Javier Ortega TYB 11/05/17

Muhammad Ali

Muhammed Ali was an American professional

boxer and activist. He is one of the most famous
and preyed sportsman of all time. He was known
for being an inspiring and a controversial figure
in both inside and outside the ring.
Life and Boxing career

Muhammad Ali was born in January the 17th of

1942 under the name of Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.
in Louisville, Kentucky. He had a sister and four
brothers. His father painted billboards and signs,
and his mother, Odessa O'Grady Clay, was
domestic helper. Cassius Sr. was a Methodist, but
because of Muhammads/Cassius Jr.s mother
Cassius Jr. and his younger brother Rudolph Clay (later named Rahman Ali) were
raised as Baptists. Cassius Jr. attended Central High School in Louisville.
Clay grew up in an environment of racial segregation. He was denied a drink of
water at a store He was also affected by the 1955 murder of Emmett Till, which
led to young Clay and a friend's taking out their frustration by vandalizing a local
railyard.
Clay was first directed toward boxing by Louisville police officer and boxing coach
Joe E. Martin, who encountered the 12 year old boy angry because a thief have
taken his bicycle. He told the officer he was going to "whup" the thief. The officer
told Clay he had better learn how to box first. For the last four years of Clay's
amateur career he was trained by Chuck Bodak.
He won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an
Amateur Athletic Union national title and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in
the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with
five losses. He threw his gold medal into the Ohio River after he and a friend
were refused service at a "whites-only" restaurant and fought with a white gang.
Clay started his debut fighting Tunney Hunksaker in 1960, winning in the six-
round . From then until the end of 1963 he defeated boxers including Tony
Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi
Besmanoff, Lamar Clark, Doug Jones and Henry Cooper. Clay also beat his former
trainer and veteran boxer Archie Moore in a 1962 match. Clay was knocked down
both by Sonny Banks and Cooper.
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In February 1964 in Miami Beach Clay fought against Sonny Liston

(the former Heavyweight champion who beat Floyd Patterson) the
fight was ended in the 7-round because Liston was knock out.
After winning the Heavyweight champion title Clay changed
his name to Cassius X and latter to Muhammad Ali,
converting to the Islam and affiliating with the Nation of
the Islam. After that change Ali fought Liston for the
second time but the fight only lasted two minutes due
to the Phantom punch Which knock out Liston for 20
seconds.
Alis WBA Heavyweight Champion title was taken from
him because he converted to the Islam.
Ali traveled to Canada and Europe and won championships
against George Chuvalo, Henry Cooper, Brian London and Karl Mildenberger.
After that Ali fought Ernie Terrel and won the Champion title again, but was
banned from boxing because he refused to do military services for the war of
Vietnam.
After his ban from boxing (1967-1970) Ali fought for the first time his rival Joe
Frazier. Ali and Frazier's first fight, held at the Garden on March 8, 1971, was
nicknamed the "Fight of the Century", due to the tremendous excitement
surrounding a bout between two undefeated fighters, each with a legitimate
claim as heavyweight champions. Ali lost the first fight.
After being defeated by Frazier Ali fought against Wilt Chamberlain, Jerry Quarry,
Floyd Patterson, Bob Foster, and Ken Norton.
After that fights it came the second fight against Jon Frazier it was named the
Super Fight II. Judges awarded Ali a unanimous decision.
After Fraziers fight, Ali fought against heavyweight champion George Foreman in
Kinshasa, Zaire, on October 30, 1974, the fight was nicknamed "The Rumble in
the Jungle". Ali regained the title by knocking out Foreman.
Ali's next opponents included Chuck Wepner, Ron Lyle, and Joe Bugner. Wepner,
was known as "The Bayonne Bleeder" and stunned Ali with a knockdown in the
ninth round, this fight inspired Stallone to do the movie Rocky.
Ali then agreed to a third match with Joe Frazier in Manila. Known as the "Thrilla
in Manila", was held on October 1, 1975. Ali won this fight. Ali said that this fight
"was the closest thing to dying that I know".
Following the Manila bout, Ali fought Jean-Pierre Coopman, Jimmy Young, and
Richard Dunn, winning the last by knockout.
On June 1, 1976, Ali confronted professional wrestler Gorilla Monsoon. He lost.
On June 26, 1976, Ali participated in an exhibition bout in Tokyo against Japanese
professional wrestler and martial artist Antonio Inoki. It was a draw.
Ali fought Ken Norton for the third time at Yankee Stadium in September 1976.
After this fight he converted to the Sunni Islam.
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Then he defeated Alfredo Evangelista in May 1977.

In February 1978, Ali faced Leon Spinks at the Hilton Hotel in Las Vegas. Ali won.
Following this win, on July 27, 1979, Ali announced his retirement from boxing.
His retirement was short-lived, Ali announced his comeback to face Larry Holmes
for the WBC belt. He did this because of his need for money. It was around this
time that Ali started struggling with vocal stutters and trembling hands.
Ali was married four times and had seven daughters and two sons.
On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali
was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015, for a urinary tract infection.
In February 2013, Ali's brother Rahman Ali said Muhammad could no longer
speak and could be dead within days. Ali's daughter May May Ali responded to
the rumours, stating that she had talked to him on the phone the morning of
February 3 and he was fine.
Ali was hospitalized in Scottsdale on June 2, 2016, with a respiratory illness.
Though his condition was initially described as "fair", it worsened and he died the
following day at age 74 from septic shock.
Muhammad Ali in the entertaining world

In 1963, Ali released an album of spoken word music on Columbia Records titled I
Am the Greatest, and in 1964, he recorded a cover version of the rhythm and
blues song "Stand by Me".I Am the Greatest reached number 61 on the album
chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award. He later received a second
Grammy nomination, for "Best Recording for Children", with his 1976 spoken
word novelty record, The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay.

Ali was an influential figure in the world of hip hop music. As a "rhyming
trickster", he was noted for his "funky delivery", "boasts", "comical trash talk",
and "endless quotables".According to Rolling Stone, his
"freestyle skills" and his "rhymes, flow, and
braggadocio" would "one day become typical of old
school MCs"
Ali had a cameo role in the 1962 film version of
Requiem for a Heavyweight, and during his exile, he
starred in the short-lived Broadway musical, Buck White
(1969).
Ali appeared in the documentary film Black Rodeo (1972)
riding both a horse and a bull. His autobiography The
Greatest: My Own Story, written with Richard Durham,
was published in 1975. In 1977 the book was adapted
into a film called The Greatest, in which Ali played
himself and Ernest Borgnine played Angelo Dundee.
The film Freedom Road, made in 1978, features Muhammad Ali in a rare acting
role as Gideon Jackson, a former slave and Union (American Civil War) soldier in
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1870s Virginia, who gets elected to the U.S. Senate and battles other former
slaves and white sharecroppers to keep the land they have tended all their lives.
Ali was the subject of This Is Your Life (UK TV series) in 1978 when he
was surprised by Eamonn Andrews. Ali was featured in
Superman vs. Muhammad Ali, a 1978 DC Comics comic
book pitting the champ against the superhero. In 1979, Ali
guest-starred as himself in an episode of the NBC sitcom
Diff'rent Strokes.
He also wrote several best-selling books about his career,
including The Greatest: My Own Story and The Soul of a
Butterfly. The Muhammad Ali Effect is a term that came
into use in psychology in the 1980s, as he stated in his
autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story: "I only said I
was the greatest, not the smartest. According to this
effect, when people are asked to rate their intelligence
and moral behaviour in comparison to others, people will
rate themselves as more moral, but not more intelligent
than others.
When We Were Kings, a 1996 documentary about the Rumble in the Jungle, won
an Academy Award, and the 2001 biopic Ali garnered an Oscar nomination for
Will Smith's portrayal of the lead role. The latter film was directed by Michael
Mann, with mixed reviews, the positives given to Smith's portrayal of Ali. Prior to
making the film, Smith rejected the role until Ali requested that he accept it.
Smith said the first thing Ali told him was: "Man you're almost pretty enough to
play me."
In 2002, Ali was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his
contributions to the entertainment industry. His star is the only one to be
mounted on a vertical surface, out of deference to his request that his name not
be walked upon.
The Trials of Muhammad Ali, a documentary directed by Bill Siegel that focuses
on Ali's refusal of the draft during the Vietnam War, opened in Manhattan on
August 23, 2013. A made-for-TV movie called Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight,
also in 2013, dramatized the same aspect of Ali's life.
Nation of Islam
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The Nation of Islam, abbreviated as NOI, is

an African American political and religious
movement, founded in Detroit, Michigan,
United States, by Wallace D. Fard
Muhammad on July 4, 1930. Its stated
goals are to improve the spiritual, mental,
social, and economic condition of African
Americans in the United States and all of
humanity. It is said that the NOI is a black
supremacist and anti-Semitic. The
Southern Poverty Law Centre tracks the
group as hate group. Its official newspaper is The Final Call. In 2007, there were
between 20,000 and 50,000 members.
After Fard disappeared in J une 1934, the Nation of Islam was led by Elijah
Muhammad, who established Temples and Mosques, which were places of
worship; a school named Muhammad University of Islam, farms and real estate
holdings in the United States and abroad. The Nation of Islam has also worked as
an African American businesses.
There were a number of splits during Elijah Muhammad's leadership, most
notably the departure of senior leader Malcolm X to become a Sunni Muslim.
After Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, his son, Warith Deen Mohammed,
changed the name of the organization to World Community of Islam in the
West, and attempted to convert it to a mainstream Sunni Muslim ideology.
In 1977, Louis Farrakhan took Warith Deen Mohammed's leadership and re-
established the Nation of Islam to its original model. He also took over the Nation
of Islam's headquarters Mosque Maryam in Chicago, Illinois. Since 2010, under
Farrakhan, members have been strongly encouraged to study Dianetics (is a set
of pseudoscientific ideas and practices regarding the metaphysical relationship
between the mind and body), the NOI claims it has trained 1055 people.

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War, known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America, was a
war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 st of November, 1955,
to 30th of April, 1975. Was fought between North
Vietnam and South Vietnam. The North
Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet
Union, China and other communist allies and the
South Vietnamese army was supported by the
United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand
and other anti-communist allies.
The Viet Cong, a South Vietnamese communist
common front controlled by the North, fought a
small war against anti-communist forces in the
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region, while the North Vietnamese Army, started a more serious warfare, at
times committing large units to battle. As the war continued, the military
movements of the South Army decreased as the North Army grew stronger. At
one point the U.S. did a large-scale bombing against North Vietnam.
The North Vietnamese government and the South Vietnamese government were
fighting to reunify Vietna m. They viewed the conflict as war against forces from
France and later on the United States. The U.S. government viewed its
involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South
Vietnam and also as a strategy to prevent the communism to expand across the
world.
Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived into French Indochina. U.S.
involvement grew in the early 1960s, with troops arriving in 1961 and again in
1962. U.S. involvement grew even more after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in
which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which
was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president
authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Bordering areas of Laos and
Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the
war reach its top in 1968, the same year that the communist launched the Tet
Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of defeating the South Vietnamese
government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large
segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward
winning the war werent true.
A movement called "Vietnamization" became gradually more and more popular
between the U.S. ground army, which aimed to end American involvement in the
war and letting the South Vietnamese Army do it themselves. Despite the Paris
Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting
continued. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War
movement developed. Muhammed Ali was one of the main protestant against
the Vietnam War, he did plenty of public speeches and refuse to enter the army,
thats the reason why his title got removed the first time and got banned of
boxing. This war changed the relationship between the east-world and the west-
world and the north and the south.
Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973. The capture of Saigon
by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975ended the war, and North and South
Vietnam were reunified the following year. The number of Vietnamese soldiers
and civilians killed go from 966,000 to 3.8 million. A number of 240,000300,000
Cambodians, 20,00062,000 Laotians and 58,220 U.S. army members also died
in the conflict, and 1,626 remain missing in action.

United States bin the 1950s

The United States in the 1950s experienced marked economic post-World War II
economic expansion growth. The Cold War and its associated conflicts helped
create a politically conservative climate in the country. Fear of communism
caused public Congressional hearings, while anti-communism was the main
thought and sentiment in the United States throughout the period. Conformity
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and conservatism characterized the social

norms of the time. The 1950s in the United
States are generally considere d both
socially conservative and highly
materialistic in history.
Major U.S. events during the decade
included: the Korean War, between 1950
and 1953; the 1952 election of Dwight D.
Eisenhower as President and his re-
election in 1956; the Red Scare and anti-
communist concerns of the McCarthy-era;
and the U.S. reaction to the 1957 launch by the Soviet Union of the Sputnik
satellite, a major reason for the Cold War.
United States in the 1960s

The 60s was a time when there was a big change, counterculture and revolution
in social norms about clothing, music, drugs, dress, sexuality, formalities and
schooling is what makes this era great. Some on the other hand describe this era
as an era of irresponsible excess, flamboyance, and decay of social order. Left
politics predominate in this era in the
U.S.
The United Sta tes experienced an
economic boom in the 60s, with a
growth of a 6% a year during the
second half of the decade in the GDP
(gross domestic product). Generally
around the glove the 60s were an era
of wealth.
The confrontation between the US and the communist world dominated
geopolitics during the '60s, with the communism expanding into developing
nations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia as the Soviet Union, it went from being
a regional struggle to a global treaty. After President Kennedy's assassination,
direct tensions between the US and Soviet Union cooled and the superpower
confrontation moved into a contest for control of the Third World.
In 1963 Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech at the March on
Washington happened.
1968 U.S. President Richard M. Nixon was elected.

United States in the 70s

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The 1970s is defined as a pivot of change in world history. Values that began in
the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of
women, continued to grow.
The economies of much of the developing world continued to make steady
progress in the early 1970s because of the Green Revolution.
United States President Richard Nixon resigned as President on August the 9 th of
1974.