Reactive Power Compensation

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering

Thomas Gsell
IIEE 38th Annual National Convention and 3E XPO
November 2013
Three main activities in 4 sectors
Equipment & services for power generation Equipment & services for power transmission
Alstom Thermal Power Alstom Grid

Equipment & services for rail transport

Alstom Renewable Power
Alstom Transport

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 ALSTOM Grid Ltd. Tampere, Finland

Employs around 300 people in Tampere and Vantaa

Sales office of other Alstom Grid products in Vantaa
Turnover of 68 million EUR year 2012-13
Exports account for 95 % of the output
Main market areas: Scandinavia, Europe, Asia, Russia, Alstom Grid
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Alstom Grid Tampere offering

Reactive Power Compensation Power Electronics Activities

LV products up to 1kV Compensation systems

LV capacitor units Static Var Compensators
LV reactors (SVC)
Electronic products Industrial SVCs
LV capacitor banks Utility SVCs
LV active filters SVC MaxSine (STATCOM)
Series capacitor banks
HV products up to 145kV
HV capacitor units HV products over 145kV
HV reactors HV capacitor banks
Electronic products
HV capacitor banks

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Reactive Power

There are three kinds of reactive power:

Inductive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1L)

=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the right
Capacitive Fundamental Reactive Power (Q1C)
=> Sinusoidal current, phase shifted from voltage to the left
Harmonics Reactive Power (D)
=> Non-sinusoidal current

Q1 Q1L Q1C 2 Q Q12 D 2

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 Inductive Reactive Power

S
R

Uq L uL

iL

uL;iL
uL

iL

Uq L uL t

iL

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 Capacitive Reactive Power
S
R

Uq C u

iC

uC;iC
uC

iC

Uq C uC t

iC

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Harmonics Reactive Power

Dimmer

Firing Angle: 30
140(half power)
120
90
400
uq, uL, iL

-400

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Harmonics Reactive Power

Dimmer with smoothing reactor

IL

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 Harmonics Reactive Power

3-phase dimmer; Thyristor-DC-Drive

IL1,2,3

L1 IL1

UL3-L1 IL2

UL3-N
N
UL1-N
UL1-L2
M t
IL3

UL2-N
L3
L2
UL2-L3

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 Harmonics Reactive Power

1-phase B4 diode rectifier

Iq C R UR

IR
q -

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Harmonics Reactive Power

3-phase B6 diode rectifier

IL1,2,3

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Non-Linear Loads

Harmonics power consumers are:

Drives (frequency converters, DC-drives)

Dimmers
Power supplies (computers)
Furnaces (induction furnaces, arc furnaces)
Lightings (gas-discharge lamps, fluorescent tubes)
Diode Rectifiers
etc.

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Harmonics Theory

A harmonic is defined as a sinusoidal wave with a certain

amplitude and an integer (whole number) multiple of a
fundamental frequency. A harmonic is a component of a
periodical signal with a fundamental frequency.
If the fundamental frequency is f, the harmonics have
frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f, etc.

The mathematical procedure to calculate amplitudes and

frequencies of harmonics is the Fourier Transformation!

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Fourier Transformation

1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th

9753113th
11st th
rd

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Fourier Transformation

1st

+3rd

+5th
+7th
+9th
+11th
+13th

= 1st+3rd+5th+7th+9th+11th+13th

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Harmonics Data-Demonstration

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 Whats up with Reactive Current?

Fundamental reactive current as well as harmonics reactive

currents cause stress to:
Lines
Transformers
Generators
etc.

What means reactive power?

The product of a sinusoidal alternating voltage with a alternating current
contributes no power if that current is a reactive current. In this case only
reactive energy flows - there is no net transfer of energy to the load.
Also known as idle current; quadrature current; watt-less current.

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Active Power

Voltage

Current

Power

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Active Power

Voltage

Current

Power

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Inductive Reactive Power

Voltage

Current

Power

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Capacitive Reactive Power

Voltage

Current

Power

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Harmonics Reactive Power (5th)

Voltage

Current

Power

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Harmonics Reactive Power (7th)

Voltage

Current

Power

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Harmonics Reactive Power (5th + 7th)

Voltage

Current

Power

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 Harmonics Consequences

In contrast to fundamental reactive current, harmonics

currents cause harmonics voltages which cause disturbances
to consumers installed in the same electrical network:
Reduction of the life span and thus premature failure of condensers and
electric motors due to thermal overloading
Malfunctioning with electronics
Malfunctioning of protection device
Malfunctioning of ripple control systems
Impairment of the ground fault deletion
Finally triple harmonics cumulate in the neutral wire which
causes overload and dramatic consequences:
Cable fire
Transformer breakdown
Noise emission
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Why harmonics currents cause harmonics voltages
in electrical networks?

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What to do against harmonics?

Basically there are two possibilities to compensate

harmonics currents:
- Passive harmonics filters (tuned parallel resonance circuits)
- Active harmonics filters

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 28

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Passive harmonics compensation
(tuned parallel resonance circuit)

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Active harmonics compensation with MaxSine

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 Active Filters: Pro and Contra

Active Filters Advantages:

Direct compensation of harmonics currents
Easy dimensioning
Independent from the mains voltage quality
Independent from the network impedance
Excellent dynamics
No influence to ripple control systems
Electronic overload protection
No capacitive reactive power injection
Compensation possibility close to consumers

Disadvantages:
More expensive (than passive filters)
Higher power losses
Ripple current

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 31

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Measuring Harmonics

To measure harmonics voltages and currents the following

equipment can be used:
Oscilloscope (the data can be analyzed after the measurement results
were stored)
Power meter (Fluke, Tektronix etc.)
Data logger (TOPAS, Dranetz etc.)

Total harmonics distortion factor (THD)

Europe: THDR, USA: THDF

I I
1
2

1
2


1
I I
2

1
2

THDF2THDF2
R
THDRTHD ; THD F
; FTHD ; THD R
; RTHD
I I I1 I1 1 THD
1 F2THDF2
%-THD may not contain a sufficient informative value for currents. An absolute
harmonics THD-value in Amperes may be preferred instead!

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 32

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Calculating Power

Power:
S U I ; P U I1 cos 1

Q1 U I1 sin 1 ; D U

I
1

2

Q Q D 1
2 2
S P 2 Q12 D 2

Power factor:

P
1 THDR2 cos 1
S
Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 33
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 Slip-ups with Harmonics

No differentiation in between THDR and THDF

No differentiation in between Q and Q1
No differentiation in between and cos
No differentiation in between RMS- and peak-values of Fourier
Transformation results
Meaningless usage of current THD values

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Stand Alone MaxSine Compact Module

MaxSine100AV6C

MaxSine100AV6CE

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 35

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New Active Filter MaxSine

MaxSine Compact Cubicle Version

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Main Features
Small size enables customized modular cabinet construction
Devices available for 3-wire as well as 3-wire + neutral (4-wire)
Ethernet connection and Web Server for monitoring, setting and control
User interface: PC or optional HMI
Several menu languages (also character languages)
Relay output for run indication
Standby in case of small load current
Several overload protection algorithms:
Output limiting factor by current peak
Output limiting factor by temperature
High temperature switch-off
Adjustable relay output for cubicle fan
Selectable dual parameter page setting e.g. for emergency generator
supply

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Compensation Features
Total power factor can be forced to 1
Possibility to balance line currents
Ability to eliminate neutral current
Two compensation modes:
Fast mode, selectable harmonics, amplitude and phase, 1-50th
Ultra fast mode, global compensation
Adjustable output overall factors for amplitude and phase
Excellent dynamics; Response time < 1ms in ultra fast mode and adjustable from
1 network period to 50 network periods in fast mode
6 current inputs for multiple circuits (open loop, closed loop, CT-additions, etc.)
Selectable current input sensors:
Rogowski coils
Current transformers (CTs)
Selectable compensation priorities:
1. Fundamental has priority
2. Harmonics have priority
3. Only fundamental
4. Only harmonics

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New Active Filter MaxSine

Extended Measurement and power meter functions

Date/Time
Network mains voltages
Load, network and compensation currents in phases and neutral
RMS, fundamental, harmonics currents and crest factors
Active, reactive, apparent and harmonics power, cosphi
THD(u), THD(i), current and voltage harmonics spectrum
up to 50th harmonics
Waveforms of currents
Cabinet temperature and external temperature (e.g. heat sink) if
sensor connected
Uploading of measurements for reporting
One set of measurement values is always saved to memory when
system stops

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Active Filter Applications

Frequency Converter

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Active Filter Applications

Network current (frequency converter)

before and after compensation with MaxSine

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Active Filter Applications

Fourier transformation of frequency converter current

before compensation
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 35,50 91,55% 100,00%
3 150 0,52 1,33% 1,45% I RMS / A:
5 250 14,57 37,57% 41,04% 38,77
7 350 5,25 13,55% 14,80%
9 450 0,08 0,20% 0,22% THDr:
11 550 1,93 4,98% 5,44% 40,51%
13 650 1,03 2,66% 2,91%
15 750 0,10 0,25% 0,27% THDf:
17 850 0,92 2,37% 2,59% 44,24%
19 950 0,52 1,33% 1,46%
21 1050 0,08 0,20% 0,22%
23 1150 0,51 1,31% 1,43%
25 1250 0,33 0,86% 0,94%

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Active Filter Applications

Fourier transformation of frequency converter current

after compensation
Order: f / Hz I RMS / A THDr: THDf: Total-
values:
1 50 36,91 99,49% 100,00%
3 150 0,16 0,44% 0,44% I RMS / A:
5 250 0,27 0,73% 0,73% 37,10
7 350 0,27 0,73% 0,73%
9 450 0,12 0,33% 0,34% THDr:
11 550 0,16 0,43% 0,43% 3,20%
13 650 0,16 0,43% 0,43%
15 750 0,17 0,46% 0,46% THDf:
17 850 0,34 0,91% 0,92% 3,22%
19 950 0,03 0,08% 0,09%
21 1050 0,12 0,33% 0,33%
23 1150 0,14 0,38% 0,38%
25 1250 0,26 0,69% 0,70%

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Active Filter Applications

Personal Computers

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Active Filter Applications

Network current (Personal Computers) before and after

compensation with MaxSine

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 45

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications

Dynamic DC-Drive

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 46

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
Active Filter Applications

Network current (dynamic 3-phase load) before and after

compensation with MaxSine

Harmonics and Harmonics Filtering, IIEE, November 2013 Slide 47

ALSTOM 2013. All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is indicative only. No representation or warranty is given or should be relied on
that it is complete or correct or will apply to any particular project. This will depend on the technical and commercial circ umstances. It is provided without
liability and is subject to change without notice. Reproduction, use or disclosure to third parties, without express written authority, is strictly prohibited.
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