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Light stroboscope
water Ripple
motor tank
Straight
vibrator
White paper
Power supply
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using depth = 10.0 cm, 15.0 cm, 20.0 cm
and 25.0 cm
(vi) Table of data :
Depth, d/ cm Wavelength, / cm
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Wavelength, / cm
Depth, d / cm
(a) Inference : frequency affects wavelength
(b) Hypothesis : If frequency increases, wavelength decreases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between frequency and wavelength.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : frequency
- responding variable : wavelength
- fixed variable : depth
- definition of operational variable : current represent frequency
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : ripple tank and accessories, power
supply, water, stroboscope, meter rule, rheostat, ammeter
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus :
rheostat ammeter
A
Light stroboscope
White paper
Power supply
Current , I/ A Wavelength, / cm
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Wavelength, / cm
Current, I/A
(a) Inference : current affects magnitude of force.
(b) Hypothesis : If current increases, magnitude of force increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between current and magnitude of force.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : current
- responding variable : magnitude of force
- fixed variable : weight of conductor
batteries
Angle of deflection
Iron denning A
rheostat switch
uninsulated copper
magnadur magnet wire
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using current = 2.0 A, 3.0A, 4.0A, 5.0A
(vi) Table of data :
Angle of deflection
Current ( A) ()
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
angle of deflection ()
Current (A)
(a) Inference : distance of two coherent sources affects distance of two
consercutive antinodes (interference pattern)
(b) Hypothesis : If distance of two coherent sources increases, then distance of two
consercutive antinodes decreases
(c) (i) Aim : To find the relationship between distance of two coherent sources and
distance of two consercutive antinodes
(ii) variables :
- manipulated : distance of two coherent sources ,a
- responding : distance of two consercutive antinodes , x
- constant / fixed : Wave length,
distance of two coherent sources and observer, D
(iii) list of material and appparatus :
Audio generator, 2 speakers, power supply, metre rule,
(iv) arrangement of apparatus :
Power supply
speakers
Loud sound
(c) (i) Aim : To find the relationship between distance of sources from observer
and distance of two consercutive antinodes
(ii) variables :
- manipulated : distance of sources from observer, D
- responding : distance of two consercutive antinodes , x
- constant / fixed :
Wave length,
distance of two speakers, a
Power supply
speakers
Loud sound
- Repetition.
- Repeat experiment using, distance of speakers from observer,
D = 10.0m, 15.0m, 20.0m dan 25.0m
Power supply
speakers
Loud sound
frequency, f / k Hz
(a) Inference : distance between source and screen, D affects distance of two
consercutive bright fringes, x
(b) Hypothesis : If distance between source and screen increases, then distance of two
consercutive bright fringes increases
(c) (i) Aim : To find the relationship between distance between source and screen and
distance of two consercutive bright fringes
(ii) variables :
- manipulated : distance between source and screen, D
- responding : distance of two consercutive bright fringes , x
- constant / fixed : Wave length,
distance of two coherent sources (slits), a
(iii) list of material and appparatus :
Young double slits, white bulb, red color filter, screen, power supply, metre rule,
(iv) arrangement of apparatus :
x
screen
White bulb
(v) Procedure:
- Method of controlling manipulated variable:
(i) Switch on bulb.
(ii) adjust distance between Youngs double slit and screen, D = 10.0 cm measured
using metre rule.
-Method of measuring responding variable:
(i) Measure the distance between two consercutive bright fringes, x using metre rule.
- Repetition.
- Repeat experiment using, distance D = 20.0cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm and 50.0 cm
screen
White bulb
(v) Procedure:
- Method of controlling manipulated variable:
(i) Switch on bulb.
(ii) Begin experiment by using wavelength, for red colour filter.
-Method of measuring responding variable:
(i) Measure the distance between two consercutive bright fringes, x using metre rule.
- Repetition.
- Repeat experiment using, wavelength, for orange, yellow, green and blue colour filter.
wavelength, / m
(a) Inference : potential difference affects current
(b) Hypothesis : If potential difference increases, current increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between potential difference and current
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : potential difference
- responding variable : current
- fixed variable : length of wire
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : 50 cm constantant wire ( s.w.g 24), connecting wires, ammeter, voltmeter, battery
holder, three 1.5 v cells, rheostat, switch.
A
Constantan wire
rheostat
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using potential difference , v = 0.3 v, 0.4v, 0.5v, 0.6 v
v//v I/A
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Current, I /A
A
Constantan wire
rheostat
V
(v) Procedure of the experiment:
- Method of controlling the manipulated variable:
(i) Turn on switch and adjust rheostat until current reading shown
in ammeter, I = 0.2 A.
-Method of measuring responding variable.
(i) Record the potential difference reading shown in voltmeter, V
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using current , I = 0.3 A, 0.4A, 0.5A, 0.6 A
I/A V/V
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
current, I/A
(a) Inference : length affects resistance
(b) Hypothesis : If length increases, resistance increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between length and resistance.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : length
- responding variable : resistance
- fixed variable : type of material ( constantant)
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : 100 cm constantant wire ( s.w.g 24),
connecting wires, ammeter, voltmeter, battery holder,
three 1.5 v cells, rheostat, switch.
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus :
batteries switch
A
Constantan wire
rheostat
l / cm R/
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
(vii) Analyzing data : graph of resistance, R against length, l is
plotted.
resistance, R /
length, l / cm
(a) Inference : thickness affects resistance
(b) Hypothesis : If thickness increases, resistance decreases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between thickness and resistance.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : thickness
- responding variable : resistance
- fixed variable : type of material ( constantant)
batteries switch
A
Constantan wire
rheostat
thickness/swg R/
32
30
28
26
24
resistance, R /
length, l / cm
(a) Inference : current affects change in temperature
(b) Hypothesis : If current increases, change in temperature increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between current and change in temperature.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : current
- responding variable : change in temperature
- fixed variable : time ,
volume of water,
batteries switch
V A
rheostat
stirrer thermometer
water
heater
Wool cloth
I/A /C
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Change in temperature, / C
Current,I / A
(a) Inference : current affects strength of electromagnet.
(b) Hypothesis : If current increases, strength of electromagnet increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between current and strength of
electromagnet.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : current
- responding variable : strength of electromagnet
- fixed variable : number of turns
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : retort stand, insulated PVC copper wire ,
ammeter, connecting wire, soft iron rod, pins, 2 small pieces of wood, power supply
2 pieces of wood
A pins
rheostat switch
(v) Procedure of the experiment:
- Method of controlling the manipulated variable:
(i) Turn on switch.
(ii) Adjust rheostat until current, I = 1 A as shown by ammeter.
- Repetition.
- Repeat the experiment using current, I = 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A
(vi) Table of data :
Strength of
Current, I/A electromagnet
1
2
3
4
5
strength of electromagnet
current
(a) Inference : Number of turns affects strength of electromagnet.
(b) Hypothesis : If number of turns increases, strength of electromagnet increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between number of turns and strength of
electromagnet.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : number of turns
- responding variable : strength of electromagnet
- fixed variable : current
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : retort stand, insulated PVC copper wire ,
ammeter, connecting wire, soft iron rod, pins, 2 small pieces of wood, power supply
2 pieces of wood
A pins
rheostat switch
(v) Procedure of the experiment:
- Method of controlling the manipulated variable:
(i) Wind the insulated copper wire around the soft iron rod to make
number of turns =10
Strength of
Number of turns electromagnet
10
20
30
40
50
strength of electromagnet
Number of turns
(a) Inference : Number of turns affects induced current
(b) Hypothesis : If number of turns increases, induced current increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between induced current and number of
turns.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : number of turns
- responding variable : induced current
- fixed variable : speed
(iii) List of apparatus and materials : retort stand, insulated copper wire ,
ammeter, connecting wire, magnet, meter rule
magnet
galvanometer sponge
(v) Procedure of the experiment:
- Method of controlling the manipulated variable:
(i) Wind insulated copper wire with number of turns = 10
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using number of turns = 20,30,40 and 50
(vi) Table of data :
10
20
30
40
50
Induced current
Number of turns
(a) Inference : speed affects induced current
(b) Hypothesis : If speed increases, induced current increases.
(c) (i) Aim : to study the relationship between speed and induced current.
(ii) variables :
- manipulated variable : speed
- responding variable : induced current
- fixed variable : number of turns
magnet
galvanometer sponge
- Repeatition.
- Repeat the experiment using initial height = 40.0cm, 60.0cm,
80.0cm, and 100cm .
(vi) Table of data :
Initial Induced current / A
height /
cm
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Initial height, h / cm