Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Type 0 Conditionals
They express something which is always true. ( when can be used instead of
if)
e.g. If / When the sun shines, snow melts.
Type 1 Conditionals
They express real or very probable situations in the present or future.
e.g. If he doesnt study hard, he wont pass his exam.
If I finish the project on time, I may take a few days off.
If she hasnt cooked dinner, we will order a takeaway.
If the fire alarm goes off, evacuate the building immediately.
Type 2 Conditionals (unreal present)
They express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present.
e.g. If I got up early, I would arrive at work on time.
Were is generally used instead of was for all persons.
If I were you, I would attend a computer course. (advice)
Type 3 Conditionals (unreal past)
They express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past.
They can show regrets or criticism.
If they had invited us, we would have gone to the party.
If John hadnt got up late, he wouldnt have missed the bus.
Will/ Would can be used after if only to make a polite request or express insistence or
uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I dont know, I doubt, I wonder,etc)
Should is used after if to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen.
e.g. If you will fill in this form, Ill process your application.
If you will call me later, I will be able to give you an answer. polite request
If you will not stop shouting, youll have to leave. Insistence
I dont know if he will pass his exams.
I wonder if theyll be back on time. Uncertainty
If Tom should call, tell him Ill be late. Possibility
Put the words from the box into the sentences below.
Add one word to each sentence.
had long provided should unless were will
Look at the sentences. Choose the best conditional to describe each sentence.
1. I saw a very nice jacket when I was on holiday in New York last year, but I didnt want to
pay 500.
A I would have bought it if it had been less expensive.
B I would buy it if it were less expensive.
2. The weather says it might rain this afternoon, but dont worry - we can still play tennis.
A If its wet, well always play on one of the indoor courts.
B If its wet, we always play on one of the indoor courts.
3. I really want to improve my English.
A If I spent a year living in Britain, it would get a lot better.
B If I spend a year living in Britain, it gets a lot better.
4. Im going to look for a new TV this afternoon.
A If I find a cheap one, Ill buy it.
B If I find a cheap one, I buy it.
Mixed Conditionals
If -clause Main clause
Type 2 Type 1
If nobody paid the bill, the electricity will be cut off.
Type 2 Type 3
If he had the money, He would have bought her a gift.
Type 3 Type 2
If he had won the lottery, He wouldnt be asking for money now.
WISHES
We use wish (and if only which is more emphatic) to express a wish.
PREFERENCE
I prefer jogging to cycling.
I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
She prefers orange juice to apple juice.
Id prefer to pay in cash rather than (pay) by credit card.
Shes rather have a salad than (have) a steak.
Fill in if or unless.
1. ............ you decide to come to the party, give us a call.
2. ............ you give up junk food, you wont lose any weight.
3. ............. you forget your keys, you can use my spare ones.
4. ............. there is a lot of traffic, Ill be home early.
5. ............. they call while Im out, tell them Ill be back later.
6. ............. she studies hard, shell pass the exams.
7. ............. he passes his driving test, he cant buy a car.
8. ............. they invite him to the party, he wont go.
9. ............. you find any clues, call me.
10. ........... there is a delay, her train will arrive at six.
Choose the best option below to complete each of the sentences that follow.
1. I wish they would
2. If only
3. In the morning she regretted
4. We regret
5. Id rather you
6. Youd better
7. If youd waited a bit longer
8. Its high time
9. Supposing you inherited a million euro
10. Had I listened to my mother
a. hurry up and finish your homework.
b. breaking up with John.
c. they stopped complaining and did something.
d. what would you do?
e. I wouldnt have made the same mistake twice.
f. to inform you that the show has been cancelled.
g. didnt talk while Im talking.
h. stop arguing.
i. you would have seen him arrive.
j. I hadnt eaten that extra pie.
Complete the spaces in the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in
brackets.
1. If I .......had (have) more time, I would help (help) you, but Im afraid Im just too busy.
2. I ............... (buy) you a new pair of football boots as long as you ................. (promise) to
look after them properly.
3. Why did you tell your parents? If you .................. (not/say) anything, we .............. (not/get)
into trouble.
4. If he .............. (sleep) for less than eight hours, he ..................... ((usually/be) bad-tempered
all morning.
5. Its a shame you werent at the party. If you ............... (go), you ................ (meet) my sister.
6. If we ............ (beat) United next Saturday, we ............................. (go) to the top of the league.
7. If I .............. (be) you, I .................... (go) to the doctors.
8. We ............... (be) there by 6 oclock this evening unless we ...................... (get) stuck in a
traffic jam.
9. I had to wait two hours to see the doctor. If I .................. (not/take) my book with me to read,
I .................. (get) so bored.
Read the following text and then choose from the list A J the best phrase to fill each of
the spaces.
GIFTS ARE FULL OF MEANING FOR GIVER AND RECEIVER
Millions of the Christmas, anniversary and birthday presents (0) .....J........ are dismissed,
disdained and returned. At the same time, unkind thoughts occur about whoever chose the
gift.What really matters is not the gift itself, (1) .......... . Recipents evaluate the gift and place it
in a category: from affirming an already good relationship to contributing the last straw to a
teetering one. What we all want, of course, (2) ........... : something that signals that the other
person knows what our wants and needs are. An affirming present does not have to be expensive
or personal, just something that proves the giver was paying attention. A close marriage or
friendship is most likely to produce these kinds of gifts, although in relationships that are already
strong a poor choice does not normally cause serious rifts. In relationships that are good, a present
is considered strengthening (3) ........... . An engagement ring is the classic example, but it could
be anything that symbolises greater commitment and understanding. Many gifts have no real
impact either way. This is often the case with family members, for example, a sister who gives
bath oil to a sibling (4) ............. . Nobody says anything because it is not worth a scene or
hurting feelings. A weakening present is one (5) ............ . It signals the giver was going through
the motions or, worse still, insults the recipient. An example of this is the husband (6) ............
on a romantic anniversary. The severing gift is the last, ugly proof that things have reached the
point of no return. For instance, the ex-lover who gives a membership to a dating service.
NEED
Need is followed by an -ing or a passive infinitive to show that it is necessary to improve
or
repair something.
e.g. The windows need cleaning.
The windows need to be cleaned.
Practice:
1. The baby is hungry. (feed)
The baby needs feeding.
The baby needs to be fed.