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Michael Swan

PRACTICAL
ENGLISH
USAGE
Third Edition

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents summary
Page
Acknowledgements vi
Introduction viii-x
Contents Overview xi-xvi
Language Terminology xvii-xxv
Don't say it:
130 common mistakes xxvi-xxix
Phonetic alphabet xxx
Practical English Usage 1-623
Index 624-658

page vii
,
Index
a/an 61-63, 65-68, 70; a and one in adjectives and adverbs of manner
numbers 389.11; a with half231.4; (happy and happily etc) 26
generalisations (e.g. a child needs . .. ) adjectives or adverbs: confusing
68.2; position with as/how/so/too + cases 27
adjective 14; with quite and rather after link verbs (be, seem, look etc)
489-490; the difference between a 328.2
and an 65.7; 70 miles an hour etc after sit, stand, lie, fall etc 328.5
389.20; weak and strong form 616.3; before personal pronouns (e.g. Poor
with uncountable nouns 149.4; see youn 429.7
also articles comparison 137, 139-141
a- (prefix) 445.1 complementation: what can follow
a bit 107; softening expression 437.1; an adjective? 19
with comparatives 140.1 leaving out words after adjectives
a couple of . .. + plural verb 526.2 180.1
a few, few and (a) little 329; with of order before nouns 15
329.2 position 12; after as, how, so, too 14;
a great deal 333.4 after measurement nouns 13.4; after
a group of . .. + plural verb 526.2 nouns and pronouns 13; after object
a large amount/number 333.4 12.4; with something, everything etc
a little, little and (a) few 329; with of 13.6
329.2; a little with comparatives 140.1 use of commas 476.5
a long time and long 330 with and 16
a long way and far 200 without nouns 17
a lot, lots 333.2; with comparatives word order with complements (e.g.
140; a lot of . .. + plural verb 526.2 skilled in design) 13.5
a number of . .. + plural verb 526.2 admired much admired 410.4
abbreviated styles 1 admit .. . ing 296.1
abbreviations 2 adopted position and meaning 410.3
able be able to 3 advanced active past participle 409.3,4
-able (suffix) 445.4 adverb particles (e.g. back, off, out) 20;
about and (a) round 60; and on 4 in two-part verbs 599
about to 5 adverbs position 21-25; adverbs of
above and over 6 manner and adjectives (happily and
accents 308.3 happy etc) 26; adverbs or adjectives:
accept and agree 7 confusing cases 27; comparison 138;
accommodation uncountable 148.3 ending in -ly: spelling 557; often etc
according to 8 with present perfect 455.6; position
accuse preposition 449 with ought to 403.6; with used to
accused the accused 17.3 604.5; yesterday etc not used with
accustomed + -ing form or infinitive present perfect 456.2
299.11 advertisements words left out 1.1
ache simple or progressive 466.7 advice uncountable 148.3; +
acre 389.18 subjunctive 567.2
acronyms 2.3 advise + object + infinitive 277.1, 283;
across, over and through 10 + -ing form or infinitive 299.4
act and play 432.2 afford to . .. 282
active verb forms 10 afloat position 12.3
actor and actress 222.4 afraid position 12.3; afraid so/not 539;
actual(ly) 11, 157.15,16,20 be afraid 92.1; be afraid and fear 28;
AD and BC 152.3 with -ing form or infinitive 299.13;
addition in addition 157.11 I'm afraid meaning 'I'm sorry' 28.2,
addresses at, in and on 81.6; in letters 157.16
146.1-4; in emails 147.1,3 after (adverb) shortly after etc 29.1;
adjectives 12-19 and afterwards 29.2
+ for . .. to ... 291.3,4 after (conjunction) 30; after . . .ing
+ infinitive 284 30.4,411.6; + present perfect 30.3; +
+ -ing form 297 present with future meaning 30.2,
580.2; + past or past perfect 424.1

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Index

after all 31, 157.19; and finally 31.2 alternately and alternatively 48
afterward(s) 614.3; and after 29.2 although, though, but and however 49;
again and back 87 although and but not used together
age 32; use of be 92.2 51Ll; although and in spite of272
age expressions with no preposition altogether and all together 50
451.8; preposition 32; 'unmarked' use always position 22.3, 24.2; in
350 imperatives 268.7; and ever 191.5;
-age (suffix) 445.2 with progressive 472; with simple
aged pronunciation 18 past 457.4
agent in passive structures 413 am weak and strong form 616.3
ages in/for ages 312.9 a m (= in the morning) 579.3
ago 33; and before 33.4; and for 33.3; American used for United States
not used with present perfect 456.2; citizens and affairs 364 Note d
tenses 33.2; word order 33.1 American-British differences 51;
agree structures 298.2; + infinitive grammar 51.1; vocabulary 51.2;
277.1, 282; agree and accept 7; I agree spelling 51.3; pronunciation 51.4;
(simple present) 466.4; it was agreed adjective forms used as adverbs 27.4;
to ... 417.2; non-progressive verb adverb position 24.11; can't and
471.2; preposition 449 mustn't 359.2; dates 152; have to and
ain't 143.4 Note 5 must 361.1; irregular verbs 304.3;
aircraft singular and plural the same letters 146.12; names of meals 347.2;
524.3 noun + noun (e.g. a doll house) 386.6;
-al (suffix) 445.2,4 use of subjunctive 567.2
alight position 12.3 among and between 105.2; among
alike 34; position 12.3 meaning 'one of' 105.4
alive position 12.3 amount with uncountables 333.4;
all 35-40 following article dropped 70.7
all and all of36.1; and both 35.1; and amused . very/much amused 410.4
every 39; and whole 40 analysis plural 524.4
all, everybody and everything 38 -ance, -ancy (suffixes) 445.2
all I want is ... etc 130.5 and 52; + infinitive without to 281.4;
all that . .. (relative structure) 494.5 after try, wait, go etc 53; both . .. and
expressions with no preposition Ill; ellipSiS (leaving out words) after
451.2 and 178; in numbers 389.10; weak
following article dropped 70.5 and strong form 616.3; with
all ... but 116.1 adjectives 16
all day/week etc 36.5; all day and Anglo- 445.1
every day etc 39.4 angry preposition 449
all else 183.1 annoyed by/with 410.5
all right (showing change of subject) another 54; + plural expression 532.6;
157.8; and alright 41 another one 395.5; another few weeks
all the better, all the more important etc 54.2
etc 141.2 another thing is (discourse
all the same 157.5 marker) 157.11
all together and altogether 50 ante- (prefix) 445.1
allow + object + infinitive 283; + -ing anti- (prefix) 445.1
form or infinitive 299.4; allow, permit antique shop and antiques shop 312.9
and let 42; I was allowed to 418.1 anxious preposition 449; anxious to
almost position 24.4; with superlatives 284.1; anxious for . .. to 291.3; with
140.3; almost, nearly and practically should 521.1
43 any 55
alone position 12.3; alone, lonely, after superlatives 139.8
lonesome and lone 44 and any of55.7; and every 56; and not
along and through 45 any 55.3; and some 547
aloud and loudly 334 any . .. at all 55.6
already tenses 566.7; with present any . .. but (= except) 116.1
perf~ct 455.5; yet, still and already any different/good/use 57
566 any more and anymore 379
also position 24.6, 46.1; and even any/some or no article 67
189.3; discourse marker 157.11; not any the worse/wiser etc 141.2
only . .. but also 383; too, also and as expressions with no preposition
well 46-47 451.2

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Index
hardly any 43.3 dropped after amountl number of
meaning 'it doesn't matter which' etc 70.7; after both and all 70.5; after
55.5 kind of etc 70.6; in noun + noun
non-affirmative word 381 compounds 70.4; after possessive's
not any, no and none 376 70.3; in advertisements, instructions
with comparatives (any older etc) 57 etc 1, 70.19; in double expressions
anybody and anyone 548; no 70.2
difference 548.1; anyone and anyone exclamations (What a . .. .0 70.13
548.7; non-affirmative words 381; illnesses 70.14
position with adjectives 13.6; with in bed etc 70.1
else 183.1 jobs and positions 70.12
anyhow (discourse marker) 157.7 man and woman 70.8
anyone see anybody measurements (by the kilo etc) 70.16
anything 548; anything else 183.1; musical instruments 70.10
anything for . .. to 291.6; anything newspapers and magazines 70.18
that 494.5; position with adjectives no article with plurals and
13.6 uncountables 66
anyway (discourse marker) 157.7 parts of the body 70.15
anywhere 548; position with place names 70.17
adjectives 13.6; anywhere else 183.1 radio, cinema, theatre and television
apart from (discourse marker) 70.11
157.12; apart from, besides and except somel any or no article 67
102 special rules and exceptions 70
apologies 545.7 talking in general 68
apologise preposition 449 the accused, the blind, the British etc
apostrophe 479; in plurals of 17
abbreviations 2.4 the instead of possessive (e.g. hit him
apparently (discourse marker) 157.16 on the arm) 441.5
appear link verb 58.1; and seem 58.2; the older . .. , the happier etc 139.5
in negative sentences 369.4; meaning the with half 231.3
'come into sight' 58.3; appear to 282; the with -ing forms (e.g. the opening
non-progressive verb 471.2; it of Parliament) 295.3
appears so 536.1; structure with there the with superlatives 141.6
587.5 70 miles an hour etc 389.20
appendix plural 524.4 see also a/an, the
appreciate .. . ing 296.1; with as (reason) as, because, since and for 72
preparatory it (e.g. I would appreciate as (similarity, function) and like 326
it if you ... ) 447.3 + infinitive without to 281.4
approach no following prepOSition + will or present tense with future
451.1 meaning 580.2
Arab, Arabic and Arabian 364 Note e after see, describe etc 607.2
arch- (prefix) 445.1 as .. . as 136
are weak and strong form 616.3 as . . .ing 411.6
areas 389.19 as agreed etc 177.11
aren't I? 143.4 Note 2, 488.1 as and than as subjects, objects and
arise and rise 59 complements 581
arms plural with no singular 524.7 as and that not used together 511.1
around, round and about 60 as, like and how 252.3
arrange to 282; arrange for ... to 291.7 as me, as I do etc 136.4, 429.2
arrive at! in 81.5 as, than and that 139.1
arrived active past participle 409.4 cold as it was etc 71
arse (taboo word I swearword) 575 ellipsis (leaving out words) after as
arsehole (taboo word I 177.7
swearword) 575 not used after seem 507.5
art older English form of are 392 replacing subjects, objects and
articles (al an and the) 61-70 complements (e.g. as happened
basic information 62-63 yesterday, as follows, as was agreed,
a and an: the difference 65.7 as you know) 326.5, 581
a and one in numbers 389.11 verb before subject after as ,302.5
a with half231.4 weak and strong form 616.3
days, months and seasons 70.9 word order in as good a voice etc 14
as (time) as, when and while 73

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h",,, " .. 11 11 11 11 1 I TTTTTTlT IT 111111 J J 11 i ['[ !',.,


I
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Index

as a matter of fact 157.20 auto- (prefix) 445.1


as a result 157.14 autumn with or without the 70.9
as ever 191.2 auxiliary verbs 85; dropping words
as far as 602.3; as far as ... is after auxiliaries 181; stressed for
concerned 157.1 emphasiS 184.2
as for 157.1 available position after noun (e.g. the
as I was saying 157.9 tickets available) 13.2, 498.10
as if 74; feel as if202.3; it looks as if . .. avoid . . .ing 296.1
446.5 await 612
as it were 567.4 awake (adjective) pOSition 12.3; and
as long as 75; meaning 'on condition waking 86 .
that' 263 awake (verb), wake and (a)waken 86
as much/many 357.6; as much as aware of not followed by that 453.1
(emphatic use) 136.6
as regards 157.1 back and again 87
as soon as + present with future backward(s) 614
meaning 580.2; + simple past or past bacterium plural 524.4
perfect 424.1 bad preposition 449; worse, worst
as such 76 137.2
as though 74; feel as though 202.3; it badly comparative and superlative 138
looks as though 446.5 baggage uncountable 148.3
as usual 77 balls (taboo word / swearword) 575
as well position 46.1; may/might as bank + singular or plural verb/
well 343; as well, also and too 46--47 pronoun 526.1
as well as 78; + singular verb 532.2; as barracks singular and plural the same
well as that 157.11 524.3
ask 79; + object + infinitive 277.1, 283; basis plural 524.4
+ subjunctive 567.2; ask to 282; ask bath and bathe 88
for .. . to 291.7; passive structure Cl baths pronunciation 525.4
was asked to) 418.1; with one and two BBC + singular or plural verb/pronoun
objects 610.7 526.1
asleep position 12.3; asleep and BC and AD 152.3
sleeping 86 be 89-92; and have 92; be born 108; be
ass (taboo word / swearword) 575 gone 229; contractions (he's, isn't etc)
asshole (taboo word / swearword) 575 143; do be, don't be 90, 268.4; I am
astonish non-progressive verb 471.2 to ... etc 91; left out in
at after verbs 80; at ... age 32; at and advertisements, instructions etc 1;
to 80; at night 70.1; at no time + left out in news headlines 240;
inversion (auxiliary before subject) perfect auxiliary in older English
302.7; at, on and in (place) 81; (time) 455.1; progressive forms Cl am being
82; at/on weekends 312.9; at Philip's, etc) 89; subjunctive Cl be, I were etc)
at the Smiths' etc 249.1; at school, 567.3; weak and strong form 616.3;
university etc 70.1; weak and strong with ages 32
form 616.3 be + infinitive Cl am to etc) 91; was to
at all 83 have been etc 288.2; if . .. was/were to
at any rate (discourse marker) 157.7 261.2
at first and first 84 be able 3
at last, finally, in the end and at the be committed + -ing form or infinitive
end 204 299.11
at least 318.6; discourse marker be going to 213
157.7,16 be supposed to 572
at once 393 be sure and 53.1
at which point 498.5 be that as it may 567.4
ate AmE pronunciation 304.3 be used to .. .ing 605
-ate (suffix) 445.6 bear (verb) 108.2; (can't) bear + -ing
athletics singular, no plural 524.3 form or infinitive 299.11
-ation (suffix) 445.2 beat and win 93
attempt + -ing form or infinitive because 94; and becaLise 6f94.1;
299.11 because and so not used together
Attorney General 13.1 511.1; because, as, since and for 72;
attributive position of adjectives 12.1 just because . .. , it doesn't mean 94.3
authoress 222.4 become, get, go, grow etc 128

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Index

bed expressions without article 70.1 both 110; and all 35.1; and both of
been weak and strong fonn 616.3; 110.2; both . .. and Ill; follOwing
meaning 'come' or 'gone' 95 article dropped 70.5
before (adverb) 96; and ago 33.4; and bread uncountable 148.3
ever 191.4; before, first and before that break active or passive meaning 609.2
96.3; with past perfect 97.3; with bride and bridegroom 222.4
present perfect 455.5 briefly 157.21
before (conjunction and bring and take 112; bring with two
preposition) 97-98; + present with objects 610.1
future meaning 580.2; before .. .ing bring up and educate 113
411.6; before and in front of98; before Brit 364 Note b
and until 602.7 Britain, the United Kingdom, the
beg to 282; + object + infinitive 283 British Isles and England 114
begin + -ing fonn or infinitive 299.10; British the British 17.2
begin and start 99; to begin with British and American English 51; see
157.10 also American-British differences
believe non-progressive verb 471.2; + Briton 364 Note b
object + to be 607.3; believe so/not broad and wide 115
539; in negative sentences 369; he is broadly speaking 157.12
believed to be 418.2; preposition 449; buffalo plural 523.3
so I believe 539.3 bugger (taboo word / swearword) 575
belong non-progressive verb 471.2; bunch 430.4
preposition 449 burst out crying/laughing 296.1
beloved pronunciation 18 bus by bus 70.1; on a bus 81.4
below, under, underneath and but (co-ordinating conjunction) 510.2;
beneath 100 but, although, though and however
bend active or passive meaning 609.2 49; but and although not used
beneath, below, under and underneath together 511.1; dropping words after
100 but 178; may/might . .. but 342; weak
beside and besides 101; besides and strong fonn 616.3
(discourse marker) 157.11; besides, but meaning 'except' 116; + infinitive
except and apart from 102 without to 281.4; me, him etc after
bet 103; + present with future meaning but 429.2; next but one, last but two
103.2; with two objects 610.1 etc 116.1
better 137.2; and rather 104.2; had but meaning 'only' 116.4
better 230; meaning 'recovered' buy with two objects 610.1
104.1; quite better 489.3 by and with (method, tools etc) 119; in
between and among 105; between . .. passive 413; written/ composed etc by
to 312.7; between you and I etc 312.6, 450; by or other prepositions after
429.1 past participles 410.5; by the kllo etc
bi- (prefix) 445.1 70.16
bicycle by bicycle 70.1 by (place) and near 118
big, large and great 106 by (time) 117; and until 602.6
billiards singular, no plural 524.3 by all/any/no means 349.2
billion 389.14; and billions 389.15 by and large 157.12
binoculars plural with no singular by car, bus etc 70.1
524.7 by far with superlatives 140.3
bit 430.1; a bit 107; quite a bit 489.4 by myself etc 493.6
bitch (taboo word / swearword) 575 by the time that 117.1
blast (taboo word / swearword) 575 by the way 157.8
blessed pronunciation 18 Bye and Bye-bye 545.2
blind the blind 17.1
bloody position 12.2 cactus plural 524.4
blue with cold etc 449 calculations in speech 389.22-23
boat by boat 70.1; on/in a boat 81.4 calf plural 524.1
bollocks (taboo word / call 120; passive (e.g. she was called
swearword) 575 stupid) 419; call back 87.5
bored and boring etc 409.2 camped active past participle 409.4
born and borne 108 can and could 121-5
borrow and lend 109 ability 122
can/ could always 123.4
can/could and may/might 345

page 628
Index

can have done in questions 359.4 Chinese singular and plural the same
can or will be able 123.1 524.3
can see, hear etc 125; can speak, play choir + singular or plural 526.1
123.3 choose to 282; she was chosen to be
can't and may/might not 339.4 418.1
can't and mustn't 359.2 Christ (taboo word / swearword) 575
can't have done 359.4 Christmas prepositions 82.4
could and was able to etc 122.5, 123.2 church expressions without article 70.1
could and was allowed to etc 124.3 cinema preposition 450; the cinema
could as a less definite form of can 70.11
122.6 city and town 129
could have done 122.7, 123.5, 259.2 class + singular or plural 526.1
could in indirect speech 275.3, 278.3 classic and classical 254.3
could meaning 'would be able to' classical names English versions 362.2
122.6, 258.6 clause inside clause 515.1
could meaning 'would be allowed to' clean adjective and adverb 27.2
124.4 cleft sentences with it 131; with what
could making questions etc less 130
direct 436.4 clever preposition 449
interpersonal uses (permission, close(d) and shut 132
requests, offers, suggestions, cloth and clothes 133
criticisms etc) 124 clothes plural with no singular 524.7
weak and strong form 616.3 club + singular or plural 526.1
can't bear + -ing form or infinitive co- (prefix) 445.1
299.11 cock (taboo word / swearword) 575
can't help 126 cold be cold 92.1
can't seem to 507.4 collapsed active past participle 409.3
can't stand .. . ing 296.1 collective nouns singular or plural
capital letters 556; after colons 474.4; 526.1
national adjectives (Italian etc) 364; college expressions without article
Northern etc 172 70.1
car by car 70.1 collocations 255
care to 282; take care (oj), care (about) colons 474; in news headlines 240.2
and care for 127 colour expressions with no
careful to 284.2 preposition 451.8
carry not followed by indirect object colour use of be 92.2
610.6 combat(t)ing etc spelling 562.7
case in some etc cases 157.12; in any come and go 134; come . . . ing 228.2;
case 157.11; in case 271 come and 53.2; come for a walk, swim
cattle plural with no singular 524.7 etc 227; come from 134.5; come to (=
causative structures with get 224; with 'arrive at') 134.5; come to realise etc
have 238; with make 335 128.5
cause + object + infinitive 283 come true/right 128.5
cent 389.17 comic and comical 254.3
cent(i)- (prefix) 445.1 command + object + infinitive 283
-centric (suffix) 445.4 commando plural 523.3
centuries numbering 389.8 commas 476; after subordinate clauses
certain + -ing form or infinitive 299.15 510.4; in numbers 389.10; in relative
certainly position 24.3; as discourse clauses 495.2; with adjectives 15.6
marker 157.5; certainly and surely commentaries tenses 465.2; words left
573.1 out 1.3
chairman and chairperson 222.5 committed + -ing form or ii:llinitive
chance uncountable use 149.2 299.11 .
change active or passive meaning committee + singular or plural 526.1
609.1; uncountable use 149.2 common for ... to 291.4
changes become, get, go, grow etc 128; comparatives and superlatives 135,
present progressive 464.4, 466.2 137-141
changes in English 312 adjectives (formation) 137
Cheers 545.2,12,19 adverbs (formation) 138
chess uncountable 148.3 any/no older etc 57.1
chewing gum uncountable 148.3 ever after comparatives/superlatives
child plural 524.2 191.2

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Index

fatter and fatter, more and more continual(ly) and continuous(ly) 142;
slowly etc 139.4 continually with progressive form
more replacing -er 312.9 472
much, far etc with comparatives and continue + -ing form or infinitive
superlatives 140 299.11
prepositions with superlatives (the continuous see progressive
happiest man in the world etc) 139.7 contractions 143
superlative + infinitive 284.3 contrary and opposite 144.2; on the
superlative + relative clause with that contrary 157.6; on the contrary and
494.5 on the other hand 144.1
superlative with or without the 141.6 contrastive emphasis 184.1
tenses after this is the best etc 591 control meaning 145
the difference between comparatives conversation countable or
and superlatives 139.2,3 uncountable 148.6
the older . .. , the happier . .. etc co-ordinating conjunctions 510.2
139.5 corpus plural 524.4
using comparatives and superlatives correctness 309
139-141 correspondence (letters etc) 146-147
word order with complement 13.5 cost with two objects 610.1
comparison 135-141; as . .. as 136; costly adjective, not adverb 27.1
comparative and superlative could see can
adjectives and adverbs 137-141; countable and uncountable
structures 135; see also comparatives nouns 148-149; a/an with
and superlatives uncountables 149.4; plural
compel + object + infinitive 283 uncountables 149.5
complementation what can follow an counter- (prefix) 445.1
adjective? 19; what can follow a counting see numbers
noun? 384; what can follow a verb? country countable and uncountable
606 uses 150; the country 69.4
completely position 24.4 couple a couple of . .. + plural verb
compound adjectives with 526.2
participles (e.g quick-growing, course of course 390
home-made) 410.1 court martial 13.1; plural 524.6
compound nouns plurals 524.6 covered in 410.5
concentrate not 'concentrate oneself' cowardly adjective, not adverb 27.1
493.9 crack active or passive meaning 609.2
concern non-progressive verb 471.2 craft singular and plural the same
concerned position and meaning 524.3
410.3 crap (taboo word / swearword) 575
concerto plural 523.3 crash preposition 449
conclusion in conclusion 157.21 crew plural with no singular 524.7
conditional structures see if crisis plural 524.4
conditional verb forms see would criterion plural 524.4
confused and confusing etc 409.2 crooked pronunciation 18
congratulate and congratulations crossroads singular and plural the
prepOSition 449 same 524.3
congratulations no singular 524.7, cubic metre etc 389.19
545.4 cunt (taboo word / swearword) 575
conjunctions 510-11; prepOSitions cursed pronunciation 18
before conjunctions (e.g. the question customs plural with no singular 524.7
afwhether .. .) 453 cyber- (prefix) 445.1
consent structures 298.2
consequently (discourse daily adjective and adverb 27:1
marker) 157.14 damn (taboo word / swearword) 575
consider .. .ing 296.1; consider + object 'dangling' (misrelated)
+ to be 607.3; he was considered a participles 411.4
genius etc 419; it is considered to be dare 151; I dare say 151.3
etc 418.2 dash (punctuation mark) 477
consist non-progressive verb 471.2 data singular or plural 524.3, 312.7
contain non-progressive verb 471.2 dates 152; in letters 146.2
contemplate .. . ing 296.1 day by day 70.1; the day we met etc
contents plural with no singular 524.7 498.6

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Index

days of the week expressions with no dinner, lunch and supper 347
preposition 451.3 direct adjective and adverb 27.2
de- (prefix) 445.1 direct and indirect objects 610
dead adjective and adverb 27.2; dead, direct and indirect speech 274.1; see
died and death 153; the dead 17.1 also indirect speech
dead and deadly 27.2 direct speech reporting verbs and
deadly adjective, not adverb 27.1 word order 156; commas and colons
deaf the deaf 17.1 474.6,476.9; quotation marks 478.1
deal a great deal 333.4 dis- (prefix) 445.1
decide to 282; it was decided to 417.2 disagree non-progressive verb 471.2
decimals 389.1-3 disappointed preposition 449
declarative questions (e.g. You're discourse markers 157
working late?) 481 discuss no following preposition 451.1
deep position after measurement discussion preposition 449
nouns 13.4 dislike non-progressive verb 471.2;
deer singular and plural the same + (object +) -ing form 296.1,2
524.3 distributive plural (e.g. six people lost
defining (relative clauses) see their lives) 530
identifying dive AmE forms 304.3
definitely position 24.3 divide prepositions 449; between/
delay .. .ing 296.1 among 105.3
delighted for ... to 291.3 divorce and get divorced 337
demonstratives (this, that, these, do 158-161
those) 589-590 auxiliary verb 159; in emphatic
deny non-progressive verb 471.2; imperatives (e.g. Do sit down.)
deny . . .ing 296.1; I deny 466.4 268.2; in negatives 367-371; in
depend non-progressive verb 471.2; questions 482; in question tags
depend/ dependent preposition 449 487-8; in short answers 517
describe structure with as 607.2; with do and make 160.3
two objects 610.6 do . . .ing 160
descriptive and prescriptive general-purpose verb 160
rules 309.4 so do I etc 541
deserve + -ing form with passive substitute verb 161
meaning 296.3; non-progressive verb weak and strong form 616.3
471.2 with be in emphatic imperatives
despite this/that 157.3 268.4
details preposition 449 with have 237, 239
determiners (the, my, some, either etc) do solitlthat 162
154; with -ing form (e.g. the opening do you mind ... ? 351.1
of Parliament; my smoking) 295.3; doctor 363.2,3
dropping words after determiners does weak and strong form 616.3
180.2 dogged pronunciation 18
detest .. .ing 296.1 dollar 389.17
developed active past participle 409.3 donate not followed by indirect object
diagnosis plural 524.4 610.6
dialects and standard English 308, don't, I'm, I've etc (contractions) 143
309.2 don't be in negative imperatives 268.4
dice singular and plural the same don't mention it 545.19
524.3 double negatives 370; in dialects
dick (taboo word / swearword) 575 309.2; in expressions of doubt 261.8,
die preposition 449 370.7
died, dead and death 153 doubling consonants (e.g. big -+
difference uncountable use 149.2; bigger) 562
difference between 105.3 doubt (noun) no doubt 377
different from/to/than 155.2; and doubt (verb) structures 163; non-
other 54.5; any/no different 155.1; progressive verb 471.2; if in doubt
word order with complement 13.5 261.6
difficult word order with complement down and up (down/ up the road etc)
13.5; difficult to please etc 284.4 603
difficulty preposition 449; have dozen and dozens 389.15
difficulty in .. .ing 149.2 Dr 363.3
dime 389.17 draughts singular, no plural 524.3

page 631
Index

dream preposition 449 after as and than 177.7


dress (noun) 164.1 after auxiliary verbs 181
dress (verb) 164.2,3; dress, not dress after conjunctions 177.11
oneself 493.9; dress(ed) preposition after determiners 180.2
449 after if261.6
drinking common expressions 545.12 after question words 177.8
drive preposition 449 at the beginning of a sentence 179
dropping words see ellipsis before question tags 488.8
drown and be drowned 165 comprehension problems 515.3,4
drunken 304.3 dropping if261.4,5
due to and owing to 166 dropping prepositions 451
duke and duchess 222.4 dropping prepositions before that
during and for 167; and in 168 453.1,2
Dutch the Dutch 17.2 dropping that 584
dropping the after all 36.5
e- (prefix) 445.1 dropping the after both 70.5
each 169; each of 169.2; and every 170; in advertisements, instructions etc 1
expressions with no preposition in headlines 240.1
451.2; followed by he/she or they in infinitives (e.g. I don't want to) 182
169.3; position 169.4 in noun phrases 180
each other / one another 171; and in replies 177.1
-selves 171.4 object relative pronoun 495.4
eager for ... to 291.3 subject relative pronoun 498.17
early adjective and adverb 27.1; else 183; elsewhere 183.6
(adverb) comparative and superlative emails 147; words left out 1
138; early, soon and quickly 550 embedding (clause inside clause) 515
earth who on earth etc 624 emphasis 184; emotive and contrastive
easily with superlatives 140.3 184.1
east and eastern etc 172; capital letters emphatic imperatives 268.2
172.3 en- (prefix) 445.1
Easter prepositions 82.4 -en (suffix) 445.6
easy adjective and adverb 27.2; -ence, -ency (suffixes) 445.2
(adverb) comparative and superlative encourage + object + infinitive 283
138; easy for . .. to 291.4; easy to end and finish (verbs) 185
please etc 284.4; word order with end at/in the end 204; either end 174.5
complement 13.5 endure .. .ing 296.1
echo plural 523.3 end-weight 512.4
echo questions 483 England, Britain, the United Kingdom
eco- (prefix) 445.1 and the British Isles 114
economic and economical 254.3 England (football team) + plural 526.1
-ed (suffix) 445.4; -ed and -ing forms English the English 17.2, 364
(participles) 408-411; pronunciation English (the language) uncountable
421, 18 149.4
educate and bring up 113 enjoy 186; enjoy . . .ing 296.1; Enjoy
-ee (suffix) 445.2 (yourselfJ! 545.9
efficient and effective 173 enough 187; enough of 187.4; + for . ..
e.g. (= for example) 157.13 to 291.8; enough to after adjective
either (adverb) position 24.6; either, 284.4
also, as well and too in negative enter preposition 449; no following
clauses 47; not . .. either, neither and preposition 451.1
nor 374 entitled structures 298.2
either (determiner) 174; either of equipment uncountable 148.3
174.2; and either one 395.5; meaning -er (suffix) 445.2
'each' 174.5 escape .. .ing 296.1
either ... or 175 escaped active past participle 409.3
elder and eldest 176; position 12.2 -ese (suffix) 445.3
elect she was elected President etc 419 Eskimo plural 523.3
electric and electrical 254.3 especial(ly) and speciaZOy) 188
elf plural 524.1 -ess (suffix) 445.2
ellipsis (leaving out words) 177-182 essential + subjunctive 567.2; + for . ..
after adjectives 180.1 to 291.4
after and, but and or 178 -ette (suffix) 445.2

page 632
Index

Euro- (prefix) 445.1 experience countable or uncountable


even 189; and also 189.3; position 24.6; 148.6; and experiment 197
with comparatives 140.1 . explain structures 198; passive
even if/though 189.4 structures 415; preposition 449
even now 189.5 extent to some extent etc 157.12
even so 189.5 extra- (prefix) 445.1
eventual(ly) 190
ever 191; after superlatives 139.8; and face ... ing 296.1
always 191.5; and before 191.4; ifever facing, opposite and in front of 402
261.6; non-affirmative word 381; fact in fact, as a matter of fact
position 24.2; who ever etc 624; with (discourse markers) 157.20; the fact
present perfect 455.5; with simple that 583.3
past 457.4; ever after 191.5; ever faded active past participle 409.3,4
before 191.4; ever since 191.5 fail to ... 282
ever so/such 192 fair adjective and adverb 27.2
every 193; and all 39; and any 56; and fairly, quite, rather and pretty 199
each 170; every one (oft 193.2,3; fall ill/asleep / in love 128.8
every . .. but 116.1; every day and all fallen active past participle 409.3
day etc 39.4; expressions with no family + singular or plural 526.1
preposition 451.2; followed by he/ she fancy .. .ing 296.1
or they 193.5 far (adjective) 200.4
every few days etc 193.6 far (adverb) and a long way 200
every now and then 193.10 far before too 595.3; before
every other 193.9 comparatives and superlatives 140
every single 193.9 farm on a farm 81.7
every so often 193.10 fart (taboo word / swearword) 575
everybody and everyone 548.1; no farther and further 201
difference 548.1; + singular verb fast adjective and adverb 27.2;
548.3; and all 38; followed by he/ she (adverb) comparative and superlative
or they 193.7; position with adjectives 138
13.6; question tags 488.5; with else fear and be afraid 28
183.1 feel 202; + object + infinitive without
everyday and every day 193.8 to 281.2; + object + to be 607.3; can
everyone 548; + singular verb 548.3; feel 125.1; feel as if/though 202.3; feel
and all 38; and everybody 548.1; and like 202.3,4; feel like .. .ing 296.1; I
every one 548.7; followed by he/ she or feel (discourse marker) 157.16; it was
they 193.7; position with adjectives felt that 417.1; link verb 202.1-3;
13.6; question tags 488.5 ordinary verb: meanings and
everything 548; + singular verb 193.7; structures 202.5-7; present tenses
and all 38; everything that 494.5; 466.7; progressive and non-
position with adjectives 13.6; progressive uses 471.3; there are felt
question tags 488.5 to be 418.4; without -self 493.9
everywhere 548; + singular verb 193.7; female and feminine 203
position with adjectives 13.6 fetch, look for and look after 331.4
ex- (prefix) 445.1 few, a few and (a) little 329; few of
example of 449; for example 157.13 329.2; the few . .. that 494.5; quite a
except structures 194; + infinitive few 489.4
without to 281.4; except for 194, fewer and less 320.1; fewer of320.2
157.12; and without 194.6; except, fewest and least 318
besides and apart from 102; me, him fight preposition 449
etc after except 429.2 fill in/out 312.9
excited by/about 410.5; excited and filled with 410.5
exciting etc 409.2 finally (discourse marker) 157.10; and
exclamation mark 473 after all 31.2; finally, at last and in/ at
exclamations 195; articles CWhat a . .. .0 the end 204
70.13 find + object + .. . ing 411.7; + object +
excuse .. . ing 296.1 to be 607.4
Excuse me 545.6,7 find and found 304.2
expect (+ object) + infinitive 282-283; find out and know 313.5
expect, hope, wait and look forward fine adjective and adverb 27.2
196; in negative sentences 369.4; finish ., .ing 296.1; finish and end 185
expect so/not 539

page 633
Index

finished be/have finished 205; formal and informal language 311; in


meaning 'ready' 205; active past letters and emails 146-147
participle 409.4 former the former 17.3
finished-time words not normally formula plural 524.4
used with present perfect 456.2, 457.5 forward(s) 614
fireman 222.5 found and find 304.2
firm + singular or plural 526.1 fractions 389.1-3
first (adverb) and at first 84; and before frankly (discourse marker) 157.18
96.3 free adjective and adverb 27.2; and
first and one, second and two etc 389.7; freely 27.2
tenses after this is the first etc 591; the French the French 17.2, 364
first etc to 284.3; word order with frequently position 22.3, 24.2
complement 13.5 friendly adjective, not adverb 27.1
first floor etc 389.9 frightened by/of 410.5; very frightened
first(ly), first of all (discourse markers) 410.4
157.10 from, in, for and since (time) 208
fish singular and plural the same 524.3 from weak and strong form 616.3
fit (adjective) + infinitive 284.2 from my point of view and in my
fit non-progressive verb 471.2; AmE opinion 434
forms 304.3; fit and suit 206; no front in front of, facing and opposite
passive 412.4 402; in the front of 402.3
fixed expressions 255 fronting 513
flat adjective and adverb 27.2 fruit uncountable 148.5
flock 430.4 fuck (taboo word / swearword) 575;
floors first floor etc 389.9 what the fuck etc 624
flow and fly 304.2 -ful (suffix) 445.2,4
flu uncountable 148.7 full stops 473; in numbers 389.1,10;
fly and flow 304.2 not used in abbreviations 2.1
focus(s)ing etc spelling 562.7 fun and funny 210
follow can follow 125.3 funds plural with no singular 524.7
foot (measure) 389.18; six foot/feet etc fungus plural 524.4
389.15 furniture uncountable 148.3
foot on foot 70.1; irregular plural 524.2 further and farther 201
for ... to 291; after enough 291.8; after furthermore 157.11
something, anybody etc 291.6; after future 211-221
too 291.8; after verbs 291.7; for there future forms in polite instructions etc
to be 291.10 (e.g. You'll need to ... ) 436.3
for in news headlines 240.2 future in the past 221
for purpose/cause 207; for . . .ing after future perfect 219
nouns (e.g. a machine for cutting) future progressive 220
207.2,297.2; for, as, because and since going to 213
72 I am to ... 91
for (time), since, in and from 208; for present forms' or will/shall? 216
and ago 33.3; and during 167; present progressive 214
dropped in time expressions 451.7; present progressive or going to 214.2
with present perfect progressive shall in legal documents etc 218.6
458.5; present with future meaning simple present 215
after for 208.1 will and shall 212; interpersonal uses
for weak and strong form 616.3 217
for a long time and long 330 will and shall, going to and present
for example, for instance 157.13 progressive (advanced points) 218
for one thing, for another thing
(discourse markers) 157.10 gallon BrE and AmE 389.18
forbid + object + infinitive 283; + -ing game and play 432.1
form or infinitive 299.4 gather I gather that 243
force + object + infinitive 283 gender (references to males and
fore- (prefix) 445.1 females) 222
forever 191.5; with progressive form general in general (discourse marker)
472 157.12
forget + -ing form or infinitive 299.1; genitive see possessive
and leave 209 geo- (prefix) 445.1
forgive .. .ing 296.1 geographical names article use 70.17

page 634
Index

gerunds 293-300; see also -ing forms greetings 545.2,4


get structures and meanings 223-224; groceries plural with no singular 524.7
AIDE forms 304.3; get + object + ground floor etc 389.9
infinitive 283; get and go (movement) group + singular or plural 526.1,2
225; get, become, go, grow etc 128; group- and piece-words 430
have got 237, 239; I got instead of I've grow, become, get, go etc 128
got 312.8; passive auxiliary (get grown up active past participle 409.3,4
caught etc) 223.5; passive imperatives guess can guess 125.2; guess so/not
(e.g. get vaccinated) 268.3; with two 539; I guess (discourse marker) 157.16
objects 610.1
get back to 599.5 had weak and strong form 616.3
get dressed, drowned, lost, married had better 230; had better, should and
etc 223.4 ought 230.1; in indirect speech 278.3
get married/divorced 337 had I meaning 'if I had' etc 261.5
get on with 599.5 had rather obsolete form 491.3
get round to " .ing 298.2 had to do and must have done 361.3
get used to 605.3 hair (uncountable) and a hair 148.5
give with two objects 610.1; in passive half 231; half of 231.1; half of + plural
415; with action nouns (give a cry etc) verb 526.2; half as ... as 136.7; half
226; give it a push etc 598.2 two (= half past two) 579.1; halves
give up " .ing 296.1 524.1
glass (uncountable) and a glass 148.4 handicapped spelling 562.7; the
glasses plural with no singular 524.7 handicapped 17.1
go + infinitive or -ing form 296.4; 'hanging' (misrelated)
go .. .ing 228; go and 53.2; go and participles 411.4
come 134; go and get (movement) happen to 232; after in case 271.2; in
225; go, become, get, grow etc 128; go if-clauses 261.1; structure with there
for a walk, swim etc 227, 598.2 587.2; happen in negative sentences
go (noun) a go 598.1 369.4
go on + -ing form or infinitive 299.2 Happy birthday/New Year etc 545.4
God (taboo word / swearword) 575 happy to 284.1
God Almighty word order 13.1; God hard adjective and adverb 27.2;
bless you 567.4; God save the Queen (adverb) comparative and superlative
567.4 138; hard and hardly 27.2; hard to
going to (future auxiliary) 213, 216, please 284.4
218 hardly pOSition 24.4; inversion
gold and golden 386.4 (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
gone active past participle 409.4; be hardly ever/any etc 43.3; hardly,
gone 229 scarcely and no sooner 233; question
gonna (= going to) 213.4, 308.4 tags 487.4
good preposition 449; better, best has weak and strong form 616.3
137.2; a good two hours etc 532.6; hat in a hat 450
any/no good 57; + infinitive 284.4; hate non-progressive verb 471.2; +
and well 617.1; good at .. .ing 297.1; -ing form or infinitive 299.9; + object 'I
good for . .. to 291.4; it's no + infinitive 283
good ... ing 295.5 have 234-239
good-looking comparative/ + object + verb form 238
superlative 137.4 actions (have a bath, breakfast etc)
Good morning etc 545.2; Goodbye 236,598.2
545.2 auxiliary verb 235
goods plural with no singular 524.7 contractions (I've, hasn't etc) 143
goose plural 524.2 don't have to, needn't and mustn't
got have got 237, 239; I got instead of 359.3, 360.4
I've got 312.8; see also have have and be 92
gotta (= got to) 239.4, 308.4 have (got) possession, relationships
gotten 304.3 etc 237
government + singular or plural 526.1 have (got) to 239; and must 361.1;
gradable adjectives 489.1 future: have (got) to, will have to
granted (discourse marker) 157.5 and must 361.2
grape(s) countable 148.5 have or take (a bath, shower etc)
grateful and thankful 582 236.1
great, big and large 106 I got instead of I've got 312.8

page 635
Index
,
I
not used in passive 412.4 home 249; and house 249.2;
question tags 488.6 expressions without article 70.1
weak and strong form 616.3 homeward(s) 614
with or without do 237, 239 honestly (discourse marker) 157.18
Have a good holiday/time/trip etc -hood (suffix) 445.2
545.9,10 hope 250; + infinitive 282; + present
have on (= be wearing) 164.3 with future meaning 250.1; hope,
he (personal pronoun) 428-429; expect, wait and look forward 196;
meaning 'he or she' 222.2; he or she hope for . .. to 291.7; hope so/not 539'
222.2; he/she who 429.9; used for I was hoping, I had hoped 250.3; ,
animals 222.1; weak and strong form negative structures 250.2, 369.2
616.3; see also personal pronouns hopefully 251
headlines 240 hospital expressions without article
headquarters singular and plural 70.1
524.3 host and hostess 222.4
health uncountable 149.4 hot be hot 92.1
hear non-progressive verb 471.2; can house and home 249.2
hear 125.1; hear and listen (to) 241; houses pronunciation 525.4
hear something happen/ happening/ hovercraft singular and plural the
done 242; I hear that . .. 243; make same 524.3
oneself heard 335.2; he was heard to how 252; and how much 252.2; and the
418.3; so I hear 539.3 way 252.7; and what . . , like 253;
Heaven forbid 567.4 exclamations 195, 252.4; how-clauses
heavy 'unmarked' use 350 in sentences 252.6; how, like and as
height expressions with no 252.3; how to 277.2; how, what and
preposition 451.8 why 252.4; no matter how 378;
height use of be 92.2 special word order with adjectives 14
hell (taboo word / swearword) 575; how about .... ? 252.4
why the hell etc 624 How are you? and How do you do?
help (verb) 244; can't help (. . .ing) 126; 545.1,3
help + (object +) infinitive 281.2, 282, How dare you? 151.3
283; he was helped to 418.3 How do you know? 252.4
her (personal pronoun) 428-429; how else 183.1
(possessive) 441; weak and strong however 624
form 616.3; see also personal how far 252.5
pronouns; possessives how long? with present perfect 460.1;
herd 430.4 How long are you here for? and How
here and there 245; here comes . .. etc long have you been here for? 330.5
303; here's + plural noun 532.4 how much/many 252.5; and how 252.2
Here you are 545.18 how often 252.5
hero plural 523.3; and heroine 222.4 how old 252.5
hers 442 how'on earth, the hell, the fuck etc 624
herself 493 How should I know? etc 482.2
hesitate to 282 however, although, though and but
high adjective and adverb 27.2; 49; however (discourse marker) 157.3
(adverb) comparative and superlative however (conjunction) 625; and no
138; high and highly 27.2; high and matter how 378.2
tall 246; two metres high etc 13.4 hundred and a hundred 389.11; and
high tea 347.1 hundreds 389.15
high time 306.2 hungry be hungry 92.1
him (personal pronoun) 428-429; weak hurry without -self 493.9; hurry up and
and strong form 616.3; see 53.2
also personal pronouns hurt present tenses 466.7
himself 493 hyper- (prefix) 445.1
hire, rent and let 247 hyphens 559
his (e.g. his house) 441; (e.g. it's his) hypothesis plural 524.4
442; weak and strong form 616.3; see
also possessives I, me etc (personal pronouns) 428-429;
historic and historical 254.3 after as 136.4; after but 116.2; after
holiday(s) 248; questions/wishes than 139.6; I and me, she and her etc:
about holidays 545.9,10 the differences 428.2, 429; fin double
objects (e.g. between you and IJ 312.6,

page 636
Index

429.1; I who 498.12; It is I who / It is preparatory it (e.g. it will be a pity ij)


me that 131.2; me in double subjects 446.5
(e.g. John and me went) 309.3; see sentences with ifin indirect speech
also personal pronouns 278.5
I am to 91 structures in spoken English 262
I beg your pardon 545.7 various meanings 261.10-13
I dare say 151.3 will in if-clause 260
I don't know (discourse with past participle (e.g. if asked)
marker) 157.17 411.6
I feel (discourse marker) 157.16 if any, ever, necessary, in doubt etc
I gather/hear/see/understand 261.6
that 243 if not and unless 601.1,2
I guess (discourse marker) 157.16 if only 265
I know and I know it 313.6 if so / not 261.7
I mean (discourse marker) 348.4, if you like 325.7
157.15-17 -ify (suffix) 445.6
I reckon (discourse marker) 157.16 ill position 12.3; and sick 266;
I should meaning 'If I were you, I preposition 449
should' 264.2 iII- (prefix) 445.1
I suppose (discourse marker) 157.16 illnesses usually uncountable 148.7;
I think (discourse marker) 157.16 with or without the 70.14
I think I'll (softening expression) 437.2 I'm, I've, don't etc (contractions) 143
I told you so 540.2 I'm afraid (discourse marker) 157.16
I would meaning 'If I were you, I im- (prefix) 445.1
would' 264.2 imagine non-progressive verb 471.2; +
-(i)an (suffix) 445.3 (object +) -ing form 296.1,2; imagine
-ic and -ical (suffixes) 445.4; (that) 263; + so/not 539; in negative
differences 254.3 sentences 369
idea prepOSition 449; a good idea immediately (conjunction) 267
for . .. to 291.5; the idea of . . .ing imperatives 268; question tags 488.2;
297.1; uncountable use 149.2 structures with let 323
identify structure with as 607.2 important + subjunctive 567.2; + for . ..
identifying and non-identifying to 291.2,4; structure with should
relative clauses 495; 498.14; see 521.1
also relative structu res impossible to 284.4; for . .. to 291.4
idioms 255 impressed preposition 449
if 256-264 in (place) 81; in and into 269; in and to
basic structures: ordinary tense use 80; in, at and on 81; in bed, hospital
257 etc 70.1
basic structures: past tenses and in (time) 82; in a month's time etc 82.6;
would 258 in and during 168; and later 315; in,
basic structures: umeal past at and on 82; in, from, for and since
situations 259 208
discourse marker showing in addition 157.11; in addition to . . .ing
concession 157.5 298.2
double negative in sentences with if in any case (discourse marker)
261.8 157.7,11
even if 189.4 in case and if27l; + happen to / should
if ... any 55.1; if ... ever 191.1; if 271.2 .
happen to 261.1; if . . .ing 411.6; if .. in case of 271.4
should 261.1; if . .. then 261.9; if . .. in conclusion 157.21
was/were to 261.2 in fact (discourse marker) 157.20
if and in case 27l; and when 618; and in front of, facing and opposite 402; in
whether 621 front of and before 98
if I were you 264 in general (discourse marker) 157.12
if in indirect questions 276.3 in most cases 157.12
if it was/were not for 261.3 in my opinion 157.16; and from my
if meaning 'even if' 261.10 point of view 434 .
leaving out if261.4,5 in my view 157.16
other words with the same meaning in order that and so that 543
263 in order to 289
in other words 157.15

page 637
Index

in particular (discourse marker) 157.13 in indirect speech 277


in short (discourse marker) 157.21 in news headlines 240.2
in some cases 157.12 infinitive or -ing form 293.3; after
in spite of 272; in spite of ... ing411.6; verbs 296.4; after way 615.3; special
in spite of this/ that 157.3 cases 299
in the end, at the end, at last and infinitive without to 281; after: as ...
finally 204 as 136.9; but 116.3; except 194.5;
in the first etc place (discourse help 244; let 322; make 335; rather
marker) 157.10 than 491.1; why 628.3; would rather
in the same way (discourse 491.2
marker) 157.4 perfect infinitive (e.g. to have left) 288
in the way and on the way 615.5 position of prepositions (e.g. to look
in time and on time 450, 593.3 at) 452
in which case 498.5 progressive, perfect, passive and
in- (prefix) 445.1 negative infinitives 280
inch 389.18 purpose (e.g. I sat down to rest) 289
incidentally 157.8 split infinitive 280.7
inclined structures 298.2 structure with preparatory it 446-447
include non-progressive verb 471.2 subject, object or complement 290
increased active past participle 409.3 to 280.6; used instead of whole
indeed 273 infinitive 182
indefinite pronouns see who to ... , what to . .. etc 286
somebody, anybody, you etc informal and formal language 311
independence and independent information structure 512; reasons for
prepositions 449 using passives 414.2-4
indirect and direct objects 610 information uncountable 148.3
indirect speech 274-8 -ing forms 408-11, 293-300
I asked how old you are /were etc a waiting room, a waiting train 294
278.2 after mind 351.3; after nouns and
infinitives 277 adjectives 297; after prepositions
modal verbs 278.3 298, 454; after verbs 296
negative questions 278.6 as subjects, objects or complements
past use of must 359.5 295
questions and answers 276 gerunds 293-300
reporting past tenses with past or go / come . .. ing 228
past perfect 278.1 in progressive verbs: see progressive
reporting Shall I ... ? 278.4 -ing form or infinitive 293.3; after
sentences with if 278.5 verbs 296.4; after way 615.3; special
tenses 275 cases 299
with relative structures: somebody I it as preparatory subject or object
know you'll like; a car that I didn't 295.5
know how fast it could go 498.15,16 passive meaning (e.g. it needs
without reporting verbs 278.9 cleaning) 296.3
word order with what, which and perfect, passive and negative -ing
who 278.7 forms 293.2
infinitives 279-292 present participles 408-411, 300
active and passive infinitive with terminology 293
similar meaning 287 to .. .ing 298.2
after adjectives 284 with determiner (e.g. the opening of
after easy, difficult, impossible etc Parliament, my smoking) 295.3
284.4 with object (e.g. smoking cigarettes)
after nouns and pronouns 285 295.2
after relatives (e.g. a garden in which -ing (suffix) 445.2
to play) 498.13 initials names of organisations 2
after superlatives (e.g. the youngest insist + subjunctive 567.2; preposition
person to) 141.5, 284.3 449
after verbs 282; after verb + object instance for instance 157.13
283 instant the instant (that) 267
for ... to 291 instead 301.3; instead of301.1,2;
forms 280 instead of .. .ing411.6; instead of and
future meaning (e.g. the life to come) without 301.2
285.6 instruct + object + infinitive 283

page 638
Index

instructions use of tenses 465; words journey (countable) and travel


left out 1.1 (uncountable) 148.3; have/did you
intend + object + infinitive 283; + -ing have a good journey 545.9; journey,
form or infinitive 299.11; in negative travel, trip and voyage 597
sentences 369.4 jury + singular or plural 526.1
inter- (prefix) 445.1 just adjective and adverb 27.2; just and
interest(ed) preposition 449; + -ing justly 27.2; just (adverb): meanings
form or infinitive 299.16; interested and tenses 307; position 24.6, 25;
and interesting etc 409.2 used for emphasis 184.3; just as/
international English 308.7 when 73.3; just as (discourse marker)
interrogative see questions; 157.4
interrogative pronouns see who, just because . .. , it doesn't mean 94.3
what, which just now meanings and tenses 307.3
into and in 269
intonation 555; in question tags 487.5; keep meaning 'stay' 128.10; keep
in relative clauses 495.2 (on) .. .ing 296.1
introductions 545.1 kibbutz plural 524.4
inversion verb before subject 302-303; kick with two objects 610.1
in older English 392 kidnapped etc spelling 562.7
inverted commas see quotation marks kilo plural 523.3
invitations 545.15 kilo- (prefix) 445.1
invite + object + infinitive 283 kind of (= sort of) 551; following article
involve non-progressive verb 471.2; dropped 70.6; these kind of551.2;
involve . . .ing 296.1 discourse marker 157.16,17;
involved position and meaning 410.3 softening expression 437.1
Irish the Irish 17.2, 364 kind to 449; so kind as to 538.8
irregular verbs list of common kinds of English accents 308.4;
examples 304 correctness, rules 309; formality 311;
is weak and strong form 616.3 international English 308.7; spoken
-iselize (suffix) 445.6; -ise or -ize 558 and written English 310; standard
-ish (suffix) 445.4 English and dialects 308; variation
-ism (suffix) 445.2 and change 312
-ist (suffix) 445.3 King, Queen etc without article 70.12
it personal pronoun 428-429; and this/ knife plural 524.1
that (things that have just been know structures and tenses 3l3; +
mentioned) 590; referring to nothing object + infinitive without to 281.2; +
428.7; referring to the situation 428.7; object + to be 607.3; and find out
referring to time, weather, 313.5; and know about/of3l3.4;
temperature and distances 428.8; know about not followed by that
used to identify (e.g. It's John) 428.9; 453.1; non-progressive verb 471.2;
it was me that / it was I who etc 429.3; passive (she is known to be ... ) 418.2;
it was my secretary who etc (cleft you know, I don't know discourse
sentences) 131; it's impossible for . .. markers 157.17
to etc 291.4; preparatory subject and knowledge uncountable 148.3
object 446-447; known to 410.5; well known 410.4
see also preparatory it
it doesn't matter and no matter 378.3 lack non-progressive verb 471.2; no
it is the first/last etc tenses 591 following preposition 451.1; not used
it is true (discourse marker) 157.5 in passive 412.4 .
item of information etc 430.1 lack (noun) preposition 449 i I
its 441; and it's 305 large and wide 106.4; large, big and ',I
it's . . . since tenses 522.2 great 106
it's time 306 last word order with complement 13.5;
itself 493 at last 204.2; expressions with no
-ity (suffix) 445.2 preposition 451.2; last but one etc
-ive (suffix) 445.4 116.1; last, the last and the latest 314;
-ize (suffix) 445.6; and -ise 558 tenses after this is the last etc 591; the
last . .. to 284.3; last three etc 314.2
Japanese singular and plural the same lastly (discourse marker) 157.10
524.3 late adjective and adverb 27.2;
jeans plural with no singular 524.7 (adverb) later and latest 138; and
Jesus (taboo word / swearword) 575 lately 27.2

page 639
Index

lately with present perfect 455.5, 458.5 listen preposition 449; and hear 241;
later and in 315 listen to: passive structure 416.1
latest, last and the last 314 little (adjective) position 12.2; and
latter the latter 17.3 small 534
laugh preposition 449 little (determiner), a little and (a) few
lay and lie 316 329; + inversion (auxiliary before
lead and leaden 386.4 subject) 302.7; the little that 494.5;
leaf plural 524.1 little of329.2; little else 183.1;
learn forms 317.1; + -ing form or question tags 487.4
infinitive 299.8; learn to and learn live position 12.2
how to 317.2 lively adjective, not adverb 27.1
learned (adjective) pronunciation 18 loaf of bread 430.1
least andfewest 318; at least 318.6, logo plural 523.3
157.7,16 lone, alone, lonely and lonesome 44
leave preposition 449; + object + lonely adjective, not adverb 27.1
infinitive 283; and forget 209; with long (adjective) after measurement
preparatory it (e.g. I'll leave it to you nouns 13.4
to decide) 447.4; with two objects long (adverb) longer/ longest 138; a
610.1 . long way and far 200; long and (for) a
leave off .. .ing 296.1 long time 330
leaving out words see ellipsis long live the King 567.4
left (= remaining) 319 look link verb and ordinary verb 331;
leisurely adjective and adverb 27.1 non-progressive verb 471.2; not
lend with two objects 610.1; and followed by if331.3; preposition 449;
borrow 109; passive structures 415 discourse marker 157.19
length 'unmarked' use 350; look after, look for and fetch 331.4
expressions with no preposition look at + object + -ing form or
451.8 infinitive 242.4; look at, see and watch
length use of be 92.2. 506; passive structure 416.1
less and fewer 320.1; less + plural (e.g. look for, look after and fetch 331.4
less people) 312.9; less of320.2 look forward to .. . ing 298.2; look
-less (suffix) 445.4 forward, expect, hope and wait 196
lesser 320.4 look here (discourse marker) 157.19
lest 321 look out for 599.5
let structures 322; + object + infinitive lose and loose 332
without to 281.2; let, allow and lots, a lot 333.2; quite a lot 489.4; with
permit 42; let him etc (third-person comparatives 140.1
imperative) 323.3; let's 323; question loud adjective and adverb 27.2;
tag 488.3; let's see, let me see, let me (adverb) louder/loudest 138; loudly
think 323.2 and aloud 334
let, rent and hire 247 louse plural 524.2
letters 146; words left out in informal love meaning 'zero' 389.4
letters 1 love non-progressive verb 471.2;
lexical phrases (fixed expressions) 255 + object + infinitive 283; + -ing form
lie and lay 316 or infinitive 299.9
life countable or uncountable 324; lovely adjective, not adverb 27.1
plural 524.1 low adjective and adverb 27.2;
lightning uncountable 148.3 (adverb) lowerllowest 138
like (similarity, function) 326; luck uncountable 148.3
comparative and superlative 137.5; lucky to 284.2
feel like 202.3,4; like, as and how luggage uncountable 148.3
252.3; meaning 'as if' 74.3; like this/ lunch and dinner 347
that and so 536; seem like 507.5 -Iy (suffix) 445.4,5; spelling of adverbs
like (verb) structures and meanings 557
325; would have liked to have seen etc
288.2; if you like 325.7; like to: no macaroni uncountable 148.5
passive 418.6; non-progressive verb madam 363.2
471.2 made of/from/with 336
-like (suffix) 445.4 magic and magical 254.3
likely 327; adjective, not adverb 27.1; majority the majority 333.5; the
structures 291.4; with there 587.5 majority of + plural verb 526.2
link verbs 328

page 640
Index

make causative structures 335; + meals 347; thanks for meals etc
1
action noun (e.g. make a guess) 598.2; 545.11,15
+ object + infinitive without to 281.2; mean (verb) 348; + -ing fonn or
made of/from/with 336; make and do infinitive 299.7; + object + infinitive
160; make oneself heard/understood 283; and think 348.2; I mean
335.2; make somebody welcome, (discourse marker) 348.4, 157.15-16;
happy etc 335.3; passive (he was I meant to have done it 288.2; non-
made to ... , it has been made progressive verb 471.2; structure of
beautiful) 418.3, 419; with two questions 348.1; What do you mean?
objects 610.1 348.5
mal- (prefix) 445.1 meaning and opinion 348.2
male and masculine 203 means 349; by all! any/ no means 349.2;
man plural 524.2; man or men in noun means of and way of615.4; singular
+ noun compounds 531.2; without and plural the same 524.3
article meaning 'the human race' measles singular; no plural 524.3;
222.6 uncountable 148.7
manage to 282 measure non-progressive verb 471.2
mankind 222.6 measurement 'marked' and
manners plural with no singular 524.7 'unmarked' forms 350; afive-litre can
many and much 357; see also much etc 386.5; expressions without
'marked' and 'unmarked' adjectives preposition 451.8; high and tall 246;
and nouns in measurements 350 adjectives after measurement nouns
marriage preposition 449 13.4; foot, inch etc 389.18
marry no following preposition 451.1; media singular (uncountable) or plural
get married 337; not used with each 524.3
other / one another 171.5 meet (with) 312.9; not used with each
mathematics singular, no plural 524.3 other / one another 171.5
matter non-progressive verb 471.2; it mega- (prefix) 445.1
doesn't matter and no matter 378.3 melt active or passive meaning 609.2
matter (noun) no matter who/what -ment (suffix) 445.2
etc 378; structure with there 587.2; mention .. . ing 296.1
the matter (with) 585 mere position 12.2
may and might 338-345 metre etc 389.18
chances etc 339 micro- (prefix) 445.1
may. . . (but) discourse marker mid- (prefix) 445.1
shOwing concession 157.5, 342 Middle Ages plural with no singular
may in wishes and hopes 341 524.7
may/might as well 343 might see may
may/might have done 339.8,9,259.2 mile 389.18
may/might not and can't 339.4 milli- (prefix) 445.1
might in indirect speech 278.3 million (a) million 389.11; and millions
might meaning 'would perhaps' 389.15
258.6, 339.5 mimicked spelling 562.8
might making questions etc less mind (verb) meaning, use and
direct 436.4 structures 351
permission 340 mind you 157.3
requests, suggestions and criticisms mine, yours etc 442; a friend of mine
344 etc 443
the difference between may and mini- (prefix) 445.1
might 339.2 ministry + singular or plural verb 526.1
the differences between may/might mis- (prefix) 445.1
and can/ could 345 misrelated participles 411.4
maybe position 22.4; and perhaps 346; Miss 363.1c
softening expression 437.1 miss (verb) meanings and structures
mayor and mayoress 222.4 352
me (personal pronoun) 428-429; after missing (adjective) 352.5
be 428.3; in double subjects (e.g..]ohn mistake for " _ to 291.5
and me went) 428.3, 429.1; me mistaken (very) much mistaken 410.4
neither, me either 374.2; me or I etc modal auxiliary verbs grammar and
after as, than, but and except 429.2; meanings 353-354; in indirect speech
me too 46.3; me/my smoking etc 278.3; used to make questions etc
295.3; see also personal pronouns less direct 436.4

page 641
Index

moment the moment (that) 267 naked pronunciation 18


Monday etc with no preposition 451.3 names English versions of place
money notes, coins and amounts names, classical names etc 362
389.16,17; singular verbs and names and titles (e.g. Peter, Mr Lewis)
pronouns 527.1 363
money uncountable 148.3 nationalities nouns and adjectives
mono- (prefix) 445.1 (e.g. Ireland, Irish, an Irishman/
monthly adjective and adverb 27.1 woman, the Irish) 364
more (adverb) 355.5; no more and not nature without the 68.1, 69.4
any more 379; more and more 139.4 near (adverb) comparative and
more (determiner) 355; more of superlative 138
355.1,2; and other 54.2 near (preposition) and by 118; near to
more in comparatives 137-138 365
more than one + singular verb 527.3 nearest, next and the next 375
more or less (discourse marker) 157.16 nearly position 24.4; nearly, almost
moreover 157.11 and practically 43; not used with
mosquito plural 523.3 never etc 43.3; with superlatives 140.3
most 356; most of356.1,2; and mostly necessary structure with should 521.1;
27.2; in superlatives 137-138; + for . .. to 291.4; if necessary 261.6
meaning 'very' 356.7; (the) most as need (noun) structure with there 587.2
adverb 356.5 need (verb) forms and use 366; +
mostly 356.8 object + infinitive 283; needn't have
mother-in-law plural 524.6 and didn't need to 366.6; in indirect
mouse plural 524.2 speech 278.3; needn't, mustn't and
mouths pronunciation 525.4 don't have to 359.3, 360.4, 366.7; need
move active or passive meaning 609.1 never + infinitive 366.6; non-
mph (= miles per hour) 389.20 progressive verb 471.2
Mr, Mrs and Ms 363.1c, 222.7 negative structures 367-371
much and many 357; as much/ ambiguous sentences 371
many . .. as 136.5,6; + relative clause basic rules 367
with that 494.5; much/many of double negatives 370; in dialects
357.2,3; much and very with past 309.2; in expressions of doubt 261.8,
participles 410.4; much as an adverb 370.6
357.7; much else 183.1; much/many negative imperatives (e.g. don't
more 140.2; much too 595.3; much worry) 367.2
with comparatives and superlatives negative infinitives 280.5
140 negative -ing forms (e.g. not
multi- (prefix) 445.1 knowing) 293.2
musical instruments article use 70.10 negative questions 368; as
must 358-361 exclamations 195.4; in indirect
and have (got) to 361.1 speech 278.6; yes and no in answers
and should 359.6,360.7 368.4
deduction (concluding that n't 143
something is certain) 359 think, seem etc in negative structures
in indirect speech 278.3, 359.5, 360.6 369
must have done/been etc 359.4 neglect to 282
must have done and had to do 361.3 negro plural 523.3
must not and need not 366.7 neither (adverb) position 24.6;
must, ought and should 520 neither . .. nor 373; neither, nor and
must, will have to and have (got) to not . .. either 374
(future obligation) 361.2 neither (determiner) 372; neither of
mustn't and can't 359.2 372.1,2; neither one 395.5; neither, no
mustn't in AmE 361.4 and none 376.5; pronunciation 372.4
mustn't, needn't and don't/doesn't neo- (prefix) 445.1
have to 359.3, 360.4 -ness (suffix) 445.2
necessity and obligation 360 never + inversion (auxiliary before
pronunciation 358.lf subject) 302.7; and not ever 191.1; not
weak and strong form 616.3 used with do 367.5; position 22.3,
my, your etc 441; my/me smoking etc 24.2; position in imperatives 268.7;
295.3,4; see also possessives question tags 487.4; with present
myself, yourself etc 493 perfect 455.5; with simple past 457.4
nevertheless 157.3

page 642
Index

news uncountable 148.3,524.3 no one position with adjectives 13.6;


news headlines 240 no one else 183.1
next expressions with no preposition nor and or 370.5; neither . .. nor 373;
451.2; nextbutoneetc 116.1; next, the nor, neither and not . .. either 374
next and the nearest 375; next Sunday normal structure with should 521.2;
two possible meanings 375.3; next normal for . .. to 291.4
three etc 375.2; word order with normally position 22.3, 24.2
complement 13.5 north and northern etc 172; capital
nice preposition 449; nice and 16.3 letters 172.3
nickel 389.17 northward(s) etc 614
night at night 70.1 not and no 382; afraid/ hope/ believe
nil 389.4 not etc 28, 369.3, 539.2; if not 261.7;
no (adverb) no older etc, no different not all 36.6; not any, no and none
57 376; not . .. either, neither and nor
no (answer) and yes 634; in answers to 374; weak and strong form 616.3;
negative questions 368.4 see also negative structures
no (determiner) and neither 376.5; and not a bit 107.3
not all 36.6; and not 382; no ... but not a grain/breath/scrap etc 430
(= except) 116.1; no, none and not not any more, no more and no longer
any 376; question tags 487.4 379
no doubt 377; discourse marker 157.18 not at all 83.3; reply to thanks 433.5,
no good 57.3 545.19
no longer, not any more and no more not ever and never 191.1
379 not in the least 318.7
no matter who, what etc 378; and not only . .. but also 383
whoever, whatever etc 378.2; no not quite 489.5
matter and it doesn't matter 378.3; not until + inversion (auxiliary before
no matter what with no following subject) 302.7
verb 378.4 not very 611.2
no more, not any more and no longer nothing 548; and not anything 370.2;
379 nothing for . .. to 291.6; nothing that
no need for ... to 291.5 494.5; nothing to do and nothing to be
no one 548; and none 380; and not done 287.3; position with adjectives
anyone 370.2, 376.6; question tags 13.6; question tags 487.4, 488.5
487.4, 488.5 notice, hear etc something
No problem reply to thanks 433.5, happen(ing) 242
545.19 notices words left out 1.4
no sooner, hardly and scarcely 233 nought 389.4
no use 57.3 noun + for . .. to 291.5
nobody and no one 548; no difference noun + infinitive (e.g. decision to
548.1; and not anybody 370.2; nobody leave) 285; noun + infinitive +
else 183.1; position with adjectives preposition (e.g. afriend to play with)
13.6; question tags 487.4, 488.5 285.5; work to do / to be done etc
non- (prefix) 445.1 287.1
non-affirmative words (e.g. any, ever, noun + -ing form 297
yet) 381 noun + noun 385-386; a five-litre can
non-assertive words see non- etc 386.5; antique shop or antiques
affirmative words shop 312.9; article dropped 385.3; in
non-defining relative clauses see news headlines 240.2; noun + noun
identifying and non-identifying or preposition structure 386; stress
I
relative clauses 385.6; structure with possessive's i
none and neither 376.5; none + relative (e.g. children's clothes, cow's milk)
clause with that 494.5; and no one 386.6-8
380; none . .. but (= except) 116.1; noun + 's forms 439; use 440; or
none, no and not any 376; none of preposition structure 440.1,2
which etc 498.8; none the worse, none noun complementation what can
the wiser etc 141.2 follow a noun? 384
nonetheless 157.3 nouns left out after adjectives 17
non-gradable adjectives 489.1 nouns used for actions (a crash, cough
non-identifying relative clauses 495, etc) 598
498.14 now (showing change of subject) 157.8
non-progressive verbs 471 now (that) 387
I
page 643
I

11
Index

nowadays 388 on the contrary 157.6; and on the


nowhere 548; and not anywhere 370.2, other hand 144.1
376.6; position with adjectives 13.6 on the one hand, on the other hand
nucleus plural 524.4 157.2
number a large number 333.4; a on the way and in the way 615.5
number of + plural verb 526.2; article on the whole 157.12
dropped after a number of70.7 on time and in time 450
number see singular and plural on top of that (discourse
numbers 389; a five-litre can etc 386.5; marker) 157.11
five pounds, twenty miles etc + once (adverb) and one day 393; at once
singular verb 527.1; full stops in 393; with simple past or past perfect
decimals 476.11; use of commas 424.1
476.11 once (conjunction) 394
one and a in numbers 389.11; one and
oasis plural 524.4 a half231.5; one and first, two and
object to .. . ing 298.2 second etc 389.7; one Tuesday etc (no
objects direct and indirect 610 preposition) 451.2; oneltwo more etc
oblige + object + infinitive 283 355.4; one of397
occasionally position 22.3, 24.2; with one, ones (substitute word) 395
present perfect 455.6 one, you and 'they (indefinite personal
-ocracy (suffix) 445.2 pronouns) 396; one's 441.2
odds plural with no singular 524.7 one another and each other 171; and
of after: determiners 154.4; (a) little -selves 171.4
and (a) few 329.2; all 36.1; any 55.7; one day and once 393
both 110.2,4; each 169.2; either 174.2; oneself 493
enough 187.4; fractions and decimals only use and position 398; + inversion
389.2; half231.1; less and fewer 320.2; (auxiliary before subject) 302.7; +
more 355.2; most 356.2; much and relative clause with that 494.5; if only
many 357.3; neither 372.2; none 265; not only . .. but also 383; only
376.2; some 546.6; which 622.3; whole today etc 398.4; only too 595.8; the
40.5 only . .. ever 191.2; the only . .. to
noun + noun with of or's 440.1,2 284.3
weak and strong form 616.3 onto and on 269
of course 390; (discourse marker) open (adjective) and opened 399
157.5 open (verb) without -self 493.9; active
of which 496.2 or passive meaning 609.1
offer + infinitive 277.1, 282; passive operate preposition 449
structures 415; with two objects 610.1 opinion in my opinion 157.16; and
offers 545.16 according to me 8; opinion and point
often 391; position 22.3,24.2; with of view 434
present perfect 455.6 opportunity and possibility 400
OK showing change of subject 157.8 opposite (adjective) position 401; and
old position and meaning 12.2; after contrary 144.2
measurement nouns 13.4; the old opposite (noun) quite the opposite
17.1; 'unmarked' use 350 157.6
older English verb forms 392 opposite (preposition), facing and in
-ology (suffix) 445.2 fron"t of 402
omission of words see ellipsis or + infinitive without to 281.4; and
omni- (prefix) 445.1 nor 370.5; either . .. or 175; dropping
on and about 4 words after or 178; singular or plural
on .. .ing 411.6 verb after expression with or 532.2;
on (place) 81.2; on and onto 269; on, at whether . .. or 620
and in 81; on the bus, train etc 81.4 -or (suffix) 445.2
on (time) 82; on, at and in 82; onl at or else 183.5
weekends 312.9 or rather (discourse marker) 104.2,
on condition that 263; + present with 157.16
future meaning 580.2 orchestra + singular or plural 526.1
on earth who on earth etc 624 order + object + infinitive 283
on foot 70.1 other and different 54.5; and more
on holiday 248 54.2; and others 54
on one's own 405.5 ought 403; and had better 230.1; and
should 403.2; in indirect speech

page 644
Index

278.3; ought, must and should 520; he was considered a genius 419
ought to have done 403.5; question infinitives (e.g. to be taken three times
and negative forms 403.1,4 a day, nothing to be done) 91.5,
ounce 389.18 287.2
our 441; weak and strong form 616.3 -ing forms (being done) 293.2
ours 442 it was thought that . .. 417
ourselves 493 list of structures and verb forms 412
-ous (suffix) 445.4 meaning and grammar not the same
out and out of 404 414.5
out- (prefix) 445.1 my suitcase is packed 420
outskirts plural with no singular 524.7 passives without be in news
outward(s) 614 headlines 240.2
over and above 6; over, across and position of prepositions 452
through 10 verbs not used in passive 412.4
over- (prefix) 445.1 verbs with prepositions 416
owe non-progressive verb 471.2; with verbs with two objects 415
preparatory it (e.g. we owe it to when do we use passive structures?
society to) 447.4; with two objects 414
610.1 past continuous see past progressive
owing to and due to 166 past participles see participles
own 405; non-progressive verb 471.2 past perfect 423-425; or simple past
ox plural 524.2 with after, as soon as etc 424.1;
progressive 425; simple and
page on page .. . 81.7 progressive: the differences 425.4;
pair 430.3 with before 97.3; with if('unreal past')
pan- (prefix) 445.1 259; with suppose, supposing, what if
panickingetc spelling 562.8 ('unreal past') 571; with as if ('unreal
pants plural with no singular 524.7 past') 74
paper (uncountable) and a paper past progressive forms and use 422;
148.4 difference between past progressive
paragraphs 406 and simple past 422.3-6
Pardon? 545.8; Pardon me? 545.8; I beg past simple see simple past
your pardon 545.7,8 past tense instead of would . .. after
parking uncountable 148.3 conjunctions 580.6, 426.1
part without a 407 past verb form with present or future
participles (-ing and -ed forms) 408- meaning 426; after I'd rather etc
411 491.3; after if258; after if only 265;
active and passive participles 409 after it's time 306.2; after wish 630.4;
after conjunctions and prepositions in polite requests, questions etc
(e.g. after talking to you) 411.6 436.1,426.2
after nouns (e.g. the people paths pronunciation 525.4
questioned) 410.2 pay preposition 449; in passive 415;
misrelated participles 411.4 pay for ... to 291.7; one and two
participle clauses 411 objects 610.7
past participles with by or other penny, pennies and pence 524.2,
prepositions 410.5 389.16,17
past participles with very and much people, person(s) and peoples 524.2
410.4 per (e.g. 70 miles per hour) 389.20
reduced relative clauses (e.g. the girl perfect infinitive (to have done) 280.2;
dancing with your brother) 498.10 after modal verbs (e.g. You should
used as adjectives 410 have written) 288.3
see also -ing forms perfect -ing forms (e.g. having slept)
particular in particular 157.13 293.2 .
party preposition 450; with singular or perfect tenses 427; with after 30.3;
plural verb and pronoun 526.1 with before 97.3; with ever 191.3; with
pass with two objects 610.1 for and since 208.2; see also present
passer-by plural524.6 perfect, past perfect, future perfect
passives 412-420 perhaps position 22.3; and maybe 346
by + agent 413 period (full stop) 473
get as passive auxiliary (get caught permission uncountable 148.3
etc) 223.5
he is believed to be ... 418

page 645
Index

permit + object + infinitive 283; + -ing please and thank you 433
form or infinitive 299.4; permit, allow please non-progressive verb 471.2
and let 42 pleased preposition 449; + infinitive
person, persons, people and peoples 284.1
524.2 plenty 333.3
personal pronouns 428-429 plural see singular and plural
after adjectives (e.g. Poor you.0 429.7 pm (= in the afternoon/evening) 579.3
he/ she who 429.9 Poet Laureate 13.1
I and me, she and her etc: the poetess 222.4
differences 428.2, 429 poetry uncountable 148.3
I in double objects (e.g. between you point at or to 80.3
and 1) 429.1 point uncountable use 149.2; there's
indirect speech 274.3 no point etc 587.2
it referring to nothing, the situation, point of view preposition 450; and
time, weather, temperature, opinion 434
distances 428.7,8 pointless for '" to 291.4
it used to identify (e.g. It'sJohn) 428.9 police plural with no singular 524.7
it was me that. . . / it was I who ... policeman/woman 222.4
etc 429.3 polish active or passive meaning 609.2
me, him, her etc in double subjects polite preposition 449
(e.g. John and me went) 428.3, 429.1 politeness 435-7; distancing verb
me or I etc after as, than, but, except forms 436; please and thank you 433;
429.2 softening expressions 437; questions
me/my smoking etc 295.3 as requests 435
personal and relative pronouns not politic and political 254.3
used together 511.2 politics singular and plural the same
they meaning 'he or she' 222.3 524.3; and policy 438
us meaning 'me' 429.6 poly- (prefix) 445.1
us women etc 429.1 poor the poor 17.1
we women, you men etc 428.10 possess non-progressive verb 471.2
we: inclusive and exclusive 429.5 possessive's 439-440; articles
you folks/ guys 312.1, 429.8; older and dropped 70.3; with noun + noun (e.g.
dialect singular and plural forms of children's clothes) 386.6; not used
you 429.8, 392 with the poor etc 17.1; or preposition
persuade + object + infinitive 283 structure 440.1,2
phenomenon plural 524.4 possessives 439-443; a friend of mine
-phile (suffix) 445.2 etc 443; mine, yours etc 442; my, your
-phobe, -phobia (suffixes) 445.2 etc 441; noun + 's 439-440; my
phone preposition 450 smoking, John's going to sleep etc
photo plural 523.3; take a photo 160.6 295.3
. photo- (prefix) 445.1 possibility and opportunity 400
phrasal verbs 599 possible position after noun 13.2,
physics singular, no plural 524.3 498.10
piano plural 523.3 post with two objects 610.1
picnickers etc spelling 562.8 post- (prefix) 445.1
picture in a picture 81.7 postcards words left out 1.2
piece 430.1 postpone .. . ing 296.1
piece- and group-words 430 potato plural 523.3
pint BrE and AmE 389.18 pound (English money) 389.16
piss (taboo word / swearword) 575 pound (weight) 389.18
pity countable or uncountable 148.6 practically position 24.4; practically,
place expressions with no preposition almost and nearly 43
451.11; a place to live etc 431; a place practise " .ing 296.1
we can stay etc 498.6; in the first/ pre- (prefix) 445.1
second etc place 157.10 predicative position of adjectives 12.1
place-names articles 70.17; English prefer structures 444; + -ing form or
versions 362 infinitive 299.9; + object + infinitive
plan (noun) for ... to 291.5 283; prefer . . .ing to . . .ing 298.2;
plane by plane 70.1; on/in a plane 81.4 non-progressive verb 471.2
play (noun) and game 432.1 prefixes 445
play (verb) with one and two objects premises plural with no singular 524.7
610.7; play and act 432.2

page 646

- - - - - -_ _ _ _ rITITITITri
Index

preparatory it 446--447; with -ing most conjunctions 580.2; for 208.1;


forms 295.5; in passives (it was hope 250.1; if257.2; so that! in
thought that, it was decided to etc) order that 543; suppose, supposing
417; with for . .. to etc 291.4 and what if571; unless 601.3; until
prepare to 282 602.4
prepositions 448-454 see also simple present; present
after particular words and progressive
expressions 449 presently 467
after superlatives (e.g. the happiest President etc without article 70.12
man in the world etc) 139.7 President elect 13.1
at the ends of clauses 452 presume there are presumed to be
before conjunctions 453 418.4
before -ing forms 298, 454 pretend to 282
before particular words and pretty adjective and adverb 27.2; and
expressions 450 prettily 27.2; pretty, fairly, quite and
dropped before question words 453.4 rather 199
dropped before that 453.1,2 prevent preposition 449; + object +
dropped in abbreviated styles 1 from + -ing form 296.2
expressions without prepositions price and prize 468
451,82.7 prick (taboo word! swearword) 575
place 81 prince and princess 222.4
prepositional verbs (e.g. look at) 600 principle and principal 469
prepositional verbs in passive prison expressions without article 70.1
structures 416 prize and price 468
prepositions and adverb particles 20 pro- (prefix) 445.1
time 82 probable structures 291.4
see also the entries for particular probably position 24.3
prepositions professor 363.3
prescriptive and descriptive progress uncountable 148.3
rules 309.4 progressive forms 470--472; in polite
present position and meaning 13.3 requests, questions etc 436.2; non-
present and present perfect the progressive verbs 471; and simple
differences 460 forms with as, when and while 73;
present continuous see present progressive infinitive (to be dOing)
progressive 280.1; with always etc 472; see
present participles see participles also present progressive; present
present perfect 455--460; for future perfect progressive; past
after conjunctions 580.3; or present progressive; future progressive
460; or simple past 456--457; or promise + infinitive 277.1, 282; I
simple past with already and yet promise 466.4; non-progressive verb
566.7; or simple past with just and 471.2; passive structures 415; with
just now 307.2,3; passive (has been two objects 610.1
done) 412.3 prone structures 298.2
present perfect continuous see pronouns see personal pronouns;
present perfect progressive reflexive pronouns; relative
present perfect progressive 458; or pronouns etc
simple 459; with after 30.3; with pronunciation accents 308.3; British
before 97.3; with ever 191.3; with for and American differences 51.4;
and since 208.2 pronunciation and spelling 565;
present progressive 464-6; or simple 'received pronunciation' 308.3; silent
present 461.2,3,463.1-3, 464.6, 466; letters 565.3; weak and strong forms
or present perfect progressive 460; 616; pronunciation of: a!an 65.7;
passive (is being done) 412.3; talking aged, naked etc 18; ate, shone in AmE
about changes 464.4; used for future 304.3; can't 143.4 Note 3; -ed 421.2;
214,216,218 -(e)s 462.3; either 174.6; going to
present simple see simple present ('gonna') 213.5; got to ('gotta') 239.4;
present tenses 461--466 Mr, Mrs, Ms 363.3; must 358.lf;
in stories, commentaries and neither 372.4; often 391; plurals 525;
instructions 465 possessive's 439.2; read 304.1; says
used for future 213-216, 218 304.3; some 546.2,6,7; the 64.8; want
used for future after: after 30.2; as ... to ('wanna') 308.4, 613.4; younger!
as 136.10; before 97.2; bet 103.2;

page 647
Index

-est, longer/-est, stronger/ pretty 199; quite with superlatives


-est 137.1 see also stress; intonation 140.3; softening expression 437.1
proof preposition 449 quite a bit, few, lot etc 489.4
-proof (suffix) 445.4 quite the opposite (discourse
proper position and meaning 13.3 marker) 157.6
propose + infinitive or -ing form 296.4 quotation marks 478; in news
proved or proven 304.3 headlines 240.1
provided/providing (that) 263
pseudo- (prefix) 445.1 radio preposition 450; (the) radio 70.11
psycho- (prefix) 445.1 radius plural 524.4
public (noun) + singular or plural ragged pronunCiation 18
526.1 rain in the rain 81. 7
publicity uncountable 148.3 raise and rise 304.2
punctuation 473-479 rare for ... to 291.4
apostrophe 479; in plural rarely position 24.2; + inversion
abbreviations 2.4 (auxiliary before subject) 302.7
colon 474; in news headlines 240.2 rather (adverb of degree) meanings,
comnia 476; after subordinate structures and word order 490; I'd
clauses 510.4; in numbers 389.10; in rather like and I'd rather have 491.2;
relative clauses 495.2; with rather, fairly, quite and pretty 199;
adjectives 15.6 with comparatives 140.1
dash 477 rather (preference) 491; or rather
exclamation mark 473 157.16; and better 104.2; rather than +
full stop 473; in numbers 389.1,10; infinitive without to 281.4; softening
not used in abbreviations 2.1 expression 437.1; would rather 491.3;
question mark 473; in news headlines had rather (obsolete expression)
240.2; not used in indirect questions 491.3
276.2 re- (prefix) 445.1
quotation marks (,inverted commas') read with two objects 610.1
478; in news headlines 240.2 ready to 284.4
semi-colon 475 real adjective and adverb 27.2;
push not followed by indirect object comparative and superlative 137.5
610.6 realise non-progressive verb 471.2
put off .. . ing 296.1 really used for emphasis 184.3;
put up with 599.5 discourse marker 157.16
pyjamas plural with no singular 524.7 reason for/why/that 492; for . ..
reason 450; uncountable use 149.2
quarter (American money) 389.17 'received pronunciation' 308:3
Queen, King etc without article 70.12 recently with present perfect 455.5,
question uncountable use 149.2 458.5
question mark 473; in news headlines reckon so/not 539; I reckon 157.16
240.2; not used in indirect questions recognise non-progressive verb 471.2
276.2 recommend + object + infinitive 283;
question tags 487-488; after + subjunctive 567.2
imperatives 268.6; words left out recovered active past participle 409.4
before tags 179.4 reduced relative clauses (e.g. the girl
questions 480-486; declarative dancing with your brother) 498.10
questions (e.g. You're working late?) reference with reference to 157.1
481; echo questions 483; indirect reflexive pronouns 493; and each
questions 276; negative questions other / one another 171.4; emphatic
368; position of prepositions 452; use (e.g. Do it yourselj) 493.4
question-word clauses 485; questions refuse + infinitive 282; passive
about that-clauses 486; in polite structures 415; with two objects 610.1
requests 435;1; reply questions (e.g. regard as 607.2; in passive 419
Was it?) 484; rhetorical questions regarding 157.1
(e.g. How should I know?) 482 regards plural with no singular 524.7
quick .adjective and adverb 27.2; regret + -ing form or infinitive 299.3
(adverb) quicker/-est 138; quickly, relative clauses see relative structures
soon and early 550 relative pronouns (who, which etc
quite meanings, structures and word after nouns) 494-498; not used
order 489; quite, fairly, rather and together with personal pronouns
511.2; see also relative structures

page 648
Index

relative structures 494-498 roofs pronunciation 525.4


basic information 494 rotten 410.6
comprehension problems 515.3 round, around and about 60
dropping object pronouns 495.4 rubbish uncountable 148.3
identifying and non-identifying rude preposition 449
clauses 495 rugged pronunciation 18
intonation and punctuation 495.2 rules prescriptive and descriptive rules
position of prepositions 452, 498.7 309.4
relative + infinitive a garden in which run into 449
to play etc 498.13 runner-up plural 524.6
relative structures after way 615.2
use of that 494.5, 495.3, 498.4, 498.6 's see possessive's
what 497 sacred pronunciation 18
when, where and why 494.10 Safe journey home 545.9
which referring to whole clause 494.9 Saint weak and strong form 616.3
whose 496 same 503; word order with
with indirect speech: somebody 1 complement 13.5
know you'll like, a car that 1 didn't satisfy non-progressive verb 471.2
know how fast it could go 498.15,16 savings plural with no singular 524.7
reluctant for ... to 291.3 say structures 277.3; not used to report
remain 128.9 questions 276.4; past progressive use
remains plural with no singular 524.7 (e.g. John was saying) 422.7; passive
remember + -ing form or infinitive structures (he is said to be, there was
299.1; can remember 125.3; non- said to be, it is said that) 417.1,
progressive verb 471.2; and remind 418.2,4; say and tell 504; simple
499.1; remember me to X 545.13 present in quotations (Hamlet
remind structures and preposition says . .. ) 466.5; he says so 540.1; so he
499.2,3; and remember 499.1 says 539.3
rent, hire and let 247 says pronunciation 304.3
repetition use and avoidance 500 scales plural with no singular 524.7
reply questions 484 scarcely position 24.4; question tags
report there are reported to be . .. 418.4 487.4; scarcely, hardly and no sooner
reported speech see indirect speech 233
reporting direct speech punctuation school expressions without article
(use of commas and colons) 474.6 70.1; + singular or plural 526.1
request (noun) for ... to 291.5 scissors plural with no singular 524.7
request (verb) + object + infinitive 283 Scot 364; Scottish and Scotch 364
require + -ing form (passive meaning) Note a
296.3 scratch active or passive meaning
research uncountable 148.3 609.2
resemble no following preposition sea expressions without article 70.1;
451.1; no passive 412.4 the sea 69.4
resent .. .ing 296.1 search preposition 449
resist .. .ing 296.1 secondly, thirdlyetc 157.10
responsible and responsibility Secretary General 13.1
preposition 449 see meanings and structures 505; +
rest the rest 501 object + infinitive or -ing form 242.1;
result as a result 157.14 can see 125.1; 1 see that . .. 243; she
retired active past participle 409.3,4 was seen to 418.3; progressive and
rhetorical questions 482 non-progressive uses 471.3; see ifI
rhythm 554.6 whether 506.6; see, look at and watch
rich the rich 17.1 506; see . .. as 607.2; he was seen as
right adjective and adverb 27.2; + 419
infinitive 284.2; comparative and see abovelover 6.6
superlative 137.5; showing change of See you (later etc) 545.2
subject 157.8; and rightly 27.2; right seem structures and use 507; and
for ... to 291.4. appear 58.2; can't seem to 507.4; in
ring back 87.5 negative sentences 369.4; it seems so
rise and arise 59; and raise 304.2 536.1; it seems that I as if507.6; non-
. risk .. .ing 296.1 progressive verb 471.2; there seems to
road and street 502 be 507.7
Roman numbers (1, 11, III etc) 389.6

page 649
Index

seldom position 24.2; + inversion short adjective and adverb 27.2; and
(auxiliary before subject) 302.7 shortly 27.2; in short 157.21
self plural 524.1 short answers (e.g. Yes, he can) 517
-self (myself etc) see reflexive shorten 128.9
pronouns should meanings, structures and use
sell active or passive meaning 609.1; 518-521
with two objects 610.1 after I insisted, it's important, it's
semi- (prefix) 445.1 surprising etc 521; after in case
semi-colon 475 271.2; after so that / in order that
send with two objects 610.1; in passive 543.3
415 and had better 230.1; and must 359.6,
sense there's no sense in etc 587.2 360.7; and ought 403.2; should,
sensible and sensitive 508 ought and must 520
sentence structure basic word order I should meaning 'If I were you, I
509; conjunctions 510-511; ellipsis should' 264
(leaving out words) 177-182; in if-clauses 261.1; in indirect speech
embedding (clause inside clause) 278.3; in sentences with if258-259;
515; fronting 513; information in subordinate clauses 521
structure 512; reasons for using not used for past 519.3
passives 414; spoken structures and should happen to 232
tags 514; understanding complicated should have done 519.4
sentences 515; see also the entries for should I meaning 'if I should' etc
particular structures (e.g. if; 261.5
imperatives; exclamations; relative should/would after I and we 518.5
structures; indirect speech) weak and strong form 616.3
series singular and plural the same who should I see but etc 116.1
524.3 would replacing should 312.9
set of cutlery etc 430.4 shout at or to 80.3; passive structure
several 154.3 416.1
sexist language 222 show one and two objects 610.7;
shade and shadow 516 passive structures 415
shall offers, suggestions, asking for shrunken 410.6
instructions and decisions 217.5; shut and close 132
indirect speech 278.3; legal sick and ill 266; he's sick / he's being
documents etc 218.6; shall and will sick 89
(future auxiliaries) 212,216--220; shall side either side 174.5
I . .. ? in indirect speech 278.4; weak silk and silken 386.4
and strong form 616.3; will replacing silly adjective, not adverb 27.1
shall 312.9 similar word order with complement
shame for . .. to 291.5 13.5
shape expressions with no preposition similarly (discourse marker) 157.4
451.8 simple past forms, spelling,
shape use of be 92.2 pronunciation and use 421; or past
share between/among 105.3 progressive 422.3-6; or present
sharp adjective and adverb 27.2; and perfect 456--457; or present perfect
sharply 27.2 with already and yet 566.7; or past
shave without -self 493.9 perfect with after, as soon as etc
she 428--429; used for animals, 424.1; instead of past progressive or
countries, ships etc 222.1; weak and perfect after conjunctions 580.7
strong form 616.3; see also personal simple present forms, spelling,
pronouns pronunciation and use 461--463, 465-
sheep singular and plural the same 466; or present progressive 461.2,3,
524.3 463.1-3,464.6,466; or present perfect
sheer position 12.2 460, 463.6; instead of present
sheet of paper, grain of sand etc 430.1 progressive after conjunctions 580.7;
shelf plural 524.1 future use 215
-ship (suffix) 445.2 since tenses 522; since,for, in andfrom
shit (taboo word / swearword) 575 (time) 208; since . . .ing 411.6; with
shocked to 284.1; by/at 410.5; with present perfect progressive 458.5
should 521.2; very shocked 410.4 since, as, because and for 72
shone AIDE pronunciation 304.3 sing structures with one and two
objects 610.7

page 650
Index

singular and plural 523-532 believe etc 539.3; so it is, so I have etc
a three-mile walk etc 386.5, 389.15 541.2; so with say and tell 539.3, 540
another / a good three hours etc 532.6 so (degree adverb) so tired, so fast etc
distributive plural (e.g. they opened 538; and so much 538.7; and such
their books) 441.4 569; and very 538.2; ever so 192;
fractions and decimals 389.2,3 exclamations and emphasis 195.3,
he/she or they after each 169.3 184.3; not so ... as 136.2; so ... as to
he/she or they after either 174.4 538.8; so ... that 538.4; so warm a
hundred and hundreds etc 389.15 dayetc 14; verb before subject after
irregular and special plurals 524 so 302.5
is/ are after what-clause 130.1 so meaning 'because of this/that'
mixed structures 529 157.14; so and because not used
noun + noun (e.g. a shoe shop) 385.2, together 511.1; so and then 537
531 so as to 289.2
nouns and verbs after one of397 so be it 567.4
one and a half231.5 so few 538.6
one of the ... who have/has etc 529.1 so little 538.6
plural expressions with singular so long as meaning 'on condition that'
verbs 527 263
plural after here's, there's, where's so much and so 538.7
532.4 so much and so many 542; he didn't so
plural with apostrophe (e.g. 1960's) much as 542.4; if he so much as 542.4;
524.5 it's not so much . .. as/that 542.4
plurals of compound nouns 524.6 so that and in order that 543
pronunciation of plurals 525 so to speak 157.16
singular nouns with plural verbs 526 so-and-so 544
singular and plural with sort of etc so-so 544
551.2 social language 545
spelling of plurals 523 society without the 68.1, 69.4
they meaning 'he or she' 222.3, 528 socio- (prefix) 445.1
verb after: as well as 532.2; bread and solo plural 523.3
jam etc 532.2; each 169.2; either of some meanings, pronunciation and
174.2; half (oj) 231.1; neither of use 546; and any 547; some of 546.6;
372.2; neither . .. nor 373; number/ and others 546.7; expressions with no
majority of etc 526.2; or 532.2; the preposition 451.2; some or no article
rest 501; who and what 532.3 67; some of whom etc 498.8; weak
see also separate entries for and strong form 616.3
particular words some time, sometime and sometimes
sir 363.2; weak and strong form 616.3 549
size expressions with no preposition somebody and someone 548; no
451.8 difference 548.1; position with
size use of be 92.2 adjectives 13.6; question tags 488.5;
sky in the sky 81.7 with else 183.1
slang 533 someplace 548.6 .1
slang uncountable 148.3 something 548; position with
Sleep well 545.20 adjectives 13.6; something else 183.1;
sleeping and asleep 86.2 + for . .. to 291.6; something that
sleepy be sleepy 92.1 494.5
slow adjective and adverb 27.2; sometime and once 393; sometime,
(adverb) comparative and superlative sometimes and some time 549
138 sometimes position 22.3, 24.2; with
small and little 534 present perfect 455.6
smell 535; can smell 125.1; progressive somewhere 548; position with
and non-progressive uses 471.3 adjectives 13.6; somewhere else 183.1;
smile preposition 449 somewhere I can lie down etc 498.6
snow preposition 450 soon comparative and superlative 138;
so (adverb) meaning 'like this/that' soon, early and quickly 550
536; do so 162; even so 189.5; I think/ soprano plural 523.3
hope/believe etc so 539.1; I don't sorry preposition 449; + -ing form or
think/believe etc so 369.3; I told you infinitive 299.14; sorry about not
so 540.2; ifso 261.7; I'm afraid so 28.2; followed by that 453.2; Sorry and
so am I, so have I etc 541.1; so I hear/

page 651
Index

Excuse me 545.7; Sorry? (asking for question tags 487-488; reply


repetition) 545.8; with should 521.2 questions (e.g. Was it? Did you?) 484;
sort of 551; discourse marker short answers (e.g. Yes, he can) 517;
157.16,17; article dropped after sort of spoken calculations 389.22,23; stress
70.6; these sort of 55 1 and rhythm 554; tags 514; use and
sound (adjective and adverb) 27.2; avoidance of repetition 500.3,5,7; see
sound and soundly 27.2 also pronunciation
sound (verb) 552; non-progressive spokesman/woman/person 222.5
verb 471.2 spring with or without the 70.9
south and southern etc 172; capital square foot, mile etc 389.19
letters 172.3 staff plural with no singular 524.7
spacecraft singular and plural the stain active or passive meaning 609,2
same 524.3 stand (can't) stand . . . ing 296.1
spaghetti uncountable 148.5 standard English and dialects 308,
Spanish the Spanish 17.2 309.2
speak to/with 312.9; and talk 553 start + -ing form or infinitive 299.10;
speaking of/about 157.1 active or passive meaning 609.1; and
special(ly) and especial(ly) 188 begin 99; to start with 157.10
species singular and plural the same state verbs 471.1
524.3 statistics singular and plural the same
spectacles plural with no singular 524.3
524.7 stay 128.10; stay and 53.2
speech 554-555; intonation 555; stress steal ... from passive structure 416.2
and rhythm 554; see also steward and stewardess 222.4
pronunciation; spoken English still, yet and already 566; still
spelling 556-565 emphasising contrast 157.3
British-American differences 51.3 stimulus plural 524.4
capital letters 556; national adjectives stomach-ache countable or
(Italian etc) 364; North(ern), uncountable 148.7
South(ern) etc 172 stone and stony 386.4
ch and tch, k and ck 563 stone (British measure of
comparative and superlative weight) 389.18
adjectives 137.1 stop + -ing form or infinitive 299.12; +
contractions (I'm, won't etc) 143.1 object (+ from) + -ing form 296.2
doubling final consonants 562 stopped active past participle 409.4
final -e 560 storey see floor
hyphens 559; numbers (forty-one etc) stories use of present tenses 465
389.10 straight adjective and adverb 27.2
-iclyand -ically 254.4 strange for ... to 291.4
ie and ei 564 street and road 502
-ise and -ize 558 street names stress 502.2
-ly 557 stress 554; for emphasis 184.2; in
Mr, Mrs, Ms 363.3 abbreviations 2.2; in noun + noun
noun + noun expressions (e.g. structures 385.6, 386.9; in street
bathroom, liVing-room, furniture names 502.2; stressed and unstressed
shop) 385.7 contractions 143; weak and strong
plurals 523 forms 616.2
simple past 421 strike and stroke 304.2
spelling and pronunciation (strange strong and weak forms 616
and difficult spellings) 565 stupid to 284.2
third-person singular present (works, sub- (prefix) 445.1
cries, watches etc) 462 subject separated from sentence 514
yand i 561 subjunctives 567; in older English 392;
spend + object + -ingform 296.2 with lest 321
spit AmE forms 304.3 subordinate clauses use of commas
spite in spite of272 510.4
split infinitive 280.7 subordinating conjunctions 510.2
spoken and written English 310 such 568; and so 569; and very 568.4;
spoken English typical structures 514; ever such 192; exclamations 195.3;
contractions 143; informal relative such . .. that / as to 568.5; such a/an
structures 498.15-17; informal 568; such as 568.6; use for emphasiS
structures with if262; intonation 555; 184.3

page 652
Index

such-and-such 568.7 teach + -ing form or infinitive 299.8; +


suffer preposition 449 object + infinitive 283; with one and
suffixes 445 two objects 610.1,7
sugar uncountable 148.5 team + singular or plural 526.1
suggest structures 570; in passive 415 tear active or passive meaning 609.2
suit no passive 412.4; suit . .. for . .. to tele- (prefix) 445.1
291.7; and fit 206 telephone numbers 389.5
sum to sum up 157.21 telephoning 578
summer with or without the 70.9 television without article 70.11
Sunday etc expressions with no tell and say 504
preposition 451.3 tell structures 277.1; can tell 125.2; he
sunken 410.6 told me so etc 540.1; passive
super- (prefix) 445.1 structures 415, 418.1; so he told me
superlatives see comparatives and etc 539.3; with one and two objects
superlatives 610.1,7
supper and dinner 347 telling the time 579
suppose non-progressive verb 471.2; tempt + object + infinitive 283
in negative sentences 369; suppose tend structure with there 587.2
so/not 539; I suppose (discourse tense and time 10.2
marker) 157.16 tenses active verb forms with their
suppose, supposing (conjunction) 571 names 10; in indirect speech 275; in
supposed be supposed to 572 older English 392; passive fonns
sure adjective and adverb 27.2; + -ing 412.3; tense Simplification in
form or infinitive 299.15; be sure and subordinate clauses 580
53.1; and surely 27.2 see also past verb form with present
surely 573; and certainly 573.1 or future meaning, and entries for
surnames use 363.1d individual tenses
surprise non-progressive verb 471.2; + for tenses with particular words and
infinitive 284.1 expressions, see after; as ... as; as
surprised by/at 410.5; very surprised if/though; as long as; as, when and
410.4 while; before; bet; ever; for; hope;
surprising structure with should 521.2 if; just; just now; since; still, yet
surroundings plural with no singular and already; than; wish
524.7 text messages 147
swear + infinitive 282; I swear 466.4 than 139.1; + infinitive without to
swearwords and taboo words 575 281.4; than, as and that 139.1;
Swiss singular and plural the same dropping words after than 177.7;
524.3 inversion: verb before subject after
swollen active past participle 409.3 than 302.5; than replacing subjects,
sympathetic 574 objects and complements (e.g. than
is necessary) 581; than me, than I am
taboo words and swearwords 575 etc 139.6, 429.2; weak and strong
tags 514.2,3; question tags 487-488; form 616.3; will or present tense with
dropping words before tags 179.4 future meaning after than 580.2
take and bring 112; take + action noun than ever 191.2
(e.g. take a bath) 598.2; take or have thank you, thanks 433.3; thanks plural
(a bath, shower etc) 236.1; take a with no singular 524.7
photo 160.6; take (time) 576; take thanking people 545.19
(time) for . .. to 291.7; take with two thankful and grateful 582
objects 610.1,6 that and those (demonstratives) 589-
take care (of), care (about) and care for 590; expressions with no preposition
127; Take care 545.2 (e.g. that afternoon) 451.2; that one
take part preposition 449 395.5; that is where 130.5; that/those
talk (noun) a talk 598.1 of395.7; that, this and it 590
talk (verb) and speak 553; talking that (conjunction) dropped 584;
about 157.1 comprehension problems 515.4; not
tall 'unmarked' use 350; tall and high used after prepositions 453.1; that-
246 and as not used together 511.1; that-
taste 577; can taste 125.1; progressive clauses 583; preparatory it 583.4;
and non-progressive uses 471.3 that, than and as 139.1; the fact that
tea (afternoon meal) 347 583.3; weak and strong form 616.3

page 653
--.,
Index

that (relative pronoun) see relative lives, there remains etc 587.6; there
structures might be, there could be etc 587.5;
that is to say 157.15,16 there is thought to be 418.4
That's all right / OK (reply to thanks There you go 545.18
etc) 433.5, 545.19 there's + plural noun 532.4
the (definite article) 61-64, 68-70 therefore (discourse marker) 157.14
dropped after all and both 36.5, 70.5; thermo- (prefix) 445.1
after amount/number of70.7; in these 589; these kind of etc 551.2
noun + noun compounds 70.4; after they 428-429; meaning 'he or she'
possessive's 70.3; in 222.3, 528; they, one and you
advertisements, instructions etc 1, (indefinite pronouns) 396
70.19 thicken 128.9
generalisations with and without the thief plural 524.1
68 thine 392
in bed etc 70.1 thing for one/another thing; another
measurements (by the kilo etc) 70.16 thing is (discourse markers) 157.10,11
musical instruments 70.10 think meanings and structures 588;
parts of the body 70.15 think so/not 539; don't think so /
radio, cinema, theatre and television think not 369.3; I think (discourse
70.11 marker) 157.16; prepositions 449;
the accused 17.3; the blind, deaf, old progressive ('continuous') and non-
etc 17.1; the British, Dutch etc 17.2 progressive uses 471.3; he is thought
the meaning 'enough' 187.8 to be 418.2; it was thought that 418.2;
the older . .. , the happier . .. etc 139.5 there are thought to be 418.4
weak and strong form 616.3 thirsty be thirsty 92.1
with half231.3 this and that 589-590; on the
with superlatives 141.6 telephone 578.4; this Sunday etc (no
see also articles preposition) 451.2; this one 395.5; this
the British Isles, Britain, the United is the first/ last etc: tenses 591; this is
Kingdom, and England 114 where 130.5; this/that and it (things
the fact that 453.3, 583.3 that have just been mentioned) 590;
the former, the latter 17.3 this week etc with present perfect or
the hell, what the hell etc 624 past 457.3; this week etc with present
the majority 333.5; + plural verb 526.2 perfect progressive 458.5
the matter (with) 585 those 589; those kind of etc 551.2;
the Middle Ages plural with no those questioned/selected etc 410.2;
singular 524.7 see also that
the moment (that) 267 thou 392
the rest 501 though, although, but and however 49;
the same 503 even though 189.4; though intelligent
the United Kingdom, Britain, the etc 177.11; though meaning
British Isles and England 114 'however' 49.4; tired though she was
the way (= how) 252.7 etc 71
theatre preposition 450; (the) theatre thought countable or uncountable
70.11 148.6; preposition 449; the thought
thee 392 of ... ing297.1
their 441; meaning 'his or her' 528 thousand (a) thousand 389.11;
theirs 442 thousand(s) 389.15
them 428-429; meaning 'him or her' through and along 45; through, across
528; weak and strong form 616.3 and over 9; through used for time 592
themselves 493 throw at/to 80.3; in passive 416.2;
then (discourse marker) 157.14; if . .. with two objects 610.1
then 261.9; and so 537 thunder uncountable 148.3
there and here 245; + inversion (verb thy 392
before subject) 22.5, 303 tight adjective and adverb 27.2
there two pronunciations and till 602
meanings 586 . time (countable or uncountable)
there is (introducing indefinite meanings and structures 593; any
subjects) 587; in question tags 488.4; time you're in town etc 498.6; by the
pronunciation 587.1; there appears/ time that 117.1; in a month's time etc
happens/seems etc to be 587.5; there 82.6; time to 306; time for . .. to 291.5;
is certain/sure etc to be 587.5; there

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Index

it's time you went etc 306.2; on/in truths pronunciation 525.4
time 450; telling the time 579 try + -ing form or infinitive 299.6; try
time and tense 10.2 and 53.1
tired of .. .ing 297.1 try (noun) one more try 598.1
titles and names (e.g. Mr Lewis, Peter) tube by tube 70.1
363; Ms 222.7 turn, turn into (changes) 128.7
tits (taboo word / swearword) 575 turning verbs into nouns 598
to (infinitive marker) 280.6; used TV preposition 450; without article
instead of whole infinitive 182; weak 70.11
and strong form 616.3 twat (taboo word / swearword) 575
to (preposition) and at/in 80; and twice as ... as etc 136.7
until! till 602.2; dropped after where two-part verbs (e.g. break up, listen
619; to . . .ing 298.2; to bed/school! to) 599-600
hospital etc 70.1; weak and strong type of 551; following article dropped
form 616.3 70.6; these type of551.2
to begin with (discourse marker) typical preposition 449
157.10
to blame 287.2 ugly adjective, not adverb 27.1
to hear her talk, you'd think, to see ultra- (prefix) 445.1
them, you'd think etc 292.2 un- (prefix) 445.1
to some /a great extent 157.12 unable 3
to start with (discourse marker) uncountable see countable
157.10 under- (prefix) 445.1
to sum up 157.21 under no circumstances + inversion
to tell the truth 157.20 (auxiliary before subject) 302.7
today with present perfect or past under, below, underneath and beneath
457.3 100
tomato plural 523.3 understand non-progressive verb
tonight 594 471.2; + object + to be 607.3; + object
too (adverb), also and as well 46; in + -ing form 296.1; can understand
negative clauses 47; position 46.1,4; 125.3; I understand that . .. 243;
me too 46.3 make oneself understood 335.2; so I
too (determiner) structures and understand 539.3; there is understood
meaning 595; and too much 595.2; to be 418.4
and very 595.1,7; much too,far too etc understanding complicated
595.3; special word order with sentences 515
adjectives 14 unemployed the unemployed 17.1
too much/many 596; too much and uni- (prefix) 445.1
too 595.2 unimportant for ... to 291.4
tooth plural 524.2 union with singular or plural verb and
toothache countable or uncountable pronoun 526.1 .
148.7 United States + singular verb/
tornado plural 523.3 pronoun 527.6
toward(s) 614.3 university preposition 450;
town expressions without article 70.1; expressions without article 70.1
and city 129; the town 69.4 unless 601; + presentwith future
traffic uncountable 148.3 meaning 601.3; and if not 601.1
train by train 70.1; on a train 81.4 unlikely 327; adjective, not adverb 27.1
trans- (prefix) 445.1 unnecessary for . .. to 291.4
translate preposition 449 until and till 602; + past participle (e.g.
travel (uncountable) and journey until cooked:) 411.6; + present tense
148.3; countable use 149.3; travel, with future meaning 602.4; and
journey, trip and voyage 597 before 602.7; and by 602.6; and to
travelling etc spelling 562.6 602.2; not used for distance 602.3
tri- (prefix) 445.1 up and down (up/down the road etc)
trip preposition 449; Have / Did you 603
have a good trip 545.9; trip, travel, up to (distance, quantity) 602.3
journey and voyage 597 upbringing and education 113
troops plural with no singular 524.7 upward(s) 614
trouble + (object +) infinitive 282-3 us 428-9; meaning 'me' 429.6; us
trousers plural with no singular 524.7 women etc 429.1; weak and strong
true it is true (discourse marker) 157.5 form 616.3

page 655
---
Index

use anylno use 57.3; is it any use wanna (= want to) 308.4, 613.4
expecting . .. ? etc 295.5; structure want structures and meanings 613; in
with there 587.2 negative sentences 369.4; non-
used be used to (. . .ing) 605 progressive verb 471.2; + -ing form
used + infinitive (past habits etc) 604; with passive meaning 613.3; want
and would 633.8 and will 629.8; meaning 'need' 613.3;
usual for ... to 291.4; as usual 77 want to not possible in passive 418.6
usually position 22.3, .24.2 -ward(s) (suffix) 614
warm be warm 92.1
vacation 248 warn + object + infinitive 283
vanished active past participle 409.3 was replacing were (e.g. ifI was) 312.9;
verb + infinitive 282; + for . .. to 291 if . .. was to 261.2; weak and strong
verb + infinitive or -ing form 296.4; form 616.3
special cases 299 wash without -self 493.9
verb + -ing form 296 watch + -ing form or infinitive 299.5;
verb + object + complement (e.g. They watch, look at and see 506
elected her President) 607; passive way 615; expressions with no
(e.g. She was elected President) 419 preposition 451.9, 615.1; in the same
verb + object + infinitive 283; passive way 157.4; inIon the way 615.5; the
(e.g. He is believed to be ... ) 418 way (that) she spoke to me etc 498.6,
verb + object + -ing form 296.2 615.2; way of . . .ing I way to ... 615.3;
verb complementation what can way of and means of 615.4
follow a verb? 606 we 428-9; inclusive and exclusive
verb forms in older English 392 meanings 429.5; we who 498.12; we
verbs of movement she came in women, you men etc 428.10; weak
running, she entered running or she and strong form 616.3
ran in 608 wear be wearing 164.3
verbs with active and passive weather uncountable 148.1, 149.4;
meanings (e.g. I opened the door I countable use 149.3; the weather 69.4
the door opened) 609 weekends atlon weekends 312.9
verbs with particles and weekly adjective and adverb 27.1
prepositions (e.g. break up, listen weigh progressive and non-
to) 599-600 progressive uses 471.3
verbs with prepositions passive weight expressions with no
structures 416 preposition 451.8
verbs with two objects 610; in passive weight use of be 92.2
415 welcome to . .. 284.2; Welcome homel
vertebra plural 524.4 back 545.9; You're welcome 545.19
very 611; and so 538.2; and such 568.4; well (adjective and adverb) 617;
and too 595; and very much 611; (adverb) comparative and superlative
very . .. indeed 273.1; very and much 138; position 12.3; well and good
with past participles 410.4; very best 617.1; as well 46-47, 343, 78
etc 140.4 well (discourse marker) 157.16,17,20
very much 357.7, 611; (adverb) 611.4; well-known comparative and
and very 611; position 611.4; with superlative 137.4
comparatives and superlatives 140 well-read active past participle 409.4
vice- (prefix) 445.1 well worth 632.6
view in my view 157.16 Welsh the Welsh 17.2, 364
vital + subjunctive 567.2 were instead of was after if258, 264;
vital for ... to 291.4 after as iflthough 74.2; after wish
vocabulary uncountable 148.3 630.4; was replacing were (e.g. if I
voice preposition 450 was) 312.9; were she meaning 'if she
volcano plural 523.3 were' etc 261.5; were to in if-clauses
volume 389.19 261.2; weak and strong form 616.3
voyage, travel, journey and trip 597 wert older English form of were 392
west and western etc 172; capital
wait 612; wait and see etc 53.1; wait, letters 172.3
expect, hope and look forward 196 what (question word) 622;'
waiter and waitress 222.4 exclamations 195.2; questions with
wake active or passive meaning 609.1; what as subject 486; What? (asking
wake, awake and (a) waken 86 for repetition) 545.8; what to 277.2;
wank (taboo word I swearword) 575 what, which and who 622; what, why

page 656
Index

and how 252.4; word order in indirect subject 486; weak and strong form
questions 278.7 616.3; with else 183.1
what (relative pronoun) 497; no who relative pronoun (e.g. the man
matter what 378; What I need is etc who . .. ) 494--495, 498; he/she who
130 429.9; I who, you who etc 498.12; no
what . .. like and how 253 matter who 378; and whom 623,
what about . .. ? 252.4 312.9; meaning 'the person who'
what else 183.1 498.19
what ever 624 who, which and what 622
what if 571 who ever 624
what is more 157.11 who on earth, the hell, the fuck etc 624
what on earth, the hell, the fuck etc whoever 625; and no matter who
624 378.2; whoever else 183.1
What time ... ? 82.7 whole and all 40; the whole of 40.5; on
whatever 625; and no matter what the whole 157.12
378.2; meaning 'at all' 625.8; short whom (question word) 623,312.9
answer 625.7; whatever else 183.1 whom relative pronoun (e.g. the
when with simple past or past perfect person whom . .. ) 494, 623, 312.9;
424.1; + present tense with future some of whom etc 498.8
meaning 580.2; and if618; dropped whore (taboo word / swearword) 575
after time, day, year etc 498.6; in who's and whose 627
relative structures: the day when etc whose (possessive question word)
130.2, 494.10; no matter when 378; 441.2, 626; questions with whose
when . . .ing 411.6; when, as and as subject 486
while 73; when else 183.1; when ever whose relative pronoun (e.g. the
624; when turning, when ready etc person whose keys I found) 496; no
73.4, 177.11 matter whose 378; whose, of whom/
whenever 625; and no matter when which and that . .. of 496.2
378.2; whenever else 183.1 why + infinitive without to 628.3; and
where + infinitive 277.2; dropped after why not 628; .in relative structures
somewhere, anywhere etc 498.6; in (the reason why) 130.2, 494.10, 498.6;
relative structures: the place where why, what and how 252.4; with else
etc 130.2, 494.10; no matter where 183.1
378; to dropped 619; where else 183.1; why ever 624
where on earth, the hell, the fuck etc why on earth, the hell, the fuck etc 624
624 Why should she? ete 482.2
where's + plural noun 532.4 wicked pronunciation 18
whereas 157.2 wide adjective and adverb 27.2; and
wherever 625; and no matter where broad 115; and large 106.4; and
378.2 widely 27.2
whether + present tense with future widen 128.9
meaning 580.2; and if621; in indirect widow and widower 222.4
questions 276.3; whether . .. or 620 wife plural 524.1
which (question word) 622; which of will various uses 629; and shall 212,
622.3; which one 395.5; in which case 217-220; and want 629.8; decisions,
etc 498.5; no matter which 378; none promises, threats, refusals,
of which etc 498.8; questions with instructions, orders, requests 217;
which as subject 486; which, what future auxiliary 212, 216-220; in if-
and who 622; word order in indirect clauses 260; replacing shall 312.9;
questions 278.7 weak and strong form 616.3; different
which relative pronoun (e.g. the car meanings of will you . .. ?218.4; will
which . .. ) 494-495, 498; referring to a have to, have (got) to (future
whole clause (e.g.... which surprised obligation) 361.2
everybody) 494.9 willing for ... to 291.3
whichever 625; and no matter which win and beat 93
378.2 wind and wound 304.2
while, as and when 73; while asleep etc winter with or without the 70.9
177.11; while in Germany etc 73.4; wish (noun) structure with should
showing contrast 157.2; while . . .ing 521.1
411.6 wish (verb) meanings and structures
who (question word) 622; and whom 630; + object + infinitive 283; non-
623, 312.9; questions with who as progressive verb 471.2; tenses after

page 657

_____ ~.~.~ei 7TTTTTTTTTTTTT' T T I I-l ....r.-'-.-,--,-., ......... ~_ _ _


Index

wish 630.4,5; wish . .. would 630.5; 262; in indirect speech 275.3, 278.3;
with two objects 610.1 in sentences with if258-259; past
wishes sending good wishes 545.13 tense instead of would after
with meanings and use 631; and by conjunctions 426.1; replacing should
(tools, method etc) 119 312.9; used to make questions etc
with reference to 157.1 less direct 436.4; weak and strong
without .. . ing 411.6; without and form 616.3
except 194.6; and instead of301.2 would like 325.6; softening expression
wolf plural 524.1 437.3; would have liked to have seen
woman plural 524.2; without article etc 288.2
70.8; woman or women in noun + would rather 491.2; negative structure
noun compounds 531.2 491.2
wonder I wondered / was wondering Would you mind ... ? 351.2
in polite requests 436.1,2 wound and wind 304.2
won't refusals 217.4 wreaths pronunciation 525.4
word order basic word order 509 wretched pronunciation 18
adjectives: order before nouns 15; write with one and two objects 610.1,7
position 12,13; with as, how, too and written and spoken English 310
so 14 written English paragraphs 406;
adverbs: position 21-25 understanding complicated
always and never with imperatives sentences 515; use and avoidance of
268.7 repetition 500.3,5,7
complement before heavy object wrong adjective and adverb 27.2;
607.1 comparative and superlative 137.5;
compounds like English-speaking preposition 449; there's something
410.1 wrong 587.2; wrong to 284.2; wrong
declarative questions (e.g. You're for . .. to 291.4
working late?) 481
direct and indirect objects 610.2,3 -y (suffix) 445.4
exclamations 195 y'all (AmE dialect form of plural
fronting 513 you) 429.8
in older English 392 yard (measurements) 389.18
indirect questions 276, 278 ye (dialect form of plural you) 429.8;
information structure 512 (older English) 392
inversion 302-303 yearly adjective and adverb 27.1
objects with phrasal verbs 599.4 years old 32
participles after nouns (e.g. the yes and no 634; in answers to negative
people questioned) 410.2 questions 368.4, 634.1
position of subordinate clauses 510.3 yet non-affirmative word 381; after
prepositions 452, 416.1 superlatives 139.8; tenses 566.7,
reporting verbs (e.g. said John) 156, 455.5; yet, still and already 566;
303 discourse marker emphasising
questions 480 contrast 157.3
for word order with particular words you 428-429; you folks/guys 312.1,
and expressions, see entries for ago; 429.8; ye, yiz, y'all etc (dialect plurals
all; also; as well; back; both; of you) 429.8; you know (discourse
each; else; enough; just now; last; marker) 157.17; you men etc 428.10;
next; only; opposite; ought; quite; you, one and they (indefinite personal
rather; such; used to; whole pronouns) 396; you who 498.12; weak
work uncountable 148.3; expressions and strong form 616.3
without article 70.1 You're welcome 433.5, 545.19
works (= factory) singular and plural young the young 17.1
the same 524.3 your 441; weak and strong form 616.3
worshippers etc spelling 562.7 Your health 545.12.
worth structures 632; I didn't think it yours 442
worth complaining etc 295.5 Yours faithfully etc 146.7
worthwhile 632.5 yourself and yourselves 493
would various uses 633; after wiSh youse (dialect form of plural
630.5; and used to 633.8; would or you) 429.8
should after I and we 518.5; future in youths pronunciation 525.4
the past 221; I would meaning 'If!
were you, I would' 264; in if-clauses zero 389.4

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