SOCIOLOGIST MANFRED STEGER (2003)

A multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and

intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same
time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between
the local and the distant.

-As old as humanity itself

-Historian Robbie Robertson (2003) globalization starts in the beginning the

modern colonial period (about 500 years ago).

-Three waves of globalization -> three phases of colonialism/imperialism.

 FIRST ONE: WHEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL SOUGHT TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA TO TAP THE
RESOURCES OF CHINA AND INDIA IN 1492.

- First one: When Spain and Portugal sought trade routes to Asia to tap the resources of China and India in 1492.

-foundation for European empires,

-for modern global trade and finance
-for the new global systems of production.

- Second one: competition from China and India created the demand for mechanization
Britain used the occasion to mechanize production processes -> productivity, decreased cost, and increased
profit.

-Third one: Westernization.

Such a triumph of market economy over political ideology

-The current phase of globalization.

 THE CULTURAL CRITIC FREDERIC JAMESON (1998)

a communicational concept, which alternately masks and transmits cultural or

economic meanings".

Internet pops up!

in large measure, the language of global communication is English. (Crystal, 1997;

Graddol, 1997).
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

The rise of Transnational Corporations (TNCs) such as IBM, Mitsubishi, Siemens =

more powerful than the economies of several countries together.
 CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Three schools of thought:

First one: political theorist, Benjamin Barber, sociologist George Ritzer and others
Globalization = Westernization = Americanization= McDonaldization

Second one: sociologist Anthony Giddens, cultural critic John Tomlinson and others
Globalization is becoming increasingly decentered. Reverse colonization (Giddens 2000)

Third one: cultural critic Arjun Appadurai, sociologist Roland Robertson and others.
the central problem of todays global interaction is the tension between cultural homogenization
and cultural heterogenization (1996: 5 Appadurai)
 IMPERIALISM
Imperialism: military occupation and policy of other territories.

Neo-Marxists attribute a broader sense, since the globalization there is no centrality of a

single empire.

Cultural imperialism: monopoly of large conglomerates and corporations such as Coca-

Cola and Microsoft, imposing consumption patterns and culture.

Some authors also cite English as the tool of domination of the American nation.
LANGUAGE IS ONE OF THE PILLARS OF IMPERIALISM AND REMAINS IN THE POST-
COLONIAL PERIOD.

The British Empire as being power (and later US imperialism) spreads the English
language.
A language can be a colonial tool when it is used to serve the empire and to
subordinate people culturally. The identity of colonized people is impacted by
these actions. Western scholars were able to use the school structure to
disseminate their knowledge and worldviews stigmatizing local knowledge and
previously existing cultural forms.
To be a linguistic empire also brings wealth to the English-speaking countries
that create testing tools, courses, etc. cashing in on thousands of people who
want to be part of that "developed world", often giving priority to the English
language. This role played by English in favor of globalization and Empire is not
simple but it is at this complex intersection where TESOL professionals have felt
challenged to work.
 GLOCALIZATION( ROBERTSON):

Particularization of the universal and the universalization of the particular

-Micromarketing MC Donalds and its adaptations

 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE RELOCATION OF TESOL

- Transformative restructuring of the TESOL professional activity.

 PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTMENT

language teachers cannot hope to fully satisfy their pedagogic obligations without at
the same time satisfying their social obligations (Kumaravadivelu, 2001: 544)
 PEDAGOGIC INVESTMENT

Instructional materials - > textbooks should reflect the experiences teachers and
students bring to the classroom

Teaching methods - > Teachers think that their role is to adapt it to their learners, or
their learners to it.

Teacher education - > Autonomy necessary to construct their own theory of practice
 ATTITUDINAL INVESTMENT

the general attitude that prevails today can be characterized by the process of
marginalization and the practice of selfmarginalization (Kumaravadivelu, B
2003).