Testing and Commissioning of Protective Relays and Instrument Transformers - Testing and Maintenance of Electromechanical Protective Relays - Electrical Power Generation

5/8/2017 TestingandCommissioningofProtectiveRelaysandInstrumentTransformers:TestingandMaintenanceofElectromechanicalProtectiveRelays|electricalpowergeneration
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and WindFarmProtection:CaseStudy
ProbabilisticModelingand
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Instrument Transformers:Testing and AggregateWind
Maintenance of Electromechanical Power:GeographicDiversity

ProbabilisticModelingand
Protective Relays StatisticalCharacteristicsof
PostedonNovember9,2015byadmin Leaveacomment AggregateWind
Power:GeographicDiversity
Testing and Maintenance of Electromechanical Protective Relays
WindFarm
The reliability of protective relays in isolating faulted equipment is Protection:ConventionalGenerator
dependentoncorrectinstallationandmaintenance.Afterprotectiverelays LayoutandWindFarmLayout
are correctly installed and tested, the maintenance testing objective SummaryofWindFarmProtection
should be to achieve maximum performance with minimum testing.
Relays usually operate for an extremely short time during their long life.
http://machineryequipmentonline.com/electricalpowergeneration/testingandcommissioningofprotectiverelaysandinstrumenttransformerstestingandmaintenanceofelectromechanicalprotectiverelays/ 1/17
Therefore, the question arises IntroductiontoWindPowerPlants

as to whether the relay will andFACTSDevicesInfluenceon
operate under fault conditions. thePerformanceofDistance
The answer is to rou tinely test Relays
all protective relays. However, IntroductiontoWindFarm
overtesting should be avoided, Protection
because testing can potentially IntroductiontoEnergyHub
add more trouble than is ManagementwithIntermittent
corrected. All relay test WindPower
programs should include tests HVDCTransmissionforOffshore
that simulate normal operating WindFarms:FinalRemarks
conditions. The test program should include acceptance, installation, EnergyHubManagementwith
routine, and repair. Before meaningful tests can be conducted, advance IntermittentWindPower:Risk
preparation should be undertaken in order that the testing personnel Management
becomefamiliarwiththerelaysorrelaysystems. WindFarmProtection:Significance
ofResults
Relay Inspection and Tests
WindFarmProtection:FRTCriteria,
General Protection,andControl
Coordination
The installation, maintenance, and small repair testing are done in the
WindFarmProtection:Wind
field, whereas acceptance and major repair testing are conducted in the
IntegrationDynamicFaultStudies
laboratory.
WindFarmProtection:WindFarm
To minimize the potential liability of adding trouble to the relays or relay andConventionalGeneration
system,thefollowinggeneralproceduresarerecommended. Protection
HVDCTransmissionforOffshore
Advance preparation
WindFarms:NewTrendsonHVDC
Studytheprotectionscheme(stationprints,relayinstructionmanuals) TransmissionforOffshoreWind
Energy
Obtain and review results of previous tests and other pertinent
SponsoredContent
information
MaintenanceManual
Arrangefortestequipmenttoperformalltests
ThermalOverloadRelay
Makeoutagerequestandswitchingarrangements
Scheduleremotetrippingandloadtests,whenrequired
Daily preparation
Set up test equipment. Observe precautions in selection and connec
tiontolowvoltageservice
Operatingortestpersonnelperformswitching,asarranged,accordingto
approvedoutagerequests
Openandisolate,TESTDEAD,andgroundifrequired;placeKeepOut
tag,andreportOnthecircuit;completeoperatinglogentries.
If test personnel are not present when switching is performed, verify the
isolation, grounding, tag placement, and TEST DEAD before reporting
Onthecircuit.
Isolatecontrolcircuits;thatis,removecontrolfuses,opentestswitches,
and/or operate selector controls as required. Caution: Be aware of
overlapping and interconnecting protective circuits associated with
operatingequipment.Takemeasuresnecessarytokeepsuchschemesin
operation. Isolate control, current, and voltage transformer secondary

circuits to protect against an unintentional operation from tests on the
taggedcircuit.
Tests and inspections

Perform and record results of as found tests. Confirm calibrations and
settings with a system protection study or relay setting and man
ufacturers instructions. Record any defects found; discrepancies should
bereportedpromptlytoasupervisororpersoninchargeandresolved,if
necessary.
Verify printed information on the routine inspection sheet (RIS) test

formsfromprevioustests.PrepareotherRISforms,ifrequired.
Performvisualandmechanicalinspections.
Check tightness, clearance of exposed lugs, and condition of wiring on

panels and switchboards. Check clips of fuse holders for tightness and
alignment. Inspect and perform minor repairs on relays and auxiliary
devices. Observe clearances, mechanical freedom, condition of contacts
and control springs, condition of internal insulation, and tightness of
internal connections. Clean magnets. Check targets and reset
mechanisms. Clean glass covers, inspect and replace cover gaskets as
needed.
InspectandtestCTandVT,relatedauxiliaries,andassociatedwiring.
Inspectforevidenceofcorona.
Check nameplate information with test forms and other data sources
availableontheequipment.
Perform CT secondary winding impedance and continuity (backfeed

test).
ElectricaltestsonVTsecondarywindingsnormallyarenotnecessary.VT
performance is assured by inservice observations and primary fuse
monitoringschemes.
Performasleftrelaytests.Recordresultsontestforms.Makeneces
saryelectricalandmechanicaladjustmentstoachievedesiredresults.
Calibrate local indicating and recording instruments, and adjust as

necessary.Recordresultsoninstrumenttestforms.Calibrateandadjust
supervisorytelemeteringtransducers.
Performcompletetrippingandoperationalteststoverifyallcontroland
protectivefunctionsandalarms.Includesupervisory,remotetripping,and
busdifferentialtripcircuits.
Completetestforms.Makenecessarycorrectionsforcircuitdesignation
changes and other changes that may have occurred but were not
previouslyrecorded.Includemanhoursrequiredtomakethetests.
After completion
Replace covers, switchgear plates, remove test leads, jumpers, and
separators, close test switches, replace fuses, inspect circuit equipment,
andsetupcontrolandselectorswitchespreparatorytoswitching.
Make inventory of tools, jumpers, separators, instruments, and other

equipment used. When completed, instruct crew members to con sider
the circuit as energized and the tag holder to advise that he is ready to
reportOffthecircuit.
ReportOffthecircuitandarrangeforcircuitrestoration.
Operatingortestingpersonnelremoveprotectivegroundsandperform
switchingtorestorethecircuittoservice.
Performdesiredtestsunderload.Replacecoverswhencompleted.
Restoreallstationcontrolstonormal,completestationoperatinglogand
KeepOuttagentries.
After tests completed on all circuits

Most of the following items may be performed progressively during the
totaltestperiod.
Makenecessaryfieldcorrectionstostationprints.Arrangeforfollowup
inorderthatcorrectionsaremadeinpermanentrecords.
Arrange for necessary changes or additions to panel or other circuit

designations.
Completeentryoftherelaytestrecordsinstationledgerifsuchaledger
isavailable.
Preparealistofitemsthatwerenotcompleteortestsnotperformed.
Includeitemsthatmayneedtobereferredtoothergroups.Submit
this list along with completed test forms to your supervisor or persons in
charge.
Inspect station to confirm that prints and records are secured and
variousequipmentaccessoriesandsparepartsarecorrectlystored.
Protective Relay Test Procedures and Circuits

Thetestingofprotectiverelaysandassociatedcircuitrycanbecarriedout
by following recommendations outlined in manufacturers bulletins or the
usersowntestprocedures.Theseproceduresshouldalwaysbeupdated
based upon a review of past relay performance, test equipment
evaluation,andtestingmethods.
The test interval can be adjusted based upon experience. Otherwise,

testing of relays on a yearly or two yearly bases is recommended. The
test methods used for relay testing consist of relay functional tests (i.e.,
relayequipmentisseparatedfrompowerequipment)andonlysecondary
tests are made. The following general guidelines are recommended for
electrical testing of pro tective relays, associated instrument
transformers,andwiring.
General protective relay calibration and checklist

Perform insulation resistance test on each relay coil to frame. Do not
performthistestonsolidstaterelays.Checkmanufacturersinstructions
toverifyifanyotherprecautionsarerequired.
Performthefollowingtestsonthenominalsettingsspecified.
Pickupparametersoneachoperatingelement.
Timingtestsshouldbeperformedatthreepointsonthetimedialcurve.
Pickuptargetandsealinunits.
Special tests as required to check operation of restraint, directional, and

otherelementspermanufacturersinstructionmanual.
Azerochecktestshouldbeconductedonanyrelaythathasatimedial.
The purpose is to determine proper time dial position when the relay is
fixed and moving contacts are closed by the manual rotation of the time
dialtowardzero.
Perform phase angle and magnitude contribution tests on all differ

ential and directionaltype relays after energizing to vectorially provide
correctpolarityandconnection.
Relay Test Points and Test Circuits

TimeOvercurrentRelays
Mostofthetimeovercurrentrelayshavethreetorqueproducingelements.
Theyarecontrolspringwhichrestrainstheunitfromoperatingandisthe
fine adjustment for pickup current; the drag magnet which retards the
units operating time; the U or the electromagnetic which produces
operating torque and is the coarse adjustment for pickup. The shape of
thetimecurrentcurveisessentiallyafunctionoftheelectromagneticiron
circuit. As the cur rent through the coil increases, the flux increases,
thereby increasing the torque and thus decreasing the operating time.
However, at current levels above pickup, the iron begins to saturate,
resultinginlesstorque(flux)beingproducedforacorrespondingincrease
in current. Also, the effect of iron saturation is to produce nonsinusoidal
currents. Thus the relay operating time becomes fixed (i.e., timecurrent
curveflattensout)regardlessofcurrentmagnitude.Thesaturationofthe
ironincreasesthereluctanceoftheironandthusfluxisspilledoutofthe
iron.Therelaycasenormallyactsasashuntforthisfluxandthefluxis
passed through the case and not through the relay disk. If the relay is
tested in its case, the relay published timecurrent curves will be
duplicated and inservice conditions duplicated as well. However, if the
relayistestedoutsideitscase,thepublishedtimecurrentcurvesmaynot
beduplicatedincludingtheserviceconditionsaccurately.Therefore,from
apreventivemaintenancepointofview,testingtherelayoutofthecase
can yield results that will not check the performance of the relay
accuratelyforinserviceconditions,orpreviousandfutureresults.
Thefirsttestontheovercurrentrelayshouldbetocheckminimumpickup.
Pickup is defined as that value of current which will just close the relay
contactswiththerelaysetatthelowesttimedialposition.Theminimum
pickupshouldbewithin5%.
Thenexttestshouldbetochecktherelaycalibrationatminimumofthree
timing points, such as at 2 tap, 4.5 tap, and 6 tap settings. The
periodic inspection pickup tolerance is 5% of tap value for nongeared

relaysand7%forgearedrelays.Fornewrelays,thetoleranceis1%of
tap value. Check the relay for dropout or reset by reducing the current
until the relay drops out or fully resets. This test will indicate excessive
frictioninthejewelbearing.Iftherelayissluggishinresettingorfailsto
resetcompletely,thenthejewelbearingandpivotshouldbeinspectedfor
cracksinthejewelanddirt.Ifdirtistheproblem,thejewelcanbecleaned
with an orange stick while the pivot can be wiped clean with a soft, lint
freecloth.
Check the instantaneous unit pickup by gradually applying the current.

Also check the target sealin unit by blocking the main overcurrent
contacts.Thetestingofanovercurrentrelayisdoneonephaseatatime.
Thegroundrelayistestedsimilarlytothephaserelays.
Directional overcurrent relays

Theovercurrentunitofadirectionalrelayshouldbecheckedsimilarlyto
the overcurrent relay, with the directional unit blocked closed. The
directional relay should be tested for minimum pickup, maximum torque
angle,contactgap,andclutchpressure.Ifthephasepowersupplyisnot
available, the directional unit can be tested by applying singlephase
voltageandcurrentinphase.Usually,thistestwillgivelargevariationsin
inphase pickup, because of inphase angle being far different from
maximumtorqueangle.
Dierential relays
The test conducted on differential relays is to check minimum pickup

values using operating and differential currents. The slope (differential
characteristic)andharmonicrestraintshouldalsobechecked.Itmayalso
bedesirabletotripallcircuitbreakersfromdifferentialrelaysasaregular
testingprocedure.
Distance relays
The distance characteristics of the relay are checked near the fault and
load angles. Similar to the directional overcurrent relays, the pickup,
maximumtorqueangle,clutchpressure,andcontactgaptestsshouldbe
made.
Pilot wire relays

The pilot wire relay schemes should be tested for shorts, continuity, and
grounds in the pilot wires. The operating values are checked along with
supervisoryandalarmrelaysusedinpilotwireschemes.
Plunger-type relays
These types of relays are instantaneous and/or auxiliary relays, such as
PJC, SC, HFA, etc. These relays are tested for operating pickup and
dropoutvaluesbygraduallyincreasingofdecreasingtheoperatingcurrent
orvoltage.
Current-balance relays
Check pickup of each coil as explained under section on overcurrent
relays.Checkfornotripconditionbyapplyingequalamountsofcurrentto
opposingcoils.Alsocheckoperationofthetargetindicatorcoilsimilarto
anovercurrentrelay.
Overvoltage relay
Check minimum pickup of overvoltage coil similar to overcurrent relays.
Select three timing points on the specified time dial. Pickup and timing
points should be within 1% for new installations and within 5% on
existing installations.Check the instantaneous (if applicable) pickup and
targetindicatorcoil.
Undervoltage relay
Check dropout of relay and time relay trip when voltage is suddenly
reducedfromratedvoltagetodropoutvoltagesettingsortozero.Dropout
and timing points should be within 1% for new installations and within
5% for existing installations. The instantaneous unit should be checked
fordropoutandtargetindicatorcoil.
Thermal overload relays

The thermal overload relays minimum pickup value should be checked
using some convenient multiple of tap settings. Because of long time
characteristics,therelaypickuppointbelow200%oftapsettingmaytake
a considerable time. Therefore, for test purposes, check pickup at about
200%to400%oftapsettings.Similartoovercurrentrelays,therelaytime
should be checked for several points on the time dial curve. The
acceptabletimeshouldbewithin10%ofspecifiedvalues.Alsocheckthe
instantaneouspickupvaluesandtargetindicatorcoil.
Voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relays The

Voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relays The

overcurrent unit is checked and calibrated much the same as a simple
time overcurrent relay. In the case of a voltage-restrained relay, the
current pickup of the relay will change with the voltage applied to the
voltage sensing coil.
In the case of the voltage or torquecontrolled relay, the overcurrent
element will not function at all until the voltage element drops out. Care
should be taken when working with any of the voltage circuits on
switchgear where these relays are applied because loss of sensing
voltages will cause the relays to operate on what would otherwise be
considerednormalcurrentflow.
Underover frequency relays

The settings for these relays must be derived by a careful, engineering
analysis;andnotbeguessedatorestimatedastheywillaffecttheentire
systems continuity of service. The relays generally require three
calibrationfunctions:
(1) voltage cutoff or drop out; (2) over or under frequency pickup points;
and(3)timedelaybeforetripafterfrequencysetpointhasbeensensed.
Thedelaytimesarenotnecessarilyequal.
Synchronism check relays

Settingandcalibratingtheserelaysrequirestestequipmentsimilartothat
used in distance relaying. The permissible window of the angle between
the bus and line voltages must be accurately determined during the
calibrationormaintenancetests.Theserelaysgenerallyhavedelaytimes
associated with the angle pickup points, and a set of condition switches
thatdictaterelayactionwhenoneormoreofthesensingvoltagesis(are)
notpresent.
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5/8/2017 TestingandCommissioningofProtectiveRelaysandInstrumentTransformers:TestingandMaintenanceofElectromechanicalProtectiveRelays|electricalpowergeneration

electrical power generation

Maintenance of Electromechanical Power:GeographicDiversity

Therefore, the question arises IntroductiontoWindPowerPlants

operation. Isolate control, current, and voltage transformer secondary

Tests and inspections

Verify printed information on the routine inspection sheet (RIS) test

Check tightness, clearance of exposed lugs, and condition of wiring on

Perform CT secondary winding impedance and continuity (backfeed

Calibrate local indicating and recording instruments, and adjust as

Make inventory of tools, jumpers, separators, instruments, and other

After tests completed on all circuits

Arrange for necessary changes or additions to panel or other circuit

Protective Relay Test Procedures and Circuits

The test interval can be adjusted based upon experience. Otherwise,

General protective relay calibration and checklist

Special tests as required to check operation of restraint, directional, and

Perform phase angle and magnitude contribution tests on all differ

Relay Test Points and Test Circuits

periodic inspection pickup tolerance is 5% of tap value for nongeared

Check the instantaneous unit pickup by gradually applying the current.

Directional overcurrent relays

The test conducted on differential relays is to check minimum pickup

Pilot wire relays

Thermal overload relays

Voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relays The

Voltage-restrained or voltage-controlled overcurrent relays The

Underover frequency relays

Synchronism check relays

Sequence Devices,symbols,and Troubleshooting Devices,symbols,and

Troubleshooting DevelopingControl Relays,contactors, Toolsand

Incoming search terms:

GroundingTower PowerSystemProtection Standards.

Principlesofelectrical DirectCurrentVoltage DirectCurrentVoltage

DirectCurrentVoltage LowVoltageSwitchgear LowVoltageSwitchgear

MotorsandGenerators:DC Fundamentalsof Transformers:Network

Greenerdiesels:Straight ELECTRICITY MultilevelConvertersfor

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