Drug solubility test

PURPOSE
Introducing the concept and process systems supporting drug solubility and solubility
parameter specifies the drug.

INTRODUCTION
The solution can be defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
dispersed as molecules or ions whose composition can vary. Called homogeneous
because the composition of the solution is so uniform (single phase) so it can not be
observed parts of the constituent components despite the ultra microscope. In a
heterogeneous mixture of certain surfaces can be observed between separate
phases(Koesman, 2007)
Solubility is the concentration of solute in a solvent saturated at a certain temperature that
indicates that one or more spontaneous interaction of solute or solvent has occurred and
formed a homogeneous molecular dispersion. A solution is said to be saturated if there is
equilibrium between the phases of the solute and solvent in the solution phase is
concerned. Solubility can be expressed in many ways such as by stating the amount of
solvent (in mL) needed for each gram of solute, with approaches such as comparisons,
eg: 1 part of solute can be dissolved in a solvent 100-1000 parts are called soluble, mole
and molar fraction ( Anonymous, 2012).
Solubility can be interpreted also as the concentration of dissolved material in a saturated
solution at a given temperature. Solution as a homogeneous mixture of different
materials. The solubility of a substance (solute) in a particular solvent described as like
dissolves like compound or substance whose structure resembles dissolve each other, that
the explanations based on the polarity between the solvent and solute is indicated with
dielectric constant, or a dipole moment, hydrogen bonding, van der Walls (London ) or
other electrostatic bonding (Anonymous, 2012).
The solubility of a material in a particular solvent showing the maximum concentration
solution which can be made of the material and the solvent. When a solvent at a certain
temperature is needed to dissolve all of the solute it is called saturated solution (Effendi,
2003)

Factors that may affect the solubility of a substance are:

1. pH
2. Temperature.
3. Type the solvent.
4. The shape and size of the particles.
5. The dielectric constant of the solvent.
6. The presence of other substances, such as ionic surfactants forming similar complexes
and others.

The solubility of gases in liquids is influenced pressure, temperature, salting out, and the
chemical reaction, whereas the solubility calculations can be done according to the law
henry (constant) and the Bunsen absorption coefficient. Solubility in the liquid fluid can
be divided into two on the basis of whether there is a deviation towards Raoult's Law.
Called the ideal solution (a solution of real = real solution) if not there will be a deviation
to Raoult's law and the so-called non-ideal solution when there are deviations.
Solubility of solids in liquids is the most complex problems but most often found in the
pharmacy. The basic assumption for the solubility of solids in the ideal solution is
dependent on the temperature of the experiment (looping), temperature (point) dissolved
solute, and the solute molar melting enthalpy difference (which is considered to be equal
to the heat dissolving molar solute) (Anonymous, 2012).
The solubility of the drug largely due to the polarity of the solvent is the dipole moment.
Polar solvents dissolve ionic solutes and other polar substances .Appropriate with it, the
water mixes with alcohol in all differences and dissolves sugar and other polyhydroxy
compounds (R. Voight, 1994).

The types of solvents that are usually used to dissolve among others are:

1. Polar Solvent
The solubility of the drug largely due to the polarity of the solvent, example the dipole
moment. Polar solvents dissolve ionic solutes and other polar substances. Accordingly,
the water mixes with alcohol in any ratio and dissolve the sugar and dissolve lain.Air
polyhydroxy phenol compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones ,amines and compounds
containing oxygen and nitrogen that can form in water forming hydrogen bonds.

2. Non Polar Solvent

Non-polar solvents can not reduce the attractive forces between the strong and weak
electrolyte ions, since the low dielectric constant solvent. The solvent also can not solve
the covalent and ionize electrolytes and weak due to non-polar solvents can not form
hydrogen bonds with non-electrolyte. Therefore, ionic and polar solute insoluble or only
slightly soluble in the solvent non polar. Non polar compounds can dissolve the solute
non polar in the the same pressure through induced dipole interactions. Solute molecules
remain in solution in the presence of a type of van der Walls forces.

3.Semipolar Solvent
Semipolar solvents such as ketones and alcohols can induce a certain degree of polarity in
the non-polar solvent molecules, so that it becomes soluble in alcohol, for example:
benzene which can easily be polarized reality semipolar compounds can act as a solvent
intermediary which can cause fluid mixing polar and non-polar ( Anonymous, 2011).

The solubility of a substance is strongly influenced by the polarity of a solvent. Polar

solvent having a high dielectric constant. The magnitude of the dielectric constant is
according to Moore can be set with the addition of other solvents. The dielectric constant
of a solvent mixture is the sum of the dielectric constant of each of which has been
multiplied by% volume of each component of the solvent. Sometimes a substance is more
soluble in the solvent mixture than the sole solvent. This phenomenon is known as the co-
solvency and solvent which is in the form of a mixture can increase the solubility of a
substance called a co-solvent, for example: ethanol, glycerin and propylene.
Salicylate included in the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Working mechanism is to inhibit the synthesis of Prostaglandin with blocking the activity
of enzyme cycloxygenase on the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus and
peripheral. Salicylate is used as an analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal
(Darsono, Lusiana. 2002).
To determine the effectiveness of the solubility of the drug in the body, one of the ways
that is used is the dissolution test. Time solubility of the drug in the body is closely
related with the effectiveness of the drug for pain relief. Solubility time taken for a drug
in dissolution test was considered as time taken for drug solubility in the body. The faster
dissolve a drug, the more effective the drug is working (Rachdiati, henny, 2008)

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

reaction tubes 7 pieces

Funnel 1 piece
the stand and kleim 1 piece
Erlenmeyer 1 piece
Pipette 10 ml 1 piece
Filler 1 piece
Buret 1 piece
7 pieces of filter paper
aquades
Ethanol 95%
Phenolphthalein indicator
Salicylic acid 7 grams
0.1 N NaOH
Propylenglycol

PROCEDURE
1. Ethanol was added to the tube 1 (0 ml), the tube 2 (0.5 ml), tube 3 (1 ml), tube 4 (1.5
ml), tube 5 (3ml), 6 tube (3,5ml ), the tube 7 (4 mL).
2. Propylenglycol added into tube 1 (4ml), the tube 2 (3,5ml), tube 3 (3ml), tube 4 (1.5
ml), 5 tubes (1 ml), 6 tubes (0.5 ml) , tube 7 (0 ml).
3. Salicylic acid (7 g) was added to each tube.
4. Shake and stir together for 30 minutes.
5. Strain by using filter paper to take a solution of salicylic acid dissolved.
6. Titrate with 0.1 N NaOH solution with phenolphthalein indicator.
7. Determine the concentration of salicylic acid which is dissolved.