CONDITIONALS / WISHES

Type 0 Conditionals
They express something which is always true. ( when can be used instead of
if)
e.g. If / When the sun shines, snow melts.
Type 1 Conditionals
They express real or very probable situations in the present or future.
e.g. If he doesnt study hard, he wont pass his exam.
If I finish the project on time, I may take a few days off.
If she hasnt cooked dinner, we will order a takeaway.
If the fire alarm goes off, evacuate the building immediately.
Type 2 Conditionals (unreal present)
They express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present.
e.g. If I got up early, I would arrive at work on time.
Were is generally used instead of was for all persons.
If I were you, I would attend a computer course. (advice)
Type 3 Conditionals (unreal past)
They express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the past.
They can show regrets or criticism.
If they had invited us, we would have gone to the party.
If John hadnt got up late, he wouldnt have missed the bus.

If - clause Main clause Use

Type 0 If + present present simple Sth which

general simple is always
truth true
Type 1 If + present Future/imperative/can/may/might/must/should/coul Real-
real simple, present d + infinitive likely to
present continuous, happen in
pps/ppc the
present or
future
Type 2 If + past simple Would/could/might + infinitive Imaginary
Unreal or continuous situation
present
Type 3 If + past perfect Would/ could/might + have + past participle Imaginary
Unreal simple/continuous situation
past contrary
to facts in
the past

Will/ Would can be used after if only to make a polite request or express insistence or
uncertainty (usually with expressions such as I dont know, I doubt, I wonder,etc)
Should is used after if to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen.
e.g. If you will fill in this form, Ill process your application.
If you will call me later, I will be able to give you an answer. polite request
If you will not stop shouting, youll have to leave. Insistence
I dont know if he will pass his exams.
I wonder if theyll be back on time. Uncertainty
If Tom should call, tell him Ill be late. Possibility

We can omit if and use should/were/had before the subject.

e.g. Should you need my advice, you can call me. (If you should need my advice, .......... )
Were she more efficient, she would get a promotion. (If she were more efficient, ........... )
Had he arrived on time, we wouldnt have missed the bus. (If he had arrived on time, .......... )
We can use unless instead of if ..... not (in Type 1 conditionals)
e.g. Unless you leave now, youll miss the bus.
Other cases: provided/providing that, as long as, suppose/supposing.
Ill pick your clothes up from the dry cleaners providing/provided that I finish work before
Three oclock.
As long as you behave yourself you can come with me.
Suppose/Supposing the boss came now, what would you say?
Might or could can be used instead of would.
If you worked hard, you might pass the exam.
If I borrowed Mums car, I could give you a lift.
The choice of will or would sometimes depends on how we see a situation.
If I get the job, well go out to celebrate. ( real possibility)
If I were manager, Id make a lot of changes. (imagining himself in the job)
Complete the sentences with your own ideas using will or would.
1. If I learn to speak English well, ..............
2. If I could live anywhere in the world, ..........
3. If I have time this week, .........
4. If I live to be eighty years old, .........
5. If I could live my life again, ............
6. If I were invisible, .............
7. If I go out tonight, ............
8. If I could change places with a celebrity, .............

Put the words from the box into the sentences below.
Add one word to each sentence.
had long provided should unless were will

1. If the shop still has those nice earrings, I buy them.

2. I would get the DVDs online if I you. Theyre cheaper.
3. If I known that you can only cook this dessert in a microwave, I wouldnt have bought it.
4. Customers can return products to the store that they are not damaged in any way.
5. Ill go to the shop as as you do the washing up.
6. I see Eric, Ill ask him to call you.
7. Dont buy anything you really want to.

Look at the sentences. Choose the best conditional to describe each sentence.
1. I saw a very nice jacket when I was on holiday in New York last year, but I didnt want to
pay 500.
A I would have bought it if it had been less expensive.
B I would buy it if it were less expensive.
2. The weather says it might rain this afternoon, but dont worry - we can still play tennis.
A If its wet, well always play on one of the indoor courts.
B If its wet, we always play on one of the indoor courts.
3. I really want to improve my English.
A If I spent a year living in Britain, it would get a lot better.
B If I spend a year living in Britain, it gets a lot better.
4. Im going to look for a new TV this afternoon.
A If I find a cheap one, Ill buy it.
B If I find a cheap one, I buy it.

Mixed Conditionals
If -clause Main clause

Type 2 Type 1
If nobody paid the bill, the electricity will be cut off.
Type 2 Type 3
If he had the money, He would have bought her a gift.
Type 3 Type 2
If he had won the lottery, He wouldnt be asking for money now.

WISHES
We use wish (and if only which is more emphatic) to express a wish.

Verb tense Use

Past simple/ I wish / If only I were a To say that we would

millionaire. (but Im not) like sth to be different
I wish/ continuous in the present
If only I wish / If only we were
travelling by train. (but we
arent)

Past perfect I wish / If only I had taken their

advice. (but I didnt)
To express regret
about sth which
happened or didnt
happen in the past

I wish/ Subject + I wish / If only you would stop

If only would playing your music so loudly.
To express:
I wish ? If only the wind would a) polite imperative
die down.
b) desire for a
situation or someones
behaviour to change.

Could can be used after I/we.

e.g. I wish I could come with you.
Were can be used instead of was after wish/if only.
e.g. If only he was/were more patient.

HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER

Had better - advice
e.g. You had better take some warm clothes with you. should/ought to
Id better not call him now; hell be busy.

Should/ ought to had better must

Would rather - preference.

Im busy. Id rather not take a break now.
WOULD RATHER + PRESENT INFINITIVE (present/future)
Id rather stay at home tonight.
WOULD RATHER + PERFECT INFINITIVE (past) same subject
Id rather have gone on holiday to Italy last summer.

WOULD RATHER + PAST TENSE (present/future)

Id rather Tim did the shopping today.
WOULD RATHER + PAST PERFECT (past) different subject
Id rather Kate hadnt spent so much money yesterday.

PREFERENCE
I prefer jogging to cycling.
I prefer to go out rather than stay at home.
She prefers orange juice to apple juice.
Id prefer to pay in cash rather than (pay) by credit card.
Shes rather have a salad than (have) a steak.

Fill in if or unless.
1. ............ you decide to come to the party, give us a call.
2. ............ you give up junk food, you wont lose any weight.
3. ............. you forget your keys, you can use my spare ones.
4. ............. there is a lot of traffic, Ill be home early.
5. ............. they call while Im out, tell them Ill be back later.
6. ............. she studies hard, shell pass the exams.
7. ............. he passes his driving test, he cant buy a car.
8. ............. they invite him to the party, he wont go.
9. ............. you find any clues, call me.
10. ........... there is a delay, her train will arrive at six.

Put the verbs into the correct tense.

1. If it ................... (snow), Ill take the children skiing.
2. If you ................. (go) to Japan, you can see women wearing kimonos.
3. You will be late unless you ................... (catch) the 10.15 bus.
4. They wont let you in if you ..................... (not/have) a ticket.
5. If I had a lot of money, I ..................... (buy) a house in Monte Carlo.
6. If I .................. (be) you, I would do more exercise.
7. If I had known that Stanley was in town, I ......................... (invite) him to the party.
8. The football match will be cancelled if it ..................... (rain).
9. I ....................... (not/go) to the party unless Connie comes with me.
10. If my car broke down, I ........................ (take) the bus.
11. If Steven ......................... (wake up) half an hour earlier, he wouldnt have been late
For work.
12. If I were you, I ........................ (call) the doctors for an appointment.
13. I scratched my sisters favourite CD. I wish I ............................ .
14. I havent got a motorcycle. I wish I ........................... .
15. If I ....................... (have) a lot of money, Id travel around the world.
16. I wish I had a job. If I had a job, I ......................... (not/feel) bored.
17. If I ...................... (have) a garden, I would grow my own vegetables.
18. If I won the lottery, I ....................... (buy) a yacht.
19. You may borrow my motorcycle if you ...................... (promise) to be careful.
20. If you ..................... (run) fast, youll win the race.
21. You wont find a hotel room unless you ...................... (book) early.
22. If she finds a kitten, she ....................... (keep) it.
23. I wish I .......................... (not/eat) all those sweets. Now I feel sick.
24. If he were faster, he ....................... (win) the race.
25. I wish I owned a camera. If I owned a camera I .......................... (take) a picture.
26. I missed the plane to Lisbon. I wish I ............................ .
27. If we had a car, we ............................ (drive) across the USA.
28. If we ......................... (arrive) at the theatre earlier, wed have found a seat.
29. If I were you, I ............................ (talk) to my parents.
30. Im sorry I lied to him. I wish/If only I ....................... .
31. I dont know where she lives. I wish/If only ............................ .
32. If Carl hadnt woken up late, he ........................... (not/have to) rush.
33. Unless you ...................... (drive) carefully, youll have an accident.
34. If you ....................... (leave) work early tonight, we can go shopping.
36. If I .................. (be) taller, I would play basketball.
37. If you ................... (not/put up) this shelf, you wont have anywhere to put your books.
38. If he ................... (change) jobs, he would be a lot happier.
39. If I were you, I .................... (tell) her how you feel.
40. If you continue to shout so loudly, you .................... (wake up) the baby.
41. Even if he .................... (ask) them, they wouldnt have agreed to come.
42. Unless you .................... (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off.
43. Unless you ..................... (work) more efficiently, youll be fired.
44. If she ........................ (not/threaten) him, he wouldnt have left.
45. I ....................... (not/trust) him if I were you.

Choose one of the options given.

1. I know Adela wishes she has/would have/could have another baby, but the doctor says it might
not be possible.
2. If only I hadnt got/wouldnt have got/ didnt get so angry with Patrick last time we met.
3. Id rather we wait/waited/had waited before telling Billy hes going to have a little brother.
4. I wish you would visit/would have visited/had visited your grandmother a little more often
now that shes so frail.
5. If only Grandpa would be/has been/were alive to see this.
6. I really wish I would go/could go/went to Australia for my nephews wedding.
7. Its high time you children start/will start/started helping your mother around the house a bit
more.
8. I wish I did/would/will not live so far away from the rest of my family.

Complete these sentences in your own words.

1. If I had the choice, Id rather my family ....................... .
2. I really wish I ............................ .
3. If only my family ...................... .
4. Its high time young people in my country ...................... .
5. Suppose ................ ? Would people be happier?
6. If I had to spend a year living abroad, I ................ .
7. I probably wouldnt have met my best friend if ..................... .
8. Id be really pleased if ................. .
9. If someone gives me some money for my birthday, ............. .
10. If the computer hadnt been invented, ................. .
11. If I have some free time tonight I will ............... .
12. If I become completely fluent in English, I will .............. .
13. If I won 1,000 on the lottery, I would ................ .
14. If I had the chance to visit anywhere in the world, I would .............. .

Choose the best option below to complete each of the sentences that follow.
1. I wish they would
2. If only
3. In the morning she regretted
4. We regret
5. Id rather you
6. Youd better
7. If youd waited a bit longer
8. Its high time
9. Supposing you inherited a million euro
10. Had I listened to my mother
a. hurry up and finish your homework.
b. breaking up with John.
c. they stopped complaining and did something.
d. what would you do?
e. I wouldnt have made the same mistake twice.
f. to inform you that the show has been cancelled.
g. didnt talk while Im talking.
h. stop arguing.
i. you would have seen him arrive.
j. I hadnt eaten that extra pie.

What is the real situation in the following situations?

The first one has been done as an example.
0 If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work.
I didnt own a car, so I took the bus/I walked/I couldnt drive to work.

1. I would have travelled around the world if Id had more money.

................................................................................................................
2. I would have read more as a child if I hadnt watched so much TV.
.................................................................................................................
3. I would have gone to Spain if I had studied Spanish instead of French.
..................................................................................................................
4. If Roger had worked harder, he would have passed his course.
..................................................................................................................

Complete the spaces in the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in
brackets.
1. If I .......had (have) more time, I would help (help) you, but Im afraid Im just too busy.
2. I ............... (buy) you a new pair of football boots as long as you ................. (promise) to
look after them properly.
3. Why did you tell your parents? If you .................. (not/say) anything, we .............. (not/get)
into trouble.
4. If he .............. (sleep) for less than eight hours, he ..................... ((usually/be) bad-tempered
all morning.
5. Its a shame you werent at the party. If you ............... (go), you ................ (meet) my sister.
6. If we ............ (beat) United next Saturday, we ............................. (go) to the top of the league.
7. If I .............. (be) you, I .................... (go) to the doctors.
8. We ............... (be) there by 6 oclock this evening unless we ...................... (get) stuck in a
traffic jam.
9. I had to wait two hours to see the doctor. If I .................. (not/take) my book with me to read,
I .................. (get) so bored.

Rewrite sentences below to form second, third or mixed conditional sentences.

1. I dont have to pay to get into the museum because Im unemployed.
If I wasnt unemployed, Id have to pay to get into the museum.
2. We didnt go sailing because there wasnt enough wind.
..............................................................................................................
3. We dont go abroad on holiday because Im afraid of flying.
.............................................................................................................
4. Hes broken his leg so he cant drive.
..............................................................................................................
5. I couldnt take any photos because I forgot to pack my camera.
..............................................................................................................
6. He isnt going to the wedding because he hasnt got a suit.
...............................................................................................................
7. Hes feeling ill because he drank too much last night.
................................................................................................................
8. She didnt pass her exams so she couldnt go to university.
..................................................................................................................
9. They didnt watch the news so they didnt hear about the earthquake.
...................................................................................................................

Put the verbs into the correct tense.

1. You .................. (not pass) your science test unless you do some serious revision this
weekend.
2. If hed known what was going to happen, he ................... (not start) the experiment.
3. If you .................... (say) the word walk, our dog runs to the front door!
4. If you ..................... (do) a bit more exercise you would feel a lot better.
5. If you press this button, the machine ............... (add) extra sugar to your coffee.
6. Can I borrow your car, if I ...................... (promise) to take good care of it?
7. If you ........................ (come) to the party, you would have met my sister.
8. Tell Tom to ring me if he .................. (have) the chance.

Read the following text and then choose from the list A J the best phrase to fill each of
the spaces.
 GIFTS ARE FULL OF MEANING FOR GIVER AND RECEIVER
Millions of the Christmas, anniversary and birthday presents (0) .....J........ are dismissed,
disdained and returned. At the same time, unkind thoughts occur about whoever chose the
gift.What really matters is not the gift itself, (1) .......... . Recipents evaluate the gift and place it
in a category: from affirming an already good relationship to contributing the last straw to a
teetering one. What we all want, of course, (2) ........... : something that signals that the other
person knows what our wants and needs are. An affirming present does not have to be expensive
or personal, just something that proves the giver was paying attention. A close marriage or
friendship is most likely to produce these kinds of gifts, although in relationships that are already
strong a poor choice does not normally cause serious rifts. In relationships that are good, a present
is considered strengthening (3) ........... . An engagement ring is the classic example, but it could
be anything that symbolises greater commitment and understanding. Many gifts have no real
impact either way. This is often the case with family members, for example, a sister who gives
bath oil to a sibling (4) ............. . Nobody says anything because it is not worth a scene or
hurting feelings. A weakening present is one (5) ............ . It signals the giver was going through
the motions or, worse still, insults the recipient. An example of this is the husband (6) ............
on a romantic anniversary. The severing gift is the last, ugly proof that things have reached the
point of no return. For instance, the ex-lover who gives a membership to a dating service.

A is something we would not buy for ourselves

B that damages the relationship
C when you already have one
D but the symbolism
E when it takes things to the next level
F that you have chosen particularly carefully
G who gives a vacuum cleaner
H is an affirming present
I who always has showers
J that we select so carefully each year

NEED
Need is followed by an -ing or a passive infinitive to show that it is necessary to improve
or
repair something.
e.g. The windows need cleaning.
 The windows need to be cleaned.

Practice:
1. The baby is hungry. (feed)
The baby needs feeding.
The baby needs to be fed.

2. The car has a flat tyre. (change)

.......................................................
.......................................................
3. Your room is a mess. (tidy)
........................................................
........................................................
4. The plants are dry. (water)
........................................................
........................................................
5. The dog is barking. (walk)
........................................................
.........................................................
6. The shirt is wrinkled. (iron)
..........................................................
..........................................................
7. The radio is broken. (fix)
...........................................................
...........................................................
8. The pencil is blunt. (sharpen)
............................................................
............................................................