to eliminate x: 1
x +1 = 3
10 x + 15 y = 5 2
10 x + y = 11 1
x=2
2
16 y = 16 x=4
y =1 The solution of the system is x = 4, y = 3 or
Substitute and solve for x: using ordered pairs (4, 3).
2 x 3(1) = 1
2 x 3 = 1 3x 5 y = 3
39.
2x = 2 15 x + 5 y = 21
Add the equations to eliminate y:
x =1
The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 1 or 3 x 5 y = 3

using ordered pairs (1, 1). 15 x + 5 y = 21
18 x = 24
2 x + 3 y = 6 4
x=
35. 1 3
x y = 2
Solve the second equation for x, substitute into 3 ( 4 / 3) 5 y = 3
the first equation and solve:
4 5y = 3
2 x + 3 y = 6
5 y = 1
1
x = y + 2 1
y=
5
1
2 y + + 3y = 6 4 1
2 The solution of the system is x = , y = or
3 5
2y +1+ 3y = 6
4 1
5y = 5 using ordered pairs , .
3 5
y =1
1 3 1 1
Since y = 1, x = 1 + = . The solution of the x + y = 8
2 2
3 41.
system is x = , y = 1 or using ordered pairs 3 5 = 0
2
x y
1 1 1 1
Rewrite letting u = , v= :
2 x + 3 y = 3 x y
37.
1 x 2 y = 1 u+ v=8
4
3 3u 5v = 0
Multiply each side of the first equation by 6 and Solve the first equation for u, substitute into the
each side of the second equation by 12, then add second equation and solve:
to eliminate x: u = 8 v
3 x 2 y = 18
3x 8 y = 12 3u 5v = 0

10 y = 30
y= 3
726
3(8 v) 5v = 0 4
Multiply each side of the first result by and
24 3v 5v = 0 5
8v = 24 add to the second result to eliminate y:
4 y 4 z = 8
v=3
1 1 4 y + 7 z = 11
Since v = 3, u = 8 3 = 5 . Thus, x = = , 3z = 3
u 5
1 1 z =1
y= = . The solution of the system is Substituting and solving for the other variables:
v 3
1 1 1 1 x 2(1) + 3(1) = 7
x = , y = or using ordered pairs , . y 1 = 2
5 3 5 3 x+2+3= 7
y = 1
x=2
x y = 6 The solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 or using

43. 2 x 3 z = 16 ordered triples (2, 1, 1) .
2 y + z = 4

Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and x y z =1
add to the second equation to eliminate x:
47. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2
2 x + 2 y = 12 3x + 2 y
=0
2x 3 z = 16
Add the first and second equations to eliminate z:
2 y 3z = 4 x y z =1
Multiply each side of the result by 1 and add to 2x + 3y + z = 2
the original third equation to eliminate y:
3x + 2 y =3
2 y + 3z = 4
Multiply each side of the result by 1 and add to
2y + z = 4
the original third equation to eliminate y:
4z = 0 3x 2 y = 3
z=0 3x + 2 y = 0
Substituting and solving for the other variables: 0 = 3
2y + 0 = 4 2 x 3(0) = 16 This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
2y = 4 2 x = 16
y=2 x =8 x y z = 1

The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or using 49. x + 2 y 3 z = 4
ordered triples (8, 2, 0). 3x 2 y 7 z = 0

Add the first and second equations to eliminate
x 2 y + 3z = 7 x; multiply the first equation by 3 and add to

45. 2 x + y + z = 4 the third equation to eliminate x:
3x + 2 y 2 z = 10 x y z = 1
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and x + 2 y 3z = 4
add to the second equation to eliminate x; and y 4z = 3
multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
add to the third equation to eliminate x:
2 x + 4 y 6 z = 14 3x + 3 y + 3 z = 3
2x + y + z = 4 3x 2 y 7 z = 0
5 y 5 z = 10 y 4 z = 3
3x 6 y + 9 z = 21 Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and
3x + 2 y 2 z = 10 add to the second result to eliminate y:
4 y + 7 z = 11
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y + 4z = 3 Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and

y 4 z = 3 add to the second result to eliminate y:
4 x + y = 1
0= 0
7x y = 4
The system is dependent. If z is any real
number, then y = 4 z 3 . 3x = 3
Solving for x in terms of z in the first equation: x =1
x (4 z 3) z = 1 Substituting and solving for the other variables:
4(1) y = 1 3(1) 2(3) + z = 5
x 4z + 3 z = 1
y = 3 3 6 + z = 5
x 5z + 3 = 1
y=3 z = 2
x = 5z 2
The solution is {( x, y , z ) x = 5 z 2, y = 4 z 3 , The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 or using
z is any real number}. ordered triplets (1, 3, 2) .
2 x 2 y + 3z = 6 x + 2 y z = 3

51. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 0 55. 2 x 4 y + z = 7
2 x + 3 y 7 z = 1 2 x + 2 y 3z = 4

Add the first and second equations to eliminate
Multiply the first equation by 2 and add to the
z; multiply the second equation by 3 and add to
second equation to eliminate x; add the first and
the third equation to eliminate z:
third equations to eliminate x:
x + 2y z = 3
4 x + 4 y 6 z = 12
2x 4 y + z = 7
4x 3y + 2z = 0
3x 2 y = 10
y 4 z = 12
6 x 12 y + 3z = 21
2 x 2 y + 3z = 6 2 x + 2 y 3z = 4
2x + 3y 7z = 1 4 x 10 y = 17
y 4z = 7 Multiply each side of the first result by 5 and
Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and add to the second result to eliminate y:
add to the second result to eliminate y: 15 x + 10 y = 50
y + 4 z = 12 4 x 10 y = 17
y4z = 7 11x = 33
0 = 19 x= 3
This result is false, so the system is inconsistent. Substituting and solving for the other variables:
3(3) 2 y = 10
x+ y z = 6 9 2 y = 10
2 y = 1
53. 3 x 2 y + z = 5
x + 3 y 2 z = 14 1
y=
Add the first and second equations to eliminate 2
z; multiply the second equation by 2 and add to
the third equation to eliminate z:
x+ y z = 6
3x 2 y + z = 5
4x y = 1
6 x 4 y + 2 z = 10
x + 3 y 2 z = 14
7x y = 4
728
1 63. Let s = the price of a smartphone and t = the

3 + 2 z = 3 price of a tablet. Then:
2
s + t = 965
3 + 1 z = 3
340 s + 250t = 270500
z = 1
Solve the first equation for t: t = 965 s
z =1
Solve by substitution:
1 340 s + 250(965 s ) = 270500
The solution is x = 3, y = , z = 1 or using
2
340 s + 241250 250 s = 270500
1
ordered triplets 3, , 1 . 90 s = 29250
2
s = 325
57. Let l be the length of the rectangle and w be t = 965 325 = 640
the width of the rectangle. Then: The price of the smartphone is $325.00 and the
l = 2w and 2l + 2w = 90 price of the tablet is $640.00.
Solve by substitution: 65. Let x = the planes average airspeed and y = the
2(2 w) + 2w = 90 average wind speed.
4 w + 2w = 90 Rate Time Distance
6w = 90 With Wind x+ y 3 600
w = 15 feet Against x y 4 600
l = 2(15) = 30 feet
( x + y )(3) = 600
The floor is 15 feet by 30 feet.
( x y )(4) = 600
59. Let x = the number of commercial launches and 1
y = the number of noncommercial launches. Multiply each side of the first equation by ,
3
Then: x + y = 81 and y = 2 x + 12 1
multiply each side of the second equation by ,
Solve by substitution: 4
x + (2 x + 12) = 81 y = 2(23) + 12 and add the result to eliminate y
3 x = 69 y = 46 + 12 x + y = 200
x = 23 y = 58 x y = 150
In 2013 there were 23 commercial launches and 58 2 x = 350
noncommercial launches. x = 175
61. Let x = the number of pounds of cashews. 175 + y = 200
Let y = is the number of pounds in the mixture. y = 25
The value of the cashews is 5x . The average airspeed of the plane is 175 mph,
The value of the peanuts is 1.50(30) = 45. and the average wind speed is 25 mph.
The value of the mixture is 3y .
67. Let x = the number of $25-design.
Then x + 30 = y represents the amount of mixture.
Let y = the number of $45-design.
5 x + 45 = 3 y represents the value of the mixture.
Then x + y = the total number of sets of dishes.
Solve by substitution: 25 x + 45 y = the cost of the dishes.
5 x + 45 = 3( x + 30)
Setting up the equations and solving by
2 x = 45 substitution:
x = 22.5 x + y = 200
So, 22.5 pounds of cashews should be used in
25 x + 45 y = 7400
the mixture.
Solve the first equation for y, the solve by
substitution: y = 200 x
729
25 x + 45(200 x ) = 7400 2 ( 50 ) + 4 y = 400

25 x + 9000 45 x = 7400 100 + 4 y = 400
20 x = 1600 4 y = 300
x = 80 300
y = 200 80 = 120 y= = 75
4
Thus, 80 sets of the $25 dishes and 120 sets of So 50 mg of compound 1 should be mixed with
the $45 dishes should be ordered. 75 mg of compound 2.
69. Let x = the cost per package of bacon.
73. y = ax 2 + bx + c
Let y = the cost of a carton of eggs.
At (1, 4) the equation becomes:
Set up a system of equations for the problem:
4 = a (1) 2 + b(1) + c
3x + 2 y = 13.45
4 = a b+c
2 x + 3 y = 11.45
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and At (2, 3) the equation becomes:
each side of the second equation by 2 and solve 3 = a(2) 2 + b(2) + c
by elimination: 3 = 4a + 2b + c
9 x + 6 y = 40.35
At (0, 1) the equation becomes:
4 x 6 y = 22.90
1 = a(0) 2 + b(0) + c
5x = 17.45
1= c
x = 3.49
The system of equations is:
Substitute and solve for y: a b+c = 4
3(3.49) + 2 y = 13.45
4a + 2b + c = 3
10.47 + 2 y = 13.45
c=1
2 y = 2.98
Substitute c = 1 into the first and second
y = 1.49 equations and simplify:
A package of bacon costs $3.49 and a carton of a b +1 = 4 4a + 2b + 1 = 3
eggs cost $1.49. The refund for 2 packages of
a b =3 4a + 2b = 2
bacon and 2 cartons of eggs will be
2($3.49) + 2($1.49) = $9.96. a = b+3
Solve the first result for a, substitute into the
71. Let x = the # of mg of compound 1. second result and solve:
Let y = the # of mg of compound 2. 4(b + 3) + 2b = 2
Setting up the equations and solving by 4b + 12 + 2b = 2
substitution:
6b = 10
0.2 x + 0.4 y = 40 vitamin C
5
0.3 x + 0.2 y = 30 vitamin D b=
3
Multiplying each equation by 10 yields 5 4
a = +3=
2 x + 4 y = 400 3 3

6 x + 4 y = 600 4 5
The solution is a = , b = , c = 1 . The
Subtracting the bottom equation from the top 3 3
equation yields 4 5
equation is y = x 2 x + 1 .
2 x + 4 y ( 6 x + 4 y ) = 400 600 3 3
2 x 6 x = 200
4 x = 200
x = 50
730
0.06Y 5000r = 240 10 55 65

75. I2 = + =
0.06Y + 6000r = 900 71 71 71
Multiply the first equation by 1 , the add the 10 65 55
The solution is I1 = , I 2 = , I 3 = .
result to the second equation to eliminate Y. 71 71 71
0.06Y + 5000r = 240
0.06Y + 6000r = 900 79. Let x = the number of orchestra seats.
Let y = the number of main seats.
11000r = 660
Let z = the number of balcony seats.
r = 0.06
Since the total number of seats is 500,
Substitute this result into the first equation to x + y + z = 500 .
find Y.
0.06Y 5000(0.06) = 240 Since the total revenue is $64,250 if all seats are
sold, 150 x + 135 y + 110 z = 64, 250 .
0.06Y 300 = 240
If only half of the orchestra seats are sold, the
0.06Y = 540 revenue is $56,750.
Y = 9000 1
The equilibrium level of income and interest So, 150 x + 135 y + 110 z = 56, 750 .
2
rates is $9000 million and 6%.
Thus, we have the following system:
I 2 = I1 + I 3 x + y + z = 500

150 x + 135 y + 110 z = 64, 250
77. 5 3I1 5I 2 = 0
10 5I 7 I = 0 75 x + 135 y + 110 z = 56, 750
2 3
Substitute the expression for I 2 into the second Multiply each side of the first equation by 110
and third equations and simplify: and add to the second equation to eliminate z;
5 3I1 5( I1 + I 3 ) = 0 multiply each side of the third equation by 1
8 I1 5I 3 = 5 and add to the second equation to eliminate z:
110 x 110 y 110 z = 55, 000
10 5( I1 + I 3 ) 7 I 3 = 0
150 x + 135 y + 110 z = 64, 250
5I1 12 I 3 = 10
40x + 25 y = 9250
Multiply both sides of the first result by 5 and
multiply both sides of the second result by 8 to
eliminate I1 : 150 x + 135 y + 110 z = 64, 250
75 x 135 y 110 z = 56, 750
40 I1 25I 3 = 25
75 x = 7500
40 I1 + 96 I 3 = 80
x = 100
71I 3 = 55
Substituting and solving for the other variables:
55 40(100) + 25 y = 9250 100 + 210 + z = 500
I3 =
71 4000 + 25 y = 9250 310 + z = 500
Substituting and solving for the other variables: 25 y = 5250 z = 190
55 y = 210
8I1 5 = 5
71
275 There are 100 orchestra seats, 210 main seats,
8I1 = 5 and 190 balcony seats.
71
80
8 I1 =
71
10
I1 =
71
731
81. Let x = the number of servings of chicken. A system involving only 2 equations that contain
Let y = the number of servings of corn. 3 or more unknowns cannot be solved uniquely.
Let z = the number of servings of 2% milk. 1
Multiply the first equation by and the
Protein equation: 30 x + 3 y + 9 z = 66 2
1
Carbohydrate equation: 35 x + 16 y + 13 z = 94.5 second equation by , then add to eliminate y:
2
Calcium equation: 200 x + 10 y + 300 z = 910
4 x 3 y 3 z = 13.05
Multiply each side of the first equation by 16 5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
and multiply each side of the second equation by
x + z = 2.75
3 and add them to eliminate y; multiply each side
of the second equation by 5 and multiply each x = 2.75 z
side of the third equation by 8 and add to
eliminate y: Substitute and solve for y in terms of z:
480 x 48 y 144 z = 1056 5 ( 2.75 z ) + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
105 x + 48 y + 39 z = 283.5 13.75 + 3 y z = 15.80
375 x 105 z = 772.5 3 y = z + 2.05
1 41
175 x 80 y 65 z = 472.5 y= z+
3 60
1600 x + 80 y + 2400 z = 7280 Solutions of the system are: x = 2.75 z ,
1425 x + 2335 z = 6807.5 1 41
y = z+ .
Multiply each side of the first result by 19 and 3 60
multiply each side of the second result by 5 to Since we are given that 0.60 z 0.90 , we
eliminate x: choose values of z that give two-decimal-place
7125 x 1995 z = 14, 677.5 values of x and y with 1.75 x 2.25 and
7125 x + 11, 675 z = 34, 037.5 0.75 y 1.00 .
The possible values of x, y, and z are shown in
9680 z = 19,360
the table.
z=2
Substituting and solving for the other variables: x y z
375 x 105(2) = 772.5
2.13 0.89 0.62
375 x 210 = 772.5
2.10 0.90 0.65
375 x = 562.5
2.07 0.91 0.68
x = 1.5
2.04 0.92 0.71
30(1.5) + 3 y + 9(2) = 66
2.01 0.93 0.74
45 + 3 y + 18 = 66
1.98 0.94 0.77
3y = 3
1.95 0.95 0.80
y =1
1.92 0.96 0.83
The dietitian should serve 1.5 servings of
1.89 0.97 0.86
chicken, 1 serving of corn, and 2 servings of 2%
milk. 1.86 0.98 0.89
83. Let x = the price of 1 hamburger.

Let y = the price of 1 order of fries.
Let z = the price of 1 drink.
We can construct the system
8 x + 6 y + 6 z = 26.10

10 x + 6 y + 8 z = 31.60
732
85. Let x = Beths time working alone. 1 1 1 1

Let y = Bills time working alone. + + =
x y z 10
Let z = Edies time working alone. 1 1 1
+ =
We can use the following tables to organize our y z 15
work:
1 1
Beth Bill Edie =
x 30
Hours to do job x y z x = 30
Part of job done 1 1 1 Substitute x = 30 into the third equation:
in 1 hour x y z 12 12 4
+ + =1
In 10 hours they complete 1 entire job, so 30 y z
.
1 1 1 12 4 3
10 + + = 1 + =
x y z y z 5
1 1 1 1 Now consider the system consisting of the last
+ + = result and the second original equation. Multiply
x y z 10 the second original equation by 12 and add it to
Bill Edie the last result to eliminate y:
Hours to do job y z 12 12 12
+ =
Part of job done 1 1 y z 15
in 1 hour y z 12 4 3
+ =
y z 5
In 15 hours they complete 1 entire job, so
1 1 8 3
15 + = 1 . =
y z z 15
z = 40
1 1 1
+ = Plugging z = 40 to find y:
y z 15
12 4 3
Beth Bill Edie + =
y z 5
Hours to do job x y z
12 4 3
Part of job done 1 1 1 + =
y 40 5
in 1 hour x y z 12 1
=
With all 3 working for 4 hours and Beth and Bill y 2
working for an additional 8 hours, they complete y = 24
1 1 1 1 1 Working alone, it would take Beth 30 hours, Bill
1 entire job, so 4 + + + 8 + = 1
x y z x y 24 hours, and Edie 40 hours to complete the job.
12 12 4
+ + =1 87. Answers will vary.
x y z
We have the system
1 1 1 1
+ + =
x y z 10
1 1 1
+ =
y z 15
12 12 4
+ + =1
x y z
Subtract the second equation from the first
equation:
733
89. 7. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of

equations:
x 5y = 5 1 5 5

4 x + 3 y = 6 4 3 6
2x + 3y 6 = 0
9.
4 x 6 y + 2 = 0
Write the system in standard form and then write
the augmented matrix for the system of equations:
2x + 3 y = 6 3 6
2
4 x 6 y = 2 4 6 2
10
91. sin 1 sin follows the form of the
9 11. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
( ) ( )
equation f 1 f ( x ) = sin 1 sin ( x ) = x , but equations:
0.01x 0.03 y = 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.06
10
we cannot use the formula directly since 0.13x + 0.10 y = 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.20
9
13. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
is not in the interval , . We need to find
2 2 equations:
x y + z = 10 1 1 1 10
an angle in the interval , for which
2 2 3x + 3 y = 5 3 3 0 5
x + y + 2z = 2
10 10 1 1 2 2
sin = sin . The angle is in
9 9
quadrant II so sine is positive. The reference equations:
10
angle of is and we want to be in x+ yz = 2 1 1 1 2
0 2
9 9
quadrant I so sine will still be positive. Thus, we x y
3 2 = 2 3 2
5 x + 3 y z = 1
10 5 3 1 1
have sin = sin . Since is in the
9 9 9
equations:
interval , , we can apply the equation
2 2 x y z = 10 1 1 1 10
above and get 2 x + y + 2 z = 1

2 1 2 1
3 4 0 5
10 3 x + 4 y = 5
sin 1 sin = sin 1 sin = .
9 9 9 4 x 5 y + z = 0
4 5 1 0
1 3 2 x 3 y = 2
19.
2 5 5 2 x 5 y = 5
Section 12.2
R2 = 2r1 + r2
1. matrix 1 3 2 1 3 2

2 5 5 2(1) + 2 2( 3) 5 2( 2) + 5
3. third; fifth
1 3 2
5. b
0 1 9
734
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 3 4 3 x 3 y + 4 z = 3 R3 = 3r1 + r3

21. 3 5 6 6 3 x 5 y + 6 z = 6 1 3 2 6
0 1 1 8
5 3 4 6 5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 6
3 6 4 6
R2 = 3r1 + r2 1 3 2 6
0 1 1 8
1 3 4 3
3 5 6 6 3(1) 3 3(3) 6 3(2) + 4 3(6) + 6

5 3 4 6 1 3 2 6
3 0 1 1 8
1 4 3
3(1) + 3 3(3) 5 3(4) + 6 3(3) + 6 0 15 10 12

5 3 4 6
1 3 4 3 5 3 1 2 5 x 3 y + z = 2

0 4 6 3 25. 2 5 6 2 2 x 5 y + 6 z = 2

5 3 4 6 4 1 4 6 4 x + y + 4 z = 6
R3 = 5r1 + r3 R1 = 2r2 + r1
1 3 4 3 5 3 1 2
0 4 6 3 2 5 6 2

5 3 4 6 4 1 4 6
1 3 4 3 2(2) + 5 2( 5) 3 2(6) + 1 2(2) 2
0 4 6 3 2 5 6 2

5(1) 5 5(3) + 3 5(4) + 4 5(3) + 6 4 1 4 6
1 7 11 2
1 3 4 3
2 5 6 2
0 4 6 3
4 1 4 6
0 12 24 21
R3 = 2r2 + r3
1 3 2 6 x 3 y + 2 z = 6

23. 2 5 3 4 2 x 5 y + 3z = 4 1 7 11 2
2 5 6 2
3 6 4 6 3x 6 y + 4 z = 6
4 1 4 6
R2 = 2r1 + r2 1 7 11 2
1 3 2 6 2 5 6 2

2 5 3 4 2(2) + (4) 2( 5) + 1 2(6) + 4 2(2) + 6

3 6 4 6 1 7 11 2
1 3 2 6 2 5 6 2

2(1) + 2 2(3) 5 2(2) + 3 2(6) 4 0 9 16 2

3 6 4 6
x = 5
1 3 2 6 27.
0 1 1 8 y = 1

3 6 4 6 Consistent; x = 5, y = 1, or using ordered pairs
(5, 1) .
x = 1

29. y = 2
0 = 3

Inconsistent
735
x + 2 z = 1 x + y = 8
39.
31. y 4 z = 2 x y = 4
0=0 Write the augmented matrix:

Consistent; 1 1 8 1 1 8
( R2 = r1 + r2 )
x = 1 2 z 1 1 4 0 2 4

y = 2 + 4 z 1 1 8
z is any real number ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2
or {( x, y, z ) | x = 1 2 z , y = 2 + 4 z, z is any 0 6
1 ( R1 = r2 + r1 )
real number} 0 1 2
The solution is x = 6, y = 2 or using ordered
x1 = 1
pairs (6, 2).
33. x2 + x4 = 2
x + 2x = 3
3 4 2 x 4 y = 2
41.
Consistent; 3x + 2 y = 3
x1 = 1 Write the augmented matrix:

x2 = 2 x4 2 4 2 1 2 1
( R1 = 2 r1 )
1

x3 = 3 2 x4 3 2 3 3 2 3
x4 is any real number
1 2 1 ( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 1, x2 = 2 x4 , 0 8 6
x3 = 3 2 x4 , x4 is any real number} 1 2 1
3 (
R2 = 18 r2 )
0 1 4
x1 + 4 x4 = 2
1 0 12
35. x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 3
( R1 = 2r2 + r1 )
0=0 0 1 34

Consistent; 1 3
The solution is x = , y = or using ordered pairs
x1 = 2 4 x4 2 4

x2 = 3 x3 3 x4 1 3
x , x are any real numbers , .
3 4 2 4
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 2 4 x4 , x2 = 3 x3 3x4 ,
x + 2y = 4
x3 and x4 are any real numbers} 43.
2 x + 4 y = 8
x1 + x4 = 2 Write the augmented matrix:
1 2 4 1 2 4
x + 2 x4 = 2 ( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
37. 2
2 4 8 0 0 0
x3 x4 = 0
This is a dependent system.
0=0
x + 2y = 4
Consistent;
x = 4 2y
x1 = 2 x4
The solution is x = 4 2 y, y is any real number
x2 = 2 2 x4
or {( x, y ) | x = 4 2 y, y is any real number}
x3 = x4
x4 is any real number
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 2 x4 , x2 = 2 2 x4 ,
x3 = x4 , x4 is any real number}
736
2 x + 3 y = 6 1 1 0 6

45. 1
x y = 2 2 0 3 16
0 2 1 4
Write the augmented matrix:
2 3 6 1 3 3 1 1 0 6
2 ( R1 = 12 r1 )
0 2 3 4

( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1 1 12 1 1 1
2 0 2 1 4
1
3
3
2 ( R2 = r1 + r2 ) 1 1 0 6
0 5 5
2
1 3 3
2
0

1 32 2

( R2 = 12 r2 )
2 (
R2 = 52 r2 ) 0 2 1 4

0 1 1
3
1 0 32 8
1 0 2 (
R1 = 32 r2 + r1 )
R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 1 0 1 32 2
R
3 = 2 r2 + r3
3 3 0 0 4 0
The solution is x = , y = 1 or , 1 .
2 2 0 32 8
1
3x 5 y = 3
47.
0 1

32 2
( R3 = 14 r3 )
15 x + 5 y = 21 0 0 1 0
Write the augmented matrix: 1 0 0 8
R1 = 32 r3 + r1
3 5 3 1 5 1 0 1 0 2
3 ( R1 = 13 r1 ) 0 0 1 0
R2 = 3 r3 + r2
2
15 5 21 15 5 21
53 1 The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or (8, 2, 0).
1 ( R2 = 15r1 + r2 )
0 30 6
x 2 y + 3z = 7
53 1
51. 2 x + y + z = 4
1
0
R2 = 30
1
(
1
r2 ) 3x + 2 y 2 z = 10
1 5
0 4 Write the augmented matrix:
1 3
0 1
1
(
R1 = 53 r2 + r1 ) 1 2

3 7

5 2 1 1 4
4 1 4 1 3 2 2 10
The solution is x = , y = or , .
3 5 3 5
1 2 3 7
R2 = 2r1 + r2
x y = 6 0 5 5 10
R3 = 3r1 + r3
49. 2 x 3 z = 16 0 4 7 11
2y + z = 4
1 2 3 7
0 1 1 2 (
R2 = 15 r2 )
0 4 7 11

1 0 1 3
R1 = 2r2 + r1
0 1 1 2
0 0 3 3 R3 = 4r2 + r3

737
1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 2 (
R3 = 13 r3 ) 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 3 2 7 0

1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
R1 = r3 + r1
0 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 ( R1 = r1 )

0 0 1 1 R2 = r3 + r2 3 2 7 0

The solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 or (2, 1, 1) . 1 1 1 1
R = r +r
0 1 4 3 2 1 2
R = 3r1 + r3
2x 2 y 2z = 2 0 1 4 3 3

53. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2 1 0 5 2
3x + 2 y =0 R = r +r
0 1 4 3 1 2 1
R = r2 + r3
Write the augmented matrix: 0 0
0 0 3
2 2 2 2
The matrix in the last step represents the system
2 3 1 2
x 5z = 2 x = 5z 2
3 2 0 0
y 4 z = 3 or, equivalently, y = 4 z 3
1 1 1 1 0=0 0 = 0

2 3 1 2 ( R1 = 12 r1 ) The solution is x = 5 z 2 , y = 4 z 3 , z is any
3 2 0 0 real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 5 z 2, y = 4 z 3, z

is any real number}.
1 1 1 1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 5 3 0 2 x 2 y + 3z = 6
0 5 3 3 R3 = 3r1 + r3
57. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 0

2 x + 3 y 7 z = 1
1 1 1 1
0 5 3 0 ( R3 = r2 + r3 ) 2 2
0 0 0 3 3 6

4 3 2 0
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent. 2 3 7 1

x + y + z = 1 1 1 3 3
2
55. x + 2 y 3 z = 4
3x 2 y 7 z = 0 4 3 2 0

( R1 = 12 r1 )

1 1 3
3
2 R2 = 4r1 + r2
0 1 4 12

0 1 4 7
R3 = 2r1 + r3

1 0 5 9
2 R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 4 12

0 0 0 19
R3 = r2 + r3

There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
738
x+ y z = 6 1 0 1 13
4 4
59. 3 x 2 y + z = 5 3 1 R1 = 2r2 + r1
x + 3 y 2 z = 14 0 1 8 8
R3 = 6r2 + r3
0 0 11
4
11
4
1 1 1 6 1 0 1 13
4 4
3 2 1 5 0 1 8

3 1
8
( R3 = 114 r3 )
1 3 2 14 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 6 1 0 0 3
R2 = 3r1 + r2 R1 = 14 r3 + r1
0 5 4 23 0 1 0
1

2
0 2 8 R3 = r1 + r3 3
1 0 0 1 1 R2 = 8 r3 + r2
1 1 1 6 1 1
The solution is x = 3, y = , z = 1 or 3, , 1 .
0 1

54 23
5

( R2 = 15 r2 ) 2 2
0 2 1 8
2
15 7
3x + y z = 3
1 0 5

R1 = r2 + r1
0 1
4 23 63. 2 x y + z = 1
5
5
R3 = 2r2 + r3
0 0 3 6 8
5 5 4x + 2 y =
3
1 0 1 7
5 5
3 1 1 2

0 1

4
5
23
5
( R3 = 53 r3 ) 3
0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1
8
1 0 0 1 4 2 0 3
R1 = 15 r3 + r1
0 1 0 3
R2 = 4 r3 + r2 1 1 1 2
0 0 1 2 5 3 3 9
The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 , or (1, 3, 2) . 2 1

1 1 ( R1 = 13 r1 )
8
4 2 0 3

x + 2 y z = 3
1 1
13 2
61. 2 x 4 y + z = 7 3 9
2 x + 2 y 3z = 4 R2 = 2r1 + r2
0
5 5 5
3 3 9
R3 = 4r1 + r3
3 3 9
1 2 1 3
1 1 2
2 4 1 7 13
3 9
2 2 3 4
0

1 1 13
( R2 = 53 r2 )
1 2 1 3 0 2
3
4
3
16
9
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 8 3 1
0 6 5 2 R3 = 2r1 + r3 1 0 0
1
3
R1 = 13 r2 + r1
1 2 1 3 0 1 1 13
R3 = 2 r2 + r3
0 0 2 2 3
3
0 1 8

1
8

( R2 = 18 r2 )
0 6 5 2
739
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 2
3
0 6
0 1 1

13
( R3 = 12 r3 )
0
1 2 4
( R3 = 15 r3 )
0 1 2 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 3 13 13
1 0 0 1
3 1 0 0 1 0
R1 = r3 + r1
0 1 0
2
( R2 = r3 + r2 ) 0 1 0 0 2

3

0 R2 = 2 r3 + r2
0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 R = 3 r + r
4 4
1 2 1 2 0 0 0 7 7
3
The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or , , 1 .
3 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0 2
x+ y+ z+ w= 4
0
( R4 = 17 r4 )
2x y + z = 0 0 1 2 2

65. 0 0 0 1 1
3x + 2 y + z w = 6
x 2 y 2 z + 2 w = 1 1 0 0 0 1

Write the augmented matrix: 0 1 0 0 2 R1 = r4 + r1

1 1 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 R3 = 2 r4 + r3

2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
3 2 1 1 6 The solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 0, w = 1 or
(1, 2, 0, 1).
1 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 4 x + 2y + z =1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 3 1 2 8
67. 2 x y + 2 z = 2
0 1 2 4 6 R3 = 3r1 + r3 3x + y + 3z = 3
R = r + r
4 1 4
0 3 3 1 5 Write the augmented matrix:
1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1

0 1 2 4 6 Interchange 2 1 2 2

0 3 1 2 8 r2 and r3 3 1 3 3

0 3 3 1 5
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 5 0 0

0 1 2 4 6 0 5 0 0 R3 = 3r1 + r3
0 3 1 2 8
( R2 = r2 )
1 2 1 1
0 3 3 1 5
1 0 1 3 2 0 5 0 0 ( R3 = r2 + r3 )
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 4 6
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 5 10 10 R = 3r + r The matrix in the last step represents the system
4 4
0 0 3 13 13
2
x + 2y + z = 1

5y = 0
0=0

Substitute and solve:
5 y = 0 x + 2(0) + z = 1
y=0 z = 1 x
The solution is y = 0, z = 1 x, x is any real
740
number or {( x, y, z ) | y = 0, z = 1 x, x is any 1 1 1 0
real number}.
0 1 7 7
( R2 = 2r3 + r2 )
0 2 4 5
x y+ z= 5
69. 0 0 0 0
3x + 2 y 2 z = 0

1 1 1 5 0 1 7 7 R1 = r2 + r1

3 2 2 0 0 0 18 19 R3 = 2r2 + r3

1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 ) 1 0 8 7
0 5 5 15
0 1 7 7
1 1 1 5
(
R2 = 15 r2 )

0 0 1 19
(R3 = 181
)
r3
18
0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 2
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) The matrix in the last step represents the system
0 1 1 3 x 8 z = 7
The matrix in the last step represents the system y 7 z = 7
x=2 x = 2
or, equivalently, z = 19
y z = 3 y = z 3 18
Thus, the solution is x = 2 , y = z 3 , z is any Substitute and solve:
real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 2, y = z 3, z is 19 19
y 7 = 7 x 8 = 7
any real number}. 18 18
7 13
2 x + 3 y z = 3 y= x=
x yz =0 18 9
13 7 19
71. Thus, the solution is x = , y= , z= or
x + y + z = 0 9 18 18
x + y + 3 z = 5
13 7 19
Write the augmented matrix: , , .
9 18 18
2 3 1 3

1 1 1 0 4x + y + z w = 4
73.
1 1 1 0 x y + 2 z + 3w = 3

1 1 3 5 Write the augmented matrix:
1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 4
2 3 1 3

interchange 1 1 2 3 3

1 1 1 0 r1 and r2 1 1 2 3 3 interchange
1 1 3 5
4 1 1 1 4 r1 and r2
1 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 3
0 5 1 3 R2 = 2r1 + r2 ( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
R3 = r1 + r3 0 5 7 13 8
0 0 0 0

0 2 4 5 R4 = r1 + r4 The matrix in the last step represents the system
x y + 2 z + 3w = 3
1 1 1 0
5 y 7 z 13w = 8
0 5 1 3 interchange The second equation yields

0 2 4 5 r3 and r4

0 0 0 0
741
5 y 7 z 13w = 8 1 0 12 12
5 y = 7 z + 13w 8
0 1 1 5
2 2
( R3 = 12 r3 )
7 13 8
y= z + w 0 0 1 3
5 5 5
The first equation yields 1 0 0 2 R1 = 12 r3 + r1
x y + 2 z + 3w = 3
0 1 0 1
R2 = 1 r3 + r2
x = 3 + y 2 z 3w 0 0 1 3 2
Substituting for y: The solution is a = 2, b = 1, c = 3 ; so the
8 7 13
x = 3 + + z + w 2 z 3w equation is y = 2 x 2 + x + 3 .
5 5 5
3 2 7 77. Each of the points must satisfy the equation
x = z w+
5 5 5 f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d .
3 2 7
Thus, the solution is x = z w + , f (3) = 112 : 27 a + 9b 3c + d = 112
5 5 5
f (1) = 2 : a + b c + d = 2
7 13 8
y = z + w , z and w are any real numbers or f (1) = 4 : a+b+c+d = 4
5 5 5
f (2) = 13 : 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 13
3 2 7 7 13 8
( x, y, z , w) x = z w + , y = z + w , Set up a matrix and solve:
5 5 5 5 5 5
27 9 3 1 112

z and w are any real numbers . 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 4

75. Each of the points must satisfy the equation 8 4 2 1 13
y = ax 2 + bx + c . 1 1 1 1 4
(1, 2) : 2 = a+b+c
1 1 1 1 2 Interchange

(2, 7) : 7 = 4a 2b + c 27 9 3 1 112 r3 and r1

(2, 3) : 3 = 4a + 2b + c 8 4 2 1 13
Set up a matrix and solve: 1 1 1 1 4
1 1 1 2 R2 = r1 + r2
0 2 0 2 2
R = 27 r1 + r3
4 2 1 7 0 36 24 28 4 3
4 2 1 3 R4 = 8 r1 + r4
0 4 6 7 19
1 1 1 2
R2 = 4r1 + r2 1 1 1 1 4
0 6 3 15 R = 4r + r
0 1 0 1 1
0 2 3 11 3 1 3
0 36 24 28 4
( R2 = 12 r2 )
1 1 1 2
0 4 6 7 19
0

1 2
1 5
2

( )
R2 = 16 r2 1 0 1 3
0
R1 = r2 + r1
0 2 3 11
0 1 01 1
R3 = 36 r2 + r3
1 0 1
12 0 0 24 8 40
2 R4 = 4 r2 + r4
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 6 3 15
0 1
1 5
2 2

0 0 2 6 R3 = 2 r2 + r3 1 0 1 3
0

0 1 0 1 1
( R3 = 241 r3 )
5 5
0 0 1 3 3
0 0 6 3 15
742
1 1 14 Substitute z = 1 and solve:

0 0
3 3 198 y 295(1) = 691
0 1 0 1
1 R1 = r3 + r1
198 y = 396
1 5 R4 = 6 r3 + r4
0 0 1 3 3 y=2

0 0 0 5 25 x + 10(2) + 16(1) = 37.5
1 0 0
1 14
x + 36 = 37.5
3 3
0 1 0 1
1 x = 1.5
( R4 = 15 r4 ) The dietitian should serve 1.5 servings of salmon
0 1 3 3
1 5
0
steak, 2 servings of baked eggs, and 1 serving of
0 0 0 1 5 acorn squash.
1 0 0 0 3 R = 1 r + r
1 3 4 1 81. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
0 1 0 0 4
R2 = r4 + r2 Let y = the amount invested in Treasury bonds.
0 0 1 0 0
R3 = 13 r4 + r3 Let z = the amount invested in corporate bonds.
0 0 0 1 5 Total investment equation:
The solution is a = 3, b = 4, c = 0, d = 5 ; so the x + y + z = 10, 000
equation is f ( x) = 3 x 3 4 x 2 + 5 . Annual income equation:
0.06 x + 0.07 y + 0.08 z = 680
79. Let x = the number of servings of salmon steak. Condition on investment equation:
Let y = the number of servings of baked eggs. z = 0.5 x
Let z = the number of servings of acorn squash. x 2z = 0
Protein equation: 30 x + 15 y + 3 z = 78 Set up a matrix and solve:
Carbohydrate equation: 20 x + 2 y + 25 z = 59 1 1 1 10,000

Vitamin A equation: 2 x + 20 y + 32 z = 75 0.06 0.07 0.08 680
1 0 2 0
Set up a matrix and solve:
30 15 3 78 1 1 1 10,000
R2 = 0.06 r1 + r2
20 2 25 59 0 0.01 0.02 80
2 20 32 75 0 1 3 10,000 R3 = r1 + r3

2 20 32 75 1 1 1 10,000
Interchange
20 2 25 59 0 1 2 8000 ( R2 = 100 r2 )
r3 and r1
30 15 3 78 0 1 3 10,000

1 10 16 37.5 1 0 1 2000
R1 = r2 + r1
20 2 25 59 ( R1 = 12 r1 ) 0 1 2 8000
30 15 3 0 0 1 2000 R3 = r2 + r3
78
1 10 16 37.5 1 0 1 2000
R2 = 20r1 + r2
0 198 295 691 0 1 2 8000 ( R3 = r3 )
0 285 477 1047 R3 = 30r1 + r3 0 0 1 2000

1 10 16 37.5 1 0 0 4000
R1 = r3 + r1
0 198 295 691 (
R3 = 95 r + r3
66 2 ) 0 1 0 4000
R
2 = 2 r + r

2
3457 3457 0 0 1 2000 3
0 0 66 66
Carletta should invest $4000 in Treasury bills,
1 10 16 37.5
$4000 in Treasury bonds, and $2000 in corporate
0 198 295 691 ( 66
R3 = 3457 r3 ) bonds.
0 0 1
1

743
83. Let x = the number of Deltas produced. 0 2 0 0 4

Let y = the number of Betas produced.
1 0 0 5 8
Let z = the number of Sigmas produced. 1
Painting equation: 10 x + 16 y + 8 z = 240 0 3 0 4

Drying equation: 3x + 5 y + 2 z = 69 1 0 1 1 0
Polishing equation: 2 x + 3 y + z = 41 1 0 05 8

Set up a matrix and solve: 0 2 00 4 Interchange

10 16 8 240 1 0 30 4 r2 and r1
3 5 2 69
1 0 1 1 0
2 3 1 41 1 0 0 5 8 R2 = 12 r2

1 1 2 33
0 1 0 0 2
R3 = r1 + r3
3 5 2 69 ( R1 = 3r2 + r1 ) 0 0 5 4
3 R = r + r
4 1 4
2 3 1 41 0 0 1 6 8
1 1 2 33 1 0 0 5 8
R2 = 3r1 + r2
0 2 4 30 0 1 0 0 2 Interchange
R3 = 2r1 + r3
0 1 3 25 0 0 1 6 8 r3 and r4

1 1 2 33 0 0 3 5 4
0 1 2 15 ( R2 = 12 r2 ) 1 0 0 5 8
0 1 3 25
0 1 0 0 2 R3 = r3

1 0 4 48 0 0 1 6 8 R
4 = 3 r3 + r4
R1 = r1 r2
0 1 2 15 0 0 0 23 28
0 0 1 10 R3 = r3 r2 1 0 0 5 8

1 0 4 48 0 1 0 0 2
( R4 = 231 r4 )
0 1 2 15 ( R3 = r3 ) 0 0 1 6 8

0 0 1 10 0 0 0 1 23
28
1 0 0 8 1 44
R1 = 4r3 + r1 0 0 0 23
0 1 0 5

R2 = 2r3 + r2 0 1 0 0 2 R1 = 5 r4 + r1
0 0 1 10 16
0 0 1 0 23 R3 = 6 r4 + r3
The company should produce 8 Deltas, 5 Betas, 28
and 10 Sigmas. 0 0 0 1 23
44 16
85. Rewrite the system to set up the matrix and The solution is I1 = , I 2 = 2 , I3 = ,
solve: 23 23
4 + 8 2 I 2 = 0 2I2 = 4 28
I4 = .
8 = 5 I 4 + I1 23
I1 + 5I 4 = 8

4 = 3I 3 + I1 I1 + 3I 3 = 4
I 3 + I 4 = I1 I1 I 3 I 4 = 0
744
87. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills. 1 1 1 25, 000

Let y = the amount invested in corporate bonds.
0.07 0.09 0.11 2000
Let z = the amount invested in junk bonds.
1 1 1 25, 000
a. Total investment equation: ( R2 = 100r2 )
x + y + z = 20, 000 7 9 11 200, 000
Annual income equation: 1 1 1 25, 000
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000 ( R2 = r2 7r1 )
0 2 4 25, 000
1 1 1 25, 000
1 1 1 20, 000 ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2 12,500
0.07 0.09 0.11 2000
1 0 1 12,500
1 1 1 20, 000 ( R1 = r1 r2 )
( R2 = 100r2 ) 0 1 2 12,500
7 9 11 200, 000
The matrix in the last step represents the
1 1 1 20, 000 x z = 12,500
( R2 = r2 7r1 ) system
0 2 4 60, 000
y + 2 z = 12,500
1 1 1 20, 000 Thus, the solution is x = z + 12,500 ,
( R2 = 12 r2 ) y = 2 z + 12,500 , z is any real number.
0 1 2 30, 000
1 0 1 10, 000 Possible investment strategies:
( R1 = r1 r2 )
0 1 2 30, 000
The matrix in the last step represents the Amount Invested At
x z = 10, 000 7% 9% 11%
system
y + 2 z = 30, 000
12,500 12,500 0
Therefore the solution is x = 10, 000 + z ,
y = 30, 000 2 z , z is any real number. 14,500 8500 2000
Possible investment strategies: 16,500 4500 4000

18,750 0 6250
Amount Invested At
7% 9% 11% c. Total investment equation:
x + y + z = 30, 000
0 10,000 10,000
Annual income equation:
1000 8000 11,000 0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000
2000 6000 12,000 Set up a matrix and solve:
1 1 1 30, 000
3000 4000 13,000
0.07 0.09 0.11 2000
4000 2000 14,000
1 1 1 30, 000
5000 0 15,000 ( R2 = 100r2 )
7 9 11 200, 000
b. Total investment equation: 1 1 1 30, 000

x + y + z = 25, 000
( R1 = r2 7r1 )
0 2 4 10, 000
Annual income equation: 1 1 1 30, 000
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000
1 2 5000
( R2 = 12 r2 )
Set up a matrix and solve: 0
1 0 1 35, 000
( R1 = r1 r2 )
0 1 2 5000
The matrix in the last step represents the
745
x z = 35, 000 7
system Therefore the solution is x = 50 z,
y + 2 z = 5000 4
Thus, the solution is x = z + 35, 000 , 1
y = 75 + z , z is any real number.
y = 2 z 5000 , z is any real number. 8
However, y and z cannot be negative. From Possible combinations:
y = 2 z 5000 , we must have y = z = 0.
Supplement 1 Supplement 2 Supplement 3
One possible investment strategy
50mg 75mg 0mg
Amount Invested At
36mg 76mg 8mg
7% 9% 11%
22mg 77mg 16mg
30,000 0 0
8mg 78mg 24mg
This will yield ($30,000)(0.07) = $2100,
which is more than the required income. 91 93. Answers will vary.
d. Answers will vary.
89. Let x = the amount of supplement 1.

Let y = the amount of supplement 2.
Let z = the amount of supplement 3.
0.20 x + 0.40 y + 0.30 z = 40 Vitamin C

0.30 x + 0.20 y + 0.50 z = 30 Vitamin D
Multiplying each equation by 10 yields
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 400

3x + 2 y + 5 z = 300
2 4 3 400
3 2 5 300

1 2 2 200
3
(
R1 = 12 r1 )
3 2 5 300
1 2 2 200
3
( R2 = r2 3r1 )
0 4 1 300
2
1 2 3 200

0 1
2
1
75
( R2 = 14 r2 )
8
1 0 7 50
4
1 ( R1 = r1 2r2 )
0 1 8 75
The matrix in the last step represents the system
x + 74 z = 50
1
y 8 z = 75
746
Section 12.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
95. 2 x2 x 1 (2 x + 1)( x 1)
R( x) = = p ( x) = 2 x 2 x 1; q ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1;
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1)
2 x2 x 1
Domain: { x x 1} . R ( x) = is in lowest terms.
x2 + 2 x + 1
2 02 0 1 1
The y-intercept is f (0) = 2 = = 1 . Plot the point ( 0, 1) .
0 + 20 +1 1
1
The x-intercepts are the zeros of p ( x) : 1 and .
2
2 x2 x 1
R( x) = 2 is in lowest terms. The vertical asymptotes are the zeros of q( x) :
x + 2x + 1
x = 1 . Graph this asymptote with dashed lines.
2
Since n = m , the line y = = 2 is the horizontal asymptote. Solve to find intersection points:
1
Plot the line y = 2 using dashes.
Graph:
97. cos 1 ( 0.75) = 2.42 radians
Section 12.3
3 1
1. ad bc 9. = 3(2) 4(1) = 6 + 4 = 2
4 2
3. False; If ad=bc, the the det = 0.
5. False; See Thm (14)
6 4
7. = 6(3) (1)(4) = 18 + 4 = 22
1 3
747
3 4 2 Dx 51 Dy 34
x= = =3 y= = =2
11. 1 1 5 = 3 1 5
4 1
5
+ 2 1 1 D 17 D 17
2 2 1 2 1 2 The solution is (3, 2).
1 2 2
= 3 ( 1) ( 2) 2(5) 4 [1( 2) 1(5) ] 3 x = 24
19.
+ 2 [1(2) 1( 1) ] x + 2y = 0
= 3( 8) 4( 7) + 2(3) 3 0
D= = 60 = 6
= 24 + 28 + 6 1 2
= 10
24 0
Dx = = 48 0 = 48
4 1 2 0 2
6 1 0 = 4 1
0 6 0 6 1 3 24
13. (1) +2 Dy = = 0 24 = 24
3 4 1 4 1 3 1 0
1 3 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
= 4 [ 1(4) 0(3) ] + 1[ 6(4) 1(0)]
D 48 D y 24
+ 2[ 6( 3) 1(1) ] x= x = =8 y= = = 4
D 6 D 6
= 4( 4) + 1(24) + 2(17) The solution is (8, 4) .
= 16 + 24 34
= 26 3 x 6 y = 24
21.
5 x + 4 y = 12
x + y = 8
15. 3 6
x y = 4 D= = 12 (30) = 42
5 4
D = 1 1 = 1 1 = 2 6
1 1 Dx = 24 = 96 (72) = 168
12 4
8 1 = 8 4 = 12
Dx = 3 24
4 1 Dy = = 36 120 = 84
5 12
8
Dy = 1 = 48 = 4 Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
1 4 D 168 Dy 84
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: x= x = =4 y= = = 2
D 42 D 42
D 12 Dy 4 The solution is (4, 2) .
x= x = =6 y= = =2
D 2 D 2
The solution is (6, 2). 3x 2 y = 4
23.
6 x 4 y = 0
5 x y = 13
17. 3 2
2 x + 3 y = 12 D= = 12 (12) = 0
6 4
5 1 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
D= = 15 + 2 = 17
2 3
13 1
Dx = = 39 + 12 = 51
12 3
5 13
Dy = = 60 26 = 34
2 12
748
2x 4 y = 2 15
25. Dx 2 3 Dy 5
3 x + 2 y = 3 x= = = y= = =1
D 5 2 D 5
4
D= 2 = 4 + 12 = 16 3
3 2 The solution is , 1 .
2
2 4
Dx = = 4 + 12 = 8 3x 5 y = 3
3 2 31.
15 x + 5 y = 21
2
Dy = 2 = 6 + 6 = 12
3 3 D= 3 5 = 15 (75) = 90
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 15 5
D 8 1 Dy 12 3 3 5 = 15 (105) = 120
x= x = = y= = = Dx =
D 16 2 D 16 4 21 5
1 3 3 3 = 63 45 = 18
The solution is , . Dy =
2 4 15 21
2 x 3 y = 1 D 120 4 Dy 18 1
27. x= x = = y= = =
10 x + 10 y = 5 D 90 3 D 90 5
D= 2 3 = 20 (30) = 50 4 1
The solution is , .
10 10 3 5
3
Dx = 1 = 10 (15) = 5 x+ y z = 6
5 10
33. 3 x 2 y + z = 5
2 1 =10 (10) = 20 x + 3 y 2 z = 14
Dy =
10 5
1 1 1
Dy 20 2 D = 3 2 1
D 5 1
x= x = = y= = = 1 3 2
D 50 10 D 50 5
1 2
The solution is , . =1 2 1 1 3 1 + (1) 3 2
10 5 3 2 1 2 1 3
= 1(4 3) 1( 6 1) 1(9 + 2)
2 x + 3 y = 6 = 1 + 7 11

29. 1 = 3
x y = 2 6 1 1
Dx = 5 2 1
D = 2 3 = 2 3 = 5
1 1 14 3 2
Dx =
6 3
= 6
3
=
15 = 6 2 1 1 5 1 + (1) 5 2
1
1 2 2 3 2 14 2 14 3
2
= 6(4 3) 1(10 14) 1(15 + 28)
2 6 = 6 + 4 13
Dy = = 1 6 = 5
1
1 2 = 3
749
1 6 1 1 3 1
Dy = 3 5 1 Dy = 2 7 1
1 14 2 2 4 3
5 1 6 3 1 + (1) 3 5 7 1 (3) 2 1 + (1) 2 7

=1 =1
14 2 1 2 1 14 4 3 2 3 2 4
= 1(10 14) 6( 6 1) 1(42 + 5) = 1(21 4) + 3( 6 + 2) 1(8 14)
= 4 + 42 47 = 17 12 + 6
= 9 = 11
1 1 6 1 2 3
Dz = 3 2 5 Dz = 2 4 7
1 3 14 2 2 4
2 5 3 5 3 2 = 1 4 7 2 2 7 + (3) 2 4
=1 1 +6 2 4 2 4 2 2
3 14 1 14 1 3
= 1(16 + 14) 2(8 14) 3(4 8)
= 1( 28 + 15) 1(42 + 5) + 6(9 + 2)
= 2 + 12 + 12
= 13 47 + 66 = 22
=6 Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: D 66 Dy 11 1
Dy 9 x= x = = 3 y= = =
D 3 D 22 D 22 2
x= x = =1 y= = =3
D 3 D 3 D 22
z= z = =1
D 6 D 22
z= z = = 2
D 3 1
The solution is 3, , 1 .
The solution is (1, 3, 2) . 2
x + 2 y z = 3 x 2 y + 3z = 1

35. 2 x 4 y + z = 7 37. 3x + y 2 z = 0
2 x + 2 y 3z = 4 2x 4 y + 6z = 2

1 2 1 1 2 3
D = 2 4 1 D= 3 1 2
2 2 3 2 4 6
=1 4 1 2 2 1 + (1) 2 4 1 2 ( 2) 3 2 + 3 3 1
2 3 2 3 2 2 =1
4 6 2 6 2 4
= 1(12 2) 2( 6 + 2) 1(4 8)
= 1(6 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(12 2)
= 10 + 8 + 4
= 22 = 2 + 44 42
=0
3 2 1
Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
Dx = 7 4 1
4 2 3
= 3 4 1 2 7 1 + (1) 7 4
2 3 4 3 4 2
= 3(12 2) 2(21 4) 1(14 + 16)
= 30 34 2
= 66
750
x + 2y z = 0 x y z

39. 2 x 4 y + z = 0 43. u v w =4
2 x + 2 y 3z = 0 1 2 3

1 2 1 By Theorem (11), the value of a determinant
changes sign if any two rows are interchanged.
D = 2 4 1
1 2 3
2 2 3
Thus, u v w = 4 .
=1 4 1 2 2 1 + (1) 2 4 x y z
2 3 2 3 2 2
= 1(12 2) 2( 6 + 2) 1(4 8) x y z
= 10 + 8 + 4 45. Let u v w = 4 .
= 22
1 2 3
0 2 1
x y z x y z
Dx = 0 4 1 = 0 [By Theorem (12)]
3 6 9 = 3 1 2 3 [Theorem (14)]
0 2 3 u v w u v w
1 0 1 x y z
Dy = 2 0 1 =0 [By Theorem (12)] = 3( 1) u v w [Theorem (11)]
2 0 3 1 2 3
= 3(4) = 12
1 2 0
Dz = 2 4 0 = 0 [By Theorem (12)] x y z
2 2 0 47. Let u v w = 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 1 2 3
D 0 Dy 0 1 2 3
x= x = =0 y= = =0
D 22 D 22 x 3 y 6 z 9
D 0 2u 2v 2w
z= z = =0
D 22 1 2 3
The solution is (0, 0, 0).
= 2 x 3 y 6 z 9 [Theorem (14)]
x 2 y + 3z = 0 u v w

41. 3x + y 2 z = 0 x 3 y 6 z 9
2x 4 y + 6z = 0
= 2(1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)]
1 2 3 u v w
D= 3 1 2 x3 y 6 z 9
2 4 6 = 2(1)(1) u v w [Theorem (11)]
1 2 3
=1 1 2 ( 2) 3 2 + 3 3 1
4 x y z
6 2 6 2 4 [Theorem (15)]
= 1(6 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(12 2) = 2(1)(1) u v w
( R1 = 3r3 + r1 )
= 2 + 44 42 1 2 3
=0 = 2(1)(1)(4) = 8
Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
751
x y z 55. Solve for x:

49. Let u v w = 4 x 2 3
1 2 3 1 x 0 =7
1 2 3 6 1 2
2x 2y 2z
x x 0 2 1 0 +3 1 x = 7
u 1 v 2 w 3 1 2 6 2 6 1
1 2 3 x ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 ) + 3 (1 6 x ) = 7
=2 x y z [Theorem (14)] 2 x 2 + 4 + 3 18 x = 7
u 1 v 2 w 3 2 x 2 18 x = 0
x y z 2x ( x + 9) = 0
= 2(1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)] x = 0 or x = 9
u 1 v 2 w 3 57. Expanding the determinant:
x y z x y 1
= 2(1)(1) u 1 v 2 w 3 [Theorem (11)] x1 y1 1 = 0
1 2 3 x2 y2 1
x y z y1 1 x 1 x y1
[Theorem (15)] x y 1 +1 1 =0
= 2(1)(1) u v w y2 1 x2 1 x2 y2
( R2 = r3 + r2 )
1 2 3 x( y1 y2 ) y ( x1 x2 ) + ( x1 y2 x2 y1 ) = 0
= 2(1)(1)(4) x( y1 y2 ) + y ( x2 x1 ) = x2 y1 x1 y2
=8
y ( x2 x1 ) = x2 y1 x1 y2 + x( y2 y1 )
51. Solve for x: y ( x2 x1 ) y1 ( x2 x1 )
xx = x2 y1 x1 y2 + x( y2 y1 ) y1 ( x2 x1 )
=5
4 3 ( x2 x1 ) ( y y1 )
3x 4 x = 5 = x( y2 y1 ) + x2 y1 x1 y2 y1 x2 + y1 x1
x = 5
( x2 x1 ) ( y y1 ) = ( y2 y1 ) x ( y2 y1 ) x1
x = 5
( x2 x1 ) ( y y1 ) = ( y2 y1 )( x x1 )
53. Solve for x: ( y2 y1 )
( y y1 ) = ( x x1 )
x 1 1 ( x2 x1 )
4 3 2 =2 This is the 2-point form of the equation for a line.
1 2 5
3 2 4 2 4 3
x 1 +1 =2
2 5 1 5 1 2
x (15 4 ) ( 20 + 2 ) + ( 8 + 3) = 2
11x 22 + 11 = 2
11x = 13
13
x=
11
752
59. If the vertices of a triangle are (2, 3), (5, 2), 240 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2 = 0
and (6, 5), then:
2 5 6 20 x 2 120 x + 20 y 2 + 80 y = 240
1 x 2 6 x + y 2 + 4 y = 12
D= 3 2 5
2
1 1 1 x 2 6 x + 9 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 12 + 9 + 4
1 2 5
= 2 5
3 5
+6
3 2 ( x 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 25

2 1 1 1 1 1 1
65. If a = 0, then b 0 and c 0 since
1
= [ 2(2 5) 5(3 5) + 6(3 2) ] by = s
2 ad bc 0 , and the system is .
1 cx + dy = t
= [ 2(3) 5(2) + 6(1) ]
2 s
The solution of the system is y = ,
1 b
= [ 6 + 10 + 6]
t dy t d ( b ) tb sd
2 s
=5 x= = = . Using Cramers
c c bc
The area of the triangle is 5 = 5 square units. 0 b
Rule, we get D = = bc ,
c d
61. A =
1
2 ( 6 8
1 6
+
1 6
1 3
+
1 3
6 2
+
6 2
8 4
+
8 4
6 8 ) Dx =
s b
t d
= sd tb ,
1
= [(368)+(3+ 6)+(218)+(24+16)+(64 24)] 0 s
2 Dy = = 0 sc = sc , so
1 c t
= [ 28 + 9 16 + 40 + 40] = 50.5 square units D ds tb td sd
2 x= x = = and
D bc bc
1 2 2 2 Dy sc s
x 7 3 6 y= = = , which is the solution. Note
D bc b
63.
y 5 3 2 that these solutions agree if d = 0.
x2 + y2 74 18 40
If b = 0, then a 0 and d 0 since
7 3 6 1 1 1
ax =s
= 5 3 2 x 5 3 2 ad bc 0 , and the system is .
cx + dy = t
74 18 40 74 18 40
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 The solution of the system is x = ,
a
+y 7 3 (
6 x2 + y2 ) 7 3 6
y=
t cx at cs
= . Using Cramers Rule, we
74 18 40 5 3 2 d ad
a 0 s 0
(
= ( 240) x (120) + y (80) x 2 + y 2 ( 20) ) get D =
c d
= ad , Dx =
t d
= sd , and
= 240 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2 a s D sd s
Dy = = at cs , so x = x = =
c t D ad a
Now set this expression equal to 0. Then complete Dy at cs
the square to obtain the standard form. and y = = , which is the solution.
D ad
Note that these solutions agree if c = 0.
If c = 0, then a 0 and d 0 since

ax + by = s
ad bc 0 , and the system is .
dy = t
753
t Dy at cs cs at
The solution of the system is y = , y= = = , which is the
d D bc bc
s by sd tb solution. Note that these solutions agree if
x= = . Using Cramers Rule, we a = 0.
a ad
a b s b
get D = = ad , Dx = = sd tb , 67. Evaluating the determinant to show the relationship:
0 d t d a11 a12 a13
a s D sd tb ka21 ka22 ka23
and Dy = = at , so x = x = and
0 t D ad a31 a32 a33
Dy at t ka22 ka23 ka ka23 ka ka22
y= = = , which is the solution. Note = a11 a12 21 + a13 21
D ad d a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
that these solutions agree if b = 0.
= a11 ( ka22a33 ka23a32 ) a12 (ka21a33 ka23a31 )
If d = 0, then b 0 and c 0 since + a13 ( ka21a32 ka22a31 )
ax + by = s = ka11 (a22a33 a23a32 ) ka12 (a21a33 a23a31 )
ad bc 0 , and the system is . + ka13 (a21a32 a22a31 )
cx =t
t = k ( a11 (a22a33 a23a32 ) a12 ( a21a33 a23a31 )
The solution of the system is x = ,
c + a13 (a21a32 a22a31 ) )
s ax cs at a22 a23 a a a a
y= = . Using Cramers Rule, we = k a11 a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
b bc a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a b a11 a12 a13
get D = = 0 bc = bc ,
c 0 = k a21 a22 a23
s b a31 a32 a33
Dx = = 0 tb = tb , and
t 0
a s Dx tb t
Dy = = at cs , so x = = = and
c t D bc c
754
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
69. Evaluating the determinant to show the Section 12.4

relationship:
a11 + ka21 a12 + ka22 a13 + ka23 1. square
a21 a22 a23
3. false
a31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a a 5. True
= (a11 + ka21 ) ( a12 + ka22 ) 21 23
a32 a33 a31 a33 7. a
a21 a22 0 3 5 4 1 0
+ (a13 + ka23 ) 9. A + B =
a31 a32 1 2 6 + 2 3 2

= (a11 + ka21 )(a22a33 a23a32 )
0 + 4 3 +1 5 + 0
=
(a12 + ka22 )( a21a33 a23a31 )
1 + ( 2) 2 + 3 6 + ( 2)
+ (a13 + ka23 )(a21a32 a22a31 )
4 4 5
= a11 ( a22a33 a23a32 ) + ka21 (a22a33 a23a32 ) =
1 5 4
a12 (a21a33 a23a31 ) ka22 ( a21a33 a23a31 )
+ a13 (a21a32 a22a31 ) + ka23 ( a21a32 a22a31 ) 0 3 5
11. 4 A = 4
= a11 ( a22a33 a23a32 ) + ka21a22a33 1 2 6
ka21a23a32 a12 ( a21a33 a23a31 ) 4 0 4 3 4(5)
=
ka22a21a33 + ka22a23a31 4 1 42 4 6
+ a13 (a21a32 a22a31 ) + ka23a21a32 0 12 20
=
ka23a22a31
4 8 24
= a11 ( a22a33 a23a32 ) a12 (a21a33 a23a31 )
+ a13 (a21a32 a22a31 ) 0 3 5 4 1 0
13. 3 A 2 B = 3 2
a22 a23 a a a a 1 2 6 2 3 2
= a11 a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 0 9 15 8 2 0
=
a11 a12 a13 3 6 18 4 6 4
= a21 a22 a23 8 7 15
=
a31 a32 a33 7 0 22
4 1
71. f ( x) = 2 x3 5 x 2 + x 10 0 3 5
15. AC =
6 2
p must be a factor of 10: p = 1, 2, 5, 10 1 2 6 2 3
q must be a factor of 2: q = 1, 2
The possible rational zeros are: 0(4) + 3(6) + (5)( 2) 0(1) + 3(2) + ( 5)(3)
=
p 1 5 1(4) + 2(6) + 6( 2) 1(1) + 2(2) + 6(3)
= , , 1, 2, 5, 10
q 2 2 28 9
=
4 23
73. tan 42 cot 48 =
cot(90 42) cot 48 =
cot(48) cot 48 = 0
755
4 1 25. a11 = 2(2) + ( 2)(3) = 2

0 3 5
17. CA = 6 2 a12 = 2(1) + ( 2)(1) = 4
1 2 6
2 3 a13 = 2(4) + ( 2)(3) = 2
4(0) + 1(1) 4(3) + 1(2) 4(5) + 1(6) a14 = 2(6) + ( 2)(2) = 8
= 6(0) + 2(1) 6(3) + 2(2) 6( 5) + 2(6) a21 = 1(2) + 0(3) = 2
2(0) + 3(1) 2(3) + 3(2) 2(5) + 3(6) a22 = 1(1) + 0(1) = 1
1 14 14 a23 = 1(4) + 0(3) = 4
= 2 22 18 a24 = 1(6) + 0(2) = 6
3 0 28
2 2 2 1 4 6 2 4 2 8
1 =
4 1 0 3 1 3 2 2 1 4 6
0 3 5 4 1 0
19. C ( A + B) = 6 2 + 2 3 2
1 2 6
2 3 1 2
1 2 3
4 1 27. 1 0
4 4 5 0 1 4 2 4
= 6 2
1 5 4
2 3 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(2) 1(2) + 2(0) + 3(4)
=
15 21 16 0(1) + ( 1)( 1) + 4(2) 0(2) + (1)(0) + 4(4)
= 22 34 22 5 14
=
11 7 22 9 16
4 1 1 0 1 1 3
0 3 5 1 0
21. AC 3I 2 = 6 2 3 29. 2 4 1 6 2
1 2 6 2 3 0 1
3 6 1 8 1
28 9 3 0 1(1) + 0(6) + 1(8) 1(3) + 0(2) + 1(1)
=
4 23 0 3
= 2(1) + 4(6) + 1(8) 2(3) + 4(2) + 1( 1)
3(1) + 6(6) + 1(8) 3(3) + 6(2) + 1(1)
25 9
=
4 20 9 2
= 34 13
23. CA CB 47 20
4 1 4 1
0 3 5 4 1 0
= 6 2 6 2 2 1
1 2 6 2 3 2 31. A =
2 3 2 3 1 1
1 14 14 14 7 2 Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
= 2 22 18 20 12 4 operations to find the inverse:
3 0 28 14 7 6
2 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
13 7 12
= 18 10 14 1 1 0 1 Interchange

17 7 34
2 1 1 0 r1 and r2
1 1 0 1
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
0 1 1 2
756
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0
( R2 = r2 ) a a 0 1
0 1 1 2
1 0 1 1 1 12 12 0

1 1 2
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) ( R1 = 12 r1 )
0 a a 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
0
Thus, A1 = . 2 2
( R2 = a r1 + r2 )
1 2 0
1
2
a 12 a 1
1 12 1
0
6 5
33. A =

2
2 ( R2 = a2 r2 )
2 2 0 1 1 a
Augment the matrix with the identity and use 1 0 1 1a
row operations to find the inverse: 2
( R1 = 12 r2 + r1 )
0 1 1 a
6 5 1 0
2 2 0 1 1 1a
Thus, A1 = .
2
2 2 0 1 Interchange 1 a

6 5 1 0 r1 and r2
2 2 0 1 1 1 1

3
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 ) 37. A = 0 2 1
0 1 1
2 3 0
1 1 0 12 R1 = 12 r1
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
0 1 1 3 R2 = r2 operations to find the inverse:
1 0 1 52 1 1 1 1 0 0
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) 0 2 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 3
2 3 0 0 0 1
1 52
Thus, A1 = .
1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0 ( R3 = 2 r1 + r3 )
2 1
35. A = 0 5 2 2 0 1
where a 0.
a a 1 1 1 1 0 0
0
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
row operations to find the inverse:
0 1 2 0 12
1
( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 5 2 2 0 1
1 0 1
2
1 12 0
R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 12 0 12 0
0 0 1 2 52 1 R3 = 5 r2 + r3
2
1 0 1
2
1 12 0

0 1 2 1
0 21
0 ( R3 = 2 r3 )
0 0 1 4 5 2

1 0 0 3 3 1
R1 = 12 r3 + r1
0 1 0 2 2 1

R2 = 1 r3 + r2
0 0 1 4 5 2 2
3 3 1
Thus, A = 2 2 1 .
1
4 5 2
757
1 1 1 2 x + y = 8
41.
39. A = 3 2 1 x+ y =5
3 1 2 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row 2 1 x 8
A= , X = , B =
operations to find the inverse: 1 1 y 5
1 1 1 1 0 0 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
3 2 1 0 1 0
1 1
From Problem 29, A1 = , so
3 1 2 0 0 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 8 3
R2 = 3 r1 + r2 X = A1 B = = .
0 1 4 3 1 0 1 2 5 2
0 2 1 3 0 1 R3 = 3 r1 + r3
The solution is x = 3, y = 2 or (3, 2) .
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 2 x + y = 0
0 1 4 3 ( R2 = r2 ) 43.
0 2 1 3 0 1 x+ y =5
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
1 0 3 2 1 0
2 1 x 0
0 1 4 3 1 0 ( R3 = 17 r3) A=
1 1
, X = , B =
y 5
0 0 1 3
7 7
2 1
7
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
1 0 0 75 1 3
1 1
9
7
1
7
R1 = 3r3 + r1 From Problem 29, A1 = , so
0 1 0 7 7
74 1 2
R = 4r3 + r2
3 2 1 2 1 1 0 5
0 0 1 7 7
7 X = A1 B = = .
75 1 3 1 2 5 10
7 7
Thus, A1 = 97 1
7
4
7
.
3 2 1
7 7 7 6x + 5 y = 7
45.
2 x + 2 y = 2
6 5 x 7
A= , X = , B =
2 2 y 2
1 52
1 3
1 52 7 2
X = A1 B = = .
1 3 2 1
758
6 x + 5 y = 13 x y+z = 0
47.
2 x + 2 y = 5 53. 2 y + z = 1
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 2 x 3 y = 5

6 5 x 13 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
A= , X = , B =
2 2 y 5 1 1 1 x 0
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : A = 0 2 1 , X = y , B = 1

1 52 2 3 0 z 5
1 3 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
1 52 13 12 3 3 1
X = A1 B = = .
1 3 5 2 From Problem 35, A = 2 2 1 , so
1
4 5 2
1 1
The solution is x = , y = 2 or , 2 .
2 2 3 3 1 0 2
X = A1 B = 2 2 1 1 = 3 .
2 x + y = 3 4 5 2 5 5
49. a0
ax + ay = a The solution is x = 2, y = 3, z = 5 or (2, 3, 5) .
2 1 x 3 x y+z = 2
A= , X = y , B = a
a a 55. 2y + z = 2

Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 2 x 3 y = 1
1 1a 2
From Problem 33, A1 = 2
, so Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
1 a
1 1 1 x 2
1 1a 3 2
X = A1 B = = . A = 0 2 1 , X = y , B = 2
2 a
1 1
a 2 3 0 z 1
2
3 3 1
7
2 x + y = From Problem 35, A = 2 2 1 , so
1
51. a a0
ax + ay = 5 4 5 2
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 3 3 1 2 12

2 1 x 7a X = A1 B = 2 2 1 2 = 12
A= , X = y , B =
4 5 2 2 1
1
a a 5
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 1 1
The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or
1 1a 2 2
From Problem 33, A1 = , so 1 1
, , 1 .
2
1 a 2 2
1 1a 7 a2
X = A1 B = a = 3 .
2
1 a 5 a
2 3 2 3
a a a a
759
x+ y+ z =9 4 2
61. A =
57. 3 x + 2 y z = 8 2 1
3x + y + 2 z = 1 Augment the matrix with the identity and use

Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: row operations to find the inverse:
1 1 1 x 9 4 2 1 0
2 1 0 1
A = 3 2 1 , X = y , B = 8

3 1 2 z 1 4 2 1 0
( R2 = 2 r1 + r2 )
1
1
0 0 1
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 2
75 1 3 1 2 1 1
0
( R1 = 4 r1 )
4 1
7 7
1
From Problem 37, A1 = 97 1
74 , so 0 0 2
1
7
3 2 1 There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
7 7 7 the left. Thus, this matrix has no inverse.
75 1
7
3
7 9
34
7
1 9 1

4
85 15 3
X =A B= 7 7
7 8 = 7 . 63. A =
3 2 1 1 12 10 2
7 7 7 7 Augment the matrix with the identity and use
34 85 12 row operations to find the inverse:
The solution is x = ,y= ,z= or
7 7 7 15 3 1 0
34 85 12 10 2 0 1

, , .
7 7 7 15 3 1 0

0 0 2
1
( R2 = 23 r1 + r2 )
x+ y+ z = 2 3
7 1 15 151 0
59. 3 x + 2 y z =
3
2
( )
R1 = 151 r1
0 0 3 1
10
3x + y + 2 z = There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
3 the left; thus, there is no inverse.
1 1 1 x 2 3 1 1

A = 3 2 1 , X = y , B = 73 65. A = 1 4 7

3 1 2 z
10 1 2 5
3
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : row operations to find the inverse:
75 1
7
3
7 3 1 1 1 0 0
1 4 7 0 1 0
From Problem 37, A1 = 97 1
7
74 , so
3 2 1 1 2 5 0 0 1
7 7 7
7
5 1
7
3
7
2 3 1
1 9
X =A B= 7 1
7
7 73 = 1 .
4
3 2 1 10 2
7 7 7 3 3
1 2 1 2
The solution is x = , y = 1, z = or , 1, .
3 3 3 3
760
1 2 5 0 0 1 25 61 12 10
Interchange

1 4 7 0 1 0 71. A = 18 12 7 ; B = 9
r1 and r3
3 1 1 1 0 0 3 4 1 12
1 2 5 0 0 1 Enter the matrices into a graphing utility and use
R2 = r1 + r2 A1B to solve the system. The result is shown
0 6 12 0 1 1
R3 = 3 r1 + r3 below:
0 7 14 1 0 3
1 2 5 0 0 1

0 1 2 0 16 16 ( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 7 14 1 0 3

Thus, the solution to the system is x 4.57 ,
1 0 1 0 1 2
3 3
R1 = 2r2 + r1 y 6.44 , z 24.07 or (4.57, 6.44, 24.07) .
0 1 2 0 16 16
7 11 R3 = 7 r2 + r3
0 0 0 1 6 6 25 61 12 21
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on 73. A = 18 12 7 ; B = 7

the left; thus, there is no inverse. 3 4 1 2
25 61 12
67. A = 18 2 4
8 35 21
Thus, the solution to the system is x 1.19 ,

y 2.46 , z 8.27 or (1.19, 2.46, 8.27) .
2 x + 3 y = 11
75.
0.01 0.05 0.01 5 x + 7 y = 24
Thus, A 1
0.01 0.02 0.01 Multiply each side of the first equation by 5, and
each side of the second equation by 2 . Then
0.02 0.01 0.03
add the equations to eliminate x:
10 x + 15 y = 55
44 21 18 6
2 10 15 10 x 14 y = 48
5
69. A = y=7
21 12 12 4
Substitute and solve for x:
8 16 4 9
2 x + 3 ( 7 ) = 11
2 x + 21 = 11
2 x = 10
x = 5
The solution of the system is x = 5, y = 7 or
0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01
0.02 using ordered pairs ( 5, 7 ) .
0.05 0.03 0.03
Thus, A1 .
0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00

0.02 0.06 0.07 0.06
761
x 2 y + 4z = 2 1 5 4 3
17
77. 3x + 5 y 2 z = 17 2
0 1 3 24 R2 = r2 / 24
4x 3y = 22
0 48 32 38
1 5 4 3
1 2 4 2 2 17
0 1 3 24
3 5 2 17
4 3 0 22 0 0 0 4 R3 = 48r2 + r3
The last row of our matrix is a contradiction.
1 2 4 2 Therefore, the system is inconsistent. The
0 1 10 23 R2 = 3r1 + r2 solution set is { } , or .
0 5 16 30 R3 = 4r1 + r3
1 2 4 2 2x 3y + z = 4
0 1 10 23 R2 = r2
81. 3x + 2 y z = 3
0 5 16 30
5y + z = 6
1 2 4 2
0 Write the augmented matrix:
1 10 23
0 0 34 85 R = 5r + r 2 3 1 4
3 2 3
1 2 4 2 3 2 1 3
0 0 5 1 6
1 10 23
5
0 0 1 2 R3 = r3 / 34 3
2 1
1 2 2 R1 = r1 / 2
1 2 0 8 R1 = 4r3 + r1 3 2 1 3
0 1 0 2 R2 = 10r3 + r2
5 0 5 1 6
0 0 1 2
3 1
1 0 0 4 R1 = 2r2 + r1 1 2 2 2

0 1 0 2 0 52 12 3 R2 = 3r1 + r2
5
0 0 1 2 0 5 1 6
5 5 3 1
The solution is x = 4, y = 2, z = or 4,2, . 1 2 2 2
2 2 1 6
1 5 5 R2 = 5 r2
2
0
5x y + 4z = 2 0 5 1 6

79. x + 5 y 4 z = 3 32 1
7 x + 13 y 4 z = 17 1 2 2
0 65
15
Write the augmented matrix: 1
5 1 4 2
0 0 0 0 R3 = 5r2 + r3
1 1
1 5 4 3 0 5 R1 = 3 r2 + r1
1 5
2
7 13 4 17 0 1 6
1 5 5

1 5 4 3 R1 = r2 0 0 0 0

5 1 4 2 R2 = r1 Since the last row yields an identity, and no
7 13 4 17 contradictions exist in the other rows, there are
an infinite number of solutions. The solution is
1 5 4 3
1 1 1 6
0 24 16 17 R2 = 5r1 + r2 x = z + , y = z , and z is any real
5 5 5 5
0 48 32 38 R = 7 r + r
3 1 3
762
number. That is, 2 1 1

1 1 1 6
( x, y, z ) | x = z + , y = z , 87. a. K = 1 1 0

5 5 5 5 1 1 1
z is any real number} Augment the matrix with the identity and use
6 9 121.00 2 1 1 1 0 0
83. a. A= ; B= 1 1 0 0 1 0
3 12 340.13

1 1 1 0 0 1
6 9 121.00
b. AB = 1 1 0 0 1 0
3 12 340.13 Interchange
2 1 1 1 0 0 r and r
6(121.00) + 9(340.13) 3787.17 1 2
= = 1 1 1 0 0 1
3(121.00) + 12(340.13) 4444.56
Nikkis total tuition is $3787.17, and Joes 1 1 0 0 1 0
R2 = 2 r1 + r2
total tuition is $4444.56. 0 1 1 1 2 0 R = r + r
3 1 3
0 0 1 0 1 1
85. a. The rows of the 2 by 3 matrix represent
stainless steel and aluminum. The columns 1 1 0 0 1 0
represent 10-gallon, 5-gallon, and 1-gallon. 0 1 1 1 2 0 ( R2 = r2 )
500 350 400 0 0 1 0 1 1
The 2 by 3 matrix is: .
700 500 850 1 1 0 0 1 0
500 700 0 1 0 1 1 1 ( R2 = r2 + r3 )
The 3 by 2 matrix is: 350 500 . 0 0 1 0 1 1
400 850 0 1
1 0 0 1
b. The 3 by 1 matrix representing the amount of 0 1 0 1 1 1 ( R1 = r1 r2 )
15 0 0 1 0 1 1
material is: 8 . 1 0 1
3 Thus, K 1
= 1 1 1 .
c. The days usage of materials is: 0 1 1
15
500 350 400 11,500 47 34 33 1 0 1
700 500 850 8 = 17, 050

3 b. M = EK 1
= 44 36 27 1 1 1

Thus, 11,500 pounds of stainless steel and 47 41 20 0 1 1
17,050 pounds of aluminum were used that 13 1 20
day. = 8 9 19
d. The 1 by 2 matrix representing cost is: 6 21 14
[0.10 0.05] .
e. The total cost of the days production was:
11,500
[0.10 0.05] = [ 2002.50] .
17, 050
The total cost of the days production was
$2002.50.
763
because 0 1 1 0 0
a11 = 47(1) + 34(1) + 33(0) = 13
1 0 0 1 1

a12 = 47(0) + 34(1) + 33(1) = 1 91. A = 1 0 0 1 0

a13 = 47(1) + 34(1) + 33(1) = 20 0 0 1 0 1

a21 = 44(1) + 36(1) + 27(0) = 8 0 1 0 0 0

a22 = 44(0) + 36(1) + 27(1) = 9
a23 = 44(1) + 36(1) + 27(1) = 19 a.
2 0 0 2 1 0 3 4 0 2
a31 = 47(1) + 41(1) + 20(0) = 6
0 2 2 0 1 4 1 0 4 2
a32 = 47(0) + 41(1) + 20(1) = 21 3
A = 0
2
1 2 0 1 A = 3 1 0 3 1
a33 = 47(1) + 41(1) + 20(1) = 14
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 2

1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1
c. 13 M ; 1 A; 20 T ; 8 H ; 9 I ;
19 S ; 6 F ; 21 U ; 14 N
2 4 5 2 3
The message: Math is fun.
5 3 2 5 4

a b A + A + A = 4
2 3
2 2 4 2
89. A =
c d 2 2 3 2 3

If D = ad bc 0 , then a 0 and d 0 , or 1 3 2 1 2

b 0 and c 0 . Assuming the former, then
a b 1 0 Yes, all pages can reach every other page within
c d 0 1 3 clicks.

1 ba 1
0 b. The largest number in row 1 (Page 1) is 5 which
a
( R1 = 1a r1 ) corresponds to Page 3.
c d 0 1
1 b 1
0 1 3
a
bc
a
c
( R2 = c r1 + r2 )
- 0
0 d a
a
1 2 2 6 3 - 2 3
3 1
1 0 93. a. XR = 0 4 = 3 3 + 2
b 1
a a

ad bc
ac 2 2 1 1
0 1 0 1
a
0
1 b 1 0

a a ( R2 = ad abc r2 )
0 1 c a
ad bc ad bc
The coordinates would be
1 0 1 bc b

0 1
a
+ a ( ad bc )
c
ad bc
a
( R1 = ba r2 + r1 ) (3 2 3,3 3 + 2 )
ad bc ad bc
1 0 d b
1 3
ad bc ad bc 0

0 1 c a 2 2
ad bc ad bc
3 1
1 0 d Db b. R 1 = 0 ; This is the rotation
D 2 2
0 1 c a
0 0 1
D D
d Db 1 d b
Thus, A1 = Dc a
= matrix needed to get the translated
D D D c a
coordinates back to the original coordinates.
where D = ad bc .
764
Section 12.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
95. Since the product is found by multiplying the x2 + 5

components from the columns of the first matrix 7. The rational expression is improper, so
by the components in the rows of the second x2 4
matrix and then adding those products, then the perform the division:
number of columns in the first must equal the 1
number of rows in the second. x2 4 x2 + 5
97. If the inverse of A exists: x2 4
AX = 0 9
1
A AX = A 0 1 The proper rational expression is:
x2 + 5 9
IX = 0 2
= 1+ 2
x 4 x 4
X =0
If the inverse of A does not exist, then A is 5 x3 + 2 x 1
singular and you would not be able to multiply A 9. The rational expression is improper,
x2 4
by its inverse to give the identity inverse and X
so perform the division:
would have no solution.
5x
99. v w = ( 2)(2) + ( 1)(1) = 4 1 = 5
x 2 4 5 x3 + 2x 1
vw 5 5
cos = = = = 1 5 x3 20 x
v w 5 5 5
22 x 1
= cos 1 ( 1) = 180 The proper rational expression is:
5 x3 + 2 x 1 22 x 1
1 = 5x +
101. Let = csc u so that csc = u , , 2
x 4 x2 4
2 2
u 1 . Then, 11. The rational expression
sin x2 x
( )
cos csc1 u = cos = cos
sin
= cot sin
x( x 1)
= 2
( x + 4)( x 3) x + x 12
is improper, so
cot cot 2 csc2 1 perform the division:

= = = 1
csc csc csc
x 2 + x 12 x 2 x + 0
u2 1
= x 2 + x 12
u
2 x + 12
The proper rational expression is:
x( x 1) 2 x + 12 2( x 6)
=1+ 2 =1+
( x + 4)( x 3) x + x 12 ( x + 4)( x 3)
Section 12.5 13. Find the partial fraction decomposition:

1. True 4 A B
= +
x( x 1) x x 1
(
3. 3x 4 + 6 x3 + 3x 2 = 3x 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 )
x( x 1)
4 A
= x( x 1) +
B

2 x ( x 1) x x 1
= 3x 2 ( x + 1) 4 = A( x 1) + Bx
x
5. The rational expression is proper, since
2
x 1
the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator.
765
Let x = 1 , then 4 = A(0) + B Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 2) + B (1 1)

B=4 1 = A
Let x = 0 , then 4 = A(1) + B (0) A = 1
A = 4 Let x = 2 , then 2 = A(2 2) + B(2 1)
4 4 4 2=B
= +
x( x 1) x x 1 x 1 2
= +
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
15. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 A Bx + C 19. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
2
= +
x( x + 1) x x2 + 1 x2 A B C
= + +
1 A Bx + C 2
( x 1) ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) 2
x +1
x( x 2 + 1) 2
2
= x( x + 1) + 2
x ( x + 1) x x +1 Multiplying both sides by ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) , we
2
1 = A( x + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x
obtain: x 2 = A( x 1)( x + 1) + B ( x + 1) + C ( x 1) 2
Let x = 0 , then 1 = A(02 + 1) + ( B (0) + C )(0) Let x = 1 , then
A =1
12 = A(1 1)(1 + 1) + B (1 + 1) + C (1 1) 2
2
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 + 1) + ( B (1) + C )(1)
1 = A(0)(2) + B (2) + C (0) 2
1 = 2A + B + C
1 = 2(1) + B + C 1 = 2B
B + C = 1 1
B=
Let x = 1 , then 2
1 = A((1) 2 + 1) + ( B(1) + C )(1) Let x = 1 , then
1 = A(1 + 1) + ( B + C )(1) (1) 2 = A(1 1)(1 + 1) + B (1 + 1) + C (1 1) 2
1 = 2A + B C
1 = 2(1) + B C 1 = A(2)(0) + B (0) + C (2) 2
B C = 1 1 = 4C
Solve the system of equations: 1
C=
B + C = 1 4
B C = 1 Let x = 0 , then
2B = 2 02 = A(0 1)(0 + 1) + B (0 + 1) + C (0 1) 2
B = 1 0 = A + B + C
1 + C = 1 A = B+C
C=0 1 1 3
A= + =
1 1 x 2 4 4
2
= + 2 3 1 1
x( x + 1) x x +1 x2 4 2 4
= + +
( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) 2 x +1
x A B
= +
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
Multiplying both sides by ( x 1)( x 2) , we
obtain: x = A( x 2) + B( x 1)
766
21. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = 1 , then

1 1 12 = A(1 1)(1 + 1) 2 + B(1 + 1) 2
3
= 2
x 8( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4)
+ C (1 1) 2 (1 + 1) + D(1 1) 2
1 A Bx + C
2
= + 2 1 = 4B
( x 2)( x + 2 x + 4) x 2 x + 2 x + 4
1
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) , B=
4
we obtain: 1 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x 2) Let x = 1 , then
Let x = 2 , then (1) 2 = A(1 1)(1 + 1) 2 + B (1 + 1) 2
( )
1 = A 22 + 2(2) + 4 + ( B (2) + C )(2 2) + C (1 1) 2 (1 + 1) + D(1 1) 2
1 = 12 A 1 = 4D
1 1
A= D=
12 4
Let x = 0 , then
Let x = 0 , then
02 = A(0 1)(0 + 1) 2 + B (0 + 1) 2
( )
1 = A 02 + 2(0) + 4 + ( B (0) + C )(0 2)
+ C (0 1) 2 (0 + 1) + D(0 1) 2
1 = 4 A 2C
0 = A + B + C + D
1 = 4 (1/12 ) 2C
AC = B + D
2C = 23 1 1 1
AC = + =
C = 1 4 4 2
3
Let x = 2 , then
Let x = 1 , then
22 = A(2 1)(2 + 1) 2 + B (2 + 1) 2
( )
1 = A 12 + 2(1) + 4 + ( B (1) + C )(1 2)
+ C (2 1) 2 (2 + 1) + D(2 1) 2
1= 7A B C
4 = 9 A + 9 B + 3C + D
1
1 = 7 (1/12 ) B + 9 A + 3C = 4 9 B D
3
1 1 1 3
B= 9 A + 3C = 4 9 =
12 4 4 2
1 1 x1 1
1 12
12 3 3A + C =
= + 2
x3 8 x2 x2 + 2x + 4
Solve the system of equations:
1
12 (
1 x+4
12 ) AC = 1
= + 2
x2 x2 + 2x + 4
3A + C = 1
23. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 2
x2 A B C D 4A =1
= + + +
( x 1) ( x + 1)2
2 x 1 ( x 1)2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 A= 1
4
Multiplying both sides by ( x 1)2 ( x + 1)2 , we 3 +C = 1
obtain: 4 2
x 2 = A( x 1)( x + 1)2 + B( x + 1)2 C =1
4
+ C ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1) + D ( x 1) 2 x 2 1 1 1 1
2 2
= 4 + 4
2
+ 4 + 4
( x 1) ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
767

x 3 A B C 2 + 4 = A(2)(22 + 4) + B(22 + 4) + (C (2) + D)(2)2
2
= + +
( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2 6 = 16 A + 8B + 8C + 4 D
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x + 1) 2 , we 6 = 16 A + 8 + 8C + 4 D
16 A + 8C + 4 D = 2
obtain: x 3 = A( x + 1) 2 + B ( x + 2)( x + 1) + C ( x + 2)
Let x = 2 , then 5A + C + D = 0
2 3 = A( 2 + 1) 2 + B( 2 + 2)( 2 + 1) + C ( 2 + 2) 5 A C + D = 2
5 = A 2D = 2
A = 5 D = 1
Let x = 1 , then 5A + C 1 = 0
2
1 3 = A(1 + 1) + B(1 + 2)(1 + 1) + C (1 + 2) C = 1 5A
4 = C 16 A + 8(1 5 A) + 4(1) = 2
C = 4 16 A + 8 40 A 4 = 2
Let x = 0 , then 24 A = 6
0 3 = A(0 + 1) 2 + B (0 + 2)(0 + 1) + C (0 + 2) 1
A=
3 = A + 2 B + 2C 4
3 = 5 + 2 B + 2( 4) 1 5 1
C = 1 5 = 1 =
2 B = 10 4
4 4
B=5 x+4 1 1
1 x 1
x 3 5 5 4 2 2
= 4 + 2 + 42
= + + x ( x + 4) x x x +4
2
( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 1
4 1 14 ( x + 4 )
= + 2
+
27. Find the partial fraction decomposition: x x x2 + 4
x+4 A B Cx + D
2 2
= + + 29. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x ( x + 4) x x2 x2 + 4
x2 + 2 x + 3 A Bx + C
Multiplying both sides by x 2 ( x 2 + 4) , we obtain: 2
= + 2
( x + 1)( x + 2 x + 4) x + 1 x + 2x + 4
x + 4 = Ax( x 2 + 4) + B( x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D) x 2
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) ,
Let x = 0 , then we obtain:
0 + 4 = A(0)(02 + 4) + B (02 + 4) + ( C (0) + D ) (0) 2 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
4 = 4B
Let x = 1 , then
B =1
(1) 2 + 2(1) + 3 = A((1) 2 + 2(1) + 4)
Let x = 1 , then
+ ( B(1) + C )(1 + 1)
1 + 4 = A(1)(12 + 4) + B (12 + 4) + (C (1) + D)(1) 2
2 = 3A
5 = 5 A + 5B + C + D
5 = 5A + 5 + C + D 2
A=
5A + C + D = 0 3
Let x = 0 , then
Let x = 1 , then
02 + 2(0) + 3 = A(02 + 2(0) + 4) + ( B(0) + C )(0 + 1)
1 + 4 = A(1)((1) 2 + 4) + B ((1) 2 + 4)
3 = 4A + C
+ (C ( 1) + D)(1) 2
3 = 4 ( 2 / 3) + C
3 = 5 A + 5 B C + D
1
3 = 5 A + 5 C + D C=
5 A C + D = 2 3
768
Let x = 1 , then Let x = 3 , then 3 = A(3 1) + B (3 + 3)

2 2
1 + 2(1) + 3 = A(1 + 2(1) + 4) + ( B (1) + C )(1 + 1) 3 = 4 A
6 = 7 A + 2 B + 2C 3
A=
6 = 7 ( 2 / 3) + 2 B + 2 (1/ 3) 4
3 1
2 B = 6 143 23 = 2 x 4 4
3 = +
x2 + 2 x 3 x+3 x 1
B = 13
2 1 x + 13 35. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x2 + 2 x + 3 3 3
= + x 2 + 2 x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D
( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) x +1 x2 + 2 x + 4 = 2 +
2 1 ( x + 1) ( x 2 + 4) 2 x + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2
3 3
= + 2 Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 4) 2 , we obtain:
x +1 x + 2x + 4
31. Find the partial fraction decomposition: x 2 + 2 x + 3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 4) + Cx + D
x A B x 2 + 2 x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B + Cx + D
= +
(3x 2)(2 x + 1) 3x 2 2 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + 4 B + D
Multiplying both sides by (3 x 2)(2 x + 1) , we A=0; B =1;
obtain: x = A(2 x + 1) + B (3 x 2)
4A + C = 2 4B + D = 3
Let x = 1 , then 4(0) + C = 2 4(1) + D = 3
2
1 C=2 D = 1
= A ( 2 ( 1/ 2 ) + 1) + B ( 3 ( 1/ 2 ) 2 )
2 2
x + 2x + 3 1 2x 1
1 7 2 2
= 2
+
= B ( x + 4) x +4 ( x 2 + 4) 2
2 2
1 37. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
B=
7 7x + 3 7x + 3
2 3 2
=
Let x = , then x 2 x 3 x x( x 3)( x + 1)
3 A B C
2 = + +
= A ( 2 ( 2 / 3) + 1) + B ( 3 ( 2 / 3) 2 ) x x 3 x +1
3 Multiplying both sides by x( x 3)( x + 1) , we
2 7
= A obtain:
3 3 7 x + 3 = A( x 3)( x + 1) + Bx( x + 1) + Cx( x 3)
2
A= Let x = 0 , then
7
2 1 7(0) + 3 = A(0 3)(0 + 1) + B(0)(0 + 1) + C (0)(0 3)
x
= 7 + 7 3 = 3 A
(3x 2)(2 x + 1) 3x 2 2 x + 1
A = 1
x x A B 7(3) + 3 = A(3 3)(3 + 1) + B (3)(3 + 1) + C (3)(3 3)
= = +
2
x + 2 x 3 ( x + 3)( x 1) x + 3 x 1 24 = 12 B
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 3)( x 1) , we B=2
obtain: x = A( x 1) + B( x + 3) Let x = 1 , then
7(1) + 3 = A(1 3)(1 + 1) + B(1)(1 + 1)
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 1) + B(1 + 3)
+ C (1)(1 3)
1 = 4B
1 4 = 4C
B= C = 1
4
769
7x + 3 1 2 1 Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 16)3 , we obtain:

3 2
= + +
x 2 x 3x x x 3 x +1 x3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 16) 2 + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 16)
39. Perform synthetic division to find a factor: + Ex + F
x3 = ( Ax + B )( x 4 + 32 x 2 + 256) + Cx3 + Dx 2
2 1 4 5 2
+ 16Cx + 16 D + Ex + F
2 4 2
x3 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + 32 Ax3 + 32 Bx 2 + 256 Ax
1 2 1 0 + 256 B + Cx3 + Dx 2
x3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 = ( x 2)( x 2 2 x + 1) + 16Cx + 16 D + Ex + F
= ( x 2)( x 1) 2 x3 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + (32 A + C ) x3 + (32 B + D) x 2

Find the partial fraction decomposition: + (256 A + 16C + E ) x
+ (256 B + 16 D + F )
x2 x2
=
x3 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 ( x 2)( x 1) 2 A = 0; B = 0 ; 32 A + C = 1
A B C 32(0) + C = 1
= + +
x 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2 C =1
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2)( x 1) 2 , we 32 B + D = 0 256 A + 16C + E = 0

obtain: 32(0) + D = 0 256(0) + 16(1) + E = 0
x 2 = A( x 1) 2 + B ( x 2)( x 1) + C ( x 2) D=0 E = 16
Let x = 2 , then 256 B + 16 D + F = 0
22 = A(2 1) 2 + B (2 2)(2 1) + C (2 2) 256(0) + 16(0) + F = 0
4= A F =0
Let x = 1 , then x3 x 16 x
12 = A(1 1) 2 + B (1 2)(1 1) + C (1 2) 2 3
= 2 2
+
( x + 16) ( x + 16) ( x + 16)3
2
1 = C
C = 1
Let x = 0 , then
02 = A(0 1) 2 + B (0 2)(0 1) + C (0 2)
0 = A + 2 B 2C
0 = 4 + 2 B 2(1)
2 B = 6
B = 3
x2 4 3 1
3 2
= + +
x 4 x + 5x 2 x 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2

x3 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
2 3
= 2 + 2 2
+ 2
( x + 16) x + 16 ( x + 16) ( x + 16)3
770

4 4 A B 2(3) + 3 = A(3)(3 3)(3 + 3)
= = +
2 x 2 5 x 3 ( x 3)(2 x + 1) x 3 2 x + 1 + B(3 3)(3 + 3)
Multiplying both sides by ( x 3)(2 x + 1) , we + C (3) 2 (3 + 3)
obtain: 4 = A(2 x + 1) + B( x 3) + D(3)2 (3 3)
1 3 = 54 D
Let x = , then
2 1
D=
1 1 18
4 = A 2 + 1 + B 3
2 2 Let x = 1 , then
4= B 7 2 1 + 3 = A 1(1 3)(1 + 3) + B (1 3)(1 + 3)
2
8 + C 12 (1 + 3) + D 12 (1 3)
B= 5 = 8 A 8B + 4C 2 D
7
Let x = 3 , then 4 = A(2(3) + 1) + B (3 3) 5 = 8 A 8 ( 1/ 3) + 4 (1/ 6 ) 2 (1/18 )
4 = 7A 8 2 1
5 = 8A + +
4 3 3 9
A=
7 16
8A =
4 4 87 9
7
= + 2
2 x2 5x 3 x 3 2 x + 1 A=
9
45. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 2x + 3 2 1 1 1
2x + 3 2x + 3 4 2
= 9 + 23 + 6 + 18
= 2 x 9x x x x3 x+3
4 2
x 9x x ( x 3)( x + 3)
A B C D x3 + x 2 3
= + 2+ + 47.
x x x 3 x +3 x 2 + 3x 4
2
Multiplying both sides by x ( x 3)( x + 3) , we Dividing:
x2
obtain: 2
2 x + 3 = Ax( x 3)( x + 3) + B( x 3)( x + 3) x + 3x 4 x3 + x 2 + 0 x 3
+ Cx 2 ( x + 3) + Dx 2 ( x 3) (
x3 + 3x 2 4 x )
2
Let x = 0 , then 2x + 4x 3
2 0 + 3 = A 0(0 3)(0 + 3) + B (0 3)(0 + 3) (
2 x 2 6 x + 8 )
2 2
+ C 0 (0 + 3) + D 0 (0 3) 10 x 11
3 2
3 = 9 B x + x 3 10 x 11
2
= x2+ , x 4,1
1 x + 3x 4 x 2 + 3x 4
B= Find the partial fraction decomposition:
3
Let x = 3 , then 10 x 11 10 x 11 A B
= = +
2 3 + 3 = A 3(3 3)(3 + 3) + B(3 3)(3 + 3) x 2 + 3x 4 ( x + 4)( x 1) x + 4 x 1
+ C 32 (3 + 3) + D 32 (3 3) Multiplying both sides by ( x + 4)( x 1) , we
9 = 54C obtain:
10 x 11 = A( x 1) + B( x + 4)
1
C= Let x = 1 , then
6
771
10 (1) 11 = A (1 1) + B (1 + 4 ) 11x 32 11x 32 A B

= = +
1 = 5 B x2 + 4 x + 4 ( x + 2)( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
1 Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2) 2 , we obtain:
B=
5 11x 32 = A( x + 2) + B
Let x = 4 , then 11x 32 = Ax + 2 A + B
10(4) 11 = A(( 4) 1) + B ( 4 + 4)
11x 32 = Ax + (2 A + B)
51 = 5 A
Since the coefficient of x is A then A = 11 .
51 Let A = 11 , then
A=
5 32 = 2 A + B
51 15
10 x 11 5 32 = 2(11) + B
= +
x 2 + 3x 4 x + 4 x 1 10 = B
11x 32 11 10
51 15 = +
x3 + x 2 3 5 x + 4 x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
2
Thus, = x2+ +
x 2 + 3x 4 x+4 x 1 Thus,
x 4 5 x3 + x 4 11 10
x3 2
= x2 4 x + 7 + +
49. x + 4x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
x2 + 1
Dividing:
x
x5 + x 4 x 2 + 2
x 2 + 0 x + 1 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x 53.
x4 2 x2 + 1
(
x3 + 0 x 2 + x ) Dividing:
x x +1
x 3
x x 4 + 0 x3 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1 x5 + x 4 + 0 x3 x 2 + 0 x + 2
= x+
2
x +1 x +12
(
x5 + 0 x 4 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + x )
4 3 2
Since x 2 + 1 is irreducible then we cannot go x + 2x x x + 2
any further. (
x 4 + 0 x3 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1 )
3 2
2x x x +1
x 4 5 x3 + x 4
51.
x2 + 4 x + 4 x5 + x 4 x 2 + 2 2 x3 + x 2 x + 1
Dividing: = x +1+ ,
x4 2x2 + 1 x4 2 x2 + 1
x2 4 x + 7
x 1, 1
x2 + 4 x + 4 x 4 + 0 x3 5 x 2 + x 4
Find the partial fraction decomposition:
(
x 4 + 4 x3 + 4 x 2 ) 2 x3 + x 2 x + 1
=
A
+
B
+
C
+
D
4 x3 9 x 2 + x ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1)2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
(
4 x3 16 x 2 16 x ) Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) 2 , we
7x 2 + 17 x 4 obtain:
(
7 x 2 + 28 x + 28 ) 2 x3 + x 2 x + 1 = A( x + 1)( x 1) 2 + B( x 1) 2
11x 32 + C ( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) + D ( x + 1) 2
x 4 5 x3 + x 4 11x 32
2
= x2 4 x + 7 + 2 ,
x + 4x + 4 x + 4x + 4
x 2
Find the partial fraction decomposition:
772
Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Let x = 1 , then r
nt
3 2 2 55. A = P 1 +
2(1) + (1) (1) + 1 = A(1 + 1)(1 1) n
+ B (1 1) 2 + C (1 + 1) 2 (1 1) + D(1 + 1) 2
365t
1 = 4B 0.18
8400 = 4200 1 +
1 365
=B
2 = (1.000493)
365t
4
Let x = 1 , then ln 2 = ln (1.000493)
365t
3 2 2
2(1) + (1) (1) + 1 = A(1 + 1)(1 1) ln 2 = 365t ln (1.000493)
+ B (1 1) 2 + C (1 + 1) 2 (1 1) + D(1 + 1) 2 ln 2
3 = 4D t=
365ln (1.000493)
3 = 3.85 years
=D
4
Let x = 0 , then 1
57. sec 52 cos 308 = cos 308
2(0)3 + (0) 2 (0) + 1 = A(0 + 1)(0 1) 2 cos 52
1 3 1
+ (0 1) 2 + C (0 + 1) 2 (0 1) + (0 + 1) 2 = cos 308
4 4 cos(360 52)
1 3 1
1= A+ C + = cos 308 = 1
4 4 cos 308
0 = AC
Let x = 2 , then
2(2)3 + (2) 2 (2) + 1 = A(2 + 1)(2 1) 2
1 3
+ (2 1)2 + C (2 + 1) 2 (2 1) + (2 + 1) 2 Section 12.6
4 4
1 27
19 = 3 A + + 9C + 1. y = 3x + 2
4 4
The graph is a line.
12 = 3 A + 9C x-intercept:
0 = AC 0 = 3x + 2
12 = 3 A + 9C 3x = 2
A=C 2
12 = 3 A + 9 A x=
3
12 = 12 A
y-intercept: y = 3 ( 0 ) + 2 = 2
1 = A and 1 = C
y
2 (0, 2)
1 3 2
2 x3 + x 2 x + 1 1 1 3 ,0
= + 4 + + 4 2
4 2 2
x 2x +1 x + 1 ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) x
2 2
x5 + x 4 x 2 + 2
Thus, = x +1 2
x4 2 x2 + 1
1 3
4 1
+ 2
+ + 4 2
( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1)
773
3. y 2 = x2 1 y = 36 x 2
2 2
7.
x y =1 y = 8 x
x2 y 2
=1
12 12
The graph is a hyperbola with center (0, 0),
transverse axis along the x-axis, and vertices at
(1, 0) and (1, 0) . The asymptotes are y = x
and y = x .
y
5
(1, 0) (1, 0)
5 5 x
(2.59, 5.41) and (5.41, 2.59) are the intersection
points.
5
36 x 2 = 8 x
y = x + 1
2
5. 36 x 2 = 64 16 x + x 2
y = x + 1
2 x 2 16 x + 28 = 0
x 2 8 x + 14 = 0
8 64 56
x=
2
8 2 2
=
2
= 4 2
( )
If x = 4 + 2, y = 8 4 + 2 = 4 2
If x = 4 2, y = 8 ( 4 2 ) = 4 + 2
(0, 1) and (1, 2) are the intersection points.
Solutions: ( 4 + 2, 4 2 ) and ( 4 2, 4 + 2 )
x2 + 1 = x + 1 y = x
2 9.
x x=0 y = 2 x
x( x 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
y =1 y=2
Solutions: (0, 1) and (1, 2)
(1, 1) is the intersection point.
774
Solve by substitution: Substitute 4 for x 2 + y 2 in the second equation.

x = 2 x 2x + 4 = 0
x = 4 4 x + x2 2x = 4
x2 5x + 4 = 0 x = 2
( x 4)( x 1) = 0 y = 4 ( 2) 2 = 0
x=4 or x = 1 Solution: (2, 0)
y = 2 or y =1
Eliminate (4, 2); we must have y 0 . y = 3x 5
15. 2 2
Solution: (1, 1) x + y = 5
x = 2 y
11. 2
x = y 2 y
(1, 2) and (2, 1) are the intersection points.

x 2 + (3 x 5) 2 = 5
(0, 0) and (8, 4) are the intersection points. x 2 + 9 x 2 30 x + 25 = 5
Solve by substitution: 10 x 2 30 x + 20 = 0
2 y = y2 2 y x 2 3x + 2 = 0
y2 4 y = 0 ( x 1)( x 2) = 0
y ( y 4) = 0 x =1 or x = 2
y = 0 or y =4 y = 2 y =1
x = 0 or x =8 Solutions: (1, 2) and (2, 1)
x 2 + y 2 = 4
2
x +y =4 2 17.
2
13. y x = 4
2 2
x + 2 x + y = 0
(1, 1.73), (1, 1.73), (0, 2), and (0, 2) are the
intersection points.
775
Substitute x + 4 for y 2 in the first equation: x 2 + y 2 = 4

21.
x2 + x + 4 = 4 y = x2 9
x2 + x = 0
x ( x + 1) = 0
x=0 or x = 1
2
y =4 y2 = 3
y = 2 y= 3
( )(
Solutions: (0, 2), (0, 2), 1, 3 , 1, 3 )
xy = 4
19. 2 2
x + y = 8 No solution; Inconsistent.
x 2 + ( x 2 9) 2 = 4
x 2 + x 4 18 x 2 + 81 = 4
x 4 17 x 2 + 77 = 0
17 289 4(77)
x2 =
2
(2, 2) and (2, 2) are the intersection points. 17 19
=
Solve by substitution: 2
2 There are no real solutions to this expression.
4
x2 + = 8 Inconsistent.
x
16 y = x 2 4
x2 + 2 = 8 23.
x
y = 6 x 13
x + 16 = 8 x 2
4
x 4 8 x 2 + 16 = 0
( x 2 4) 2 = 0
x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
x = 2 or x = 2
y = 2 or y = 2

x 2 4 = 6 x 13
x2 6 x + 9 = 0
( x 3) 2 = 0
x3 = 0
x=3
y = (3) 2 4 = 5
Solution: (3,5)
776
25. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into 29. Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
the first equation and solve: second equation and solve:
2 x 2 + y 2 = 18 x + y +1 = 0 y = x 1
2 2
4 x + y + 6 y x = 5
xy = 4 y =
x x 2 + ( x 1)2 + 6( x 1) x = 5
2
4 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 6 x 6 x = 5
2 x 2 + = 18
x 2 x2 5x = 0
16 x(2 x 5) = 0
2 x 2 + 2 = 18
x x = 0 or x = 5
2
2 x + 16 = 18 x 2
4
If x = 0 : y = (0) 1 = 1
2 x 4 18 x 2 + 16 = 0 5 5 7
If x = : y = 1 =
x4 9 x2 + 8 = 0 2 2 2
Solutions: (0, 1), ( 2 , 2 )
5 7
(x 2
)( )
8 x2 1 = 0
x2 = 8 or x2 = 1 31. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into

the first equation and solve:
x = 8= 2 2 or x = 1
4 x 2 3xy + 9 y 2 = 15
4
If x = 2 2 : y= = 2 2 5
2 2 2x + 3y = 5 y = x +
3 3
4 2
If x = 2 2 : y= = 2 2 5 2 5
2 2 4 x 2 3x x + + 9 x + = 15
3 3 3 3
4
If x = 1: y= =4 4 x 2 + 2 x 2 5 x + 4 x 2 20 x + 25 = 15
1
4 10 x 2 25 x + 10 = 0
If x = 1: y= = 4
1 2 x2 5x + 2 = 0
Solutions: (2 x 1)( x 2) = 0
(2 )( )
2, 2 , 2 2, 2 , (1, 4), (1, 4) 1
x=
or x = 2
2
27. Substitute the first equation into the second 1 21 5 4
equation and solve: If x = : y = + =
2 32 3 3
y = 2x + 1
2 2 5 1
2
2 x + y = 1 If x = 2 : y = (2) + =
3 3 3
2
2 x 2 + ( 2 x + 1) = 1 1 4 1
Solutions: , , 2,
2 x2 + 4 x2 + 4 x + 1 = 1 2 3 3
6 x2 + 4x = 0 33. Multiply each side of the second equation by 4 and
2 x ( 3x + 2 ) = 0 add the equations to eliminate y:
2 x = 0 or 3 x + 2 = 0 x 2 4 y 2 = 7 x2 4 y 2 = 7
2 2 4
2 3x + y = 31 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 124
x = 0 or x =
3 13x 2 = 117
If x = 0 : y = 2(0) + 1 = 1
x2 = 9
2 2 4 1
x = 3
If x = : y = 2 +1 = +1 =
3 3 3 3
If x = 3 : 3(3) 2 + y 2 = 31 y 2 = 4 y = 2
2 1
Solutions: (0, 1), ,
3 3
777
If x = 3 : 3(3) 2 + y 2 = 31 y 2 = 4 y = 2 If x = 2 :
Solutions: (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2)
( 2)
2
3 2y = 2
35. 7 x 2 3 y 2 + 5 = 0 4
2 y = 4 y = y=2 2
2
3x + 5 y = 12
2 2
If x = 2 :
7 x 3 y = 5
2 2
2
( ) ( 2 ) y = 2
2
2
3x + 5 y = 12 3 2
Multiply each side of the first equation by 5 and 4
each side of the second equation by 3 and add 2 y = 4 y = y = 2 2
2
the equations to eliminate y:
35 x 2 15 y 2 = 25
Solutions: ( )(
2, 2 2 , 2, 2 2 )
9 x 2 + 15 y 2 = 36
39. 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2
44 x 2 = 11 2 2
x 2 y + 8 = 0
1
x2 = 2 x + y = 2
2 2
4 2 2
1 x 2 y = 8
x=
2 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
add the equations to eliminate y:
If x = 1 :
2 4x2 + 2 y 2 = 4
2
1 9 3 x 2 2 y 2 = 8
3 + 5 y 2 = 12 y 2 = y =
2 4 2
5 x 2 = 4
If x = 1 : 4
2 x2 =
2 5
1 9 3
3 + 5 y 2 = 12 y2 = y= No real solution. The system is inconsistent.
2 4 2
Solutions: 41. x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 2
, , , , , , , 4 x y = 24
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
and add the equations to eliminate y:
37. Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
and add the equations to eliminate xy: x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
8 x 2 2 y 2 = 48
x + 2 xy = 10
2
x 2 + 2 xy = 10
2 2 9 x 2 = 64
3x xy = 2 6 x 2 2 xy = 4
64
7 x2 = 14 x2 =
9
2 8
x =2 x=
x= 2 3
8
If x = :
3
2

8 2 2 80
+ 2 y = 16 2 y =
3 9
40 2 10
y2 = y=
9 3
778
8 1 6
If x = : 45. 4 + 4 = 6
3 x y
2
8 2 2 80 2 2 = 19
+ 2 y = 16 2 y = x 4 y 4
3 9
40 2 10 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
y2 = y=
9 3 add the equations to eliminate x:
Solutions: 2 12
= 12
8 2 10 8 2 10 8 2 10 x4 y4
, , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 2

2
= 19
x4 y4
8 2 10
, 14
3 3 4 =7
y
5 2 y 4 = 2
43. 2 2 + 3 = 0 There are no real solutions. The system is
x y
inconsistent.
3 1
+ =7
x 2 y 2 47. x 2 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0

5 2 x 2 + xy = 6
x 2 y 2 = 3
Subtract the second equation from the first to

3 + 1 =7 eliminate the x 2 term.
x 2 y 2 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 6
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
2 xy y 2 = 3
and add the equations to eliminate y:
Since y 0 , we can solve for x in this equation
5 2
2
2 = 3 to get
x y
y2 + 3
6 2 x= , y0
2
+ 2 = 14 2y
x y
Now substitute for x in the second equation and
11 solve for y.
= 11
x2 x 2 + xy = 6
x2 = 1 2
y2 + 3 y2 + 3
x = 1 + y=6
2y 2y
If x = 1:
y4 + 6 y2 + 9 y2 + 3
3 1 1 1 + =6
2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 = 4 y2 2
(1) y y 4
1 y 4 + 6 y 2 + 9 + 2 y 4 + 6 y 2 = 24 y 2
y=
2 3 y 4 12 y 2 + 9 = 0
If x = 1: y4 4 y2 + 3 = 0
3 1 1 1
(1) 2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 =
y y 4
(y 2
)( )
3 y2 1 = 0
1 Thus, y = 3 or y = 1 .
y= If y = 1: x = 2 1 = 2
2
1 1 1 1 If y = 1: x = 2(1) = 2
Solutions: 1, , 1, , 1, , 1,
2 2 2 2
779
If y = 3 : x= 3 x = y 4
So we have the system
2
If y = 3 : x= 3 x = 9 y
Solutions: (2, 1), (2, 1), ( )(
3, 3 , 3, 3 ) Therefore we have :
9 y 2 = y 4 9 y 2 y 4 = 0 y 2 (9 y 2 ) = 0
49. y 2 + y + x 2 x 2 = 0 y 2 (3 + y )(3 y ) = 0
y = 0 or y = 3 or y = 3
x2
y +1+ =0
y Since ln y is undefined when y 0 , the only
Multiply each side of the second equation by y solution is y = 3 .
and add the equations to eliminate y: If y = 3 : x = y 4 x = 34 = 81
y 2 + y + x2 x 2 = 0 Solution: (81, 3)
2
y y x+2=0
x2 2 x = 0 x2 + x + y 2 3 y + 2 = 0

55. y2 y
x ( x 2) = 0 x +1+ =0

x = 0 or x = 2 x
( x + 1 )2 + y 3 2 =
If x = 0 :
2 ( 2) 1
2
2 2
y + y+0 02 = 0 y + y2 = 0 2
( x + 12 ) + ( y 12 ) =
2 2 1
( y + 2)( y 1) = 0 y = 2 or y = 1 2
If x = 2 :
y 2 + y + 22 2 2 = 0 y 2 + y = 0
y ( y + 1) = 0 y = 0 or y = 1
Note: y 0 because of division by zero.
Solutions: (0, 2), (0, 1), (2, 1)
51. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:

log x y = 3 y = x3
5
log x (4 y ) = 5 4 y = x 57. Graph: y1 = x (2 / 3); y2 = e ( x)
Substitute the first equation into the second and Use INTERSECT to solve:
solve: 3.1
4 x3 = x5
x5 4 x3 = 0
4.7 4.7
x3 ( x 2 4) = 0
x3 = 0 or x 2 = 4 x = 0 or x = 2
The base of a logarithm must be positive, thus -3.1
x 0 and x 2 . Solution: x = 0.48, y = 0.62 or (0.48, 0.62)
If x = 2 : y = 23 = 8
Solution: (2, 8)
53. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:

4
ln x = 4 ln y x = e4ln y = eln y = y 4
log3 x = 2 + 2 log 3 y
2
x = 32 + 2log3 y = 32 32log3 y = 32 3log3 y = 9 y 2
780
59. Graph: y1 = 3 2 x 2 ; y2 = 4 / x3 65. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
Use INTERSECT to solve:
x + 2y = 0 x = 2y
3.1 2 2
( x 1) + ( y 1) = 5
( 2 y 1) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 5
4.7 4.7
4 y2 + 4 y + 1 + y2 2 y + 1 = 5 5 y2 + 2 y 3 = 0
(5 y 3)( y + 1) = 0
3.1 3
y = =0.6 or y = 1
Solution: x = 1.65, y = 0.89 or (1.65, 0.89) 5
6
x = = 1.2 or x = 2
61. Graph: y1 = 4 12 x 4 ; y2 = 4 12 x 4 ; 5
6 3
y3 = 2 / x ; y4 = 2 / x The points of intersection are , , (2, 1) .
5 5
67. Complete the square on the second equation.

y2 + 4 y + 4 = x 1+ 4
( y + 2)2 = x + 3
Substitute this result into the first equation.
Solutions: x = 0.58, y = 1.86; x = 1.81, y = 1.05;
( x 1) 2 + x + 3 = 4
x = 1.81, y = 1.05; ; x = 0.58, y = 1.86 or
x2 2 x + 1 + x + 3 = 4
(0.58, 1.86), (1.81, 1.05), (1.81, 1.05),
(0.58, 1.86) x2 x = 0
x( x 1) = 0
63. Graph: y1 = 2 / x; y2 = ln x
x = 0 or x = 1
3.1 If x = 0 : ( y + 2) 2 = 0 + 3
y + 2 = 3 y = 2 3
4.7 If x = 1: ( y + 2) 2 = 1 + 3
4.7
y + 2 = 2 y = 2 2
The points of intersection are:
3.1 ( 0, 2 3 ) , ( 0, 2 + 3 ) , (1, 4) , (1, 0) .
Solution: x = 2.35, y = 0.85 or (2.35, 0.85)
781
The points of intersection are: (1, 2), (5, 2).
69. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the

4 71. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of
y = equations is:
x 3
x2 6x + y2 + 1 = 0 x y = 2 x = y+2
2 2
4 x + y = 10
y= Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
x3
4
x 3 = ( y + 2 )2 + y 2 = 10
y
4 y 2 + 4 y + 4 + y 2 = 10
x = +3
y y2 + 2 y 3 = 0
4
2
4 2
( y + 3)( y 1) = 0 y = 3 or y = 1
+ 3 6 + 3 + y +1 = 0 If y = 3 : x = 3 + 2 = 1
y y
16 24 24 If y = 1: x = 1+ 2 = 3
+ + 9 18 + y 2 + 1 = 0
y2 y y The two numbers are 1 and 3 or 1 and 3.
16 73. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of
2
+ y2 8 = 0
y equations is:
4 2
16 + y 8 y = 0 4
xy = 4 x =
y
y 4 8 y 2 + 16 = 0
x2 + y 2 = 8
( y 2 4) 2 = 0
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
y2 4 = 0 second equation and solve:
y2 = 4 4
2
2
y = 2 + y =8
y

4 16
If y = 2 : x = +3 = 5 + y2 = 8
2 y2
4
If y = 2 : x = +3 =1 16 + y 4 = 8 y 2
2
y 4 8 y 2 + 16 = 0
(y )
2 2
4 =0
y2 = 4
y = 2
782
4 4 Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the

If y = 2 : x == 2; If y = 2 : x = = 2 second equation and solve.
2 2
2 x + 2 y = 16
The two numbers are 2 and 2 or 2 and 2.
2 y = 16 2 x
75. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of y = 8 x
equations is: x ( 8 x ) = 15
x y = xy
8 x x 2 = 15
1 1
x + y = 5 x 2 8 x + 15 = 0

Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the ( x 5 )( x 3) = 0
second equation and solve: x = 5 or x = 3
x xy = y The dimensions of the rectangle are 3 inches by
y 5 inches.
x (1 y ) = y x =
1 y
81. Let x = the radius of the first circle.
1 1 Let y = the radius of the second circle.
y + y =5
1 y 2 x + 2 y = 12
1 y 1 2 2
+ =5 x + y = 20
y y Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
2 y second equation and solve:
=5 2 x + 2 y = 12
y
2 y = 5y x+ y =6
6y = 2 y = 6 x
1 1
1 1
y= x= 3 = 3 = x 2 + y 2 = 20
3 1 2
1 3 3 2
x 2 + y 2 = 20
The two numbers are 1 and 1 . x 2 + (6 x) 2 = 20
2 3
a 2 x 2 + 36 12 x + x 2 = 20 2 x 2 12 x + 16 = 0
=
77. b 3 x 2 6 x + 8 = 0 ( x 4)( x 2) = 0
a + b = 10 a = 10 b x = 4 or x = 2
Solve the second equation for a , substitute into y=2 y=4
the first equation and solve: The radii of the circles are 2 centimeters and 4
10 b 2 centimeters.
=
b 3
3(10 b) = 2b 83. The tortoise takes 9 + 3 = 12 minutes or 0.2 hour
longer to complete the race than the hare.
30 3b = 2b Let r = the rate of the hare.
30 = 5b Let t = the time for the hare to complete the
b=6a=4 race. Then t + 0.2 = the time for the tortoise and
a + b = 10; b a = 2 r 0.5 = the rate for the tortoise. Since the
length of the race is 21 meters, the distance
The ratio of a + b to b a is 10 = 5 . equations are:
2
21
79. Let x = the width of the rectangle. r t = 21 r =
t
Let y = the length of the rectangle.
( r 0.5 )( t + 0.2 ) = 21
2 x + 2 y = 16
Solve the first equation for r, substitute into the
xy = 15 second equation and solve:
783
21 87. Find equations relating area and perimeter:

0.5 ( t + 0.2 ) = 21 x + y = 4500
2 2
t

4.2 3x + 3 y + ( x y ) = 300
21 + 0.5t 0.1 = 21
t Solve the second equation for y, substitute into
4.2 the first equation and solve:
10t 21 + 0.5t 0.1 = 10t ( 21) 4 x + 2 y = 300
t
2 y = 300 4 x
210t + 42 5t 2 t = 210t
y = 150 2 x
5t 2 + t 42 = 0
x 2 + (150 2 x) 2 = 4500
( 5t 14 )( t + 3) = 0
x 2 + 22,500 600 x + 4 x 2 = 4500
5t 14 = 0 or t + 3 = 0
5t = 14 t = 3 5 x 2 600 x + 18, 000 = 0
14 x 2 120 x + 3600 = 0
t= = 2.8
5 ( x 60) 2 = 0
t = 3 makes no sense, since time cannot be x 60 = 0
negative.
x = 60
Solve for r:
21 y = 150 2(60) = 30
r= = 7.5 The sides of the squares are 30 feet and 60 feet.
2.8
The average speed of the hare is 7.5 meters per
89. Solve the system for l and w :
hour, and the average speed for the tortoise is 7
meters per hour. 2l + 2 w = P

lw= A
85. Let x = the width of the cardboard. Let y = the
Solve the first equation for l , substitute into the
length of the cardboard. The width of the box second equation and solve.
will be x 4 , the length of the box will be 2l = P 2 w
y 4 , and the height is 2. The volume is
P
V = ( x 4)( y 4)(2) . l = w
2
P

y=
216 w w = A
xy = 216 2
x
2( x 4)( y 4) = 224 P
w w2 = A
2
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
second equation and solve. 2 P
w w+ A = 0
2
( 2 x 8 ) 4 = 224
216
x P P2 4 A P P2 16 A
2 4 2 4 4
1728 w= =
432 8 x + 32 = 224 2 2
x
432 x 8 x 2 1728 + 32 x = 224 x P P 2 16 A
2 2 P P 2 16 A
8 x 2 240 x + 1728 = 0 = =
2 4
x 2 30 x + 216 = 0
( x 12 )( x 18) = 0
x 12 = 0 or x 18 = 0
x = 12 x = 18
The cardboard should be 12 centimeters by 18
centimeters.
784
95. Solve the system:

P + P 2 16 A
If w = then 2 x + 3 y = 14
2 2
4
y = mx + b
P P + P 2 16 A P P 2 16 A
l= = Solve the system by substitution:
2 4 4 2
2 x 2 + 3 ( mx + b ) = 14
P P 2 16 A 2 x 2 + 3m 2 x 2 + 6mbx + 3b 2 = 14
If w = then
4 (3m 2
)
+ 2 x 2 + 6mbx + 3b 2 14 = 0
2 2
P P P 16 A P + P 16 A Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 2).
l= = Find the relation between m and b:
2 4 4
If it is required that length be greater than width, 2 = m(1) + b b = 2 m
then the solution is: Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
P P 2 16 A P + P 2 16 A (3m 2 + 2) x 2 + 6m(2 m) x + 3(2 m) 2 14 = 0
w= and l =
4 4 (3m 2 + 2) x 2 + (12m 6m 2 ) x + (3m 2 12m 2) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
91. Solve the equation: m 2 4(2m 4) = 0 (12m 6m 2 ) 2 4(3m 2 + 2)(3m 2 12m 2) = 0
m 2 8m + 16 = 0 144m 2 + 96m + 16 = 0
2
( m 4) =0 9m 2 + 6 m + 1 = 0
m=4 (3m + 1) 2 = 0
Use the point-slope equation with slope 4 and the
point (2, 4) to obtain the equation of the tangent 3m + 1 = 0
line: 1
m=
y 4 = 4( x 2) y 4 = 4 x 8 y = 4 x 4 3
1 7
93. Solve the system: b = 2m = 2 =
3 3
y = x 2 + 2
1 7
The equation of the tangent line is y = x + .
y = mx + b 3 3
Solve the system by substitution:
x 2 + 2 = mx + b x 2 mx + 2 b = 0 97. Solve the system:
x y = 3
2 2
Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 3).
Find the relation between m and b:
y = mx + b
3 = m(1) + b b = 3 m
Solve the system by substitution:
Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b: 2
x 2 ( mx + b ) = 3
x 2 mx + 2 (3 m) = 0 x 2 mx + (m 1) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0: x 2 m 2 x 2 2mbx b 2 = 3
( m )2 4 (1)( m 1) = 0 (1 m ) x2 2
2mbx b 2 3 = 0
m 2 4m + 4 = 0 Note that the tangent line passes through (2, 1).
Find the relation between m and b:
( m 2 )2 = 0 1 = m(2) + b b = 1 2m
m2 = 0 Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
m=2 (1 m 2 ) x 2 2m(1 2m) x (1 2m) 2 3 = 0
b = 3 m = 3 2 =1
(1 m 2 ) x 2 + ( 2m + 4m 2 ) x 1 + 4m 4m 2 3 = 0
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x + 1 .
(1 m 2 ) x 2 + ( 2m + 4m 2 ) x + ( 4m 2 + 4m 4) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
785
( 2m + 4m ) 2 2
(
4 1 m2 )( 4m 2
)
+ 4m 4 = 0
101. Since the area of the square piece of sheet metal is
4m 2 16m3 + 16m 4 16m 4 + 16m3 16m + 16 = 0 100 square feet, the sheets dimensions are 10 feet
by 10 feet. Let x = the length of the cut.
4m 2 16m + 16 = 0
m 2 4m + 4 = 0 x
x
( m 2 )2 = 0 x 10
m=2
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x 3 .
10 2x 10
99. Solve for r1 and r2 : 10 2x
b The dimensions of the box are: length = 10 2 x;
r1 + r2 = a
width = 10 2 x; height = x . Note that each of
rr =c these expressions must be positive. So we must
1 2 a have x > 0 and 10 2 x > 0 x < 5, that is,
Substitute and solve: 0 < x < 5 . So the volume of the box is given by
b V = ( length ) ( width ) ( height )
r1 = r2
a
= (10 2 x )(10 2 x )( x )
b c
r2 r2 = = (10 2 x )
2
( x)
a a
b c a. In order to get a volume equal to 9 cubic feet,
r2 2 r2 = 0
a a we solve (10 2 x )
2
( x ) = 9.
ar2 2 + br2 + c = 0
2
(10 2 x )2 ( x ) = 9
b b 4ac
r2 =
2a
(100 40 x + 4 x ) x = 9 2
b 100 x 40 x 2 + 4 x3 = 9
r1 = r2 =
a So we need to solve the equation
b b 2 4ac b 4 x3 40 x 2 + 100 x 9 = 0 .
=
2a a Graphing y1 = 4 x3 40 x 2 + 100 x 9 on a

calculator yields the graph
b b 2 4ac 2b
= 80
2a 2a
b b 2 4ac
=
2a 2 10
The solutions are:
b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac 40
r1 = and r2 = . 80
2a 2a
2 10
40
786
Section 12.7: Systems of Inequalities
80
3. x 2 + y 2 = 9
The graph is a circle. Center: (0, 0) ; Radius: 3
2 10
40
The graph indicates that there are three real
zeros on the interval [0, 6]. Using the ZERO
feature of a graphing calculator, we find that
the three roots shown occur at x 0.093 ,
x 4.274 and x 5.632 . But weve already
noted that we must have 0<x <5 , so the only
practical values for the sides of the square base
are x 0.093 feet and x 4.274 feet. 5. True
b. Answers will vary. 7. dashes; solid
103. y y1 = m( x x1 ) 9. False, see example 7b.

2
y ( 7) = ( x 10) 11. x 0
5 Graph the line x = 0 . Use a solid line since the
2 2 inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
y+7 = x+4 y = x3
5 5 line, such as (2, 0). Since 2 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (2, 0).
105. The hotel is 1200 feet above the lake. The
hypotenuse of the triangle is 4420. So
opp 1200
sin = =
hypo 4420
1200
= sin 1 = 15.8
4420
The inclination of the trail is 15.8 .
13. x 4
Graph the line x = 4 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
Section 12.7 line, such as (5, 0). Since 5 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (5, 0).
1. 3x + 4 < 8 x
4x < 4
x <1
{ < 1} or ( ,1)
x x
787
15. 2 x + y 6 21. xy 4
Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid line since Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 6 is not on the hyperbola, such as (0, 0). Since
false, shade the opposite side of the line from 0 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
(0, 0). hyperbola from (0, 0).
x+ y 2
17. x 2 + y 2 > 1 23.
2 x + y 4
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Use a dashed line Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since
since the inequality uses >. Choose a test point the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since 02 + 02 > 1 the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 2 is true,
is false, shade the opposite side of the circle from shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
(0, 0). the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use a solid line since the
line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 4 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
The overlapping region is the solution.
19. y x 2 1
Graph the parabola y = x 2 1 . Use a solid line
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
0 02 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the 2x y 4
parabola from (0, 0). 25.
3 x + 2 y 6
Graph the line 2 x y = 4 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) 0 4 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
the line 3x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since the
line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) 6 is
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0).
788
2 x 3 y 0
27.
3x + 2 y 6
Graph the line 2 x 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since 2 x + y 2
31.
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on 2 x + y 2
the line, such as (0, 3). Since 2(0) 3(3) 0 is Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use a solid line
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 3). since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
Graph the line 3 x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on 2(0) + 0 2 is true, shade the side of the line
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) 6 is containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
The overlapping region is the solution. test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution.
x 2y 6
29.
2 x 4 y 0
Graph the line x 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 2(0) 6 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
the line 2 x 4 y = 0 . Use a solid line since the
line, such as (0, 2). Since 2(0) 4(2) 0 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 2).
789
2 x + 3 y 6 y x 4
2
33. 37.
2 x + 3 y 0 y x 2
Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 . Use a solid line since Graph the parabola y = x 2 4 . Use a solid line
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 3(0) 6 is not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
false, shade the opposite side of the line from 0 02 4 is true, shade the same side of the
(0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 0 . Use a solid parabola as (0, 0). Graph the line y = x 2 . Use
line since the inequality uses . Choose a test a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
point not on the line, such as (0, 2). Since test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 3(2) 0 is false, shade the opposite side of 0 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
the line from (0, 2). Since the regions do not line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
overlap, the solution is an empty set. solution.
39. x 2 + y 2 16
x + y 9
2 2
35. 2
y x 4
x + y 3
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 . Use a solid line Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 . Use a sold line
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point since the inequality is not strict. Choose a test
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the circle, such as (0, 0) . Since
02 + 02 9 is true, shade the same side of the 02 + 02 16 is true, shade the side of the circle
circle as (0, 0). containing (0, 0) . Graph the parabola
Graph the line x + y = 3 . Use a solid line since
y = x 2 4 . Use a solid line since the inequality
is not strict. Choose a test point not on the
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 3 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0). parabola, such as (0, 0) . Since 0 02 4 is true,
The overlapping region is the solution. shade the side of the parabola that contains
(0, 0) . The overlapping region is the solution.
790
xy 4 2(6 2 y ) + y = 6
41. 2
y x + 1 12 4 y + y = 6
Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line 12 3 y = 6
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point 3 y = 6
not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since y=2
0 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
x = 6 2(2) = 2
hyperbola from (0, 0). Graph the parabola
The point of intersection is (2, 2).
y = x 2 + 1 . Use a solid line since the inequality
The four corner points are (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0), and
uses . Choose a test point not on the parabola, (2, 2).
such as (0, 0). Since 0 02 + 1 is false, shade the
opposite side of the parabola from (0, 0).The
overlapping region is the solution.
x0
y0

45.
x + y2
x0 2 x + y 4
y0
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
43.
2 x + y 6 quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
x + 2 y 6 line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
quadrant. Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid 0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use
line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 6 is true, shade the side of the line
2(0) + 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 6 . Use
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a solution. The graph is unbounded.
0 + 2(0) 6 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution. The graph is bounded. Find the
vertices:
The x-axis and y-axis intersect at (0, 0). The
intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and the y-axis is (0, 3).
The intersection of 2 x + y = 6 and the x-axis is
(3, 0). To find the intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and
2 x + y = 6 , solve the system:
x + 2y = 6

2 x + y = 6
Solve the first equation for x: x = 6 2 y .
791
Find the vertices: Substitute and solve:

The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-axis is 2 x + 3(12 3x) = 12
(2, 0). The intersection of 2 x + y = 4 and the y- 2 x + 36 9 x = 12
axis is (0, 4). The two corner points are (2, 0), 7 x = 24
and (0, 4).
24
x=
7
24 72 12
y = 12 3 = 12 =
7 7 7
24 12
The point of intersection is , .
7 7
The five corner points are (0, 2), (0, 4), (2, 0),
24 12
(4, 0), and , .
7 7
x0
y0

47. x + y 2
2 x + 3 y 12

3x + y 12
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
x 0
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the y 0
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 12 . 49. x + y 2
Use a solid line since the inequality uses . x+ y 8
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0).
2 x + y 10
Since 2(0) + 3(0) 12 is true, shade the side of
the line containing (0, 0). Graph the line
3x + y = 12 . Use a solid line since the inequality quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
uses . Choose a test point not on the line, such line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 0 12 is true, shade the point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
side of the line containing (0, 0). The overlapping
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 8 . Use a
region is the solution. The graph is bounded.
solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
Find the vertices: point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is 0 + 0 8 is true, shade the side of the line
(0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x- containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 10 . Use
axis is (2, 0). The intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
and the y-axis is (0, 4). The intersection of
3x + y = 12 and the x-axis is (4, 0).
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and solution. The graph is bounded.
3x + y = 12 , solve the system: Find the vertices:
2 x + 3 y = 12 The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is

3 x + y = 12 (0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-axis
Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 3x . is (2, 0). The intersection of x + y = 8 and the y-
792
axis is (0, 8). The intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and

the x-axis is (5, 0). To find the intersection of
x + y = 8 and 2 x + y = 10 , solve the system:
x+ y =8

2 x + y = 10
Solve the first equation for y: y = 8 x .
2 x + 8 x = 10
x=2
y = 82 = 6 53. The system of linear inequalities is:
The point of intersection is (2, 6). x4
x + y 6
The five corner points are (0, 2), (0, 8), (2, 0),
(5, 0), and (2, 6).
x 0
y 0
55. The system of linear inequalities is:

x 20
y 15

x + y 50
x y 0

x 0
57. a. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury

x 0
bills, and let y = the amount invested in
y 0
51. corporate bonds.
x + 2 y 1 The constraints are:
x + 2 y 10 x + y 50, 000 because the total investment
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first cannot exceed $50,000.
quadrant. Graph the line x + 2 y = 1 . Use a solid x 35, 000 because the amount invested in
Treasury bills must be at least $35,000.
y 10, 000 because the amount invested in
0 + 2(0) 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the corporate bonds must not exceed $10,000.
x 0, y 0 because a non-negative amount
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 10 . Use a
must be invested.
solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
The system is
0 + 2(0) 10 is true, shade the side of the line x + y 50, 000
x 35, 000
solution. The graph is bounded. y 10, 000
x0
Find the vertices:
The intersection of x + 2 y = 1 and the y-axis is y0
(0, 0.5). The intersection of x + 2 y = 1 and the
x-axis is (1, 0). The intersection of x + 2 y = 10
and the y-axis is (0, 5). The intersection of
x + 2 y = 10 and the x-axis is (10, 0). The four
corner points are (0, 0.5), (0, 5), (1, 0), and
(10, 0).
793
b. Graph the system. b. Graph the system.
The corner points are (35,000, 0), The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 150),
(35,000, 10,000), (40,000, 10,000), (90, 105), (160, 0).
(50,000, 0).
61. a. Let x = the # of microwaves, and
59. a. Let x = the # of packages of the economy let y = the # of printers.
blend, and let y = the # of packages of the The constraints are:
superior blend. x 0, y 0 because a non-negative # of
The constraints are: items must be shipped.
x 0, y 0 because a non-negative # of 30 x + 20 y 1600 because a total cargo
packages must be produced. weight cannot exceed 1600 pounds.
4 x + 8 y 75 16 because the total amount of 2 x + 3 y 150 because the total cargo
A grade coffee cannot exceed 75 pounds. volume cannot exceed 150 cubic feet. Note
(Note: 75 pounds = (75)(16) ounces.) that the inequality 30 x + 20 y 1600 can be
12 x + 8 y 120 16 because the total amount of simplified: 3x + 2 y 160 .
B grade coffee cannot exceed 120 pounds. The system is:
(Note: 120 pounds = (120)(16) ounces.) 3x + 2 y 160
Simplifying the inequalities, we obtain:
2 x + 3 y 150
4 x + 8 y 75 16 12 x + 8 y 120 16 x 0; y 0
x + 2 y 75 4 3x + 2 y 120 4
b. Graph the system.
x + 2 y 300 3x + 2 y 480
The system is:
x 0
y 0

x + 2 y 300
3x + 2 y 480
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 50), (36, 26),
160
,0 .
3
794
Section 12.8: Linear Programming
63. 3r = sin 3. z = x + y
3r 2 = r sin Vertex Value of z = x + y
3( x 2 + y 2 ) = y (0, 3) z = 0+3 = 3
3x + 3 y 2 y = 0
2
(0, 6) z = 0+6 = 6
1 (5, 6) z = 5 + 6 = 11
x2 + y 2 y = 0
3
1 1 1 (5, 2) z = 5+2 = 7
2 2
x + y y+ = (4, 0) z = 4+0 = 4
3 36 36
2 2
1 1 The maximum value is 11 at (5, 6), and the
x2 + y = minimum value is 3 at (0, 3).
6 6
The graph is a circle with center 0, and
1 5. z = x + 10 y
6
1 Vertex Value of z = x + 10 y
radius . (0, 3) z = 0 + 10(3) = 30
6
(0, 6) z = 0 + 10(6) = 60
(5, 6) z = 5 + 10(6) = 65
(5, 2) z = 5 + 10(2) = 25
(4, 0) z = 4 + 10(0) = 4
The maximum value is 65 at (5, 6), and the
minimum value is 4 at (4, 0).
7. z = 5 x + 7 y
Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 7 y
(0, 3)z = 5(0) + 7(3) = 21
(0, 6)z = 5(0) + 7(6) = 42
65. 2 cos 2 cos 1 = 0 (5, 6) z = 5(5) + 7(6) = 67
(2 cos + 1)(cos 1) = 0 (5, 2) z = 5(5) + 7(2) = 39
2 cos + 1 = 0 or cos 1 = 0 (4, 0) z = 5(4) + 7(0) = 20
1 cos = 1 The maximum value is 67 at (5, 6), and the
cos = minimum value is 20 at (4, 0).
2 =0
2 4 9. Maximize z = 2 x + y subject to x 0,
= ,
3 3 y 0, x + y 6, x + y 1 . Graph the
2 4
On 0 < 2 , the solution set is 0, , . constraints.
3 3
y
(0,6)
x+y=6
Section 12.8
1. objective function
(0,1)
(6,0) x
(1,0)
x+y=1
The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 6), (6, 0).
Evaluate the objective function:
795
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + y 2 x + 3 y = 12

(0, 1) z = 2(0) + 1 = 1 3x + 2 y = 12
(0, 6) z = 2(0) + 6 = 6 3
Solve the second equation for y: y = 6 x
(1, 0) z = 2(1) + 0 = 2 2
(6, 0) z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
3
The maximum value is 12 at (6, 0). 2 x + 3 6 x = 12
2
11. Minimize z = 2 x + 5 y subject to x 0, 9
2 x + 18 x = 12
y 0, x + y 2, x 5, y 3 . Graph the 2
constraints. 5
x = 6
2
y
12
x=
5
x=5
3 12 18 12
y = 6 = 6 =
2 5 5 5
(0,3) (5,3) y=3 The point of intersection is ( 2.4, 2.4 ) .
(0,2) The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
(2.4, 2.4). Evaluate the objective function:
(2,0) (5,0) x
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
x+y=2 (0, 2) z = 3(0) + 5(2) = 10
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (5, 0), (0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20
(5, 3). Evaluate the objective function: (2, 0) z = 3(2) + 5(0) = 6
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 5 y (4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12
(0, 2)z = 2(0) + 5(2) = 10 (2.4, 2.4) z = 3(2.4) + 5(2.4) = 19.2
(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 5(3) = 15 The maximum value is 20 at (0, 4).
(2, 0) z = 2(2) + 5(0) = 4
15. Minimize z = 5 x + 4 y subject to x 0,
(5, 0) z = 2(5) + 5(0) = 10
y 0, x + y 2, 2 x + 3 y 12, 3x + y 12 . Graph
(5, 3) z = 2(5) + 5(3) = 25
the constraints.
The minimum value is 4 at (2, 0).
y
13. Maximize z = 3 x + 5 y subject to x 0, y 0,

x + y 2, 2 x + 3 y 12, 3x + 2 y 12 . Graph 3x + y = 12
the constraints.
y (0,4)
(
24
, 12 )
7 7
(0,2) 2x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 12 (2,0) (4,0) x
(0,4)
x+y=2
(2.4,2.4)
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and
(0,2)
2x + 3y = 12 3x + y = 12 , solve the system:
(2,0) (4,0) x
2 x + 3 y = 12

x+y=2 3 x + y = 12
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 3 x
3x + 2 y = 12 , solve the system: Substitute and solve:
796
2 x + 3(12 3 x) = 12 The point of intersection is (10/3 10/3).

2 x + 36 9 x = 12 The corner points are (0, 10), (10, 0), (10/3, 10/3).
7 x = 24 Evaluate the objective function:
Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 2 y
x = 24
7
(0, 10) z = 5(0) + 2(10) = 20
y = 12 3 ( 247 ) = 12 727 = 127 (10, 0) z = 5(10) + 2(0) = 50
24 12
The point of intersection is , . 10 10 10 10 70
7 7 , z = 5 + 2 = = 23 13
3 3 3 3 3
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
The maximum value is 50 at (10, 0).
24 12
, . Evaluate the objective function:
7 7
19. Let x = the number of downhill skis produced,
Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 4 y and let y = the number of cross-country skis
(0, 2) z = 5(0) + 4(2) = 8 produced. The total profit is: P = 70 x + 50 y .
(0, 4) z = 5(0) + 4(4) = 16 Profit is to be maximized, so this is the objective
(2, 0) z = 5(2) + 4(0) = 10 function. The constraints are:
x 0, y 0 A positive number of skis must be
(4, 0) z = 5(4) + 4(0) = 20
produced.
( 247 , 127 ) z=5 ( 247 ) + 4 ( 127 ) = 24 2 x + y 40 Manufacturing time available.
The minimum value is 8 at (0, 2). x + y 32 Finishing time available.
Graph the constraints.
17. Maximize z = 5 x + 2 y subject to x 0,
y
y 0, x + y 10, 2 x + y 10, x + 2 y 10 .
Graph the constraints. 2x + y = 40
(0,32)
y
(0,10) (8,24)
x + y = 10
x + y = 32
(20,0) x
(0,0)
(103 , 103 )
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and
(10,0) x 2 x + y = 40 , solve the system:
2x + y = 10
x + 2y = 10
x + y = 32

To find the intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and 2 x + y = 40
x + 2 y = 10 , solve the system: Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 x .
2 x + y = 10
2 x + (32 x) = 40
x + 2 y = 10
x=8
Solve the first equation for y: y = 10 2 x . y = 32 8 = 24
Substitute and solve: The point of intersection is (8, 24).
x + 2(10 2 x) = 10 The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (20, 0),
x + 20 4 x = 10 (8, 24). Evaluate the objective function:
3 x = 10 Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y
10 (0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0
x=
3 (0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600
10 20 10 (20, 0) P = 70(20) + 50(0) = 1400
y = 10 2 = 10 =
3 3 3 (8, 24) P = 70(8) + 50(24) = 1760
797
The maximum profit is $1760, when 8 downhill x + y 35 Maximum number of tables.

skis and 24 cross-country skis are produced. 6 x + 10 y 250 Number of guests.
With the increase of the manufacturing time to 48 x 15 Rectangular tables available.
hours, we do the following: Graph the constraints.
The constraints are: y x = 15
x 0, y 0 A positive number of skis must be x + y = 35
produced.
2 x + y 48 Manufacturing time available. (0, 35)
x + y 32 Finishing time available. 6x + 10y = 250
(0, 25) (15, 20)
10 (15, 16)
y
2x + y = 48
25 x
(0,32)
(15, 16). Evaluate the objective function:
(16,16)
Vertex Value of C = 28 x + 52 y
x + y = 32 (0, 25) C = 28(0) + 52(25) = 1300
(24,0) x (0, 35) C = 28(0) + 52(35) = 1820
(0,0)
(15, 20) C = 28(15) + 52(20) = 1460
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and (15, 16) C = 28(15) + 52(16) = 1252
2 x + y = 48 , solve the system: Kathleen should rent 15 rectangular tables and 16
x + y = 32 round tables in order to minimize the cost. The
minimum cost is $1252.00.
2 x + y = 48
Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 x . 23. Let x = the amount invested in junk bonds, and
Substitute and solve: let y = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
2 x + (32 x) = 48 The total income is: I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y . Income
x = 16 is to be maximized, so this is the objective
y = 32 16 = 16 function. The constraints are:
The point of intersection is (16, 16). x 0, y 0 A non-negative amount must be
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (24, 0), invested.
(16, 16). Evaluate the objective function: x + y 20, 000 Total investment cannot exceed
Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y $20,000.
(0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0 x 12, 000 Amount invested in junk bonds
(0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600 must not exceed $12,000.
y 8000 Amount invested in Treasury bills
(24, 0) P = 70(24) + 50(0) = 1680
must be at least $8000.
(16, 16) P = 70(16) + 50(16) = 1920 a. y x Amount invested in Treasury bills
The maximum profit is $1920, when 16 downhill must be equal to or greater than the
skis and 16 cross-country skis are produced. amount invested in junk bonds.
21. Let x = the number of rectangular tables rented,
and let y = the number of round tables rented.
The cost for the tables is: C = 28 x + 52 y . Cost is
to be minimized, so this is the objective function.
The constraints are:
x 0, y 0 A non-negative number of tables
must be used.
798
(0,20000)
x + y = 20000 Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
(12000, 8000) I = 0.09(12000) + 0.07(8000)
y=x = 1640
(8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000)
(10000,10000)
= 1280
(0,8000) (8000,8000) y = 8000 (10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000)
= 1600
The maximum income is $1640, when
x = 12000
$12,000 is invested in junk bonds and $8000
is invested in Treasury bills.
The corner points are (0, 20,000), (0, 8000),
25. Let x = the number of pounds of ground beef,
(8000, 8000), (10,000, 10,000).
and let y = the number of pounds of ground
pork. The total cost is: C = 0.75 x + 0.45 y . Cost
Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
is to be minimized, so this is the objective
(0, 20000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(20000)
function. The constraints are:
= 1400 x 0, y 0 A positive number of pounds
(0, 8000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(8000) must be used.
= 560 x 200 Only 200 pounds of ground beef
(8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000) are available.
= 1280 y 50 At least 50 pounds of ground
(10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000) pork must be used.
= 1600 0.75 x + 0.60 y 0.70( x + y ) Leanness
The maximum income is $1600, when condition
$10,000 is invested in junk bonds and (Note that the last equation will simplify to
$10,000 is invested in Treasury bills. 1
y x .) Graph the constraints.
2
b. yx Amount invested in Treasury bills
y
must not exceed the amount invested
(200,100)
in junk bonds.
x + y = 20000
(100,50)
(200,50)
y=x
(10000,10000)
y = 8000 x
(8000,8000) (12000,8000)
The corner points are (100, 50), (200, 50),

x = 12000 (200, 100). Evaluate the objective function:
Vertex Value of C = 0.75 x + 0.45 y
The corner points are (12,000, 8000), (100, 50) C = 0.75(100) + 0.45(50) = 97.50
(8000, 8000), (10,000, 10,000). (200, 50) C = 0.75(200) + 0.45(50) = 172.50
(200, 100) C = 0.75(200) + 0.45(100) = 195
The minimum cost is $97.50, when 100 pounds of
ground beef and 50 pounds of ground pork are
used.
799
27. Let x = the number of racing skates 29. Let x = the number of metal fasteners, and let y
manufactured, and let y = the number of figure = the number of plastic fasteners. The total cost
skates manufactured. The total profit is: is: C = 9 x + 4 y . Cost is to be minimized, so this
P = 10 x + 12 y . Profit is to be maximized, so is the objective function. The constraints are:
this is the objective function. The constraints x 2, y 2 At least 2 of each fastener must be
are: made.
x+ y 6 At least 6 fasteners are needed.
x 0, y 0 A positive number of skates must
4 x + 2 y 24 Only 24 hours are available.
be manufactured.
6 x + 4 y 120 Only 120 hours are available for
fabrication. y
x + 2 y 40 Only 40 hours are available for
(2,8)
finishing.
y
(2,4)
(5,2)
(4,2)
x
(0,20) (10,15) The corner points are (2, 4), (2, 8), (4, 2), (5, 2).
(20,0) x Vertex Value of C = 9 x + 4 y
(0,0)
(2, 4) C = 9(2) + 4(4) = 34
(2, 8) C = 9(2) + 4(8) = 50
To find the intersection of 6 x + 4 y = 120 and (4, 2) C = 9(4) + 4(2) = 44
x +2y = 40 , solve the system: (5, 2) C = 9(5) + 4(2) = 53
6 x + 4 y = 120 The minimum cost is $34, when 2 metal fasteners

x + 2 y = 40 and 4 plastic fasteners are ordered.
Solve the second equation for x: x = 40 2 y
31. Let x = the number of first class seats, and let
Substitute and solve: y = the number of coach seats. Using the hint,
6(40 2 y ) + 4 y = 120
the revenue from x first class seats and y coach
240 12 y + 4 y = 120 seats is Fx + Cy, where F > C > 0. Thus,
8 y = 120 R = Fx + Cy is the objective function to be
y = 15 maximized. The constraints are:
x = 40 2(15) = 10 8 x 16 Restriction on first class seats.
The point of intersection is (10, 15). 80 y 120 Restriction on coach seats.
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 20), (20, 0), x 1
(10, 15). Evaluate the objective function: a. Ratio of seats.
y 12
Vertex Value of P = 10 x + 12 y The constraints are:
(0, 0) P = 10(0) + 12(0) = 0 8 x 16
(0, 20) P = 10(0) + 12(20) = 240 80 y 120
(20, 0) P = 10(20) + 12(0) = 200 12x y
(10, 15) P = 10(10) + 12(15) = 280
The maximum profit is $280, when 10 racing
skates and 15 figure skates are produced.
800
Graph the constraints. Vertex Value of R = Fx + Cy

(8, 80) R = 8 F + 80C
(8, 120) R = 8F + 120C
(15, 120) R = 15 F + 120C
(10, 80) R = 10 F + 80C
Since F > 0 and C > 0, 120C > 96C , the
maximum value of R occurs at (15, 120).
The maximum revenue occurs when the
aircraft is configured with 15 first class seats
and 120 coach seats.
c. Answers will vary.
The corner points are (8, 96), (8, 120), and
(10, 120). Evaluate the objective function: 33. 2m 2/5 m1/5 = 1
Vertex Value of R = Fx + Cy
2m 2/5 m1/5 1 = 0
(8, 96) R = 8F + 96C
(2m1/5 + 1)(m1/5 1) = 0
(8, 120) R = 8 F + 120C
(10, 120) R = 10 F + 120C (2m1/5 + 1) = 0 or (m1/5 1) = 0
Since C > 0, 120C > 96C , so 2m1/5 = 1 or m1/5 = 1
8F + 120C > 8 F + 96C. 1
Since F > 0, 10 F > 8F , so m1/5 = or m1/5 = 1
2
10 F + 120C > 8 F + 120C. 5
1
Thus, the maximum revenue occurs when the m= or m = 15
aircraft is configured with 10 first class seats 2
and 120 coach seats. 1
m= or m = 1
x 1 32
b.
y 8
1
The constraints are: The solution set is ,1 .
32
8 x 16
80 y 120
35. A(t ) = A0 e rt
8x y
Graph the constraints. 1 = 2e63t
ln 0.5 = 63t
r = 0.011
Find t when A = 75 and A0 = 200 :
75 = 200e 0.011t
0.375 = e 0.011t
ln 0.375 = 0.011t
ln 0.375
t= 89.1 years
0.011
The corner points are (8, 80), (8, 120),

(15, 120), and (10, 80).
801
Chapter 12 Review Exercises y = 2x 5

4.
x = 3y + 4
2x y = 5 Substitute the first equation into the second
1.
5 x + 2 y = 8 equation and solve:
Solve the first equation for y: y = 2 x 5 . x = 3(2 x 5) + 4
Substitute and solve: x = 6 x 15 + 4
5 x + 2(2 x 5) = 8 5 x = 11
5 x + 4 x 10 = 8 11
x=
9 x = 18 5
x=2 11 3
y = 2 5 =
y = 2(2) 5 = 4 5 = 1 5 5
The solution is x = 2, y = 1 or (2, 1) . 11 3 11 3
5 5 5 5
3 x 4 y = 4

2. 1 x 3y + 4 = 0
x 3 y = 2
5. 1 3 4
1 2 x 2 y + 3 = 0
Solve the second equation for x: x = 3 y +
2 Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
Substitute into the first equation and solve: each side of the second equation by 6 and add:
1 3 x 9 y + 12 = 0
3 3 y + 4 y = 4
2
3x + 9 y 8 = 0
3
9y + 4y = 4 4=0
2
There is no solution to the system. The system is
5 inconsistent.
5y =
2
1 2 x + 3 y 13 = 0
y= 6.
2 3x 2 y =0
1 1 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
x = 3 + = 2
2 2 each side of the second equation by 3, and add to
1 1 eliminate y:
The solution is x = 2, y = or 2, . 4 x + 6 y 26 = 0
2 2

9 x 6 y =0
x 2y 4 = 0 13 x 26 = 0
3.
3 x + 2 y 4 = 0 13 x = 26
Solve the first equation for x: x = 2 y + 4
x=2
Substitute into the second equation and solve:
3(2 y + 4) + 2 y 4 = 0
3(2) 2 y = 0
6 y + 12 + 2 y 4 = 0
2y = 6
8 y = 8
y=3
y = 1
The solution is x = 2, y = 3 or (2, 3).
x = 2(1) + 4 = 2
The solution is x = 2, y = 1 or (2, 1) . 2 x + 5 y = 10
7.
4 x + 10 y = 20
add to eliminate x:
802
Chapter 12 Review Exercises
4 x 10 y = 20 2 x 4 y + z = 15

9. x + 2 y 4 z = 27
4 x + 10 y = 20
5 x 6 y 2 z = 3
0= 0
The system is dependent. Multiply the first equation by 1 and the second
2 x + 5 y = 10 equation by 2, and then add to eliminate x:
5 y = 2 x + 10 2 x + 4 y z = 15
2 x + 4 y 8 z = 54
2
y = x+2
5 8 y 9 z = 69
2 Multiply the second equation by 5 and add to
The solution is y = x + 2 , x is any real number
5 the third equation to eliminate x:
5 x 10 y + 20 z = 135
2
or ( x, y ) y = x + 2, x is any real number . 5 x 6 y 2 z = 3
5
16 y + 18 z = 138
x + 2y z = 6 Multiply both sides of the first result by 2 and
add to the second result to eliminate y:
8. 2 x y + 3z = 13
3x 2 y + 3 z = 16 16 y 18 z = 138
16 y + 18 z = 138
add to the second equation to eliminate x; 0=0
The system is dependent.
2 x 4 y + 2 z = 12
16 y + 18 z = 138
2 x y + 3 z = 13 18 z + 138 = 16 y
5 y + 5 z = 25 9 69
y = z+
yz =5 8 8
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and Substituting into the second equation and solving
add to the third equation to eliminate x: for x:
3x 6 y + 3 z = 18 9 69
x + 2 z + 4 z = 27
3x 2 y + 3z = 16 8 8
8 y + 6 z = 34 9 69
x + z + 4 z = 27
Multiply each side of the first result by 8 and add 4 4
to the second result to eliminate y: 7 39
x= z+
8 y 8 z = 40 4 4
8 y + 6 z = 34 7 39 9 69
The solution is x = z + , y = z + , z is
2z = 6 4 4 8 8
z = 3 7 39
any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = z + ,
Substituting and solving for the other variables: 4 4
y (3) = 5 x + 2(2) (3) = 6 9 69
y= z + , z is any real number .
y=2 x+4+3= 6 8 8
x = 1
The solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 or (1, 2, 3) .
803
x 4 y + 3 z = 15 1 0
4 3 0
10. 3x + y 5 z = 5 15. AB = 2 4
1 1 2
7 x 5 y 9 z = 10 1 2

Multiply the first equation by 3 and then add the 1(4) + 0(1) 1(3) + 0(1) 1(0) + 0( 2)
second equation to eliminate x: = 2(4) + 4(1) 2( 3) + 4(1) 2(0) + 4( 2)
3x 12 y + 9 z = 45 1(4) + 2(1) 1( 3) + 2(1) 1(0) + 2(2)
3x + y 5 z = 5
4 3 0
11y + 4 z = 40 = 12 2 8
Multiply the first equation by 7 and add to the 2 5 4
third equation to eliminate x:
7 x 28 y + 21z = 105 3 4
4 3 0
7 x 5 y 9 z = 10 16. BC =
1 5
1 1 2 5
33 y + 12 z = 115 2
115 4(3) 3(1) + 0(5) 4(4) 3(5) + 0(2)
11 y + 4 z = =
3 1(3) + 1(1) 2(5) 1( 4) + 1(5) 2(2)
Multiply the first result by 1 and adding it to
9 31
the second result: =
11y 4 z = 40 6 3

115
11y + 4 z = 3 4 6
17. A =
1 3
5
0= Augment the matrix with the identity and use
3 row operations to find the inverse:
The system has no solution. The system is 4 6 1 0
inconsistent. 1 3 0 1

3x + 2 y = 8 1 3 0 1 Interchange
11.
x + 4 y = 1 4 6 1 0 r1 and r2
1 3 0 1
x + 2 y + 5z = 2 ( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
0 6 1 4
12. 5 x 3z = 8
2 x y 1 3 0 1
=0
1 16 2 ( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 3
1 0 3 4 1 0 1
1
13. A + C = 2 4 + 1 5
2
2 ( R1 = 3r2 + r1 )
0 1 16
3
1 2 5 2 1 1
1 + 3 0 + ( 4) 4 4 Thus, A1 = 12 2
.
6 3

= 2 + 1 4 + 5 = 3 9
1 + 5 2 + 2 4 4
1 0 6 1 6 0 6 0
14. 6 A = 6 2 4 = 6 2 6 4 = 12 24
1 2 6(1) 6 2 6 12
804
1 3 3 obtain the identity on the left side. The matrix is

18. A = 1 2 1
singular.
1 1 2 3x 2 y = 1
20.
Augment the matrix with the identity and use 10 x + 10 y = 5
1 3 3 1 0 0
1 2 1 0 1 0 3 2 1
10 10 5
1 1 2 0 0 1
3 2 1
1 3 3 1 0 0
R2 = r1 + r2
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )

0 1 2 1 1 0 1 16 2

0 4 1 1 0 1 R3 = r1 + r3 16 2 Interchange
1
1 3 3 1 0 0 3 2 1 r1 and r2
1 0
0 1 2 1 ( R2 = r2 )
1
16 2
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
0 4 1 1
0 1 0 50 5
1 0 3 2 3 0 1 16 2
0 1 2 1 1 0
R1 = 3 r2 + r1

1
( R2 = 501 r2 )
R3 = 4 r2 + r3 0 1 10
0 0 7 3 4 1
0 2
1 ( R1 = 16r2 + r1 )
5
1 0 3 2 3 0
0 1 1
0 1 2 1 1 0 ( R3 = )1r
7 3
10
3 2 1 2 1
0 0 1 7
74 71 The solution is x = ,y= or , .
5 10 5 10
1 0 0 5 9 3
7 7 7
R1 = 3 r3 + r1
0 1 0 1
7
1
7
72 5 x 6 y 3 z = 6
R2 = 2 r3 + r2
0 0 1 3
74 1 21. 4 x 7 y 2 z = 3
7 7 3 x + y 7 z = 1

75 9 3 Write the augmented matrix:
7 7
5 6 3 6
Thus, A1 = 17 1
7
72 .
3
4 1 4 7 2 3
7 7 7 3 1 7 1

4 8 1 1 1 9
19. A =
1 2 4 7 2 3 ( R1 = r2 + r1 )
Augment the matrix with the identity and use 3 1 7 1
4 8 1 0 1 1 1 9
1 2 0 1 R2 = 4r1 + r2
0 11 2 39
0 2 4 26 R3 = 3r1 + r3
1 2 0 1 Interchange

4 8 1 0 r1 and r2 1 1 1 9
39 R2 = 11
1
r2
1 2 0 1 2
0 1 11 11
( R2 = 4r1 + r2 ) R3 = r3
1
0 0 1 4
0 1 2 13 2
1 2 0 1
( R1 = r1 )
0 0 1 4
There is no inverse because there is no way to
805
1 0 11
9 60
11
x 2z = 1
39 R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 112
11 23. 2 x + 3 y = 3
0 0 24 104 R3 = r2 + r3 4x 3 y 4z = 3
11 11
1 0 11
9 60 Write the augmented matrix:
11
39 1 0 2 1
0 1 112
11 ( R3 = 1124 r3 ) 2 3 0 3
0 0 1 13
3
4 3 4 3
1 0 0 9
R1 = 11
9
r3 + r1 1 0 2 1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
4 5
13
0 1 0 3 0 3
R2 = r3 + r2
2
13 11 R3 = 4r1 + r3
0 0 1 3 0 3 4 1
13 13 1 0 2 1
The solution is x = 9, y = ,z= or 5
3 3 0 1 4
3
3 ( R2 = 13 r2 )
13 13 0 3 4 1
9, , .
3 3
1 0 2 1
2 x + y + z = 5

0 1 4
3
53 ( R3 = 3r2 + r3 )
22. 4 x y 3z = 1 00 8 6
8x + y z = 5
1 0 2 1
2 1 1 5
0 1 4
3
53 ( R3 = 18 r3 )

0 0 1 34
4 1 3 1
8 1 1 5 1 0 0 1
2 R1 = 2r3 + r1
2 0 1 0 23
1 1 5 4
R2 = 2r1 + r2 3 R2 = 3 r3 + r2
0 3 5 9 0 0 1 4
0 3 5 15 R3 = 4r1 + r3 1 2 3
The solution is x = , y = , z = or
2 3 4
1 1 1 5
2 2
2 R1 = 12 r1 1 2 3
0 1 5
3 , , .
3 R2 = 1 r2 2 3 4
0 3 5 15 3

1 0 13 1
5
R1 = 12 r2 + r1
0 1 3
3
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 0 6
There is no solution; the system is inconsistent.
806
x y+ z= 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 R2 = 2r1 + r2
24. x y 5 z = 6 3 1 4 1
2 x 2 y + z = 1 R3 = r1 + r3
0 1 1 2 1
R = 3 r1 + r4
Write the augmented matrix: 0 1 4 8 6 4
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 6 0
1 1 2 1 Interchange
2 2 1 1
0 3 1 4 1 r2 and r3

1 1 1 0 0 1 4 8 6
R2 = r1 + r2
0 0 6 6

1 1 1 1 1
R3 = 2r1 + r3 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1
( R2 = r2 )
0 3 1 4 1
1 1 1 0
0 1 4 8 6
0 0 1 1 (R2 = 16 r2) 1 0 0 1 2
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 R1 = r2 + r1
2 1
1 1 0 1 R = 3 r2 + r3
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 2 2 2 3

0 0 1 1 R4 = r2 + r4
R3 = r2 + r3 0 0 5 10 5
0 0 0
0
1 0 0 1 2
The system is dependent. 0 1 1 2 1 R3 = 12 r3
x = y +1
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = 1 r4
z = 1 5
The solution is x = y + 1 , z = 1 , y is any real 0 0 1 2 1
1 0 0 1 2
number or {( x, y, z ) x = y + 1, z = 1, y is any 0 1 0 1 0
R2 = r3 + r2
real number} .
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = r3 + r4

x y z t = 1 0 0 0 1 2
2 x + y z + 2t = 3 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 0 2 R1 = r4 + r1
25.

x 2 y 2 z 3t = 0 R2 = r4 + r2
3x 4 y + z + 5t = 3 0 0 1 0 3 R = r + r
3 4 3
Write the augmented matrix: 0 0 0 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 The solution is x = 4, y = 2, z = 3, t = 2 or
2 1 1 2 3 (4, 2, 3, 2) .

1 2 2 3 0
3 4
3 4 1 5 3 26. = 3(3) 4(1) = 9 4 = 5
1 3
1 4 0
4 1 + 0 1 2
6 6
27. 1 2 6 = 1 2
4 1 3 1 3 4 3 4 1
= 1(6 6) 4(3 24) + 0(1 8)

= 1(0) 4( 27) + 0(9) = 0 + 108 + 0
= 108
807
2 1 3 x + 2y z = 6
0 1 5 1 5 0
28. 5 0 1 =2 1 + (3) 31. 2 x y + 3z = 13
6 0 2 0 2 6 3 x 2 y + 3 z = 16
2 6 0
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
= 2(0 6) 1(0 2) 3(30 0) Cramers Rule:
= 2(6) 1(2) 3(30) 1 2 1
= 12 + 2 90 D = 2 1 3
= 100 3 2 3
1 3 1 3 2 1
x 2y = 4 =1 2 + (1)
29. 2 3 2 3 3 2
3x + 2 y = 4 = 1( 3 + 6 ) 2(3 + 6) + ( 1)(4 + 3)
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
= 3 + 6 + 1 = 10
Cramers Rule:
6 2 1
1 2
D= = 1(2) 3(2) = 2 + 6 = 8 Dx = 13 1 3
3 2
16 2 3
4 2
Dx = = 4(2) 4(2) = 8 + 8 = 16 1 3 13 3 13 1
4 2 =6 2 + (1)
1 4 2 3 16 3 16 2
Dy = = 1(4) 3(4) = 4 12 = 8
3 4 = 6 ( 3 + 6 ) 2(39 + 48) + (1)(26 16)
Dx 16 D 8 = 18 18 10 = 10
The solution is x = = =2, y= y = = 1 1 6 1
D 8 D 8
or (2, 1) . Dy = 2 13 3
3 16 3
2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 13 3 2 3 2 13
30. =1 6 + (1)
3x 2 y = 0 16 3 3 3 3 16
Write the system is standard form: = 1( 39 + 48 ) 6(6 9) + (1)( 32 + 39)
2 x + 3 y = 13
= 9 + 18 7 = 20
3 x 2 y = 0 1 2 6
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use Dz = 2 1 13
Cramers Rule:
3 2 16
2 3
D= = 4 9 = 13 1 13 2 13 2 1
3 2 =1 2 +6
2 16 3 16 3 2
13 3 = 1(16 26 ) 2(32 + 39) + 6(4 + 3)
Dx = = 26 0 = 26
0 2
= 10 14 6 = 30
D 10
Dy = 2 13 = 0 39 = 39 The solution is x = x = = 1 ,
3 0 D 10
Dx 26 Dy 20 D 30
The solution is x = = =2, y= = = 2, z = z = = 3 or
D 13 D 10 D 10
Dy 39 (1, 2, 3) .
y= = = 3 or (2, 3).
D 13
808
x y 2 4 = A(2)(2 1) + B (2 1) + C (2) 2
32. Let = 8.
a b 2 = 2 A + B + 4C
2x y 2 A = 2 4 4(3)
Then = 2 ( 8 ) = 16 by Theorem (14).
2a b 2A = 6
The value of the determinant is multiplied by k A=3
when the elements of a column are multiplied by x4 3 4 3
k. 2
= + 2+
x ( x 1) x x x 1
x y
33. Let = 8. 36. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
a b
x A Bx + C
y x = +
Then = 8 by Theorem (11). The ( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x 2 + 9
b a
Multiply both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 9) .
value of the determinant changes sign when any
2 columns are interchanged. x = A( x 2 + 9) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
Let x = 1 , then
6 A B ( )
1 = A ( 1) + 9 + ( B ( 1) + C ) ( 1 + 1)
2
x( x 4) = x( x 4) +
x( x 4) x x4 1 = A(10) + ( B + C )(0)
6 = A( x 4) + Bx 1 = 10 A
Let x =4, then 6 = A(4 4) + B (4) 1
A=
4B = 6 10
Let x = 0 , then
3
B=
2 ( )
0 = A 02 + 9 + ( B ( 0 ) + C ) ( 0 + 1)
Let x = 0, then 6 = A(0 4) + B (0) 0 = 9A + C
4 A = 6 1
0 = 9 + C
3 10
A=
2 9
3 3 C=
10
6
x( x 4)
=
x
2 + 2
x4 ( )
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A 12 + 9 + ( B (1) + C ) (1 + 1)
1 = A(10) + ( B + C )(2)
1 = 10 A + 2 B + 2C
x4 A B C
2
= + 2+ 1 9
x ( x 1) x x x 1 1 = 10 + 2 B + 2
10 10
Multiply both sides by x 2 ( x 1) 9
1 = 1 + 2 B +
x 4 = Ax( x 1) + B ( x 1) + Cx 2 5
Let x = 1 , then 1
2B =
1 4 = A(1)(1 1) + B(1 1) + C (1) 2 5
3 = C 1
B=
C = 3 10
Let x = 0 , then 1 1 9
x+
x 10 10 10
0 4 = A(0)(0 1) + B(0 1) + C (0) 2 = + 2
( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x +9
4 = B
B=4
Let x = 2 , then
809
37. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 02 = A(0 + 1)(02 + 1) + B (0 1)(02 + 1)

x3 Ax + B Cx + D + (C (0) + D)(0 1)(0 + 1)
2 2
= 2 +
( x + 4) x + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2 0 = A B D
Multiply both sides by ( x 2 + 4) 2 . 1 1
0= D
3 2
x = ( Ax + B )( x + 4) + Cx + D 4 4
x3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B + Cx + D 1
D=
2
x3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + 4 B + D Let x = 2 , then
A = 1; B = 0 22 = A(2 + 1)(22 + 1) + B (2 1)(22 + 1)
4A + C = 0
+ (C (2) + D)(2 1)(2 + 1)
4(1) + C = 0
4 = 15 A + 5B + 6C + 3D
C = 4
1 1 1
4B + D = 0 4 = 15 + 5 + 6C + 3
4 4 2
4(0) + D = 0
15 5 3
D=0 6C = 4 +
4 4 2
x3 x 4x 6C = 0
2 2
= 2
+
( x + 4) x +4 ( x + 4) 2
2
C=0
1 1 1
x2
= 4 + 4 + 22
x2
=
x2
( )(
x2 + 1 x2 1 ) x 1 x + 1 x +1
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 1) ( x 2 + 1)( x 1)( x + 1)
A B Cx + D 39. Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
= + + 2
x 1 x +1 x +1 second equation and solve:
Multiply both sides by ( x 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) . 2 x + y + 3 = 0 y = 2 x 3
2 2
x 2 = A( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) + B ( x 1)( x 2 + 1) x + y = 5
+ (Cx + D)( x 1)( x + 1) x 2 + ( 2 x 3) 2 = 5 x 2 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = 5
Let x = 1 , then 5 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0 (5 x + 2)( x + 2) = 0
2 2 2
1 = A(1 + 1)(1 + 1) + B (1 1)(1 + 1) 2
x= or x = 2
+ (C (1) + D)(1 1)(1 + 1) 5
1 = 4A 11
y= y =1
1 5
A=
4 2 11
Solutions: , , (2, 1) .
Let x = 1 , then 5 5
(1)2 = A(1 + 1)((1) 2 + 1)
40. Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
+ B (1 1)((1) 2 + 1) and add the equations to eliminate xy:
+ (C (1) + D)(1 1)(1 + 1) 2 xy + y 2 = 10 2 xy + y 2 = 10
1 = 4B 2 2
xy + 3 y = 2 2 xy + 6 y 2 = 4
1
B= 7 y 2 = 14
4
Let x = 0 , then y2 = 2
y= 2
810
If y = 2 : 2 2 2 2 4 2
If y = : x = 2 =
( 2)+( 2) 3 3 3
2
2x = 10 2 2 x = 8 x = 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 2
If y = 2 : If y = : x = 2 = 3
3 3
( ) ( )
2
2x 2 + 2 = 10 2 2 x = 8
If y = 2 : x= 2
x = 2 2 If y = 2 : x = 2
Solutions: (2 )(
2, 2 , 2 2, 2 ) Solutions:
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
41. Substitute into the second equation into the first
, ,
3 3
, , 2, 2 ,
3
( )
3
equation and solve:
x 2 + y 2 = 6 y ( 2, 2 )

x2 = 3 y
x 2 3x + y 2 + y = 2
3y + y2 = 6 y
43. x 2 x
y2 3 y = 0 + y +1 = 0
y
y ( y 3) = 0 y = 0 or y = 3 Multiply each side of the second equation by y
If y = 0 : x 2 = 3(0) x 2 = 0 x = 0 and add the equations to eliminate y:
If y = 3 : x 2 = 3(3) x 2 = 9 x = 3 x 2 3x + y 2 + y = 2
Solutions: (0, 0), (3, 3), (3, 3). x2 + x y2 y = 0
2 x = 2
42. Factor the second equation, solve for x,
substitute into the first equation and solve: x =1
3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 If x = 1: 12 3(1) + y 2 + y = 2
2 2 y2 + y = 0
x + 3 xy + 2 y = 0
y ( y + 1) = 0
x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
y = 0 or y = 1
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) = 0 x = 2 y or x = y
Note that y 0 because that would cause
Substitute x = 2 y and solve:
division by zero in the original system.
3 x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 Solution: (1, 1)
3( 2 y ) 2 + 4( 2 y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
44. 3x + 4 y 12
12 y 2 8 y 2 + 5 y 2 = 8 Graph the line 3 x + 4 y = 12 . Use a solid line
9 y2 = 8 since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
8 2 2 not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
y2 = y= 3 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) 12 is true, shade the side of the line
9 3
containing (0, 0).
y
Substitute x = y and solve:
5
3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 3x + 4y 12
3( y ) 2 + 4( y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
x
3y2 4 y2 + 5 y2 = 8 5 5
4 y2 = 8
5
y2 = 2 y = 2
811
45. y x 2 The point of intersection is (0, 2).

The corner point is (0, 2).
Graph the parabola y = x 2 . Use a solid curve
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point x0
y0
not on the parabola, such as (0, 1). Since 0 12
47.
is false, shade the opposite side of the parabola x+ y 4
from (0, 1). 2 x + 3 y 6
y
5 Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 4 . Use a solid
y x2 line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
5 5 x point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 4 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 .
5
Use a solid line since the inequality uses .
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0).
2 x + y 2 Since 2(0) + 3(0) 6 is true, shade the side of the
46.
x+ y 2 line containing (0, 0).
Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use a solid line y
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point 8
not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a
x+ y=4
solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since (0, 2)
0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the x
line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the (0, 0) (3, 0) 8
solution. 2 2x + 3y = 6
y
5 The overlapping region is the solution. The graph
x+y=2 is bounded. Find the vertices: The x-axis and y-
axis intersect at (0, 0). The intersection of
x 2 x + 3 y = 6 and the y-axis is (0, 2). The
5 5
intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 6 and the x-axis is
2x + y = 2
(3, 0). The three corner points are (0, 0), (0, 2),
5 and (3, 0).
The graph is unbounded. Find the vertices: x0

To find the intersection of x + y = 2 and y0

48.
2 x + y = 2 , solve the system: 2 x + y 8
x+ y = 2 x + 2 y 2

2 x + y = 2 Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
Solve the first equation for x: x = 2 y . quadrant. Graph the line 2 x + y = 8 . Use a solid
Substitute and solve: line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
2(2 y ) + y = 2 point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
4 + 2y + y = 2 2(0) + 0 8 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 2 . Use
3y = 6
a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
y=2 test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
x = 22 = 0 0 + 2(0) 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0).
812
y
9
(0, 8) not on the hyperbola, such as (1, 2). Since
1 2 4 is true, shade the same side of the
2x + y = 8
hyperbola as (1, 2). The overlapping region is
the solution.
(0, 1) y
x + 2y = 2 (4, 0)
x y = x2
5
11 (2, 0) 9
The overlapping region is the solution. The graph 5

is bounded. Find the vertices: The intersection of 5 x
x + 2 y = 2 and the y-axis is (0, 1). The
xy = 4
intersection of x + 2 y = 2 and the x-axis is (2, 0).
The intersection of 2 x + y = 8 and the y-axis is 5
(0, 8). The intersection of 2 x + y = 8 and the x-
axis is (4, 0). The four corner points are (0, 1), 51. Maximize z = 3x + 4 y subject to x 0 , y 0 ,
(0, 8), (2, 0), and (4, 0). 3x + 2 y 6 , x + y 8 . Graph the constraints.
y
49. Graph the system of inequalities:
(0,8)
x + y 16
2 2

x + y 2
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 .Use a solid line
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point (0,3)
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since
02 + 02 16 is true, shade the side of the circle (2,0) (8,0) x
containing (0, 0).
Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on The corner points are (0, 3), (2, 0), (0, 8), (8, 0).
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 2 is false, Evaluate the objective function:
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0). Vertex Value of z = 3 x + 4 y
y (0, 3) z = 3(0) + 4(3) = 12
5 (0, 8) z = 3(0) + 4(8) = 32
x2+ y2 = 16 (2, 0) z = 3(2) + 4(0) = 6
(8, 0) z = 3(8) + 4(0) = 24
x
5 5 The maximum value is 32 at (0, 8).
x+y=2
5
50. Graph the system of inequalities:

y x 2

xy 4
Graph the parabola y = x 2 . Use a solid line
not on the parabola, such as (1, 2). Since 2 12
is false, shade the opposite side of the parabola
from (1, 2).
Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
813
52. Minimize z = 3 x + 5 y subject to x 0 , y 0 , 4 x 10 y = 10

x + y 1 , 3 x + 2 y 12 , x + 3 y 12 . 4 x + 10 y = A

0 = A 10
y
If there are to be infinitely many solutions, the
result of elimination should be 0 = 0. Therefore,
A 10 = 0 or A = 10 .
(0,4) 2 x + 5 y = 5
(127 , 247 ) 54.
4 x + 10 y = A
(0,1)
(4,0) x
eliminate x:
(1,0)
4 x 10 y = 10
4 x + 10 y = A

To find the intersection of 0 = A 10
3x + 2 y = 12 and x + 3 y = 12 , solve the system:
If the system is to be inconsistent, the result of
3x + 2 y = 12 elimination should be 0 = any number except 0.

x + 3 y = 12 Therefore, A 10 0 or A 10 .
Solve the second equation for x: x = 12 3 y
Substitute and solve: 55. y = ax 2 + bx + c
3(12 3 y ) + 2 y = 12 At (0, 1) the equation becomes:
36 9 y + 2 y = 12 1 = a (0) 2 + b(0) + c
7 y = 24 c =1
24 At (1, 0) the equation becomes:
y=
7 0 = a(1) 2 + b(1) + c
24 72 12 0 = a+b+c
x = 12 3 = 12 =
7 7 7 a+b+c = 0
12 24 At (2, 1) the equation becomes:
The point of intersection is , .
7 7 1 = a( 2) 2 + b( 2) + c
The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0), 1 = 4a 2b + c
12 24
, . 4a 2b + c = 1
7 7
The system of equations is:
a+ b+c = 0
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
4a 2b + c = 1
(0, 1) z = 3(0) + 5(1) = 5
c=1
(0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20
Substitute c = 1 into the first and second
(1, 0) z = 3(1) + 5(0) = 3 equations and simplify:
(4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12 a + b +1 = 0 4a 2b + 1 = 1
12 24 12 24 156 a + b = 1 4a 2b = 0
, z = 3 + 5 =
7 7 7 7 7 a = b 1
The minimum value is 3 at (1, 0). Solve the first equation for a, substitute into the
2 x + 5 y = 5
53.
4 x + 10 y = A
eliminate x:
814
4(b 1) 2b = 0 Substituting and solving for the other variables:

4b 4 2b = 0 5 + 3z = 11 x + 5 + 2(2) = 10
6b = 4 3z = 6 x + 9 = 10
2 z=2 x =1
b= Thus, 1 small box, 5 medium boxes, and 2 large
3
boxes of cookies should be purchased.
2 1
a= 1 =
3 3 58. a. Let x = the number of lower-priced
1 2 packages, and let y = the number of quality
The quadratic function is y = x 2 x + 1 .
3 3 packages.
Peanut inequality: 8 x + 6 y 120(16)
56. Let x = the number of pounds of coffee that 4 x + 3 y 960
costs $6.00 per pound, and let y = the number
Cashew inequality: 4 x + 6 y 72(16)
of pounds of coffee that costs $9.00 per pound.
Then x + y = 100 represents the total amount of 2 x + 3 y 576
coffee in the blend. The value of the blend will The system of inequalities is:
be represented by the equation:
6 x + 9 y = 6.90(100) . Solve the system of x0
y0
equations:

x + y = 100 4 x + 3 y 960
2 x + 3 y 576
6 x + 9 y = 690
Solve the first equation for y: y = 100 x . b. Graphing:
6 x + 9(100 x) = 690
6 x + 900 9 x = 690
3x = 210
x = 70
y = 100 70 = 30
The blend is made up of 70 pounds of the $6.00-
per-pound coffee and 30 pounds of the $9.00-
per-pound coffee.
57. Let x = the number of small boxes, let y = the To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 576
number of medium boxes, and let z = the and 4 x + 3 y = 960 , solve the system:
number of large boxes. 4 x + 3 y = 960
Oatmeal raisin equation: x + 2 y + 2 z = 15
2 x + 3 y = 576
Chocolate chip equation: x + y + 2 z = 10 Subtract the second equation from the first:
Shortbread equation: y + 3 z = 11 4 x + 3 y = 960
x + 2 y + 2 z = 15 2 x 3 y = 576

x + y + 2 z = 10 2 x = 384
y + 3 z = 11
x = 192
Multiply each side of the second equation by 1 Substitute and solve:
and add to the first equation to eliminate x: 2(192) + 3 y = 576
x + 2 y + 2 z = 15 3 y = 192
x y 2 z = 10
y = 64
y + 3 z = 11 The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 192),
y =5 (240, 0), and (192, 64).
815
59. Let x = the speed of the boat in still water, and 1 1 1 5

let y = the speed of the river current. The + = = = 0.625
y z (8 / 5) 6
distance from Chiritza to the Flotel Orellana is The equation representing Bruce and Marty
100 kilometers. working together is:
Rate Time Distance 1 1 1 3
+ = = = 0.375
trip downstream x + y 5/ 2 100 x z ( 8 / 3) 8
trip downstream x y 3 100 Solve the system of equations:
The system of equations is: x 1 + y 1 = 0.75
1 1
5
( x + y ) = 100 y + z = 0.625
2 1 1
3( x y ) = 100 x + z = 0.375
Multiply both sides of the first equation by 6, Let u = x 1 , v = y 1 , w = z 1
multiply both sides of the second equation by 5,
u + v = 0.75
and add the results.
v + w = 0.625
15 x + 15 y = 600 u + w = 0.375

15 x 15 y = 500 Solve the first equation for u: u = 0.75 v .
30 x = 1100 Solve the second equation for w: w = 0.625 v .
1100 110 Substitute into the third equation and solve:
x= = (0.75 v) + (0.625 v) = 0.375
30 3
110 2v = 1
3 3 y = 100 v = 0.5
3
u = 0.75 0.5 = 0.25
110 3 y = 100
w = 0.625 0.5 = 0.125
10 = 3 y Solve for
10 x, y, and z : x = 4, y = 2, z = 8 (reciprocals)
y=
3 Bruce can do the job in 4 hours, Bryce in 2
The speed of the boat is 110 / 3 36.67 km/hr ; hours, and Marty in 8 hours.
the speed of the current is 10 / 3 3.33 km/hr .
61. Let x = the number of gasoline engines produced
60. Let x = the number of hours for Bruce to do the each week, and let y = the number of diesel
job alone, let y = the number of hours for Bryce engines produced each week. The total cost is:
to do the job alone, and let z = the number of C = 450 x + 550 y . Cost is to be minimized; thus,
hours for Marty to do the job alone. this is the objective function. The constraints are:
Then 1/x represents the fraction of the job that 20 x 60 number of gasoline engines
Bruce does in one hour. needed and capacity each week.
1/y represents the fraction of the job that Bryce 15 y 40 number of diesel engines needed
does in one hour. and capacity each week.
1/z represents the fraction of the job that Marty x + y 50 number of engines produced to
does in one hour.
The equation representing Bruce and Bryce prevent layoffs.
working together is: Graph the constraints.
1 1 1 3
+ = = = 0.75
x y ( 4 / 3) 4
The equation representing Bryce and Marty
working together is:
816
Chapter 12 Test
y y = 2x 7
y = 2 ( 3) 7 = 6 7 = 1
The solution of the system is x = 3 , y = 1 or
(60,40)
(20,40)
(3, 1) .
(20,30) Elimination:
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 so
(60,15) that the coefficients of x in the two equations are
(35,15)
negatives of each other. The result is the
x equivalent system
4 x + 2 y = 14

4x + 3y = 9
We can replace the second equation of this
(60, 15), (60, 40)
system by the sum of the two equations. The
result is the equivalent system
Vertex Value of C = 450 x + 550 y
4 x + 2 y = 14
(20, 30) C = 450(20) + 550(30) = 25,500
5 y = 5
(20, 40) C = 450(35) + 550(40) = 31, 000 Now we solve the second equation for y.
(35, 15) C = 450(35) + 550(15) = 24, 000 5 y = 5
(60, 15) C = 450(60) + 550(15) = 35, 250 5
y= = 1
( 60, 40 ) C = 450 ( 60 ) + 550 ( 40 ) = 49, 000 5
The minimum cost is $24,000, when 35 gasoline We back-substitute this value for y into the
engines and 15 diesel engines are produced. The original first equation and solve for x.
excess capacity is 15 gasoline engines, since only 2 x + y = 7
20 gasoline engines had to be delivered. 2 x + ( 1) = 7
62. Answers will vary. 2 x = 6
6
x= =3
2
(3, 1) .
Chapter 12 Test
1
2. x 2 y = 1
1. 2 x + y = 7 3
5 x 30 y = 18
4x + 3y = 9
We choose to use the method of elimination and
Substitution:
multiply the first equation by 15 to obtain the
We solve the first equation for y, obtaining
y = 2x 7 equivalent system
Next we substitute this result for y in the second 5 x + 30 y = 15

equation and solve for x. 5 x 30 y = 18
4x + 3 y = 9 We replace the second equation by the sum of
4x + 3( 2x 7) = 9 the two equations to obtain the equivalent system
4 x + 6 x 21 = 9 5 x + 30 y = 15

10 x = 30 0=3
30 The second equation is a contradiction and has
x= =3 no solution. This means that the system itself has
10 no solution and is therefore inconsistent.
We can now obtain the value for y by letting
x = 3 in our substitution for y.
817
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) x y + 2z = 5

3. 3 x + 4 y z = 2 (2) 18
5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 z + y + 2z = 5
(3) 7
We use the method of elimination and begin by 18
z + y + 2z = 5
eliminating the variable y from equation (2). 7
Multiply each side of equation (1) by 4 and add 17
the result to equation (2). This result becomes y + z =
7
our new equation (2).
17
x y + 2z = 5 4 x 4 y + 8 z = 20 y = z
7
3x + 4 y z = 2 3 x + 4 y z = 2
18 17
7x + 7 z = 18 (2) The solution is x = z + , y = z ,
7 7
18
We now eliminate the variable y from equation z is any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = z + ,
(3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by 2 7
and adding the result to equation (3). The result 17
becomes our new equation (3). y = z , z is any real number .
7
x y + 2z = 5 2x 2 y + 4 z = 10
5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 5x + 2 y + 3 z = 8 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)
7x + 7 z = 18 (3)
4. x 23 y + z = 1 (2)

Our (equivalent) system now looks like 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) We start by clearing the fraction in equation (2)
by multiplying both sides of the equation by 3.
7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
7 x + 7 z = 18 (3) 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)

Treat equations (2) and (3) as a system of two 3x 2 y + 3z = 3 (2)
equations containing two variables, and 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)

eliminate the x variable by multiplying each side We use the method of elimination and begin by
of equation (2) by 1 and adding the result to eliminating the variable x from equation (2). The
equation (3). The result becomes our new coefficients on x in equations (1) and (2) are
equation (3). negatives of each other so we simply add the two
7 x + 7 z = 18 7 x 7 z = 18 equations together. This result becomes our new
7 x + 7 z = 18 7 x + 7 z = 18 equation (2).
0 = 0 (3) 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3
We now have the equivalent system 3 x 2 y + 3z = 3
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) 5 z = 0 (2)

7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
We now eliminate the variable x from equation
0 = 0 (3)
(3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by
This is equivalent to a system of two equations 2 and adding the result to equation (3). The
with three variables. Since one of the equations result becomes our new equation (3).
contains three variables and one contains only 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 6 x 4 y + 16 z = 6
two variables, the system will be dependent. 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8
There are infinitely many solutions.
We solve equation (2) for x and determine that 7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
18 Our (equivalent) system now looks like
x = z + . Substitute this expression into
7 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)
equation (1) to obtain y in terms of z.
5 z = 0 (2)
7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
We solve equation (2) for z by dividing both
818
Chapter 12 Test
sides of the equation by 5 . 1 1 4 6

5 z = 0 7. 2 A + C = 2 0 4 + 1 3
z=0
3 2 1 8
Back-substitute z = 0 into equation (3) and
2 2 4 6 6 4
solve for y.
7 y + 31z = 14 = 0 8 + 1 3 = 1 11
7 y + 31(0) = 14 6 4 1 8 5 12
7 y = 14
1 1 4 6
y = 2
8. A 3C = 0 4 3 1 3
Finally, back-substitute y = 2 and z = 0 into
3 2 1 8
equation (1) and solve for x.
3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 1 1 12 18 11 19
3x + 2(2) 8(0) = 3 = 0 4 3 9 = 3 5
3x 4 = 3 3 2 3 24 6 22
3x = 1
1 9. Here we are taking the product of a 3 2 matrix
x= and a 2 3 matrix. Since the number of columns
3
in the first matrix is the same as the number of
The solution of the original system is
rows in the second matrix (2 in both cases), the
1 1 operation can be performed and will result in a
x = , y = 2 , z = 0 or , 2, 0 .
3 3 3 3 matrix.
4 6
5. 4 x 5 y + z = 0 1 2 5
CB = 1 3

2 x y + 6 = 19 0 3 1
1 8
x + 5 y 5 z = 10

4 1 + 6 0 4( 2) + 6 3 4 5 + 6 1
We first check the equations to make sure that all
variable terms are on the left side of the equation = 1 1 + ( 3)0 1( 2) + ( 3)3 1 5 + ( 3)1

and the constants are on the right side. If a ( 1)1 + 8 0 ( 1)( 2) + 8 3 ( 1)5 + 8 1
variable is missing, we put it in with a coefficient 4 10 26
of 0. Our system can be rewritten as
= 1 11 2
4x 5 y + z = 0
1 26 3
2 x y + 0 z = 25
x + 5 y 5 z = 10
10. Here we are taking the product of a 2 3 matrix
The augmented matrix is and a 3 2 matrix. Since the number of columns
4 5 1 0 in the first matrix is the same as the number of
2 1 0 25 rows in the second matrix (3 in both cases), the
operation can be performed and will result in a
1 5 5 10 2 2 matrix.
1 1
6. The matrix has three rows and represents a 1 2 5
system with three equations. The three columns BA = 0 4
0 3 1 3 2
to the left of the vertical bar indicate that the
system has three variables. We can let x, y, and z
= 1 1 + ( 2 ) 0 + 5 3 1 ( 1) + ( 2 ) ( 4 ) + 5 2
denote these variables. The column to the right 0 1 + 3 0 + 1 3
of the vertical bar represents the constants on the 0 ( 1) + 3 ( 4 ) + 1 2
right side of the equations. The system is 16 17
=
3 x + 2 y + 4 z = 6 3x + 2 y + 4 z = 6 3 10

1 x + 0 y + 8 z = 2 or x + 8z = 2
2 x + 1y + 3 z = 11 2 x + y + 3 z = 11

819
11. We first form the matrix 1 1 1 1 0 0

3 2 1 0 2 5 1 0 1 0
[ A | I2 ] =
5 4 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1
Next we use row operations to transform [ A | I 2 ] 1 1 1 1 0 0
R2 = 2r1 + r2
into reduced row echelon form. 0 7 3 2 1 0
1 23 13 0 R3 = 2r1 + r3
3 2 1 0 0 5 2 2 0 1
5 4 0 1 (R 1 = 13 r1 ) 1 1 1 1 0 0
5 4 0 1

1 2 1 0
3
0 1 7 72 17 0 R2 = 17 r2 ( )
3 3
( R2 = 5r1 + r2 ) 0 5 2 2 0 1

0 2
3
53 1
1 0 74 5 1 0
1 23 13 0 7 7

5 3
(R2 = 3r
2 2 ) 0 1 73 72 1 0
R1 = r2 + r1

0 1 2 2 7
R3 = 5r2 + r3
1
0 0 7 74 75 1
1 0 2 1
5 3 (R 1 = 23 r2 + r1 ) 1 0 4 5 1
0
0 1 2 2 7 7 7

2 1 0 1 73 72 1
0
7 ( R3 = 7r3 )
Therefore, A1 = 5
3 . 0 0 1 4 5 7
2 2
1 0 0 3 3 4
R1 = 74 r3 + r1
0 2 2 3
12. We first form the matrix 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 R = 3r +r
0 0 1 4 5 7 2 7 3 2
[ 3 ] 2 5 1 0 1 0
B | I =
3 3 4
2 3 0 0 0 1
Thus, B 1
= 2 2 3
Next we use row operations to transform [ B | I 3 ]
4 5 7
into reduced row echelon form.
13. 6 x + 3 y = 12

2 x y = 2
We start by writing the augmented matrix for the
system.
6 3 12
2 1 2

Next we use row operations to transform the
augmented matrix into row echelon form.
6 3 12 2 1 2 R1 = r2
2 1 2 6 3 12 R = r
2 1
1 12 1
( R1 = 12 r1 )
6 3 12
1 12 1
( R2 = 6r1 + r2 )
0 6 18
1 12 1
( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 1 3
1 0 12
( R2 = 12 r2 + r1 )
0 1 3
820
Chapter 12 Test
The solution of the system is x = 1 , y = 3 or 1 2 4 3

2
2 7 15 12
( 12 , 3)
4 7 13 10
1
1 2 4 3
14. x + y = 7
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 3 7 6
4
8 x + 2 y = 56
0 1 3 2 R3 = 4r1 + r3
system. 1 2 4 3
R2 = r3
1 14 7 0 1 3 2
R3 = r2
8 2 56 0 3 7 6
Next we use row operations to transform the 1 2 4 3
augmented matrix into row echelon form. 0 1 3 2 ( R3 = 3r2 + r3 )
1 14 7 0 0 2 0

8 2 56 R2 = 8R1 + r2
1 2 4 3
1 14 7 0 1 3 2 ( R3 = 12 r3 )

0 0 0 0 0 1 0
The augmented matrix is now in row echelon The matrix is now in row echelon form. The last
form. Because the bottom row consists entirely row represents the equation z = 0 . Using z = 0
of 0s, the system actually consists of one we back-substitute into the equation y + 3z = 2
equation in two variables. The system is
dependent and therefore has an infinite number (from the second row) and obtain
of solutions. Any ordered pair satisfying the y + 3 z = 2
1 y + 3 ( 0 ) = 2
equation x + y = 7 , or y = 4 x + 28 , is a
4 y = 2
solution to the system. Using y = 2 and z = 0 , we back-substitute into
15. x + 2 y + 4 z = 3 the equation x + 2 y + 4 z = 3 (from the first
row) and obtain
2 x + 7 y + 15 z = 12
4 x + 7 y + 13z = 10 x + 2 y + 4 z = 3

x + 2 ( 2 ) + 4 ( 0 ) = 3
system. x =1
1 2 4 3 The solution is x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 0 or
2 7 15 12 (1, 2, 0) .

4 7 13 10 16. 2 x + 2 y 3 z = 5
x y + 2z = 8
augmented matrix into row echelon form. 3x + 5 y 8 z = 2

system.
2 2 3 5
1 1 2 8

3 5 8 2
augmented matrix into row echelon form.
821
2 2 3 5 4 23
1 1 2 8 Dy = = ( 4 )(19 ) ( 23)( 3) = 145
3 19

3 5 8 2 Dx 58
x= = = 2
1 1 2 8 D 29
R1 = r2
= 2 2 3 5

y=
Dy 145
= = 5
3 5 8 2 R2 = r1 D 29
1 1 2 8
R2 = 2r1 + r2 (2, 5) .
= 0 4 7 11

0 8 14 26 R3 = 3r1 + r3
20. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 15

1 1 2 8 2 x + y 3 z = 15
5 x 5 y + 2 z = 18
= 0 1 7 11
4 4
( R2 = 14 r2 )
The determinant D of the coefficients of the
0 8 14 26 variables is
1 1 2 8 4 3 2

= 0 1 7 11
4 4
( R3 = 8r2 + r3 ) D = 2 1 3
5 5 2
0 0 0 4
The last row represents the equation 0 = 4 1 3 2 3 2 1
=4 ( 3) +2
which is a contradiction. Therefore, the system 5 2 5 2 5 5
has no solution and is be inconsistent.
= 4 ( 2 15 ) + 3 ( 4 + 15 ) + 2 (10 5 )
2 5 = 4 ( 13) + 3 (11) + 2 ( 5 )
17. = ( 2 )( 7 ) ( 5 )( 3) = 14 15 = 29
3 7 = 52 + 33 + 10
= 9
2 4 6 Since D 0 , Cramers Rule can be applied.
18. 1 4 0 15 3 2
1 2 4 Dx = 15 1 3
4 0 1 0 1 4 18 5 2
=2 (4) +6
2 4 1 4 1 2 1 3 15 3 15 1
= 15 ( 3) +2
= 2 [ 4(4) 2(0) ] + 4 [1(4) (1)(0) ] 5 2 18 2 18 5
+ 6 [1(2) (1)4] = 15 ( 2 15 ) + 3 ( 30 + 54 ) + 2 ( 75 18 )
= 2(16) + 4(4) + 6(6) = 15 ( 13) + 3 ( 24 ) + 2 ( 57 )
= 32 16 + 36 = 9
= 12
19. 4 x + 3 y = 23

3 x 5 y = 19
The determinant D of the coefficients of the
variables is
4 3
D= = ( 4 )( 5 ) ( 3)( 3) = 20 9 = 29
3 5
Since D 0 , Cramers Rule can be applied.
23 3
Dx = = ( 23)( 5 ) ( 3)(19 ) = 58
19 5
822
Chapter 12 Test
4 15 2 2 y 2 3x 2 = 5
22.
Dy = 2 15 3 y x = 1 y = x +1
5 18 2 Substitute x + 1 for y into the first equation and
15 3 2 3 2 15 solve for x:
=4 15 +2 2 ( x + 1) 3x 2 = 5
2
18 2 5 2 5 18
= 4 ( 30 + 54 ) 15 ( 4 + 15 ) + 2 ( 36 + 75 ) ( )
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 3x 2 = 5
= 4 ( 24 ) 15 (11) + 2 ( 39 ) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 3x 2 = 5
= 9 x2 + 4 x 3 = 0
4 3 15 x2 4x + 3 = 0
Dz = 2 1 15 ( x 1)( x 3) = 0
5 5 18 x = 1 or x = 3
1 15 2 15 2 1 Back substitute these values into the second
=4 ( 3) + 15 equation to determine y:
5 18 5 18 5 5
x = 1 : y = 1+1 = 2
= 4 (18 75 ) + 3 ( 36 + 75 ) + 15 (10 5 ) x = 3 : y = 3 +1 = 4
= 4 ( 57 ) + 3 ( 39 ) + 15 ( 5 ) The solutions of the system are (1, 2) and
= 36 (3, 4) .
D 9 Dy 9
x= x = = 1, y = = = 1 ,
D 9 D 9 x 2 + y 2 100
23.
D 36 4 x 3 y 0
z= z = =4
D 9 Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 100 . Use a solid
The solution of the system is x = 1 , y = 1 ,
curve since the inequality uses . Choose a test
z = 4 or (1, 1, 4) . point not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since
02 + 02 100 is true, shade the same side of the
3x + y = 12
2 2
circle as (0, 0); that is, inside the circle.
21.
y2 = 9x Graph the line 4 x 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since
2
Substitute 9x for y into the first equation and the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
solve for x: the line, such as (0, 1). Since 4(0) 3(1) 0 is
3x 2 + ( 9 x ) = 12 false, shade the opposite side of the line from
(0, 1). The overlapping region is the solution.
3x 2 + 9 x 12 = 0
x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
( x 1)( x + 4) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4
Back substitute these values into the second
equation to determine y:
x = 1 : y 2 = 9(1) = 9
y = 3
x = 4 : y 2 = 9(4) = 36
y = 36 (not real)
The solutions of the system are (1, 3) and
(1, 3) .
823
3x + 7 A+ B = 0
24.
( x + 3)
2
C=0
The denominator contains the repeated linear 6 A + 3 B + D = 4
factor x + 3 . Thus, the partial fraction 3C + E = 0
decomposition takes on the form
9 A = 3
3x + 7 A B
= + 1
( x + 3) x + 3 ( x + 3)
2 2
From the last equation we get A = .
3
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by
Substituting this value into the first equation
( x + 3)
2
. The result is the identity 1
gives B = . From the second equation, we
3x + 7 = A ( x + 3) + B 3
or know C = 0 . Substituting this value into the
3x + 7 = Ax + ( 3 A + B ) fourth equation yields E = 0 .
We equate coefficients of like powers of x to 1 1
Substituting A = and B = into the third
obtain the system 3 3
3 = A equation gives us
6 ( 13 ) + 3 ( 13 ) + D = 4
7 = 3 A + B
Therefore, we have A = 3 . Substituting this 2 + 1 + D = 4
result into the second equation gives D=5
7 = 3A + B Therefore, the partial fraction decomposition is
7 = 3 ( 3) + B
1 1
x
4x2 3 3+ 3 5x
2 = B = +
x ( x + 3)
2
2
x ( x + 3) ( x + 3) 2
2 2
Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is
3x + 7 3 2
= + . 26. x 0
( ) ( + 3)
2 2
x + 3 x + 3 x y 0

4x2 3 x + 2 y 8
25. 2 x 3 y 2
( )
2
x x2 + 3
The inequalities x 0 and y 0 require that
The denominator contains the linear factor x and
the graph be in quadrant I.
the repeated irreducible quadratic factor x 2 + 3 . x + 2y 8
The partial fraction decomposition takes on the 1
form y x+4
2
4 x2 3 A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 + Test the point ( 0, 0 ) .
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x x +3 x x +3 x2 + 3
x + 2y 8
We clear the fractions by multiplying both sides 0 + 2 ( 0) 8 ?
( )
2
by x x 2 + 3 to obtain the identity 0 8 false
The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the
( ) ( )
2
2
+ x x + 3 ( Bx + C ) + x ( Dx + E )
2 2
4x 3 = A x + 3
graph of the inequality x + 2 y 8 includes the
Collecting like terms yields
4 x 2 3 = ( A + B ) x 4 + Cx3 + ( 6 A + 3B + D ) x 2 1
half-plane above the line y = x + 4 . Because
2
+ ( 3C + E ) x + ( 9 A ) the inequality is non-strict, the line is also part of
Equating coefficients, we obtain the system the graph of the solution.
824
Chapter 12 Test
2x 3y 2 y
2 2 (0, 8)
y x 8
3 3
Test the point ( 0, 0 ) .
x 3 y = 3
2x 3 y 2 4 (3, 2)
2 ( 0) 3( 0) 2 ? (0, 1)
0 2 false
x
The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the 4 8
graph of the inequality 2 x 3 y 2 includes the 2x + y = 8
2 2 Corner point, ( x, y ) Value of obj. function, z
half-plane below the line y = x .
3 3 ( 0,1) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 (1) = 8
Because the inequality is non-strict, the line is
also part of the graph of the solution. ( 3, 2 ) z = 5 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 ) = 31
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the ( 0,8 ) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 ( 8 ) = 64
shaded region in the graph below) is the solution From the table, we can see that the maximum
to the system of linear inequalities. value of z is 64, and it occurs at the point ( 0,8 ) .
28. Let j = unit price for flare jeans, c = unit price for
camisoles, and t = unit price for t-shirts. The
given information yields a system of equations
with each of the three women yielding an
equation.
2 j + 2c + 4t = 90 (Megan)

j + 3t = 42.5 (Paige)
j + 3c + 2t = 62 (Kara)

We can solve this system by using matrices.
The graph is unbounded. The corner points 2 2 4 90 1 1 2 45
are ( 4, 2 ) and ( 8, 0 ) . 1 0 3 42.5 = 1 0 3 42.5 ( R1 = 12 r1 )

27. The objective function is z = 5 x + 8 y . We seek 1 3 2 62 1 3 2 62
the largest value of z that can occur if x and y are
solutions of the system of linear inequalities 1 1 2 45
R2 = r1 + r2
x 0 = 0 1 1 2.5
R3 = r1 + r3
2 x + y 8 0 2 0 17
x 3 y 3 1 1 2 45

2x + y = 8 x 3 y = 3 = 0 1 1 2.5 ( R2 = r2 )

y = 2 x + 8 3 y = x 3 0 2 0 17
1 1 0 3 42.5
y = x +1 R1 = r2 + r1
= 0 1 1 2.5
3 R3 = 2r2 + r3
The graph of this system (the feasible points) is 0 0 2 12
shown as the shaded region in the figure below.
1 0 3 42.5
The corner points of the feasible region are
( 0,1) , ( 3, 2 ) , and ( 0,8 ) .
= 0 1 1 2.5
(
R3 = 12 r3 )
0 0 1 6
The last row represents the equation z = 6 .
Substituting this result into y z = 2.5 (from the
825
second row) gives y z = 2.5 32 3 8 3

y 6 = 2.5 6 9 3
y = 8.5 2 3 1 0
Substituting z = 6 into x + 3 z = 42.5 (from the 3 2
first row) gives Therefore, 2 x 3x 8 x 3 = 0
x + 3z = 42.5 ( x 3) ( 2 x 2 + 3x + 1) = 0
x + 3 ( 6 ) = 42.5 ( x 3)( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 24.5 1
Thus, flare jeans cost $24.50, camisoles cost x = 3 or x =
or x = 1
$8.50, and t-shirts cost $6.00. 2
1
The solution set is 1, ,3 .
2
4. 3x = 9 x+1
( )
x +1
Chapter 12 Cumulative Review 3x = 32
3x = 32 x + 2
1. 2 x 2 x = 0
x ( 2 x 1) = 0 x = 2x + 2
x = 2
x = 0 or 2 x 1 = 0
The solution set is {2} .
2x = 1
1
x= 5. log 3 ( x 1) + log 3 ( 2 x + 1) = 2
2
1 log 3 ( ( x 1)( 2 x + 1) ) = 2
The solution set is 0, .
2 ( x 1)( 2 x + 1) = 32
2 x2 x 1 = 9
2. 3x + 1 = 4
2 x 2 x 10 = 0
( )
2
2
3x + 1 =4
( 2 x 5)( x + 2 ) = 0
3 x + 1 = 16 5
3x = 15 x=
or x = 2
2
x=5 Since x = 2 makes the original logarithms
Check: 5
undefined, the solution set is .
35 +1 = 4 2
15 + 1 = 4
6. 3x = e
16 = 4
4=4
( )
ln 3x = ln e
The solution set is {5} . x ln 3 = 1

1
x= 0.910
3 2
3. 2 x 3x 8 x 3 = 0 ln 3
The graph of Y1 = 2 x3 3x 2 8 x 3 appears to 1
The solution set is 0.910 .
have an x-intercept at x = 3 . ln 3
Using synthetic division:
826
Chapter 12 Cumulative Review
2 x3 5
7. g ( x) = 10. f ( x) =
x4 + 1 x+2
5
2(x)
3
2 x3 y=
g ( x) = = = g ( x) x+2
(x)
4
+1 x4 + 1 5
x= Inverse
Thus, g is an odd function and its graph is y+2
symmetric with respect to the origin. x( y + 2) = 5
xy + 2 x = 5
8. x 2 + y 2 2 x + 4 y 11 = 0 xy = 5 2 x
x 2 2 x + y 2 + 4 y = 11 5 2x 5
y= = 2
x x
( x 2 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 11 + 1 + 4
1 5
( x 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 16 Thus, f ( x) = 2
x
Center: (1,2); Radius: 4 Domain of f = {x | x 2}
Range of f = { y | y 0}
Domain of f 1 = {x | x 0}
Range of f 1 = { y | y 2} .
11. a. y = 3x + 6
The graph is a line.
x-intercept: y-intercept:
0 = 3x + 6 y = 3( 0) + 6
9. f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 1 3x = 6 =6
x
Using the graph of y = 3 , shift the graph x = 2
horizontally 2 units to the right, then shift the
graph vertically upward 1 unit.
Domain: (, ) Range: (1, )

Horizontal Asymptote: y = 1
827
b. x2 + y 2 = 4 f. y = e x
The graph is a circle with center (0, 0) and
radius 2.
g. y = ln x
c. y = x3
h. 2 x2 + 5 y 2 = 1
The graph is an ellipse.
x2 y2
1 + =1
d. y= 1 1
x 2 5
2 2
x y
+ =1
2 5
2 5
e. y= x
828
Chapter 12 Projects
i. x2 3 y 2 = 1 b. 9
The graph is a hyperbola

x2 y 2
=1
1 1 6 6
3
2
x y
2 3
=1
1 3 9

3
6 6
3
f has a local maximum of 7 at x = 1 and a
local minimum of 3 at x = 1 .
c. f is increasing on the intervals (, 1) and
(1, ) .
j. x2 2 x 4 y + 1 = 0
x2 2 x + 1 = 4 y
4 y = ( x 1) 2
1 Chapter 12 Projects
y = ( x 1) 2
4
Project I Internet Based Project
1. 80% = 0.80 18% = 0.18 2% = 0.02
40% = 0.40 50% = 0.50 10% = 0.10
20% = 0.20 60% = 0.60 20% = 0.20
0.80 0.18 0.02
2. 0.40 0.50 0.10
0.20 0.60 0.20
3. 0.80 + 0.18 + 0.02 = 1.00

0.40 + 0.50 + 0.10 = 1.00
0.20 + 0.60 + 0.20 = 1.00
The sum of each row is 1 (or 100%). These
12. f ( x) = x3 3x + 5 represent the three possibilities of educational
achievement for a parent of a child, unless
a. Let Y1 = x3 3x + 5 . someone does not attend school at all. Since
9 these are rounded percents, chances are the other
possibilities are negligible.
2
0.8 0.18 0.02
6 6 4. P 2 = 0.4 0.5 0.1
0.2 0.6 0.2
3
The zero of f is approximately 2.28 . 0.716 0.246 0.038
= 0.54 0.382 0.078
0.44 0.456 0.104
Grandchild of a college graduate is a college
829
graduate: entry (1, 1): 0.716. The probability is v = uG

71.6% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Grandchild of a high school graduate finishes 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
college: entry (2,1): 0.54. The probability is
0 0 1 0 1 0 1
54%.
6. grandchildren k = 2. 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
v (2) = v (0) P 2
0.716 0.246 0.038 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
= [0.317 0.565 0.118] 0.54 0.382 0.078
0.44 0.456 0.104 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
v=
= [0.583992 0.34762 0.068388] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
College: 58.4% 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

High School: 34.8% 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Elementary: 6.8% 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

7. The matrix totally stops changing at 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

P 0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511
30
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. Answers will vary, but if we choose the 6th row
and the 10th row:
Project II 0101101
1001001
a. 2 2 2 2 = 16 codewords. 1102102 1100100 (13th row)
b. v = uG d. v = uG
u will be the matrix representing all of the 4-digit
VH = uGH
information bit sequences.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
GH =
0 0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1 1
e. rH = [0 1 0 1 0 0 0] 1 1 0
u=
1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 1 1
= [1 0 1]
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 error code: 0010 000
r : 0101 000
1 1 1 0 0111 000
This is in the codeword list.
1 1 1 1
(Remember, this is mod two. That means that
you only write down the remainder when
dividing by 2. )
830
Chapter 12 Projects
Project III
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a. AT =
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
b. B = ( AT A) 1 AT Y
2.357
B=
2.0357
c. y = 2.0357 x 2.357
d. y = 2.0357 x 2.357
Project IV
Answers will vary.
831

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Chapter 12

Systems of Equations and Inequalities

2 x 3 y = 1 Substitute and solve for x:

y + 4z = 3 Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and

1 63. Let s = the price of a smartphone and t = the

25 x + 45(200 x ) = 7400 2 ( 50 ) + 4 y = 400

0.06Y 5000r = 240 10 55 65

83. Let x = the price of 1 hamburger.

85. Let x = Beths time working alone. 1 1 1 1

89. 7. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of

The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 , or (1, 3, 2) . 2 1

1 1 14 Substitute z = 1 and solve:

83. Let x = the number of Deltas produced. 0 2 0 0 4

87. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills. 1 1 1 25, 000

Possible investment strategies: 16,500 4500 4000

b. Total investment equation: 1 1 1 30, 000

d. Answers will vary.

89. Let x = the amount of supplement 1.

97. cos 1 ( 0.75) = 2.42 radians

5. False; See Thm (14)

5 1 6 3 1 + (1) 3 5 7 1 (3) 2 1 + (1) 2 7

x y z 55. Solve for x:

If c = 0, then a 0 and d 0 since

69. Evaluating the determinant to show the Section 12.4

4 1 25. a11 = 2(2) + ( 2)(3) = 2

Thus, the solution to the system is x 1.19 ,

number. That is, 2 1 1

95. Since the product is found by multiplying the x2 + 5

cot cot 2 csc2 1 perform the division:

Section 12.5 13. Find the partial fraction decomposition:

Let x = 1 , then 4 = A(0) + B Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 2) + B (1 1)

21. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = 1 , then

25. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = 2 , then

Let x = 1 , then Let x = 3 , then 3 = A(3 1) + B (3 + 3)

7x + 3 1 2 1 Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 16)3 , we obtain:

= ( x 2)( x 1) 2 x3 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + (32 A + C ) x3 + (32 B + D) x 2

Multiplying both sides by ( x 2)( x 1) 2 , we 32 B + D = 0 256 A + 16C + E = 0

41. Find the partial fraction decomposition:

43. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = 3 , then

10 (1) 11 = A (1 1) + B (1 + 4 ) 11x 32 11x 32 A B

(1, 1) is the intersection point.

Solve by substitution: Substitute 4 for x 2 + y 2 in the second equation.

(1, 2) and (2, 1) are the intersection points.

Substitute x + 4 for y 2 in the first equation: x 2 + y 2 = 4

(3, 5) is the intersection point.

x2 = 8 or x2 = 1 31. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into

51. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:

53. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:

67. Complete the square on the second equation.

The points of intersection are: (1, 2), (5, 2).

69. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the

4 4 Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the

21 87. Find equations relating area and perimeter:

95. Solve the system:

b. Answers will vary. 7. dashes; solid

103. y y1 = m( x x1 ) 9. False, see example 7b.

The overlapping region is the solution.

Find the vertices: Substitute and solve:

axis is (0, 8). The intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and

55. The system of linear inequalities is:

57. a. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury

b. Graph the system. b. Graph the system.

13. Maximize z = 3 x + 5 y subject to x 0, y 0,

2 x + 3(12 3 x) = 12 The point of intersection is (10/3 10/3).