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LATERAL LOAD REISTING SYSTEMS/REINFORCED

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL
CONCRETE DESIGN/ WIND AND SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN

ELEMENTS
1 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
LATERAL LOAD REISTING SYSTEMS/REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN/ WIND AND
SEISMIC LOAD DESIGN

INTRODUCTION: BASICS

To understand the term Moment of Resistance first we have to understand what is bending
moment and to understand that we have to understand what is moment of force.

Force:

The basic definition of force that we have learned is that force is push and pull. Force when
applied to an object tends to change its motion or its shape.

In structural engineering we have well defined cross sections and the members have a
longitudinal axis and a lateral axis.

A force applied in the longitudinal axis of the member would tend to elongate (Tensile
Force) or compress (Compressive Force) the member.
A force applied in the lateral axis would try to slice off the member (Shear force) or would
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try to bend the member (Bending Moment).

How and why is bending moment different from the other three?

The amount of elongation, compression or shearing is directly dependent on the


magnitude of the force applied.

More is the force more is it effect.

But same is not the case with rotation. The same amount of force if applied at a greater
distance would produce greater rotation.

In the above figure with the same magnitude of force(F) the rotation would be more in the
second case since the lever arm is more and thus the moment is more.

Thus its not the magnitude of the force but also the distance at which it is applied that
tells us about its effect. So we multiplied the two quantities and gave it a name as the
moment of force.

The turning effect of a force is known as the moment. Moment of force is the product of
force and the distance of the force from the point of interest.

If this moment of force tries to twist the member then we call it twisting moment or
torsional moment and if this moment of force tries to bend the member then we call it
bending moment.

Moment of Resistance
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When a body is strained it tries to resist that by generating internal stresses. Stress is the
resistance offered by a body to external force.

When a beam bends the concave face of the beam is under compression and the convex
face is under tension. These compressive and tensile strains produce compressive and
tensile stresses (resistance) in the beam respectively. The couple formed by these resistive
forces is termed as moment of resistance.

Ultimate Moment of Resistance

If we consider the compressive and tensile stress in the beam to be equal to the tensile
and compressive strength of the material then the couple formed by them is termed as
ultimate moment of resistance or the Ultimate Bending Moment since the beam cannot
take bending moment more than that.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN


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STRUCTURAL FAILURES
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Cover, fire, durability and bond (Cl 4, EC 2)

In EC 2 the cover to reinforcement is principally a function of

1. Fire resistance
2. Durability
3. Bond

Fire
Bond and durability
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The nominal cover to reinforcement, cnom, is obtained from the minimum cover, cmin, by adding an
allowance for likely deviations during construc- tion, cdev i.e.

cnom = cmin + cdev

The minimum cover to reinforcement is given by the following expression

cmin = max{cmin,dur; cmin,b; 10 mm}

cmin,dur is the minimum cover for durability

cmin,b is the minimum cover for bond = diameter of bar, , provided the nominal maximum aggregate
size, dg 32 mm
LIMIT STATES
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Serviceability limit state:

structures function satisfactorily without


significant damage.
The most important three requirements are
deflection, cracking and durability.
Structures usually remainlinear elastic at this limit
states

Ultimate limit state:

structures reach the ultimate load.


Significant non-linearity, plastic deformation and
damage to structure occur.
Ultimate moment reached when fcc=0.0035

ELASTIC CRITERIA

PLASTIC CRITERIA
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Modes of failure

Balanced failure: st= y. Physical meaning concrete crushing and yielding of tensile
reinforcement occur at the same instant. For grade 460 steel and rm = 1.15, y=0.002,
substituted into Eq.(2) giving x=0.636d.
Tension failure: st>y. Physical meaning yielding of tensile reinforcement occurs
before concrete crushing. Yielding provides significant deflection and warning before
failure, and therefore, it is a ductile failure mode. For columns this failure mode is
associated with small compression zone - large eccentricity of axial load. For beams with
this failure mode, the tensile reinforcement is not excessive, and hence, is also called
under-reinforced beams.
Compression failure: st<y. Physical meaning concrete crushes before yielding of
tensile reinforcement. Failures associated with this mode are non-ductile. Columns
associated with this failure mode have deep compression zones small eccentricity of
axial load. Beams with this failure mode has excessive tensile reinforcement, and is also
called over-reinforced beams.

SHEAR FAILURE
The principal tensile stress governs the shear cracking. Crack develops along the compression
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trajectories breaking apart in the direction of the principal tensile stress.

The tensile cracking occurs when the principal tensile stress > concrete tensile capacity, but
the principal tensile stress is directly related to the shear force of the section V. Therefore we
can say V causes the cracking

Flexural crack: Bending moment high

Shear crack: shear force high

With reference to Fig. 3.21(a), as the loading increases, an inclined crack rapidly develops
between the edge of the support and the load point, resulting in splitting of the beam into two
pieces. This is normally termed diagonal tension failure and can be prevented by providing
shear reinforcement.

The second failure mode, termed diagonal compression failure (Fig. 3.21(b)), occurs under the
action of large shear forces acting near the support, resulting in crushing of the concrete. This
type of failure is avoided by limiting the maximum

shear stress to 5 N/mm2 or 0.8 fcu, whichever is the lesser.


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Shear resistance of RC members

Shear strength without shear reinforcement

The shear resistance in a RC beam without shear reinforcement (stirrups or bent-up bars) is carried by
a combination of three main components. These are

o Concrete in the compression zone


o Dowel action of tensile reinforcement (properly anchored)
o Aggregate interlock across flexural cracks

SHEAR RESISTANCE WITH REINFORCEMENT


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Strut: a rod or bar forming part of a framework and designed to resist compression

EC 2 models shear behavior on the truss analogy in which the concrete acts as the diagonal struts
(shown in broken line and labelled DC in Fig. 8.9), the stirrups act as the vertical ties, VT, the tension
reinforcement forms the bottom chord, BT and the compression steel/ concrete forms the top chord, TC

strut angle, an vary between 21.8 and 45

If Ved > Vrd shear failure may occur as a result of either compressive failure of the diagonal concrete
strut or diagonal tension failure of the member.
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The additional longitudinal tensile force caused by shear can be used to reduce the longitudinal tensile
bar length which is called curtailment of reinforcement.
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BEAM DESIGN

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COLUMN DESIGN

SLAB DESIGN

A slab can be defined as a wide and shallow beam. In general, the design guidelines for
beams are also applicable to solid slabs which are usually designed for unit width

Typical types of slabs:

a) Solid slabs supported by beams;

b) Flat slab without beams and supported by columns;

c) Ribbed, waffle and hollow block floors to reduce self- weight and suitable for long
spans.

SOLID SLAB

One WAY SLAB

One way slab is supported on two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one direction.
Total load is carried in the direction perpendicular to the supporting beam.
If a slab is supported on all the four sides but the ratio of longer span (l) to shorten span (b) is
greater than 2, then the slab will be considered as one way slab. Because due to the huge
difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams.
Main reinforcement is provided in only one direction for one way slabs.

Two Way Slab

Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer
span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement
is provided in both directions for two way slabs.
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Punching shear
Because slab is thin, it may be punched through by point load. Punching shear must be
checked and designed for when significant point load is applied on slabs.
1 TYPES OF LATERAL LOAD RESISTING
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Type Suitable for Main In case of In case of


of up to how function/ higher high
frame many stories advantag wind load gravity
e (good/ba load
d) (good/ba
d)
Rigid Up to 25
frame stories (6m
s -9m bay size)
(more than
this requires
uneconomica
lly large
members to
control drift)

Rigid frames
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Notes:
1 Consists columns and girders joined by moment resistance connections

8 Lateral stiffness depends on bending stiffness of columns, girders, and connections


in the plane of bent
The size of columns and girders at nay level depends directly by magnitude of
external shear at that level and therefore increase towards the base
Design of each floor cannot be repetitive as it is in braced frames
Disadvantage: it is not possible to accommodate the required depth of girder within
the normal ceiling space
When gravity loads dictate the design, economies in member size that arise from
this effect tend to be offset by the higher cost of the rigid joints

DONT UNDERSTAND?

Negative moments are induced in the girders adjacent to the columns causing the
mid span positive moments to be significantly less than the simply supported span:
OFCOURSE THE JOINT OF THE COLUMN AND GIRDER IS GOING TO PROVIDE
SIGNIFICANT RESISTANCE TO THE BENDING HENCE THE BENDING EXPERIENCED AT
THE MIDDLE WILL BE LESS THAN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

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