pubitsher, except for the quater of bref> eran ree ome an ace ur arg ae ‘pethanisms of the domination of man over man, regarding which nse wedia. The irony here is that tho ‘new phosophers! have oe eee {he media has consiittted ane Ginension of # generat struzele {SE Dewen Intor 1950). ‘The thrust of their work ha loxzoly Sovioties being conveniently excluded from consideration (6. eee ee eee ee ee oe 4 GENEALOGY, CRITIQUE AND THE ANALYSIS OF POWER. tn onder to exaninw th rors inpltos of Poses work ‘eta Garr aout nceaey to poise lfer points of contact, of silat and of difference, between Finca trs an anton emu pene SOS SReL EE Tere caeite heats atom i) paruncters of histockeal naterialan Sch pn Fumen clenees and Mersin may indona contract progtanaes forthe formation ofa oral realty. these ave not nocoensiy {Sanslated Lato appropriate prections and techniquas, and. furthor. oven if they do aiove concretiation in the fm of Darter soval pretces then their efeciveInplewen tty fy at Se seprand aos Ray probiotic nop. fe, (ur world doce not follow a programe, but we ey in a world cf progcanmes, that to suy ina mold teaveread BY the eflnte of diacoursee nose object Gn both cones tho word) isthe Nendaring ratznalenbe, transparent Sd programmabie of the rea. C1960, Bs 289) sgh eaceric aca arate. = enenee ay Pesta ong Soca i Oe ae Geen ftom has been defused whit ‘Left discoures- Foucault's pposod, and thet when it has bean, particular atrategien have GD Rastniciet reduction (3) Utopian alienate Iv) Univerallsing aiotation “Tho first strategy of theoretical reduction has sought to nettralise te Gulag question by depicting ths existence Of te enealogy, critique and the encysis of power 96 his strategy ls the notion of s Setrayal of the ruth of ‘Suporssy pathology Or abnormality shiek nw to be toterated ieee seme prc ofthe development af sre Eleaal essence ie bos terest tne pve of {20 Cag asa stor of he enbieno of pander oom {herefore that the idea or concept of suc n posible socal form ou Het data cles) covlny of ih sa al ‘fay an attompt as been mage to reduce the sigiticance of the ‘dence of the Guung in tho soeetoe of actualy eating ‘cuug quection has taken the illoning form reeponsa to the view that pertae te lassen txts ofthe Mex tradition fave boss misaterprted or miaropeecontee and taste mu be obo to fina thin then a condesmetion of the Gulag he fas Proposed an sltssnative, noraly an exploration of to foxte Sraee to disoover in abit way) they might have slowed for the Gulag and in wht respecte they might have sored to Renate enetonc. ater ard Foeaat fe soe Marxist discourse and the practices aszocinted with the Gulag Errective cha, ewe he sind tht ta of eae sin reapan hea egy Foust enone between Soviet and "true! socialism but to the reality of the in which people have resisted aly cesta argued {2 the sont stnen, ins fae aa he of these sino 1817 ‘e'artged to inn witout more-orlen devaoped Gung eeognition of he specs sigllcance of the societies of scualy ‘Sinng social within conomporary radio! theory and polit. imply a relationship of orevsponcence betwen Marxist theorytng the Gulag isutution: rathor thei ined objective soem {o have been to divapt the polls of teuth of Left dlscounee {© challenge the power of Sarat dissouron which the attri of tho realty ofthe Gung Posing’ the Gulag question ntona, Gr whieh fo the controversnt matter ofthe Telaionship betwecs Peace ins Gee atte Site i Se re et ede Ba ieee, mtn en aetna ‘work 0 goneral formlation of the telationship between dlacur= tuurt has Gornented thal Fouesult is theorist of the Super Sooo ioe emcee ee flscutlve practices (sci! and Insttionat practices}, Im each ant nee ua at na a” Sap ea ec ae inalyses have Challenged not only the conception of « general SePege with the lensed guardians of Darxist dogma who refuse SOE fat thors fe any paobion with Manes Cheon oc C18 ‘© Saye it constitutes possly the best oxanpls to date ofan Eiovion a ihe inphiatne of Foca wer on Nest ise focus of hy cscussion wl boon tis ove partcla. eject asy on tie ane bad; resoucoe for teaseosln.y oe Hoey ecg om a tha fons ats tare ano pie yan yet espe target Fer onion ato be found'in Paviantaate ‘State, Power Src CisTs), the fcus of which is the releionship between teauliinel yopresentain of the rate ana relations of powcr ihn pln! theory in gener st Sarsiam fn partoulr, The Sas ppostion ro which ve ext prone i iat the Sat fe'recucod to mere poltionl domination” (i¥TB, p. 14). ence we {od cect vision of lebou® This doce not meun #retuea 10 the conventional arcstfopographion! metaphor of "base" and tlternative conception of the state a0 an eutonomous "super~ ‘wctural etna Hoth pene, he former enayine the in'vcuition conceptualise the atate-oooromy selatonsip 9 one Fila of the tate tr usw lveyar tx clerant forms, boen pre Tent bf tho consiution and reproduction of be retaions of broduin” id pr If). Second has sted that tore ‘hoary oF the stato inary basdmisnbi, for tao thooretca98 Genealogy, eruique and ene enetsts of power clude ut 0 general weary of Seb 10 be ound Sheet case his p10) Damas sts 8 toy ek orne A tienen oad Seatac fe onal aay he” titdbtvenaes o personas of he wate a ha sonny PROMISES nao cn is Cn le tae Mi eeu es. 10 ven es seus ansrae her a oral ion See cet athe it tance Sheek oe whe gnu! aa Lait fey ofthe RE se i a ak ene SUS oui st helpline of ‘ica bl hak not pasate taunt general eg ore nine Ste ate teeta dieser thory a he isi gn captain to soto ‘feet ma are let with the poset of «theery of the eapital~ neo whig'we ay generate he abou «rena theta, owners sy uch popnton but eu mero ronan a pe % “aaa af th fy a st komen and of he un Seid he conte rnc Poin hee Oa {ecu ie ha pains o Ineviesbaity' at gap existing between theory and precio, "Sheet by thenen psoper" mal het ere eae {ne pralat of ella tit Eautraacope orn SEEPS Mato uy be ha seearaie or she lined by Povlantaas Is that there wil ways beva dstenes Been Gnayan pon sry Sn Dena thee mks sont hla maim response for te nie Baten rope. Sires pnkon te cng pete hoary a, Sea perl the etotan pectin ours Shek seen of no-eotreaponance betwen (Gapenary phanowencn which wil be transformed by the ress of Ue disipation of « revolutionary class; rather Ie constitutes ‘Teeotare of any theory, nat hus hasten, tn ethor words no roman can ba extended thatthe gap tay’ De closed an the Ecuurary’ the inpression Je conveyed that i just mach a nie Arison the ochtion of Marxism with totallarinism. Thus, for Houintnes Sent Tony denen conve a veeaste foe tion, ifh wish to enoure 8 yenulne tunsitan to denoeratc ‘olaliam’ (bias 9. 2) tno elation of the sate with soca clasoea fn last tus ‘SSatona of production’ nese the Relations of Production be Pidastons teenology a techies poses) within the prod fidoe which are "present in the constitution of the relations of production’. Tha the Iden that ‘exterior politcal and o= lanes boon vojeted, and mks place conception as boon Inverted of palitic-ssclgyiealreatons as aired prosent Ih Rita atin of Reet of prosucten a crap Ieeologiel relations ave played such sigifiant parti the Feprodaction of elation of production. It provides tho neaos~ {ton and reproduction of the relations of production ‘as the fector nach concentrates, condenses terials and inarn~ ston polit deoiogia! seiaions in form speife o the given thee ot production Ghd. pit).Barboenore, et a fuer andtsans aivuggl. indead less poerssconeretlod nd legitinsted bn polfeal pnd Iisoogial relatos, constitute {he aecaseary expression of the teatens of preduction T= Production may not be conceptualised independently of ssi "huses, which in turn have ho existence outage of relations of power and struggle, Te upshot ofthis i tat an analyte af ‘ho tato-relations of production’ nexus requires am analysts tf the prosonce ofthe atate inthe soil sla etruggie, mith the provise tet sven an enalyaio should not remain confined wits a nagative, junio eoncaprin ofthe states elton oF powers tt is to say eancoption of the eflowey of the state Teetrlted fo the exercice of domination through iscoogis! and To cursumvent auch negative conception of state power, Poulantnar has ann upon Powcsult'sanaiys of postive and100 Genealogy, eviique and the anatyse of power felations of power which ls nol clrcunscribod by a Cromeeings® Althusserin conception of the state functioning purely in i a reattienatin of the fundamental sigan of foros aga tebe the blame on mfr pve '5¢ the position outlined by Poulantana fe that constcutes an Stusap to eomtrunt a cobegetion of fe sciibel sate SG at an vate of Dower nh ete booed te ‘function of the state in terms of epteseion plus Wesogy he Smit fe thet we shoul recognise tthe atin Sevelop atiyzes and concepts aseordlngly forthe febresenta- snd productive especies, in particule the construct ott mn responding to the isauo of the stats and relations of power wit eran oueneze hs cnionted tee tomes te noglet of abzence he tke any u concentration on (8 {te getensive ety and soe ofthe sat. whe in frm hes Marxist prabiomstle § fesoltion of the problow of pwr uy ‘ako us beyond Sarzisn i relatians of power develops State, Powers Soca’ sas te {Ethene of Fewenults wk beewocs re evden We ave Several alscoursos und that tere i ah itextrinble elton Nnoniodge ond ts Srersae opens Eo ae sat Peulantas a proceed relly co ie queria te oes wot mhish bear on the question ¢f Dower and’ tow lesser ‘Sent tn of te atte! he Sbjct oe eases ane the Sere enh eae Re TtCaN oe 1088 be canesptuaibed as tho origin ofthe state, for fron the Se eee Becta tn Oe por cite etd a Seve ote mt ening over exlond beyond the sete, and it saeition to raf Doth Sci Sra al Roe nay nce a etter Edie ele Toten he val rir to ea eta Ballast he rvonrgnes of sa pen, sy ‘aah rots as rere totic na ent Pradctpn sre arava feria por SASSI TON", pt rurthemore, wpa cern aati fst ie sete ste au ¢echanlsn Oyu which STS fates tight» dae pertneny. Thee Rel ads Sa honieg im en of power in clats divided social formations" (Dd... 4, and se Tapuel into capatin seo proteton pli) ae" ABET to Soto eo the buoelee of Bowe vats Ry provi of materi anaiyats of portiesae inst De considored compatible with Siarilat analyoes of the state in wert ieare pence noth proven of aia Eatin! ant She oho ong of rsteantythrough the process of norzaliation. Fovoault es thus been {redted watt having theorised te process by which india i cena rough atta of wa Aca rns Fovonsit the Yovus of analyais is te mechanisms and ose ef {ie exmclrof'pover. ones ation tg cosptied ae Sehtons of rodustb and the seal isin of'ovurs users | hoo, although Poulsntaas hae accepted that lations of power iy fot be spy seduced to cass relations that ‘lose Gis ton ta not the exclusive terrain ofthe costo of power ig navortholos fas roeesrted thatthe tnalittional spectinty Af aodeen power" is grounded inthe ‘economia. "There there Felteraton of what i ulin c eanventional, If sophirtate, nist ecition namely that the stata hax an essential lass ‘aire db nln penetrates gor power eats progut af an attempted incorporetion of elemsnte of ovate fork. tsa symptom of © sgrtioant degree of ingompollty ietucen FosesZits genoslogilansiveee and Narco snaigsle Jn whioh Poulenteas has been engaged “benefits speifialiy in {he proposition that relations of pomes miy not be reduced t0 poltualy significant analy that of clase atrugele. Onoe Bacoontd tat non clas strugeies have on uionaios ox rrominds us that the continued existenee of reistions of power ‘thin ine ocleioe of actully exiting sci in Beeler rather it indicates that relations of power ere not eliminated inerely bys proetarat ora party taking control ofthe stat Os both counts tarxit strates fr scallm ae called Into (esti (ef neon, 1080). Reprise —on the question of¢ relational theory of power Uiet Poulontas has eoknowlodged the partlal oeeecthees of ovens sate ere Of gover, has eaors he ing mitt mien some are endowed’ and haa confined te Prspsion hat he etd of omer Gn. striety elton ‘hole respective positions "The soot fundamental difference i that within Marxist analy of clss division and struggle it basially take the form of ‘of fores, are themselves the vary isis, te fbr or petnore ‘Sf the sta dnains they ara symonyasua with ssl hn ‘such a conesption of power. there enn Be no eetape, no lacus of opposition of resistance, because power Hast has to specie ge oy ute. roscchg in ee te oularane Yn ‘nthe elatnship between forme af ratinalty hnowedge) and forms of power to the deirinent of the question of form Sf ‘pponiton and reristance, Haweveey the sbsence of the hater lgree that Foucnult hax nopcoted analyse of forme of recatance fd oppositen, tt regard such ut onaston as no afferent In'prnepte trom the somparebie neglect within sist of aly ssf forms of strugeie: iven that ne co not deduce fom tae a te te eval fine of cae rug ond cont lo no warrant for ateouting 5 fata ‘position to Foucault. ower is grounded in the relations of productions argaing that ‘iho power of class vefurs abs all es objciie pla la ceria pal and slg aoe’ (AE pe 1. touted in the expat Seashore sine rete et ae, ‘fe tive obser | ua to take on there specific wapon st owen agi lat Postnatal encare= ‘ent of Foucault's ralatonal theory of fone isnot witout Atbiguty. Specialy has loa Foulateas te sttonpt to ‘Sante focus aya of te exrce of omar, pow a being several formantons which sithough making roference {o a tointial soncoptbn of power, continually invoke cae ons ot power aa ponseasian’ property, or spaity. For exam aie Helonaes han aut Wat api ot clasts, power {o ceaige thelr spect itoresta" (Bia., ps 1a7), and een ‘otgh this steloment ia qualified in tera of« cognition thetffs Sings, ACiest thot i tho laploation of weloronoss to. ‘aul'sroiatbnal Weary of poner’ euthor the conception of pre in nh they operate” CFowoault ptm, p- 2) i edefined in ter of one forn of soto, nansly slags ela Steen nt ent cae iaga it iibunderstancng in te folowing motored! fashion A986, p. 15) “ms wu aes ‘require oppsition or resistance and that these are present i the strategie fd of power relations", However, thie os {o perpetual defeat"; on the contrary it constitutes the irreduc’ Ff anaiate. Tale brings mo tomy fil ebooreatine iatunctinea. The exercioe of power end the mechan thraugh witeh it has functioned hve been conceptualise nel= ‘euggtes agalrst power say be Tolled to Surugutes agelnst Goneuiogy, ertique and the analysts of power 195 yather than subordinated to existing conceptions of global Sap cee tepetric bate ioe, eo ey ere ee ene Sreulatney madmen oem Pemeiebos ftivigeg whet Naan five concept of the state. This is more than s lite ironic, fOr. tat I has consistent conceptual poner In the form af fas edught to avold this impasse is through ¢ho qualiestan ci ee me err sa ees ents amour to ae, muturn “fe the promise of the prinscy es beh ee Ree ores ee106 Genealogy, ertique and the anctysts of power coin, te bes ene wy Tuts a yy {iy Ewokuig the ste ar the point of conftonce of powor the Specific terns of reference af Foucault's work have been dis~ ‘estanlsns Of slate power and other, nore individuals forms Sowa a emda pones cerca win te ont far Sees Sifiaage routs ha ack nowiagee tht relatos SFA ent Leen he tae fil cy ch ay torn evry union of poe ome twinning Tepe ste spp ih wpa [bites he mune sntoing ae: un Siiy of te techniques for exercising power" he hes been SEU.E Et tle rl fea riya presen fptte fnctting of ie ss. nese ig ett oe ue ne utes erty Sent Sn Sepecive forme Cee Betis "poet Poles hw Suri» ero stearic apart me, rer ber than tho oo of phys silane (eg. the Frankfort “asa alec erundne poner" pe o power ie oaply afte ier : smanently ndeviogthe techniques of power an mechan Siv‘f'cantents fe nserives ithe web of dociplinary thi idealogil devices and gvan wnon nov dnecly exor= lod, it shapes te natant of the soca body spon which oathtion ie broupnt to beer” (bids, pe BU) tn bv, Folia ected Towns cnenpon en halyels of power for abeorbing the question of phic viniease and Yor segcting the questin of eanwent- On the rat point {his oriJear that Foucault hee paced omphasis upon the Sig Fiance of tha emergence of test techanians of power wll try consilered to hve daplnced the lence terror eaoociate wit the onorcae af roversign power, the argument being that the exercise ot power has besohe ave "econonlea' less prone fo tie excotene of vinings terror. Ie iz worth emphasising a Fouonlt has not spoon of the dizeppensunes of Sovorelgi-10> bur ruther of ts ifltrtion and tranforaction by the eer tree. nen mhansne of pone Oo mond pot ou Goneents However, a conespt of concent would In any cast be arnropriate for signifies a seiation betteen subjects, et Bi tne leows of te formation of the subjects or mace prceleel! ave mide subjects, which has constituted « porelatent under of aioe etna by Fovena and Cnet Say ee Ine en on Fiat Sess ees he Sn tay ole mana ete fort the sake Sarton spay Sie Sm Or dnt neh he te ot cmb “*Poueay epptaa the nea of gon 2 oe Sitorent filet rece, Rael Sa eh peso Seppe nai ties eee nea neue RexIGDE? toca ins trian of veal tcl Sree Si concen of conn aerate Sal ee SFadie powers ages tee u'noremeoiadeeee ae” Sane PO et ns pao baa Ree SSE) Taare as eee ner oe are ae SESS Gat Spice, aoe inte Sele fata Be att rik’ hth5 DISCIPLINE AND SOCIAL REGULATION In exploring the pola! ratimality of our present, Fouesult ing centralisation of politi! power In the form of the slate, {nd tho onergenco of tedhaologioe of poner oranted tend ‘Rawiduals ith tne empus being pa onthe ater, ot “endesiabie asi econo ithas precipitated s neglect of bnlvsguniing form of poms? the ntrgence ofa acolo of power hing beok Daratue fre been deoned Integra to the sucessful nagolaton St pentsrevolutonary "wraneltonat' pord. Therdhy evel nother ith the same objectives andthe same effects” (81D. pr25t), In contrast the positon adapted by Foose i tht Erie wil be charged I to mazuninms of power tha Finoton cutelde, Bulow and longue the State apparatus, Shanged oka, pe 6) Incivicunisng forts of power have emer formats wich oscurred in he seventeenth, elahtewtthy etabratiens of powerful sndiviausts Cong. the soverelgn tion on comnon indiviguas oh roves who powar waa to Be powsr, specifically techniques for tho formaiion and-administea- Eon'of inaivtdests and for the regulon of the suck. whieh fy hers ins snoption ofthe necouary inierdepondace bags bt uth tar ison Ge eee ana iho iprtion o enenze he form of punishnent an the tutte of te pilon Pouca ar topeesgnat ak oF cecin of pore pusisnent) fo the sol” or unugebie oh Stow forme of power and concomitant few fora of kavwlaige Frotnerence n'est that of herting posse wee pete tcc on the gray af eon eer of EEndondata Sn pone eases Seg hy form of power. Wheseas tha system of power auusehted with si teovetegn on everinty was spectacle hale anf monitny int Sd caegeetyeelgted vary Sri ata poaition rin er at ctf Dever wat to on obtained se ie towest possible sets in cosmo 2e'evmn ta ca ew crpenre ci pala tees ‘efece th elood shat esac tol bo argsad” face ESRpact,unsy sna Sees of eaten we por SeSvar ane ae units Into component elements (e.g. groups into individuals. cei eo meretinand cpslnn carecnant cf boat potent ‘Digerpine’ may be Identited mather with sn institution nor wth an apperatua: in typo of powers « odalty for he Precodures, levels f aplication target i iva "physsa rer etter By cspecaliod tations (ne benlenlaies fone purieuar and (echouts =). a0". by pre-eniting futhortin os inally by stole appehatuaos whace aoe over sooty as ubeie Ce palce) (IBIE.s ppe 215-10) (guously, described as the formation of a disciplinary society. Discipline and seta regulation 11 Beene eases x gerbe tl of nner of aifferent modes of training or treatment, and to the observe Ce ee ee Se ren’ consnn both ntl «pret ‘the whole soeial body. The disciplines my thorefore be deployed fistorial trancformtion: the gradual extension of the Centuries, -.. the formation of what might be called in Merens the intial extension of discptinnry institutions was ‘dbected tanarde the neuteaastion of problems, the generat frovves of difurion theough ich discipline Became © genorel, Termin of domination was invorently postive and irected towards meses the Utley of naivisusls: For exameles Seserton, seobedinee, end desteuciion af property at ‘uch moe of buchaniin fs» achieving » anit from the Shi and itimntey therefore the performance of the whole thi inthe ease of the factory oF workshop, eiaciplina might hive continved to exer seal Yogultin of behav ‘butts inportanoe hs ineroaingly ested with is ealteation ‘of iaprovenents in pertornanoe ad thereby the prwavcuviy ‘he protitabity of the enterpriseBesides fabricating useful ingivats, the dseiplines aso tion on their morally, materai respunees, and ways of ving. throughout the soctal body, infiltrating and undermining other Sods of power tht roerence ma be nade Yo the fret role grat of inte soit ha boon sie’ by fhe alvilon of lnbour), Focelt hos suggnated that the davel- {Teomgraphe-ceonooie Metolcal couture, nay the development of the de plines and Durkheim's discussion of hreifcaion ofthe conception of diseiinacy power, that the. Historeelconjunotute invite snsther somperisn ths Eng with {ventsrare analysed secoralg 9 the mutiple procesrco by Inne of sono production and of tecnagues forthe accu GGiuvaientsigiticance, (a pertzaiar the developmtant and a= {ito of nthe for soning pnsiations as Fount If the econonie take-off of the West began with she teent= ‘ut nde pil the ean of ape, # mnt {ccumulaton of sen made possible 2 potial takeoff o.. In Eien witlout the growth ot an appsestus of production At a more general lovel wht i ef lsue is» question of the. rolttionahip Eetwean power ana tode of predton. ‘The Sepi- SS ouch soln 0 poner ace f {enanoo of roproducton ofthe tiers rather power should be "im Foucault's view the existence of Iabour-power, a prerequi- Donsr cannot be derived either frm rarenees tothe fly 25 leis af bso roprdueton aed sure tostration {othe soci conélions which factated the nvaneblity af tect for fie enstonce af lnbour-power i le necessary toEmnsttutad se iaour-tine -a tine in nih lbout-power fhust be tancformed Inte a commodity whibh ix continued and {rough dlcclpline, though partiulayatnods wie have mde posable pracise conte! of the operations of the boey the EXect of which has been s'maximiaton ofthe Body ne etal {ne anda reduotion or ragustion #f the body s#'8 plies ‘Altiough Fowssult hes mide reference to the econonie espest of the nistorcalconjinetore in which 9 development of iss pon the nethods by which ft besaee pousile {2 ancure econ {Wot over the operations of the body ahd s constant subwcton ‘of he foroaa, on tho funstoning of tho dsoplines techniques for faoronting useful indivigusls~ inaividuas copabe of belng ‘xpitaist sconomy fay have bean nofermed ts sigifeant {otturo of Ue historical conunature sesolated ith the forbs tion of the diocpinary seisty, however discipline, the foch= ology of power Iniced with the eanrgenca of the human sciences, Fomine inexpliable in tors of deductions trom the snowy SUndoretanding of te event desteivad a the focestion of The second brond historical process considered to be of sient tcaneo for the foraaten of the Giaciplinry soci) te jurieo pall and conecras the naface of fhe salttenshp betwaen {he disepites ana the fursien and poitenl structures of feoicty. Fousault has observed thatthe prosess Dy whieh the Burgi Deane the pala conan sos San west isa Bamewonk", which in principe guaranteed an egalitarian {stem of ents: Eamon te jurist sirdture a suport- E88 non“egaltran, ssyemeticals and ultgately ‘corto lew Invathes words. the disciplines represent the rey of the {netbning of power, providing the foundatian on wien the {ema jules stewctare is prediestoa, and yet effectively ‘porato in oppostion te the formal ogalitarsnis of the lotto ‘is the niin evade and nderwine the axel orga {funeenteing ‘the mabmiasion Sf forone and boson whi 8 EEGs heceasy undaon of iw ga nd pleat Tho tnd hstercal process connected ith the formation of certiry of a compingtien and generalisation of alsipinery tlselplines transformed the institutions In waieh ey fare tioned into apparstuses within which methods for the formation nts sf domination and inetonses in paver bogon to produce ‘vada fo knowedge ee have decone disciplined tovitis, orderly and progrwmmed Fealtios which allow tle or no opposition or resitenee. How ‘tern bterpratation othe cocptin of the caiiary "To begin wth, the prosos of difusion of tho disciplines rapt sockty. the enengence of generalised network of 54 foraulh, rather than as 4 completely installed mechanism {lnotoning at an optimum level to prosue « programed sosily Felueault's conception of the disciplinary society dacs indeed ‘eter to he extension of dscipinery mechani, fo the di figs not sigtify the ealsation of «programme for 4 diselpties sng eraered sot. Seean ithougm Fouonit haz provided fos oguinat end around the exoreive of power, itt qute clear fiat alan peatice ae corer to be a inbren feature of {further undermine Iniorpeetations wish confit the soneep= ‘on gf te asspiary society with that of s aucpned society ‘oreespondence between rationalities and the functioning of insittine, the Saplisaton being that v diaciplinaey rationality Buch's conception is tho Yery antithesis of tho positon out led by Feutaute, wen Is that progeanmes never work ont at Planned ~ In other words, that tho normal relationship between programags end practises Je one of non-eoerespondeno, DISCOURSES, PRACTICES, AND EFFECTS tte social world as'a potentially rbnelinnble order, 20 ‘ato of socal tnieering” techniques of intervention derivedtte ature ofthe interplay betneen forms of rationally and {ttn of institations and forthe regulation of hua atte Plies have not bven feud in chil practices in shes formations, acl da tinal paces, an eects {Btumaed " har boon part ofthe foundation of the hus {pisces abt nave inated Fc says oemp iy vas fret rs Col han ny opm ‘orvospondance. The inplisaton of Fouselts positon fe not Sd todond, hat the relstionsnip fon soseespandeneey or to put it mire postivay. the acs, if unintanted aes af iyerae, sould be cxanined. oucwlts analyst of the plexity of the Felstiaaship of nonccorrespondence (cf Smart ‘oes Tithin the human senses non-eorrespandence hos frequent (Of the rain selonees night be desaripee ns te melts Detar hu fornia of the umitendedcencoguenoes ofthe sciline and social regulation 117 ‘pig be termed *mistosenpia'Lechniquoe, tho object of which "yo provlonatis of government as baer identied by Fou~ cat's phononenen hich surfaced i ie sich cnitry fnsomcnt a Ses of cant ernment al government of the state. At the contre of the probleratic of Sovernment there was a debate between two positions. In c, inguished from athor fovns of power. in the tecond. petces| sf government were Wenified ab verible in Toray Toetlon, ahd foortht matter agoney, Dut underlying cea of the respective set enact te, of ha of overnant dent of any concoption of the intervste of soversign rules, This stornatve anc oppositanal ranalty as arseulated In terns of ‘economy, spoafely ts term of an snaogy Ootween [ACH cant of Foucult's dicusslon ofthe provera of goverment. and in u mannor comparaie with He analysis of Shanges n fhe mode and abject of pnishanent, the fsa calem fer inne betnon te frm ofthe enorcle of power Brinepity onary, tnd sien of oe pop 0 she ther. with whieh Wi synonyapus ane anotier form, fversmany for yn she target the samples wt eon ‘actate an optinal realisation of the ends appropriate to, and convenient for, sugh of tho nespeotive entie cubict to torres wth merle the et i the ey Sein toni af the ne garam he ee antingenciss to hich the human condition is expesod e.2)18 Discipline and soeal regulation See ee Oe mao seth Patel a are ine aaa a eeatteat tae mrmer ote eereare ei eee, Sonate eae ete aloee oat to the level of the family. Such representations indicated that Seta, Nene Parga ay ee ee en ao ee ee pe re el Geile a semaptin enters tana ee, ship targeted on population. The concept of sovereignty remainé State deploying techniques of government, for it addzesses the Tho notin of a government of population renders al the irate the prcbicw ofthe foundation of sovercgnty Spment of disipines: (Iota, pois) neem Nevertheless, the spective dimensions of the triangular rla- iuialen. ouzat acon the tendency win Ne both Sovereignty td dimiplines that isto Su. for sontrol pleciotine and acta reguiation 19 be exarelsed sncroasingty through apparstuses of secur ane lowance, vn naurantal technologies" (ef. Domest, 1070) ite SPATE AND ‘THE SOCIAL’ ‘Te sock Isa enlgmatie and worrying figure of which no tno want to take Souk for foe of losing one's Way oF ones nin’ (owesat, 3079, 3-3) In nis enatysos of forms of the exorcise of power Fouceult null, Pasquino, and Donseloc for our undorstanding of the fata ‘and it pce in the onder of things tae state has asoamed an enorae significance In the wore ota ponprs the catalase he tent of productive forges and the ropreduotion of toltens af raisin, ns een depisted se the privileged ate of the iS progranine of tleal soil tranaformetin isto have am Seming te unity, fntionality, end mportanes of the state ing the state has manifested teal in the form of an examination 2iine enorgonce of te tactic end techniques of goverment, tthe saministextinn or ogstion of poptlation, Rath than Seung state domination af sckety abd then proceoding to ta emalysis of the respective sate apparatuses, Modes Of oper {and forme of reprumteton of rling cles erst fad througe at analysis of fhe tctes and aohanguee f govern ‘Bont by whieh ts efteets sre prodveed. A compare fos Iition is to be ound in the work of Pasguo (sT8). Peano Ie argued that gonosiogies of history which peiiege copita fe ow bankrupt. principally ao « consequenee of thelr eect Sf technologies of power and oonconitant fsation on "tho State fem apratahes oe instance separate from the sell body's To eta Krier dood to he dierent acs meen anstituted as an object of knowledge and as target for the ‘Sov of war Pan ba pape hat we Sight Dog {onming the bass af the governnentaisation of the State’, ‘aly poles “The concept of pllce has not always referred to the mnten~seca of lege ondaro ox sues of te anges premel Orf senses and encompassing a wide Senge of cae akgence of palo regulations signifies (6 beginning a rmoeniy constated population ae an objet of howteage ange target fr power fi in the practices and Keowee pit ttc maka sete te cscny hil" at nwo conunin Hetero els th nu feo caer iat te conpeshund the exersic of power, #0 SaPHOp siya ofthe positivity of power. requires at Ge very SET lps Pa nin gf econ ae a ae sul aro cet prose eer wo aR cats etl ye deafened fron tho acer sorted rns nay lb une in te numa sce ira uy ny hs seat tm aeons nen SRST interes a ate rec oe pogenny 08 Phd arena pertiuns trkat Sea eee tt aoe ony af at SWUM a eau og pve 1 So et ea charactor frm of enact BS PHT Wouia appear tobe rathor the sot of eaana whlch soy Soc taf aco material oreaares ae poe ‘uth Chcorinintens the entire range of oe ; toreissar of seiety relatively mate from tne efor of tae ret fstutions hy providing acertan security. Cs vr conn of th ei a dnt om tat ss sup hel levees i un ochre Perc genres fe aan aes rape yo, ell erage Srpuen da att eRe Ahetetth eacs tesed actin of ber sted nn tae of Se nei eet ete Sia ince ie eine ofS Princ ct tenafpmmton of te ortuy ch near decane somes {nsnflce Go inortntporileeamoquene of thie Somaee aunt! hi have ntsc ete tc tail nes henge tone oe Direiecoupanation or aunt near nd od work) hw precipitated a solution of polities, » ub ‘Su ot Padahie ne state Botestion tee SS pi umtocnn fate bats aneeed "Fortune sot be argued tht both the quan of ‘munagement and workers buve beon tranaformed by the ndvent SPE ahaoge ta thee ot anna oe POMAIN aeioalUtgae of ati Yor laa ot ain, ne this has had thevetect of engencering a sift ‘rom a sit tin Ubi Sef Aloe ae vrkor confronting cop Steen cupped ors th intron 9 ngeton Be aiod Stonprtte essen sie ease coy Enowisdge’'y and this haar in farm, provsded foundation for {he Severo pllcal acceeoak ing tonne ot seas Rei oe Mae ones ads ot aca canoes tucpnit Sry of tat Saxons, eae oy the tony fvgragns of nian Satan erating of tata vat tara: ins fo oocyst nl eure seta of fe‘Tnsjr studes, but ite importance hae belatedly bean piy sekniedged i the fom of sane that ower boon prpgrecovely governimentalised, that to 2, elboratya, ‘tu'nate intittions’ (of i0h2. p28) Although this tia trent does not ‘slay a change la Fousaul's congep Lin 9 the thalysla of power veatie indeed, the view tht saoh Tela” tony arent dered rom the peel structure ofthe tate Dut are ‘footed dowp inthe soc nexus! I siltercously Fenifiemed = it nevaetheless does tpi a dognos of socom oduion to ue eeitciem that there hd formoriy been t neglect Fe alstincvonest ofthe nee ate in Foucault's Hoaen’ isa the pata tracts a te st ech tae Sousttuied the lnnediate object of ncivals but the emergence thd dovolopnant of indlvicuating taaiquen of poner with ittatbnal oro the sate ha tn de-cotrd n pova St power and cultura! wodee of objection to whch hua Belen tiie hve become eeasigly she the state eo inereninglyoncupied a central positon in Fou huts work the sepsis has een an the andes of power felting within speaty, relations wich "eannot be redeeed the study’ of a sosin of ietitulons Cf. T600,pBB4). Neverthe {qusstlon of the btte in so far a e provide an analyte of hace ‘Rividuslsing tecnasquar of powne whioh have in vetiass fora Bicone itepeted within o inked to the stan of the 6 CRITICAL ANALYSES OF RATIONALITY ‘cles as a ential concern with the question of the Peletien Ship betwesn forms of Fitineliy and forne-of ower. The [ectuieation of such 2 commen theme in Fovensi's work vies {comparison with two other types of abalyls whieh have pewtanted ertlone of the elects of partiaiay forme af vation {ithe work of the ritoal theorists of the Frankfurt Schoo, cnoariaon wi be rntristed to a exploration of wht ight evo of Rosaal snd hat of weber andthe Pronto {G0} Sieipine (G) the pamdox of consequences ‘pecalistion an techni! differentiation sasocatsd with Uostern culture, the objetive of wish nae boon the puszait ofa masiery over the soci en phystal envienment: ‘he Bricoe of Flbnaian though iedy doporsl and {asus elaonchantnont of the word. However, such « process Should ot be considered equivlent io, for that mation be esters cattute cf « propensity towards the exercise of Sn trl mastery ovr ture an eure as not repued by not oniy lak of understanding of the lite of out abut) t