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B.Sc. GEOGRAPHY
SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
FIRST YEAR
Paper Paper Title Hours Marks

Core Courses - Main Subjects

I Physical Geography 3 100
II Practical - I Cartography 3 100
Core Course - Allied Subject
I Geology
SECOND YEAR
Core Courses - Main Subjects
III Economic and Social Geography 3 100
IV Practical - II
Representation of Relief,
Climatic and Economic data 3 100
Core Course - Allied Subject
II Basic Computer Science and
Application

THIRD YEAR
Core Courses - Main Subjects
V Geography of India 3 100
VI Geographical Thought 3 100
VII Computers, Remote
Sensing and GIS 3 100
VIII World Regional Geography 3 100
IX Practical - III
Map Interpretation and Surveying,
Weather Maps, Projection, GIS & GPS 3 100
Application Oriented Subject
Socio-Economic Studies and PRA
* Records marks will be awarded at the respective centres after
the evaluation of practical exercises.
2
INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
B.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN
GEOGRAPHY

SYLLABUS
FIRST YEAR

PAPER I - PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

Part A Geomorphology
Unit I : Rocks : types and classification Igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, folding,
faulting, earth quake and volcanoes
Unit II : Forces of gradation and weathering mechanical
and chemical weathering, mass wasting and
mass movement
Unit III : Agents of Gradation Fluvial processes, erosion,
transportation, deposition, resultant topography,
glacio fluvial action erosion and depositional
work at the glaciers - resultant topography
Unit IV : Aeolian landscape erosion depositional work
of the wind resultant topography, wave action
erosive work of the waves, depositional work
of the waves shorelines of submergence and
emergence.
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Unit V : Underground water water table spring and

their types, karst topography, normal cycle of
erosion Davis, Penk.
Part B Climatology
Unit VI : Definition weather, climate, climatic elements
surface composition and structure of the
atmosphere Insolation, Horizontal and vertical
distribution of Temperature, Range of
Temperature
Unit VII : Atmospheric Pressure winds horizontal
distribution of pressure, planetary periodic and
local winds. Atmospheric moisture -
condensation, Forms of precipitation types
Unit VIII : Airmasses and fronts concepts classification
cyclones tropical anti cyclones climatic
classification Koppens Basic of classification
and types
Part C Oceanography
Unit IX : Surface configuration of the ocean floor
continental shelf, slope, deep, sea plain and
deeps distribution of salinity in the seas and
oceans
Unit X : Circulation of oceanic water waves, tides and
currents currents of the Atlantic, pacific and
Indian Ocean Coral reefs types
REFERENCES
1. Worcester, 1965, Text book of Geomorphology.
2. Arthur L. Boom, 1978 Geomorphology.
3. Monkhouse F.J. Principles of physical geography.
4
4. Wollridge and Morgan An outline of Geomorphology.
5. Das Gupta and Kapur, 1955 Physical Geography.
6. Phillip Lake Physical Geography.
7. Richand, H. (1954): Tropical Meteorological, McGraw
Hill Book Co., Ltd., New York.
8. Garbell, M.A., (1947): Tropical and Equatorial
Meterology, Bitman Publishing Corporation, New York.
9. Trewartha, G.T. (1968): An Introduction to climate,
McGraw Hill Book, Co. New York.
10. Das, P.K. (1968). The Monsoon, Edward Arnold Ltd.,
London.
11. John F. Griffith, Climate and Environment, London.
12. P.K.Das, Monsoon climate.
13. J.E.Hobbs, Applied Climatology, Butterworths, London.

PAPER II PRACTICAL I - CARTOGRAPHY

Unit I : Definition Nature and Scope of cartography
Maps, classification and uses development of
cartography use of Thematic cartography.
Unit II : The earth as a cartographic problem shape,
size and dimension co-ordinate systems; Plane,
spherical and rectangular map projection
choice of projection.
Unit III : Maps : definition of a map Types of maps
representation of scale on the map: statement
scale graphic scale Representative Fraction;
Comparative scale pace scale time scale
diagonal scale.
Unit IV : Map scale determination of map scales
enlargement and reduction direction
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Unit V : Measurement of distances on maps : Latitudes

and longitudes. Instrumental method thread
method; measurement of areas : graphical
method instrumental method.
Unit VI : Map data : Collection and classification
compilation and genralization of map information
compilation processes principles of
generalization
Unit VII : Map symbolization point , line, and area
symbols qualitative and quantitative method.
Unit VIII : Enlargement and reduction of maps square
method and similar triangle reduction by
pantograph combination of maps of different
scales;
Unit IX : Representation of direction on maps : true north,
grid magnetic north magnetic declination
bearings true bearing and magnetic bearing
map setting in the field map reading.
Unit X : Representation of relief on maps : spot heights,
bench mark, triangulation station, layer colouring,
hachures, hill shading and contours
interpolation of contours; contour exercises:
section drawing.
REFERENCES
1. Robinson, H. Elements of cartography Students friend,
Allahabad, 4th Ed. John Wiley, New York
2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh A., Fundamentals of
Cartography, Heritage co., Delhi.
3. Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. Maps and
Diagram, Meuthun & Co., London.

6
4. Ragunandhan Singh, Practical Geography
5. Singh R.L. and Dutt, P.K., Elements of Practical
Geography
6. Bygott, Practical Geography
7. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map reading

SECOND YEAR
PAPER III - ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
GEOGRAPHY
Part - A Economic Geography
Unit I : Scope and content of economic geography
basic concepts nature of resources
Unit II : Farming in the world shifting - subsistance
commercial and plantation farming mixed
farming horticulture market gardening
production and distribution of rice, wheat,
sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and jute major
forest types and distribution, conservation of
forests.
Unit III : Animal husbandry in the world cattle sheep
and goats dairy and wood regions of the world
fisheries types inland and marine location
and favourable conditions for major fishing
activities problem in fishing and conservation
measures.
Unit IV : World minerals mining Iron ore bauxite
manganese copper power resources coal,
petroleum, natural gas, atomic minerals major
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region of hydel power generation conservation

of power resources manufacturing industries
of the world localisation factor Iron and steel
textiles chemicals automobiles ship
building.
Unit V : Transport system road rail air ways water
ways major ports and airports of the world
international trade routes of the world trade
national international trade modern trade
development.
Part B Population Geography
Unit VI : Nature and Scope of population Geography and
its significance development of population
studies in India. Source of Population Data
problems relating to reliability and comparability
of data.
Unit VII : Factors influencing the distribution and density
of population growth of world population
factors affecting the growth of population in the
world birth and death rates population explosion
population cycle
Unit VIII : Movement of population migrations types
national and international, rural to urban causes
and consequences of migration.
Part - C Settlement Geography
Unit IX : Introduction : Rural settlement siting factors of
rural settlement, rural settlement types and
pattern houses and house types rural
landscape of India.

8
Unit X : Urban Settlement : Factors Classification
according to size and functions Nelsons, Harris
Classification.
REFERENCES
1. Economic Geography J.L. Guha and Pr.Chatterjee
2. Economic and Commercial Geography R.N.Dubey
and L.R. Singh
3. Economic Geography, S.K. Sadhukon
4. Economic Geography Dr.M.R.Chandhran
5. Economic and Commercial Geography K.K. Khanna
and V.I. Gupta
6. Nelsons, Harris Classification
7. Bougue Donald, J. 1969 Principles of Demography,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8. Clarke, J.I. (1972). Population Geography, Second
Edition, Pergamon Press Ltd., Oxford
9. Clark, J. I. (ed.). 1984. Geography and Population:
Approaches, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
10. Chandha, R.C. (1986). A Geography of Population :
Concepts, Determination and Patterns, Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
11. Wilson, M.G.A. (1968). Population Geography, Thomas
Nelson, London
12. Trewartha, G.T. (1969). Geography of Population:
World Patterns, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

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13. Demko, G.J. Rose, H.M., 1970. Population Geography

and Schnell, G.A. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
14. Wegi, B.S. (1991). Rural Geography Kedar Nath Ram
Nath, College, Road, Meerut
15. Northern R.K. Urban Geography, John Wiley and Sons,
New York
16. Misra M.P. (1978). Million cities of India, Vikas
Publishing

PAPER IV - PRACTICAL-II-PRESENTATION OF
RELIEF, CLIMATIC AND ECONOMIC DATA

Part - A : Representation of Relief Data

Unit I : Contour Diagrams
Unit II : Profiles
Unit III : Spot Height and Interpolation of Contour
Unit IV : Slope Maps and Slope Analysis
Part B : Representation of Climatic Data
Unit V : Diagrammatic representation of climatic data
climatic diagrams Hythergraph Climograph
Ergograph Wind Roses
Unit VI : Study of Weather reports and Weather map
Interpretation
Unit VII : Representation of economic and population data
line graph bar diagram pie diagram
spheres block piles.

10
Unit VIII : Located diagrams bars climatic graphs dot
maps and pie maps Isopleth, Choropleth
Stendigeer and Stilgenbauer, Pyramidal and
pictorial diagrams
Part C : Representation of Economic Data
Unit IX : Quantitative methods histogram frequency
polygon, frequency curve scatter diagram
mean, median and mode standard deviation
Unit X : Correlation : Pearsons Prdouct Moment
Correlation Rank Correlation.
REFERENCES
1. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams, Mutheun & Co.,
Ltd., London, 1984
2. Hugh Mathew & Ian Foster, Geographical Data :
Sources, Presentation, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1989
3. Mecullah, Quantitative Techniques in Geography
4. Rahunathan Singh, Practical Geography
5. Singh, R.L. & Dutt, Practical Geography

THIRD YEAR
PAPER V - GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA
Unit I : India as geographical Unit Indias location
Physical contrasts Physiography relief, coasts
and islands water resources of India : Rivers
distribution and development of irrigation; tanks,
canals, wells and tube wells major irrigation
and multipurpose river valley projects.

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Unit II : Climate : seasons temperature and rainfall

Indian monsoon climate regions.
Unit III : Soils types and distribution Soil erosion and
conservation natural vegetation forests ; types
forest as a resource : Agriculture : major food
crops and regions rice, wheat and millets,
plantation agriculture sugarcane, tobacco, jute,
cotton, groundnut, castor and mustard
agricultural regions
Unit IV : Problems of Indian Agriculture livestock wealth
of India Indian fisheries.
Unit V : Mineral resources : Iron Maganese, Bauxite,
Limestone, Copper, Zinc and Gold distribution
and production power resources : Coal, oil,
hydro-electricity, Thermal and atomic power
development distribution and production,
Industries : Agro-based industries textiles
cotton, jute, woollen sugar ;
Unit VI : Metallurigical industries: Iron and Steel,
aluminium, engineering and machine tools,
automobiles and locomotives, ship building,
chemical industries, paper and fertilizer
Unit VII : Transport : roadways railways and airways
trade : Inland and foreign export and import.
Unit VIII : Population : distribution and density rural and
urban growth migration.
Unit IX : Tamilnadu : Physiography climate drainage
soil and natural vegetation agriculture ;
distribution of paddy, sugarcane and millets
plantation agriculture.
Unit X : Distribution of minerals and industries
population ; distribution density and growth.

12
REFERENCES
1. Gopal Singh, 1970. Geography of India, Atma Ram Nad
Sols.
2. Singh, R.L. India, A Regional Geogrpahy, UBS
Publishers and Distributiors Ltd., Seena Publication
3. Spate, O.H.K. India and Pakistan
4. Sharma, Economic Geography of India
5. Singh and Memoria, Geography of India
6. Memoria, Agricultural Geography of India
7. Dubey, R.N. 1971, Economic Geography of India

PAPER VI - GEOGRAPHICAL THOUGHT

Unit I : Geographical Thought Definition sources of
data for ancient people Travel in ancient times
purposes of travel. Pre-historical western
geographical thought Greeks: Greek
Contribution to Physical geography, Human
Geography, Cartography, Mathematical
Geography.
Unit II : Contribution of Homer, Aristotile, Heradoters,
Eueateslhenes, Alexander the Great, Hecataeus,
Role of Pheonians.
Unit III : Contribution of Romans : Strabe Ptolomy,
Porubonius mela, Lfirmanus. Ancient Indian
Geographical Thought : Sources of information
Contribution of Indians to Information regarding
geography of India, Dwipas, Seasons earth
and sun, earth quakes etc.

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Unit IV : Contributions of Kalidasa, Aryabhatta,

Brahamgupta. Arab contribution to geography :
Contribution to physical geography, regional
geography, human geography, contributions of
Almasudi, Albirumi, Al Balakhi, Ibn-Frttenrta
Unit V : Major exploitations and discoveries : Contribution
of Megallan, Vascodagama, Hume Cook,
Christopher Columbus.
Unit VI : Contribution of modern geographers varenius,
Immanual Kant, Alexander Von Humbold, Carl
Ritter.
Unit VII : Determinism,Possibilism and New determinism.
Unit VIII : Contributions of Radzel, Ellensemple, La
Blackehn, Ellsworth Huntington, Griffith Taylor.
Unit IX : Evolution of Man : Pethuneseman, Javaman,
Neandartalman, Cromagnonman, Jaboth and
Neolithic age.
UNIT X : Races of Mankind : Characteristics of racial
features distribution of races, race as a mith.
REFERENCES
1. Ali, Geography of Peranas : Peoples publishing house,
Delhi
2. Evolution of geographical thought : Masjit Hussain,
Rawat Publication
3. Majumdar, Canninghams ancient geography of India,
Calcutta
4. Harvey, Explanations in Geography, London

14
 PAPER VII - COMPUTERS, REMOTE
SENSING AND GIS
Unit I : Map Design and layout : components of map
design constraints in map design.
Unit II : Typography and lettering of the map; elements
of typographic design methods of lettering
geographical names and others.
Unit III : Map reproduction, printing and non-printing
processes limited copy methods xerography
diffusion transfer photographic print- single
sensitized layer multiple senitized layers
Interpol systems. Digital original Hard copy
soft copy methods for many copies.
Unit IV : Thematic and complex mapping problem; Atlas
mapping, National Atlas of India topographic
mapping
Unit V : Remote Sensing Definition electromagnetic
spectrum sensors processing of remote
sensing data development of aerial
photographs photo mosaic photo maps
satellite imageries in cartography.
Unit VI : Introduction : Geography and computer
applications : Purpose, interacting with computer,
Storing information, network and data
communications -Computer Software : The
operating System, Word Processing, and Desk
top publishing, Spread Sheet concepts

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Unit VII : Database : Definition, over view, components of

data base, data base applications - Data base
and Management System ; Data base and
Information Systems ; Cartographic Data bases
and GIS
Unit VIII : Remote Sensing : Scope and Advantages
Types of Environmental Remote Sensing
Satellite Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
Applications
Unit IX : GIS Concept of GIS Components of GIS
GIS data types GIS and Map Design layout.
Unit X : GIS analysis GIS software and Hardware GIS
applications
REFERENCES
1. A.H. Robinson, Elements of Cartography, 6th Edition,
John Wiley, New York.
2. Misra, R.P. and Ramesh, A. Fundamentals of
Cartography, Heritage Co., Delhi.
3. Monkhouse F.J. and Wilkinson, H.P Maps and Diagram,
Muthen & Co., Ltd., London.
4. Peter Nortons (1995). Introduction to Computers,
Published by Gelncoe, New York.
5. Arthur H. Robinson, Joel L.Morrison, Phillip
C.Muehrcke, A.Jon Kimerbling Elements of
Cartography, 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. George Bokorte, The GIS Book, 5th Ed. Onward Press
7. Paul J.Currian, Principles of Remote Sensing, ELBS.

16
 PAPER VIII - WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
Unit I : Definition of region Physical elements Space
relationships Weather and climate landforms
hydrology.
Unit II : Natural vegetation Forest, Grasslands, Desert.
Unit III : The Associated animal life Salient features of
their adaptation.
Unit IV : Soil human elements population economic
activities cultural features
Unit V : World Regions : Major climatic Regions of the
world.
Unit VI : Location and characteristics features Equatorial
Region: Highland and low land regions , Tropical
region; Monsoon, Tropical Grassland and
Tropical deserts
Unit VII : Warm Temperate Regions : Mediterranean,
Temperate Grasslands, China type. Cool
Temperate Regions
Unit VIII : British type of Marine West Coasts, Siberian Type
and Laurentian type.
Unit IX : Polar Regions : Highland or Ice Cap type,
Lowland or Tundra type.
Unit X : Regions Development of Regional Concept
Formal and Functional regions Regional
Hierarchy

17
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REFERENCES
1. Oliver, H. Heintzelman, Richard M. Highsmith, J.R.
(1965). World Regional Geography Printice Hall of
India (P) Ltd. New Delhi.
2. Roger Minshull (1967). Regional Geography : Theory
and Practice, Hutchinson University Library, London

PAPER IX - PRACTICAL III MAP

INTERPRETATION AND SURVEY, MAPS,
PROJECTIONS, GIS AND GPS

Part A
Unit I : Signs and symbols used in topographical
maps,Topographical maps and their referencing
by quarter inch, half inch and one inch maps of
survey of India.
Unit II : Cartographic description of Survey of
India,Cartographic description of ordinance
survey, United States Geological Maps.
Unit III : Interpretation of 1:50,000 topographical maps
of survey of India (maps highlighting of typical
landforms including drainage and coastal areas
and cultural features should be done) a minimum
of 6 exercise.
Unit IV : Simple methods of surveying: surveying with
chain open and closed traverse, Prismatic
compass Recalculation of bearing Bowditch
method of correction of closing error.

18
Unit V : Plane table survey: Open and closed traverses
Resection by two point and three point method,
Abney level Indian Clinometer height
determination by accessible and inaccessible,
Aerial Photo interpretation.
Part B
Unit VI : Study of weather symbols, weather data and
codes station model, Study and interpretation
of Indian Weather Reports Interpretation of
Weather reports according to seasons study
of cyclonic tracks.
Unit VII : Cylindrical Projection: equidistant, equal area and
Mercators Projection ; Conical Projection; One
standard and Two standard parallels Bonnes
Projection and Polyconic Projection.
Unit VIII : Conventional (Whole World) Projections
Sinusoidal and Mollwids Projections their
interrupted types, Choice of map projections.
Unit IX : Definition of map projection purpose of map
projections, Graphical construction and
properties of the map projection, Zenithal
projection equidistant, equal area, gnomonic
and stereographic or orthomorphic projections.
Unit X : GIS Raster Encoding, GPS Location and
Routing.

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REFERENCES
1. Raghunandan Singh, Practical Geography
2. Kentkar, Elements of Surveying
3. Austin Miller, Skin of the Earth
4. Monkhouse, F.J. Maps and Diagrams
5. Her Majesty Publications, Map Reading.
6. Johnson and Ormsby, Surveying and Map Reading
7. Singh and Dutt, Practical Geography
8. Monkhouse, Maps and Diagram

CANDIDATES OFFERING GEOGRAPHY

SHALL OFFER ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING
APPLICATION ORIENTED SUBJECTS IN
THIRD YEAR

1. Demographic Studies 2.Geography of Tourism

3. Medical Geography 4. Socio-economic studies
and PRA

1. DEMOGRAPHIC STUDIES

Unit I : Demography Scope, contents and trends,

relevance of Demographic studies

Unit II : Demographic Studies and its applications

Unit III : Population Information Census and Sample

surveys Fertility Services Household surveys

20
Unit IV : Study of Demographic structure Population
distribution and structure - Age-sex variation

Unit V : Ethnicity literacy structure occupation

differences- Income variation.

Unit VI : Growth dynamics Growth estimation Impacts

of death and birth growth

Unit VII : Population movements rural-urban

movements, intra - national and international
migrations- migration and growth

Unit VIII : Population dynamics Demographic transition

mortality factors- Population changes

Unit IX : Demographic Planning and problems:

Population Problems- Planning in Developed
and Developing countries.

Unit X : Demographic studies: Policies population

resources - Population geography in the 21st
century.
REFERENCES

1. Clark. I., (1984). Geography of Population: Approaches

and Applications. Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.

2. Chandna, R.C. (1984). A Geography of Population,

Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

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2. GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM
Unit I : Tourism Definition Development of tourism
Model of Tourism : Origins, Destinations,
Transit Factors of tourism
Unit II : Physical, Historical, Socio-Cultural, Economic,
Environmental, Education, Political,
Recreational, Natural Wonders.
Unit III : Types of tourism : Cultural toursim, Eco Tourism,
adventure tourism, Heritage tourism,
Pilgrimages Measurement of tourism
Phenomena
Unit IV : The need for measurement Problems of
measurement Method of measurement
tourist statistics
Unit V : Components of tourism industry travel,
hospitality, visitors services distance, modes,
cost culture and hospitality food, beverages
stay and accommodation.
Unit VI : Accommodation types of accommodation,
Chain accommodation, time sharing tours,
tour operators private and public tourism
development corporations.
Unit VII : Tourism promotion Role of advertising and
publicity, audio-visual, photographs, posters,
information offices Role of handicrafts, fairs,
festival, Exhibition
Unit VIII : World Tourism Organizations WTO, IATA,
PATA, IUOTO International tourists flows
22
Unit IX : Indian Tourism, major types - India as a paradise
for tourists -Importance of tourism in Indian
Economy
Unit X : Consultant of tourism development Measure
of promoting tourism Tourism Development
in Tamil Nadu.
REFERENCE
1. Maneet Kumar (1992). Tourism Today , Kanishka
Publishing House, Delhi
2. Michael M.Coltman (1989) Tourism Marketing, Van
Nostrand Reintold, New York
3. Fodder Hoddles, Fodders Guide of India, Hoden and
Strongton
4. Rosemary Burton (1995). Travel Geography, Pitman
Publishing, London.
3. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY
Unit I : Medical Geography Introduction Scope
Contents components of medical geography
Unit II : Environment and diseases water borne
diseases air borne diseases mineral
enrichment and deficiencies diseases
Unit III : Culture and Health food habits, family and
community life, traditional outlook,
Unit IV : Food and health:, habits, Food habits, family
and community life, traditional outlook, religion
and health
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Unit V : Society and Health Sanitation, modernization,

Western way of living and emerging health
issues

Unit VI : Ecology and diseases diseases epidemics

communicable and contagious diseases

Unit VII : Disease mapping : disease related data

disease mapping disease analysis

Unit VIII : Natural hazards disasters calamities and

health problems

Unit IX : Health Planning Health Care Centers and

planning- Family and community health planning

Unit X : Health and health care systems in Tamil Nadu

REFERENCES

1. Learmonth, Andrew (1978). Patterns of Disease and

Hunger A Study in Medical Geography, David and
Charles, London.

2. Misra, R.P. (1969). Medical Geography of India, N.B.T.,

New Delhi

3. Howe, M. and Loraine (Eds.) Environmental Medicine

(2nd Edition), William Jeinemanu.

4. Pyle, G.F. (1979). Applied Medical Geography, W.H.

Winston-Sons, Washington D.C.

24
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STUDIES AND PRA

Unit I : Socio-economic studies Introduction - need -

scope and limitations

Unit II : Socio economic studies and its applications.

Unit III : Social groups: social groups and culture - Village

and Urban community

Unit IV : Religious and cultural groups- religious

communities ethnic societies

Unit V : Assessment, Approaches and Integrated study

for Planning and Development

Unit VI : PRA Definition- scope - importance of the

study

Unit VII : PRA - Conceptual understanding Principles

of PRA Advantages of PRA

Unit VIII : PRA methods space related social and

resource maps transact participatory census

Unit IX : PRA and Time : Trend analysis seasonal

diagrams activity schedules

Unit X : PRA and relational methods - Network and

important diagrams matrix and Venn diagrams
REFERENCES
1 . Somesh Kumar, Methods for Community participation.
Vistar Publication, New Delhi.

25