Stress Concentration at Notches

MykhayloP.
Savruk AndrzejKazberuk
Stress
Concentration
at Notches
Stress Concentration at Notches
Mykhaylo P. Savruk Andrzej Kazberuk

Stress Concentration
at Notches
123
Mykhaylo P. Savruk Andrzej Kazberuk
Bialystok University of Technology Bialystok University of Technology
Bialystok Bialystok
Poland Poland
and
Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute

of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine
Lviv
Ukraine
ISBN 978-3-319-44554-0 ISBN 978-3-319-44555-7 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948284
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

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Preface
Studies of stress and displacement elds in solids with crack-like defects play the
key role in fracture mechanics. Such defects include both cracks or thin notches
themselves and sharp V-shaped notches, which originate innite stresses in their
tips in the frames of linear elasticity theory, as well as rounded notches with small
radii of tip curvature. In the tips of such notches, even small loads generate stresses
higher than the ultimate strength of material that precludes application of classical
criteria to the estimation of carrying capacity of structural members. To date,
solution schemes for fracture mechanics problems are best developed for solid
bodies with cracks. Fracture problems for solid bodies with sharp V-shaped notches
are studied to a much lesser extent. This situation can be explained by analytical
difculties arising in solving problems of elasticity theory for bodies with rounded
notches. To solve problems of such class starting from data on stress concentration
in the rounded notch tip with a signicant radius of curvature, approximate methods
are therefore of great importance. To nd a solution, one must know how stress
concentration factor for rounded notch tip with a small radius of curvature
asymptotically depends on stress intensity factor for similar sharp stress concen-
trator. The authors had obtained such dependencies by solving singular integral
equations that describe the singular boundary value problem of semi-innite
rounded V-shaped notch in elastic isotropic or orthotropic plane under ordinary
boundary conditions, and assuming the respective asymptotic behavior of stress
eld at innity. Obtained solutions demonstrated the asymptotic behavior for nite
notched bodies, i.e., the smaller relative radius of curvature the notch tip has, the
more precise they are. Based on the developed unied approach to determining
stress concentrations near sharp or rounded V-shaped notches in elastic bodies,
stress concentration factors near rounded V-shaped notches were derived and stress
intensity factors for respective sharp V-shaped notches were found using a limit
transition. The approximating functions were built for stress concentration factors
near a rounded notch with arbitrary tip curvature radius and stress intensity factors
for sharp notches in specimens of different congurations. Along with original
achievements of authors, the book contains most established results from the world
literature in the eld. The book is partially based on translated Ukrainian edition
v
vi Preface
entitled Stress Concentration in Solid Bodies with Notches by M.P. Savruk and
A. Kazberuk issued in 2012 by the SPOLOM Publishing House, Lviv, Ukraine.
Present edition contains extra chapters concerning stress concentration near notches
in anisotropic bodies. The book consists of 12 Chapters.
Chapter 1 outlines the method of singular integral equations in application to
two-dimensional problems of elasticity theory for multiply connected regions with
holes and/or cracks. Basics of quadrature method for numerical solution of the
singular integral equations along either open or closed contours are considered.
Chapter 2 presents analysis of stress elds in elastic plane with a semi-innite
notch under condition either of plane stress state or plane strain state. Well-known
boundary value problem solutions for eigenvalues of a wedge in the plane elasticity
theory are considered at rst. Then the same solutions are constructed for the
semi-innite rounded V-shaped notch and the relation between stress concentration
and stress intensity factors in elastic bodies with rounded or sharp V-notches have
been established.
Chapter 3 is devoted for the solutions to elasticity problem for a plane weakened
by a sharp or rounded V-notch with edge cracks propagating from the notch tip.
The relationship between stress intensity factors in the sharp tip of V-notch and the
crack tip has been derived.
Fracture criteria for notched solid bodies are discussed in the Chap. 4. The most
attention here is focused on the deformation criterion. The model of plasticity bands
in fracture mechanics was adopted as a basis. Under this model, the solutions to
elasticplastic problems for a plane with sharp or rounded V-shaped notches have
been obtained.
Chapter 5 comprises results of studying stress concentration around the curvi-
linear openings in an elastic plane. A well-known analytical solution for the
elliptical hole is presented and discussed. The limit transition to the parabolic notch
is performed. Numerical values of stress concentration factors in the tips of a slot,
oval, or rectangular openings with rounded vertices are calculated by solving
respective singular integral equations. Using the limit transition to zero tip rounding
radius, we derived stress intensity factors for respective sharp-angled holes.
Chapter 6 proceeds with the periodic elasticity theory problem for a plane
weakened by an innite row of closely spaced identical curvilinear holes. Stress
concentration factors in the tips of bilateral parabolic or rounded V-shaped notches
were found for the limit case of innitesimal holes spacing. These results are
compared with known expressions for hyperbolic notches. Using the limit transition
the solution for bilateral sharp V-shaped notches was derived.
Edge notches in elastic half-plane are studied in the Chap. 7. Analysis is given to
single sharp or rounded V-shaped notches as well as periodic systems of such
notches. A solution to periodic elasticity theory problem for a half-plane with
sinusoidal boundary is presented. The case of edge notch with a crack growing from
its tip is included as well.
In Chap. 8, we quote stress concentration factors and stress intensity factors for
rectangular specimens with edge rounded or sharp V-shaped notches. Unilateral and
Preface vii
bilateral edge notches are included. Widely known interpolation Neuber formula for
stress concentration factors is generalized to sharp and rounded V-shaped notches.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the disc specimens with notches. Calculations were made
for tensile disc specimen with edge U-shaped notch either without crack or with
crack growing from the notch tip. Analysis was made also for compression disc
specimens with the slots or rhombic holes. The solution was obtained for
ring-shaped specimens with inner edge U-shaped notches as well.
Antiplane deformation of elastic bodies with notches or cracks is studied in the
Chap. 10. The elastic problem solution for eigenvalues of a semi-innite rounded
V-notch in the antiplane theory of elasticity was constructed. Based on this solution,
the relation between stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor for
rounded or sharp V-shaped notches under longitudinal shear had been established.
The longitudinal shear of elastic wedge with cracks or notches was analyzed.
Elasticplastic interaction of sharp V-notch with a circular hole was examined.
Solutions were found for stress concentration near curvilinear holes (including
narrow slot, oval, rhombic, and rectangular holes) with either sharp or rounded
vertices under antiplane deformation.
Chapter 11 covers results of studying stress concentration near notches in an
anisotropic body. The method of singular integral equations in application to plane
anisotropic elasticity problems is presented. Based on known closed form solutions
to problem of anisotropic plane with elliptical hole under tension, stress distribution
in the plane with stress-free parabolic notch is determined for the case when the
stress eld is asymptotically given at innity through the stress intensity factor in
the tip of respective semi-innite crack. A solution to plane eigenproblem for an
orthotropic wedge with the bisecting line parallel to orthotropy axis is ensured.
Using method of singular integral equations, the similar solution was obtained for a
rounded V-shaped notch in the orthotropic plane. The relation between stress
concentration factor and stress intensity factor in orthotropic plane with rounded or
sharp V-shaped notches was established.
Chapter 12 concerns with studying stress concentration near notches in
quasi-orthotropic bodies, that is, bodies with the special type of orthotropy when the
characteristic equation has multiple roots. Basic relationships of plane elasticity
theory for such media are presented and singular integral equations of rst basic
problem of theory of elasticity for a region containing curvilinear cracks are stated.
Solutions for eigenvalues of a quasi-orthotropic wedge were obtained.
Corresponding solutions for quasi-orthotropic plane with a rounded V-shaped notch
were constructed. The relation between stress concentration factor and stress
intensity factor in quasi-orthotropic plane with rounded or sharp V-shaped notches
had been established. On this basis, the stress intensity factors in V-shaped tip of
two-sectional kinked crack using the superposition technique were derived.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding by National Science Centre
(Poland) under the project 2011/03/B/ST8/06456.
Bialystok, Poland; Lviv, Ukraine Mykhaylo P. Savruk

Bialystok, Poland, November 2015 Andrzej Kazberuk
Contents
1 Method of Singular Integral Equations in Application to

Problems of the Theory of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Basic Relationships of the Plane Theory of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Complex Representation of General Solution
for Equations of Plane Theory of Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 System of Curvilinear Cracks in Elastic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Selected Information Concerning the Theory
of Analytical Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Single Curvilinear Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 System of Curvilinear Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 System of Curvilinear Holes and Cracks in Elastic Body . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 Multiply Connected Region with Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2 Multiply Connected Region with Holes and Cracks . . . 21
1.4 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations Using
Quadrature Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.1 Quadrature Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.2 Integral Equation on an Open Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.4.3 Integral Equation on a Closed Contour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane with a Semi-innite Notch .... 57
2.1 Methods for Stress Analysis in Notched Bodies . . . . . . . . . .... 57
2.2 Eigensolutions of Elasticity Theory Plane Problem
for Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 60
2.2.1 Characteristic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 60
2.2.2 Stress Intensity Factors in V-Notch Tip . . . . . . . . . .... 63
2.2.3 Constructing General Solution Using
Eigenfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 68
ix
x Contents
2.3 Semi-innite Curvilinear Notches in Elastic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.3.1 Parabolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.2 Hyperbolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.3.3 Curvilinear Notch of Special Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4 Rounded V-Notch Under Symmetrical Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.4.1 Problem Denition and Reduction to Singular
Integral Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 82
2.4.2 Symmetrical Stress Distribution in Plane with
Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.5 Rounded V-Notch Under Mixed Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.5.1 Antisymmetric Stress Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.5.2 Complex-Stressed State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3 Elastic Plane with Semi-innite Notch and Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1 Elastic Wedge with Edge Crack at Notch Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1.1 Solutions Obtained Using WienerHopf Method . . . . . . 114
3.1.2 Approximate Closed-Form Solution
for Symmetrical Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.2 Edge Crack System in Semi-innite Rounded V-Notch Tip . . . . 123
3.2.1 Reduction of Problem to Singular Integral
Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.2.2 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations . . . . 125
3.3 Symmetrical Edge Crack in Rounded V-Notch Tip . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.4 Two Symmetrical Edge Cracks in Rounded V-Notch Tip . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4 Deformation Fracture Criterion for Bodies with Notches. . . . . . . . . 137
4.1 Fracture Criteria for Notched Solid Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2 Model of Plasticity Bands in Fracture Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.2.1 Plane Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.2.2 Plane Strain State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.3 Innite Wedge with Plasticity Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.3.1 Plane Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.3.2 Plane Strain State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.4 Plasticity Band Near Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.5 Two Plasticity Bands Near Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5 Stress Concentration Near Hole in Elastic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.1 Elliptical Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.1.1 Stress Concentration Near Elliptical Hole . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.1.2 Limit Transition to Parabolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5.1.3 Stress Distribution Around Notch Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Contents xi
5.2 Oval Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

5.2.1 Stress Concentration Near Narrow Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
5.2.2 Stress Concentration Near Oval Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.2.3 Limit Transition to Two-Tip Lens-Like Hole . . . . . . . . 197
5.3 Rhombic Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.1 Stress Concentration Near Rhombic Hole . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.3.2 Stress Concentration Near Square Hole
with Rounded Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 204
5.4 Rectangular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 207
5.4.1 Stress Concentration Near Rectangular Hole
with Rounded Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 207
5.4.2 Stress Intensity Factors in Vertices of Rectangular
Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5.4.3 Semi-innite Rectangular Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5.5 Elastic Plane with Circular Hole and Edge U-Notches . . . . . . . . 214
5.5.1 First Basic Problem for Plane with Circular Hole . . . . . 214
5.5.2 Cracks in Elastic Plane with Circular Hole . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.5.3 Edge U-Notch in Plane with Circular Hole . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.5.4 Elastic Plane with Circular Hole and Two Edge
U-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 219
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 220
6 Periodic System of Closely Spaced Holes in Elastic Plane . . . . . . . . 227
6.1 Integral Equation of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.2 System of Elliptical Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
6.3 System of Narrow Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
6.4 Systems of Rhombic or Oval Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
6.5 Bilateral Rounded Notch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.5.1 Bilateral Hyperbolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
6.5.2 Bilateral Parabolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.5.3 Bilateral U-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
6.5.4 Bilateral Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.6 Bilateral Sharp V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7 Edge Notches in Elastic Half-Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.1 Edge Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.1.1 Edge Notch in the Shape of Circular Segment . . . . . . . 249
7.1.2 Semi-elliptical Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.1.3 Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.1.4 Sharp V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
7.2 Edge Notch with Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.2.1 Edge Semi-elliptical Notch with Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
7.2.2 Edge V-Notch with Crack Growing from Its Tip . . . . . 262
xii Contents
7.2.3 Edge Rectangular Notch with Crack Growing

from Its Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7.3 Periodic Elasticity Theory Problem for Half-Plane
with Curvilinear Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.3.1 Singular Integral Equation for Plane with Periodic
System of Curvilinear Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.3.2 Singular Integral Equation for Periodic Boundary
Value Problem of Half-Plane with Curvilinear
Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.3.3 Numerical Solution for Half-Plane with Sinusoidal
Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
7.4 Periodic System of Edge V-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.4.1 Rounded V-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.4.2 Sharp V-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
8 Rectangular Specimens with Edge Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.1 Rectangular Specimen with Edge V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.1.1 Tensile Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.1.2 Pure Bending Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
8.1.3 Three-Point Bending Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.1.4 Double-Cantilever Beam Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.1.5 Rectangular Specimen with Lateral V-Notch
Under Antisymmetrical Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8.2 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge V-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.2.1 Tensile Specimen with Symmetrical Notch . . . . . . . . . . 287
8.2.2 Tensile Specimen with Skew Bilateral Notch . . . . . . . . 289
8.2.3 Bending Specimen with Skew Bilateral Notch . . . . . . . 289
8.3 Rectangular Specimen with Edge-Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . 291
8.3.1 Tensile Strip with Edge Semi-circular Notch . . . . . . . . . 291
8.3.2 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge Semi-circular
Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 294
8.3.3 Neuber Interpolation Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 294
8.3.4 Pure Tensile Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch . . .... 295
8.3.5 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge-Rounded
V-Notch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.4 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge-Rounded Notches. . . . . . 300
8.4.1 Strip with Bilateral Semi-elliptical Notch . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.4.2 Strip with Bilateral U-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
8.4.3 Tension of Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . 305
8.4.4 Interpolation Formula for Stress Intensity Factors . . . . . 310
8.4.5 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge-Rounded
V-Notch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 314
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 316
Contents xiii
9 Disc Specimens with Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 323

9.1 Integral Equations for Plane Elasticity Problem
of Circular Region with Holes and Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
9.1.1 First Basic Problem for Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
9.1.2 System of Cuts in Circular Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
9.2 Disc Specimen for Studying Crack Nucleation Phenomena . . . . 329
9.2.1 Disc Specimen with Edge U-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.2.2 Disc with Edge U-Notch and Crack Growing
from its Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
9.3 Compression of Disc Specimens with Rhombic Hole . . . . . . . . . 338
9.4 Compression of Disc Specimens with Narrow Slot. . . . . . . . . . . 343
9.5 Ring-Shaped Specimen with Inner U-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
10 Antiplane Deformation of Elastic Bodies with Notches and
Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 349
10.1 Method of Singular Integral Equation in Antiplane
Problems of Elasticity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 349
10.1.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory
for Longitudinal Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 349
10.1.2 System of Cuts in Innite Elastic Medium . . . . . . .... 351
10.1.3 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations
for Problems with Longitudinal Shear Cracks . . . . .... 353
10.1.4 System of Holes in Finite Elastic Body . . . . . . . . . .... 355
in Antiplane Problems for Multiply Connected
Regions with Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 357
10.2 Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane with Semi-innite
Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 358
10.2.1 Eigensolution to Elasticity Theory Antiplane
Problem for Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.2.2 Parabolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
10.2.3 Hyperbolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
10.2.4 Semi-innite Rounded V-Notch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
10.3 Longitudinal Shear of Elastic Wedge with
Cracks or Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 368
10.3.1 Integral Representation of Complex Stress
Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
10.3.2 Wedge with Holes and/or Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
10.3.3 Crack Along Wedge Bisector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
10.3.4 Crack Along Circular Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
10.3.5 Circular Notch Near Wedge Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
xiv Contents
10.4 Longitudinal Shear of Elastoplastic Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 380

10.4.1 Plastic Zone Near V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 380
10.4.2 ElasticPlastic Interaction Between V-Notch
and Circular Hole Under Antiplane Strain . . . . . . . .... 381
10.4.3 Deformation Fracture Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 386
10.5 Stress Concentration Near Holes in Elastic Plane Under
Antiplane Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
10.5.1 Elliptical Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
10.5.2 Narrow Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
10.5.3 Oval Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
10.5.4 Rhombic Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
10.5.5 Rectangular Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11 Stress Concentration Near Notch in Anisotropic Body . . . . . . . .... 403
11.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory for Anisotropic
Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 403
11.1.1 Plane Problem of Elasticity Theory of Anisotropic
Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 403
11.1.2 Longitudinal Shear in Anisotropic Medium . . . . . . .... 407
11.2 Stress Distribution in Anisotropic Plane with Parabolic
Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
11.2.1 Symmetrical Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
11.2.2 Antisymmetrical Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
11.2.3 Antiplane Deformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
11.3 Singular Stress Distribution in Orthotropic Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . 420
11.3.1 Problem Statement and General Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . 421
11.3.2 Symmetrical Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
11.3.3 Antisymmetrical Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
11.4 Method of Singular Integral Equations in Application
to Problems for Anisotropic Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 429
11.4.1 Integral Representation of Complex Stress
Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
11.4.2 Integral Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
11.4.3 Limit Transition to Degenerate Material . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.4.4 Stress Intensity Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
11.4.5 Arbitrarily Oriented Straight Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.4.6 Parabolic Crack in Orthotropic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
11.5 Rounded V-Notch in Orthotropic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
11.5.1 Problem Denition and Reduction to Singular
Integral Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 445
11.5.2 Orthotropic Plane with Two-Sectional Kinked
Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 452
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 455
Contents xv
12 Stress Concentration Near Notches in Quasi-Orthotropic Body . . . 459

12.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory Plane Problem
for Quasi-Orthotropic Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
12.2 Singular Stress Distribution in Quasi-Orthotropic Wedge . . . . . . 463
12.2.1 Problem Statement and General Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . 463
12.2.2 Symmetrical Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
12.2.3 Antisymmetrical Stress State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
12.3 Stress Distribution in Elastic Quasi-Orthotropic Plane
with Elliptical Hole or Parabolic Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
12.3.1 Symmetrical Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
12.3.2 Antisymmetrical Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
to Problems for Quasi-Orthotropic Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
12.4.1 Integral Equation of Plane Elasticity Theory
Problem for Quasi-Orthotropic Plane Containing
Curvilinear Cracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
12.4.2 Stress Distribution Around Crack Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
12.4.3 Arbitrarily Oriented Straight Crack
in Quasi-Orthotropic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
12.4.4 Crack Along a Parabolic Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
12.5 Relationship Between Stress Concentration and Stress
Intensity Factors in Sharp or Rounded V-Notches
in Quasi-Orthotropic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
12.5.1 Rounded V-Notch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
12.5.2 Quasi-Orthotropic Plane with Two-Sectional
Kinked Crack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Acronyms
arsinhx, arcoshx Inverse hyperbolic function

csc x Trigonometric function (csc x 1= sin x)
E Youngs modulus
Ek Complete elliptic integral of the second kind
F Concentrated load
FI , FII , FIII Dimensionless stress intensity factors
FIV , FIIV , FIII
V Dimensionless notch stress intensity factors
Fz Stress potential at antiplane deformation
F t Boundary values of the function Fz along the contour L at
z ! t from the left ( ) or from the right () side with respect
to positive direction
G Shear modulus
Gs Nonlinear function of coordinate transformation
g0 t Derivative of displacement jump function
Im f z Imaginary part of f z
KI , KII , KIII Stress intensity factors
KIV , KIIV , KIII
V Notch stress intensity factors
Kk Complete elliptic integral of the rst kind
kt Stress concentration factor
Kt; t0 , Lt; t0 Kernels of singular integral equation
l Edge crack or notch length or embedded crack or hole
half-length
L, Li Contours
Mn; g, Nn; g Dimensionless kernels of singular integral equation
N Normal component of stress vector
n Number of quadrature nodes
P Concentrated load or principal vector of external load
p, q External normal stresses
RI , RII , RIII Stress rounding factors
Re f z Real part of f z
xvii
xviii Acronyms
r Polar radius or distance from crack (notch, wedge) tip

SCF Stress concentration factor
sec x Trigonometric function (sec x 1= cos x)
SIF Stress intensity factor
T Tangential component of stress vector
t, t0 Complex coordinates (t; t0 2 L)
u, v, w Components of displacement vector in Cartesian coordinates
ur , uh Components of displacement vector in polar coordinates
Ux; y Airy stress function
un Sought function of integral equation solution
x, y Cartesian coordinates
z Complex coordinate (z x iy)
a Half-angle of a wedge
Bx; y Beta function
b Half-angle of a notch (b p a)
Cm Gamma function
c Dimensionless geometric parameter
c, c1 , c2 Orthotropy parameters
dI , dII , dIII Crack tip opening displacement
dV V V
I , dII , dIII
Notch tip opening displacement
e Relative radius (e q=l) of notch tip curvature
f, g, h Dimensionless coordinates
h, # Polar angle
j Muskhelishvilis constant (j 3 4m for plane strain
or j 3 m=1 m for plane stress)
k Eigenvalue
kI , kII , kIII Stress singularity exponents at the tip of a wedge or notch
m Poissons ratio
n Dimensionless coordinate
q Radius of notch tip curvature
r Normal stress
rs Normal stress at the contour of notch or hole
rY Tensile yield limit of the material
rx , ry , rz Normal components of stress tensor in Cartesian coordinates
rr , rh , rz Normal components of stress tensor in cylindrical coordinates
s Dimensionless coordinate or shear stress
ssz Shear stress at the contour of notch or hole
sY Shear yield limit of the material
sxy , sxz , syz Shear components of stress tensor in Cartesian coordinates
srh , srz , shz Shear components of stress tensor in cylindrical coordinates
Uz, Wz, Complex stress potentials
v Dimensionless geometric parameter
xn Function dening contour in parametric equation
Chapter 1
Method of Singular Integral Equations
in Application to Problems of the Theory
of Elasticity
Abstract This chapter outlines the method of singular integral equations in applica-
tion to two-dimensional problems of elasticity theory for multiply connected regions
with holes and/or cracks. Basics of quadrature method for numerical solution of the
singular integral equations on either open or closed contours are considered. This
method is illustrated by elasticity theory problem for a plane weakened by either
curvilinear crack laying along a parabolic arc or elliptical hole.
The analyticalnumerical method of integral equations has found a wide application

in solving elasticity theory problems along with straightforward numerical methods
such as methods of finite elements or finite differences. Its main advantage consists
of dimensionality reduction of the problem. In particular, this method allows reducing
two-dimensional problems to one-dimensional regular or singular integral equations.
In some cases, method of integral equations makes it possible to construct precise
or at least approximate analytical solution. For elastic regions of complex shape,
it allows to obtain the numerical solution. Initially, the method of regular integral
equations had gained most wide acceptance in solving plane problems of elasticity
theory [62, 63, 69, 96]. It was considered that reducing a boundary value problem to
the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is equivalent to solving it. How-
ever, advances in computer technology and singular integrals computing techniques
had put in the forefront methods of singular integral equations [2, 34, 5456, 70, 72,
73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 89, 94, 101], which were found to be more effective in respect
of numerical computing. One approach connected with singular integrals is based
on using fundamental solutions to construct integral representation of displacement
components starting from boundary values of stresses and displacements. Obeying
boundary conditions on the edge of elastic region using this representation, one ob-
tains the boundary integral equations that can be solved, depending on problem type,
for boundary displacements or stresses. Another approach is based on constructing
the integral representation of solution via the jumps of stress and displacements at the
cut (or crack) contour [12, 76, 89, 94, 101]. Then singular integral equations of basic
boundary value problems for a multiply connected region can be derived from corre-
sponding equations for curvilinear cuts or cracks in assumption, that their contours
are closed. Therefore constructed singular integral equations on closed contours have
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 1

M.P. Savruk and A. Kazberuk, Stress Concentration at Notches,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_1
2 1 Method of Singular Integral Equations
to be completed with regularized operators ensuring unconditional resolvability of

the equations [89]. It is the last approach that was applied in present work.
1.1 Basic Relationships of the Plane Theory of Elasticity
1.1.1 Basic Equations
Elastic equilibrium of solids can be described by equations of either elasticity theorys

plane problem, if a cylindrical body is subjected to plane deformation under action
of external forces perpendicular to the bodys axis and identical for any cross-section,
or generalized plane stress state, if external forces act in plane of deformed thin
plate. The stressstrain state in arbitrary point of a deformed elastic isotropic body is
completely determined by three components of stress tensor x , y , xy (Fig. 1.1) and
two components of displacement vector u and v. If the Cartesian coordinate system is
chosen so that the plane xOy coincides with either cross-section of cylindrical body
or middle plane of the plate, above components in elasticity theory plane problem
are functions of two variables x and y.
In absence of body forces, three components of stress tensor can be found from
two equilibrium equations
x xy xy y
+ = 0, + =0 (1.1)
x y x y
and one strain consistency equation (in terms of stresses)

2 2
+ 2 x + y = 0. (1.2)
x 2 y
The components of stress tensor x , y , xy are connected with components of strain

tensor x , y , xy by linear relationships (Hookes law)
1 1 2
x = x y , y = y x , xy = xy (1.3)
E E G
for plane stress state or

1 2
x = x y ,
E 1
2
1
y = y x ,
E 1
2
xy = xy (1.4)
G
1.1 Basic Relationships of the Plane Theory of Elasticity 3
for plane deformation. Here, E is Youngs modulus; G = E/[2(1 + )] is shear

modulus, and is Poissons ratio.
Geometrical relationships between components of strain tensor x , y , xy and
displacement vector u, v are as follows

u v 1 u v
x = , y = , xy = + . (1.5)
x y 2 y x
Introducing Airy stress function U(x, y) as
2U 2U 2U
x = , y = , xy = , (1.6)
y2 x 2 xy
allows to satisfy conditions of equilibrium (1.1) and reduces the Eq. (1.2) to the
biharmonic equation
4U 4U 4U
+2 2 2 + = 0. (1.7)
x 4 x y y4
The stress function U(x, y) has to obey definite boundary conditions. The first
basic problem of elasticity theory is stated when components of stress vector are
given at the bodys boundary
Xn = x cos + xy sin ,
Yn = xy cos + y sin . (1.8)
The second basic problem is claimed when at the boundary contour displacements
u and v are known, while the mixed boundary value problem arises when stresses are
given at one part of boundary, and displacements are given at another part. Here, is
the angle between positive direction to Ox axis and outward normal n to the bodys
boundary (Fig. 1.1).
In many cases, normal (N) and tangential (T ) components of stress vector are
given at the bodys boundary. Such components can be related with Cartesian stress
components (1.8) by the following relationships
Fig. 1.1 Components

of stress vector N and T at
the boundary L of elastic
region S
N = Xn cos + Yn sin ,
T = Xn sin + Yn cos . (1.9)
These relationships in complex notation have the form
N + iT = (Xn + iYn )ei . (1.10)
Direction cosines of normal n can be represented as
dy
cos(n, x) = cos = ,
ds
dx
cos(n, y) = sin = , (1.11)
ds
where s is arc abscissa at the contour L corresponding to the point (x, y).
Stress components x , y , xy can be transformed into stress components x , y ,

x y in new coordinate system rotated by the angle (Fig. 1.2) using the formulas [69]
x + y = x + y ,
y x + 2ix y = (y x + 2ixy )e2i . (1.12)
Stress tensor components r , , r and displacement vector components ur ,

u in the polar coordinate system r, (Fig. 1.3) are connected with corresponding
components in Cartesian coordinate system by the relationships
r + = x + y ,
r + 2ir = (y x + 2ixy )e2i , (1.13)
i
ur + iu = (u + iv)e . (1.14)
Similarly, all basic equations of the theory of elasticity plane problem can be
rewritten in polar coordinates as well (see e.g. [84]).
Fig. 1.2 Coordinate system

xOy rotation by the angle
Fig. 1.3 Stress tensor

components in the polar
coordinate system
1.1.2 Complex Representation of General Solution

for Equations of Plane Theory of Elasticity
General solution of the Eq. (1.7) can be expressed in terms of two analytical functions
(z) and (z) of the same complex variable z = x + iy using the Goursats formula
U(x, y) = Re [z(z) + (z)] , z = x iy. (1.15)
It had been shown in [50, 69] that stress tensor components x , y , xy and dis-
placement vector components u and v are connected with complex stress potentials
(z) and (z) through the relationships

x + y = 2 (z) + (z) , (1.16)

y x + 2ixy = 2 z (z) + (z) , (1.17)
2G(u + iv) = (z) z(z) (z), (1.18)
where = 3 4 for plane strain and = (3 )/(1 + ) for generalized plane

stress state. Moreover, (z) = (z), (z) = (z), (z) = (z).
The complex stress potentials (z) and (z) are not invariants under transforma-
tions from one Cartesian coordinate system to another. If a new coordinate system
x1 O1 y1 is connected with the old one xOy by the relationship
z = z1 ei + z10 , (1.19)
while functions 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) play the same role in the system x1 O1 y1 as the
functions (z) and (z) in the system xOy, then
z1 = ei (z z10 );
(z) = 1 (z1 );

(z) = e2i 1 (z1 ) z01 1 (z1 ) ; (1.20)

(z) + z (z) = e2i 1 (z1 ) + z1 1 (z1 ) .
Here z1 = x1 + iy1 ; z10 = x10 + iy10 ; x10 , y10 are coordinates of the point O1 in the old
coordinate system; is an angle between axes Ox and O1 x1 .
Stress tensor components r , , r and displacement vector components ur and
u in polar coordinate system are connected with complex stress potentials (z) and
(z) through the relationships [69]

r + = 2 (z) + (z) , z = rei ;
z
r ir = (z) + (z) z (z) (z); (1.21)
z

2G(vr iv ) = e (z) z (z) (z) .
i
Solution to an elasticity theorys plane problem is reduced to determining two

analytical functions (z) and (z) in the region S occupied by the elastic body.
These functions must be determined through their boundary values at the contour L
(bodys boundary). If applied stresses are given at the contour L (first basic problem),
then the boundary condition will have the form

s
(t) + t (t) + (t) = i (Xn + iYn ) ds + C, t L, (1.22)
0
where Xn and Yn are components of external load vector at the segment with outward
normal n; t is variable point of the contour, and s is arc abscissa corresponding to
this point; C is arbitrary complex constant.
If at the contour L displacements u(t) and v(t) are given (second basic prob-
lem), then the boundary condition can be formulated by limit transition from the
relationship (1.18)
(t) t (t) (t) = 2G [u(t) + iv(t)] , t L. (1.23)
By differentiating the expression (1.22) with respect to the variable t, one may
get another form of boundary condition for the first basic problem
dt
(t) + (t) + t (t) + (t) = N + iT , t L, (1.24)
dt
where N and T are given normal and tangential components of external load applied
to the bodys boundary (see Fig. 1.1).
Similarly, for the second basic problem one can find from the relationship (1.23)
dt
(t) (t) t (t) + (t) = 2G[u (t) + iv (t)], t L. (1.25)
dt
The derivative in boundary conditions (1.24), (1.25) has the following form
dt dt/ds
= = e2i ,
dt dt/ds
dt dx dy
= + i = sin + i cos = iei , (1.26)
ds ds ds
where is the angle formed by outward normal n to bodys boundary and positive axis
direction Ox (Fig. 1.1). Above formulas were derived using the relationship (1.11)
for direction cosines of normal n.
For a multiply connected region S bounded by external contour L0 and hole
contours Lk (k = 1, 2, . . . , m) (Fig. 1.4), functions (z) and (z) have the form (if
the displacements are unique)
1 Xk + iYk
m
(z) = + (z),
2(1 + ) z zk
k=1
m

1 (Xk iYk ) zk (Xk + iYk )
(z) = + (z). (1.27)
2(1 + ) z zk (z zk )2
k=1
Here, Xk and Yk are components of external load principal vector applied to non-self-
intersecting closed contour Lk (k = 1, 2, . . . , m); zk is arbitrary fixed point inside the
contour Lk ; holomorphic within the region S functions (z) and (z) correspond
to a stress state such as principal vectors of external loads applied to contours Lk
(k = 1, 2, . . . , m) equal to zero.
For the infinite multiply connected region, where contour L0 completely is moved
to infinity, complex potentials (z) and (z) have the following form
X + iY
(z) = + + 0 (z),
2(1 + )z
(X iY )
(z) = + + 0 (z). (1.28)
2(1 + )
Here
Fig. 1.4 Multiply connected

region
Fig. 1.5 Homogeneous

stress state in elastic plane S

m
m
X= Xk , Y= Yk (1.29)
k=1 k=1
presents components of external load principal vector applied to the boundary of

region S; functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) at large |z| can be expanded as
0 (z) = a1 /z2 + a2 /z3 + . . . ,

0 (z) = b1 /z2 + b2 /z3 + . . . (1.30)
(ai , bi are complex constants); the complex constants and can be expressed
in terms of principal stresses and rotation at infinity.
If the elastic plane S is under biaxial tension in mutually perpendicular directions
by applied stresses p and q plus applied shear stress , then its homogeneous stress
state is described by potentials
1
(z) = (p + q),
4
1
(z) = (p q) e2i + i, (1.31)
2
where is the angle between axis Ox and stress application direction p (Fig. 1.5).
1.2 System of Curvilinear Cracks in Elastic Plane
1.2.1 Selected Information Concerning the Theory

of Analytical Functions
This section contains some information about the theory of analytical functions that
will be necessary to understand further considerations. More detailed information on
the analytical functions, Cauchy type integrals, problems of linear conjugation, and
singular integral equations can be found, for example, in monographs [25, 69, 70].
1.2 System of Curvilinear Cracks in Elastic Plane 9
1.2.1.1 Cauchy Type Integrals
Let L be a single closed or open smooth contour in the plane of complex variable
z = x + iy or a set of such contours having no common points, and f (t) is an
absolutely integrable function specified in L (excepting possibly a finite number
of points). Then, integral
1 f (t)dt
F(z) = (1.32)
2 i tz
L
is the analytical function in the whole plane with the exception of points belonging
to contour itself L. This integral is called the Cauchy type integral, the function f (t)
is called the density of the integral, and the expression 1/(t z) is called kernel of the
integral.
If function f (t) satisfies at L the Hlders condition (condition H), that is, if for
any two points of contour L an inequality
|f (t2 ) f (t1 )| A |t2 t1 | , A > 0, 0 < 1, (1.33)
is fulfilled, then the integral (1.32) has the boundary values F + (t0 ) and F (t0 ) for all
points t0 of the contour L distinct from its ends, at z t0 from the left (+) or from
the right () with respect to selected positive direction. These boundary values also
satisfy the Hlders condition and are determined by SokhotskiPlemelj formulas

1 1 f (t)dt
F (t0 ) = f (t0 ) + . (1.34)
2 2 i t t0
L
Here, integral on the right side has sense of Cauchy principal value, that is

f (t)dt f (t)dt
= lim , t0 L, (1.35)
L t t0 0 t t0
LL
where L is the segment of the curve L that falls into the circle |z t0 | . The
integral (1.35) is called singular integral.
Let us consider the singular integral

1 f (t)dt
F(t0 ) = , (1.36)
2 i t t0
L
which is commonly known as the direct value of Cauchy type integral. First, let us
compute the following integral
Fig. 1.6 Open curvilinear

contour L

t1 b
dt b t0 t1 t0
= ln(t t0 ) + ln(t t0 ) = ln + ln , (1.37)
t t0 a t2 a t0 t2 t0
LL
where a and b are initial and final points of contour L, respectively; t1 and t2 are
intersection points of contour L and circle with radius and center in the point t0 .
Let us assume that ln(t t0 ) is the contour value of analytical function ln(z t0 ),
being single-valued in the plane cut along some curve connecting the branch points
t0 and (Fig. 1.6). in this assumption, we get

t 1 t0 t1 t0
ln
= ln + i arg(t1 t0 ) arg(t2 t0 ) =
t2 t0 t2 t0

= i arg(t1 t0 ) arg(t2 t0 ) . (1.38)
Taking into account that the curve L is smooth contour, we have
t 1 t0
lim ln = i. (1.39)
0 t2 t0
In such case,
dt b t0
= ln + i. (1.40)
t t0 a t0
L
Now, singular integral (1.36) can be expressed through ordinary one [70]

1 f (t)dt 1 f (t) f (t0 ) 1 b t0
= dt + f (t0 ) ln + i , (1.41)
2 i t t0 2 i t t0 2 i a t0
L L
where integral on the right side exists in the sense of Riemann since the function
f (t) obeys the Hlder condition (1.33). In particular, by setting here a = b, one can
obtain the formula for a closed contour [70]
Fig. 1.7 Closed contour L

in complex plane
1 f (t)dt 1 f (t) f (t0 ) 1

F(t0 ) = = dt + f (t0 ). (1.42)
2 i t t0 2 i t t0 2
L L
Now, let us consider L as the closed contour. If contour L is open, it can be

completed to closed contour by setting f (t) = 0 along this curve portion. It is known
that for closed contour L there exists bounding region S + (S is the complement
of S + with respect to the whole plane, see Fig. 1.7) and the following equality is
valid

2 i, z S + ,
dt
= 0, z S , (1.43)
t z i, z L.
L
Here, first equality results from relationship (1.40), while two more follow from the
well-known Cauchy formula

1 f (t) f (z), z S + ,
dt = (1.44)
2 i tz 0, z S ,
L
where f (z) is analytical in region S + and continuous in S + L function.

Relationships (1.41) and (1.42) prove the validity of SokhotskiPlemelj formu-
las (1.34). They can be rewritten also in the form
F + (t0 ) F (t0 ) = f (t0 ),

+ 1 f (t) dt
F (t0 ) + F (t0 ) = . (1.45)
i t t0
L
Similar formulas for integrals

1 (t) dt
(z) = , (t) H, (1.46)
2 i tz
L
1 (t z)f (t) dt
F(z, z) = , f (t) H, (1.47)
2 i (t z)2
L
where L can be closed or open contour, or a set of such contours, has the form [89]

1 dt 0 1 (t) dt
(t0 ) = (t0 ) + ; (1.48)
2 dt0 2 i t t0
L
1 dt0 1 (t t 0 )f (t) dt
F (t0 , t 0 ) = f (t0 ) + . (1.49)
2 dt0 2 i (t t0 )2
L
1.2.1.2 Problem of Linear Conjugation
Let us consider a simple problem of linear conjugation for an analytical function (see
e.g. [70]). Let L be a smooth line (closed or open) or a set of such lines, and (t) H
along the contour L. The aim consists of finding a piecewise analytic function (z)
(i.e. function that would be analytical in every connected plane segment containing
no points of contour), which disappears at infinity under the boundary condition
+ (t) (t) = (t), t L. (1.50)
This problem can be solved using SokhotskiPlemelj formulas as well (1.45)

1 (t)dt
(z) = , () = 0. (1.51)
2 i tz
L
If the condition () = 0 will be substituted by more general condition requiring

that order of function (z) at infinity should be below some given integer k 1,
then solution of the boundary value problem (1.50) will have the form

1 (t) dt
(z) = + Pk (z) (1.52)
2 i tz
L
where Pk (z) is an arbitrary polynomial of not greater order then k; at k = 1, one

must set Pk (z) = 0.
1.2.2 Single Curvilinear Crack
Let us consider at first an auxiliary elasticity theory problem for an isotropic plane
weakened by a smooth curvilinear cut L originated from the point l and ending in the
point l+ (Fig. 1.8), such that stresses at the cut are continuous while displacements
are discontinuous
Fig. 1.8 Curvilinear crack

in elastic plane
(N + iT )+ (N + iT ) = 0, t L; (1.53)
d i(1 + )
(u + iv)+ (u + iv) = g (t), t L, (1.54)
dt 2G
the discontinuities of displacement vector g(t) are given zero at the ends of the cut
g(l ) = g(l + ) = 0. (1.55)
Hereinafter upper indexes + or indicate boundary values of corresponding

functions when z t L from the left (+) or from the right () with respect to se-
lected positive direction, respectively. Stresses and rotation at infinity are considered
null.
Writing the boundary conditions (1.53) and (1.54) in terms of complex stress
potentials (z) and (z) and applying formulas for boundary values of singular
integrals (1.34), (1.53), and (1.54), one comes to two problems of linear conjugation
similar to (1.50) with the known solution (1.51). In such way, the solution to auxiliary
boundary value problem for an isotropic plane weakened by a smooth curvilinear
cut becomes as follows [89]

1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
L

1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = dt dt . (1.56)
2 tz (t z)2
L
The relationship (1.56) can be considered as integral representation of complex stress

potentials (z) and (z) via the jumps of displacements on the curvilinear contour
L, where stresses stay continuous.
Using the representation (1.56), one can solve various boundary value problems
for a plane with the cut L. Let the self-balancing loads
N + + iT + = N + iT = p(t), t L, (1.57)
are given at the cut (crack) edges, stresses and rotation at infinity being zero. The cut
edges are considered non-contacting.
In the potentials (1.56), the function g (t) is unknown. Obeying the boundary con-
dition (1.57) using these potentials, we get the singular integral equation to determine
this function [87, 89]

1
K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), t L, (1.58)

L
where kernels K(t, t ) and L(t, t ) are defined by the formulas

1 1 d t t 1 1 1 dt
K(t, t ) = + ln = + ,
t t 2 dt t t 2 t t t t dt

1 d t t 1 1 t t dt
L(t, t ) = = . (1.59)
2 dt t t 2 t t (t t )2 dt
It must be taken into consideration that the Eq. (1.58) has to obey the condition

g (t) dt = 0, (1.60)
L
which ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the contour L.

Singular integral equation (1.58) belongs to a class of equations that are thoroughly
studied and described in literature [25, 70]. Its solution in the function class under
obeying the condition (1.60) is
g (t)
g (t) = (1.61)
t l
where g (t) is a function belonging to a class H in vicinity of the end l . Such

solution exists, has integrable singularity at the ends of contour L, and is unique for
any continuous function p(t).
Using data on behavior of Cauchy type integral near integration line ends as
well as similar data for integral (1.47), one can easily obtain asymptotic expansions
of complex stress potentials near crack tip [89]
KI iKII
1 = (z1 ) = + O(r 0 ), z1 = rei ;
2 2 z1

iK K iKII z1
z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) = I + I 1 + O(r 0 ). (1.62)
2 z1 4 2 z1 z1
Here, 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) are complex stress potentials in a local coordinate system
O1 x1 y1 with origin in the crack tip (Fig. 1.8).
Real parameters KI and KII are called stress intensity factors (SIF) in the crack tip
under symmetrical or antisymmetrical loading with respect to crack line, respectively.
These factors are functions of load and geometry of body and crack. They are subject
to determination from a solution to elasticity theory problem. Parameters KI and KII
refer to crack beginning (z = l ) while parameters KI+ and KII+ to crack end (z = l+ ).
They are related with the solution of integral equation (1.58) by the relationship

KI i KII = lim 2 |t l | g (t) . (1.63)
tl
Formulas (1.16)(1.18) and (1.62) determine the asymptotic expansion of stresses

and displacements in vicinity of curvilinear crack tip

5
y

KI
5 cos 2
cos 2

=
x 3 cos 2 + cos 2 +5

4 2 r sin + sin 5
xy 2 2

+ 5
2
sin sin
KII 2

+ 7 sin 2 sin 52 + O r 0 ;
4 2 r
3 cos + cos 5

2 2

u r cos 2 ( 2 cos )
2G = KI +
v 2 sin 2 ( cos )

r sin 2 ( + 2 + cos )
+ KII + O(r). (1.64)
2 cos 2 ( cos )
Here, x , y , xy and u, v are components of stresses and displacements in a local

Cartesian coordinate system O1 x1 y1 ; r, are local polar coordinates with origin in
the crack tip (Fig. 1.8).
Having applied formulas (1.21) and (1.62), one can find asymptotic expansion
of stresses and displacements near crack tip in the polar coordinate system

3
r

KI
5 cos 2
cos
2
=
3 cos 2 + cos 23 +

4 2 r sin + sin 3
r 2 2

5
+ 3

2
sin 3 sin
KII 2

+ 3 sin 2 3 sin 23 + O r 0 ;
4 2 r
cos + 3 cos 3

2 2

ur r cos 2 ( cos )
2G = KI +
u 2 sin 2 ( cos )

r sin 2 (2 + 3 cos )
+ KII + O r0 . (1.65)
2 cos 2 ( + 2 3 cos )
Asymptotic formulas (1.64) and (1.65) are of key importance in fracture mechan-
ics. They show that stressstrain state near crack tip in an elastic body is completely
determined by stress intensity factor, which hereupon play role of principal pa-
rameters in linear fracture mechanics. Many reference books are devoted to their
experimental and theoretical determination [68, 85, 92, 99, 102].
1.2.3 System of Curvilinear Cracks
Let us now examine a system of N non-intersecting curvilinear cracks Lm (m =

1, . . . , N) in the elastic plane. Note that complex stress potentials (1.56) and singular
integral equation (1.58) stay valid in this case as well (therefore L here designates
their collection), but the additional condition (1.60) must be satisfied for each cut in-
dividually. Let us write this equation in somewhat another form of integral equations
system [89, 90]
1
Kkn (t, t )g (t) dt + Lkn (t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ),

k=1 L
k
t Ln , n = 1, . . . , N, (1.66)
with kernels determined by

1 1 dt 1
Kkn (t, t ) = + , t Lk ,
2 t t dt t t

1 1 dt t t
Lkn (t, t ) = , t Ln . (1.67)
2 t t dt (t t )2
A single solution of the system (1.66) exists in class of functions, which have an
integrable singularity at the ends of contours Lm (m = 1, . . . , N), provided that N
of additional conditions are satisfied

g (t) dt = 0, k = 1, . . . , N, (1.68)
Lk
which ensure uniqueness of displacements during tracing each crack individually.

1.2.3.1 Branched Crack
Integral equations system (1.66) can be also applied to describe cross-intersecting

cracks, in other words, branched cracks [91, 94]. In this case additional conditions
(1.68) must ensure uniqueness of displacements during tracing branched cracks
formed due to mutual intersection of cuts Ln . Let a point z = c be the origin of N
cuts Ln (n = 1, . . . , N) forming one branched crack (Fig. 1.9). Then the condition
of uniqueness of displacements becomes

g (t) dt = 0. (1.69)
k=1 Lk
However, different approach was proved more convenient in practical implemen-

tation [48, 49, 94]. Instead of the system (1.66), the modified system of singular
integral equations is taken in the form
N

1
Kkn (t, t )g (t) dt + Lkn

(t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ),

k=1 L
k
t Ln , n = 1, . . . , N,
(1.70)
where kernels are

Kkn (t, t ) = Kkn (t, t ) Kkn (c, t ),

Lkn (t, t ) = Lkn (t, t ) Lkn (c, t ). (1.71)
It can be easily seen that kernels (1.71) are zero at t = c. Above conditions are
necessary for the existence of the system (1.70) solution in the branching point
t = c. In such case, the condition of uniqueness (1.69) is satisfied identically. Integral
equations system now has a single solution in class of functions, which are bounded
Fig. 1.9 Branched crack

with N branches Lm
in the starting point t = c of contours Ln and have integrable singularity in bounded

points.
It should be mentioned that integral equations similar to (1.70) for branched
straight [9] or curvilinear [8] cracks were derived in rather different way, namely,
assuming a point dislocation in the branching point.
1.3 System of Curvilinear Holes and Cracks in Elastic Body
1.3.1 Multiply Connected Region with Holes
Data on curvilinear cuts in elastic plane presented above, open a possibility to form
a general statement of basic boundary value problems and study them in a uniform
way for finite or infinite multiply connected regions weakened with cracks and/or
holes of arbitrary shapes (see [89]). Integral equations for a multiply connected
region had been constructed using a transition from open cuts in infinite elastic plane
to closed one. So constructed singular integral equations of the first kind on closed
contours (boundaries of a body) were completed with regularized terms ensuring
a single solution of integral equations at arbitrary form of right side.
1.3.1.1 Closed Curvilinear Cut
Considering in equality (1.58) contour L as closed, one obtains the same singular
integral equations for both internal regions (curvilinear disc as a region S + ), and
external region (infinite plane with a curvilinear hole as a region S ) of the first basic
problem in elasticity theory (Fig. 1.10).
Nevertheless, obtained in such way integral equation have a solution only if its
right side (that is stresses at bodys boundary) satisfies condition of equilibrium.
In other words, this equation has its eigen solutions that prevents its effective numer-
ical solution without making some modifications. For this, let us introduce certain
Fig. 1.10 Closed curvilinear

cut in elastic plane
1.3 System of Curvilinear Holes and Cracks in Elastic Body 19
operators (equal to zero under fulfillment of equilibrium conditions) to left side

of Eq. (1.58) in order to obtain the singular integral equation on closed contour [89]

M0 dt a0 ds
K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt
+ = p(t ), t L,
2
2it dt l dt
L
(1.72)
which now will have a single solution at arbitrary form of right side. Here, s is
arc abscissa corresponding to the point t , l is arbitrary parameter with dimension
of length, cooordinate origin z = 0 S +

dt dt
M0 = il2 g (t) g (t) , a0 = g (t) dt. (1.73)
t t L
L
1.3.1.2 System of Curvilinear Holes
Let us proceed now to general examination of first basic problem in elasticity the-
ory for a multiply connected region containing curvilinear holes. Let the region S
occupied by the elastic body is constrained by closed contour or a number of closed
contours L1 , L2 , . . . , LM , L0 , where first M contours are located one beyond others
while the last contour embraces all previous ones. Let us select the positive direction
of tracing the contours Ln , (n = 1, 2, . . . , M) such as during tracing the region S
stays on the left (Fig. 1.11).
Fig. 1.11 Multiply

connected region with holes
Let us examine the first basic problem, when at contours Ln stresses are given
N + iT = p(t), t L = Ln (n = 0, 1, . . . , M), (1.74)
so as to obey conditions of equilibrium, i.e., ensure zero principal vector and principal
moment of external loads acting at the bodys boundary

p(t) dt = 0, tp(t) dt = 0. (1.75)
n=0 Ln n=0 Ln
Since non-self-balancing loads at inner contours Ln (n = 1, 2, . . . , M) can be reduced

to self-balancing ones (see relationship (1.27)), we shall consider zero all principal
load vectors at all boundary contours Ln , that is

p(t) dt = 0, n = 0, 1, . . . , M. (1.76)
Ln
Then, complex stress potentials can be written in the form [89]

1
M
g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
k=0 Lk

1
M M
1 Mk g (t) tg (t)
(z) = + dt dt (1.77)
2 i (z zk0 )2 2 tz (t z)2
k=1 k=0 Lk
where zk0 is an arbitrary point inside the contour Lk (k = 1, 2, . . . , M) (Fig. 1.11),

Mk = i tg (t) dt tg (t) dt , k = 1, 2, . . . , M. (1.78)
Lk
Substituting potentials (1.77) into boundary conditions (1.74), we get a system

of M + 1 singular integral equations [88, 89]
M

Kkn (t, t )g (t) dt + Lkn (t, t )g (t) dt +
k=0 Lk
1
M
Mk dt an ds
+ = p(t ), t Ln , n = 0, . . . , M (1.79)
2i (t z 0 )2 dt l dt
k=0 k
for determining M + 1 unknown functions g (t), (t Lk , k = 0, 1, . . . , M).

Here z00 = 0; kernels Kkn (t, t ) and Lkn (t, t ) are defined by formulas (1.67); arc
abscissa s corresponds to the point t , and coordinate system origin belongs to the
region S (see Fig. 1.11).
Left side of the system (1.79) contains added operators:
dt dt
M0 = il 2
g (t) g (t) , an = g (t)dt, n = 0, . . . , M,
Lk t t Ln
k=0
(1.80)
vanishing under fulfillment of equilibrium conditions (1.75). The added opera-
tors (1.80) provide zero rotation in point z = 0 S and uniqueness of displacements
during tracing the hole contours. The system of singular integral equations (1.79)
with introduced operators (1.80) has a single solution for any right side expression
p(t).
1.3.2 Multiply Connected Region with Holes and Cracks
Let an elastic region S, which is constrained by external closed contour L0 , contains

M holes with contours L1 , L2 , . . . , LM and N M internal curvilinear cracks Ln
(n = M + 1, . . . , N). Let us suppose that contours Ln , n = 0, . . . , N are smooth and
have no common points (Fig. 1.12).
We shall assume that applied loads are specified at the boundary of elastic region
S so that loads at opposite edges of cuts open contours are identical that ensures
during crossing contours t Ln (n = M + 1, . . . , N) continuity of both normal (N)
and shear (T ) stresses
N + iT = p (t), t Ln , n = 0, . . . , M,
N + + iT + = N + iT = p (t), t Ln , n = M + 1, . . . , N. (1.81)
Assumed loads p (t) satisfy conditions of equilibrium
Fig. 1.12 Multiply

connected region with holes
and cracks

p (t) dt = 0, Re tp (t) dt = 0, (1.82)
k=0 Lk k=0 Lk
which reflect zero principal vector and principal moment of external loads acting at
the bodys boundary. Upper indexes (+) or () indicate boundary values of corre-
sponding stress components at cut edges Ln , when z t Ln from the left (+) or
from the right () with respect to selected positive direction, respectively.
Let Xk and Yk are projections of principal load vector on axes Ox and Oy for loads
applied to contour of hole Lk , that is

Xk + iYk = i p (t) dt, k = 1, 2, . . . , M. (1.83)

Lk
Then, complex stress potentials in the region S can be presented in the form
1 Xk + iYk M
(z) = + (z),
2(1 + ) z zk0
k=1

1 M
(Xk iYk ) zk0 (Xk + iYk )
(z) = + (z), (1.84)
2(1 + ) z zk0 (z zk0 )2
k=1
where zk0 are arbitrary point inside contours Lk (k = 1, 2, . . . , M).

We shall seek holomorphic within the region S functions (z) and (z), describ-
ing stress state such as principal vector of external loads acting at each individual
closed contour was zero, in the following form
1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
k=0 L
k

1
M
Mk 1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = + dt dt , (1.85)
2 i (z zk0 )2 2 tz (t z)2
k=1 k=0 Lk
where
Mk = 2Im tg (t) dt, k = 1, 2, . . . , M. (1.86)

Lk
Substituting potentials (1.84), (1.85) into boundary conditions (1.81), we get a sys-
tem of singular integral equations [88, 89, 94]
N

Knk (t, t )g (t) dt + Lnk (t, t )g (t) dt +
k=0 L
k
1 kn Mk dt
M
an n ds

+
= p(t ), t Ln , n = 0, 1, . . . , N
2i 0 2 dt l dt
k=0 (t zk )
(1.87)
to find unknown functions g (t), (t Lk , k = 0, 1, . . . , N). Here, z00 = 0; s is

arc abscissa corresponding to the point t ; coordinate system origin belongs to the
region S (Fig. 1.13); kernels Knk (t, t ), Lnk (t, t ) are defined by formulas (1.67), and
symbols kn , n have the following meanings
kn = 1 + (n 1)k0 ;

1, n = 0, . . . , M,
n =
0, n = M + 1, . . . , N;

1, k = n,
kn = (1.88)
0, k = n,
M
1 Xk + iYk
p(t) = p (t) + 2Re +
2(1 + ) t zk0
k=1

(t zk0 )(Xk iY ) (Xk + iYk ) dt
+ . (1.89)
(t z0 )2 t zk0 dt
k
Functionals
N
g (t)
M0 = 2 Im dt,
Lk t
k=0

an = g (t) dt, n = 0, . . . , M, (1.90)

Ln
are added to left side of each equation, vanishing under fulfillment of equilibrium
conditions (1.82). Then system of singular integral equations (1.87) has a single
solution for any right side under additional condition

g (t) dt = 0, n = M + 1, . . . , N, (1.91)
Ln
which follows from uniqueness of displacements during tracing the inner crack con-
tours.
1.4 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations

Using Quadrature Method
Singular integral equations can be regularized and reduced to Fredholm integral equa-
tions of the second kind; thereupon they can be numerically solved using known
methods. However, this approach is very labor-intensive. Direct methods of solv-
ing singular integral equations are now widely spread in numerical calculations,
because they reduce these equations to easy-to-solve finite systems of linear alge-
braic equations bypassing the regularization. Among them, one of the most effective
and convenient method for solving one-dimensional integral equations is the quadra-
ture method, known also as method of mechanical quadratures. This method is based
on certain formulas for interpolation polynomial and quadrature formulas for singu-
lar or regular integrals [36, 13, 1719, 2124, 27, 28, 36, 38, 47, 76, 77, 83, 89,
97, 104, 108].
1.4.1 Quadrature Formulas
This section outlines some interpolation type quadrature formulas used to compute
singular integrals on closed or open contour of integration.
1.4.1.1 Open Contour of Integration
Let us consider a singular integral on segment of real axis with a density providing
the square root type singularity at the ends of integration interval

1
( ) d
I1 () = , 1 < < 1; ( ) H. (1.92)
1 2 ( )
1
Let us write the quadrature formula of interpolating type for this integral. Density
of the integral can be approximated using the Lagrange interpolation polynomial
(which in n points coincides with density values) [47]

1
n n1
( ) (k ) 1 + 2 Tm (k )Tm ( ) (1.93)
n m=1
k=1
across the Chebyshev nodes
2k 1
k = cos , k = 1, 2, . . . , n. (1.94)
2n
1.4 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations 25
Here Tm ( ) = cos(m arccos ) is Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind. Substi-

tuting the function (1.93) into integral (1.92) and taking into consideration integral
values [61, 107]

1
Tm ( ) d
= Um1 (), 1 < < 1, (1.95)
1 2 ( )
1
one obtains [47, 71]
2
n n1
I1 () (k ) Tm (k )Um1 (). (1.96)
n m=1
k=1
Here
sin(m arccos )
Um1 ( ) =
1 2
is Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind. Formula for interpolation polyno-

mial (1.93) is always accurate, if degree of the polynomial ( ) is n 1 or lower.
The same is valid for quadrature formula (1.96), which is built on the basis of this
polynomial.
The relationship (1.96) can be rewritten in form that is more convenient by cal-
culating the inner sum

n
1 Tn1 (k )Un1 ()
I1 () (k )
n k
k=1
(k )
n
Un1 ()
+ ( ). (1.97)
n k Tn ()
k=1
This expression contains the interpolation polynomial (1.93) but written in slightly
different form
1
n
Tn ()Tn1 (k )
() (k ) . (1.98)
n k
k=1
Authors [5] had derived the formula (1.97) in another way and had shown that this
formula is accurate for polynomials of the 2n order.
Selecting in the relationship (1.97) zeros of Chebyshev polynomial of the second
kind as external nodes, i.e.,
l
l = cos , Un1 (l ) = 0, l = 1, 2, . . . , n 1, (1.99)
n
one obtains from Eq. (1.97) [51]
(k )
n
1
( )d
; (1.100)
1 1 2 ( l ) n k l
k=1
where
(2k 1) l
k = cos , l = cos , l = 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
2n n
It was proved in publications [51, 105] that the relationship (1.100) is accurate for
an arbitrary polynomial of the order lower or equal to 2n. In other words, quadrature
formulas (1.97) and (1.100) are, to a certain extent, more accurate than well-known
Gaussian quadrature formula for regular integrals [71]

1

n
( )d (2k 1)
(k ); k = cos , (1.101)
1 2 n
k=1
2n
1
which is accurate for a polynomial of the order lower or equal to 2n 1.

It is seen from comparison between (1.100) and (1.101) that quadrature formula
for a singular integral in external nodes (1.99) has the same form as the respective
formula (1.101) for a regular integral. This fact simplifies application of (1.100) for
numerical solution of singular integral equations because there is no need in extract-
ing the Cauchy kernel in explicit form.
Let us similarly consider the integral

1
1 y2
I2 (x) = (y) dy, 1 x 1; (y) H. (1.102)
yx
1
The interpolation polynomial for density of this integral (y) will have the form [47]
2
n n
(y) (yk )(1 yk2 ) Um1 (yk ) Um1 (y) =
n+1 m=1
k=1
1
n
Un (y)
= (1)k+1 (yk ) (1 yk2 ) (1.103)
n+1 y yk
k=1
across the nodes

k
yk = cos , k = 1, 2, . . . , n. (1.104)
n+1
Formula (1.103) is always accurate when degree of polynomial (y) is n or lower.

Substituting the function (1.103) into integral (1.102) and using integral value
[61, 107]

1 1 1 y2 Un (y)
dy = Tn+1 (x), (1.105)
1 yx
one comes to the quadrature formula
(1 yk2 ) (yk )
n
Tn+1 (x)
I2 (x) (1.106)
n+1 yk x Un (x)
k=1
for integral (1.102).

Selecting in the relationship (1.106) n + 1 zeros system as external nodes of poly-
nomial Tn+1 (x), that is
(2m 1)
xm = cos , Tn+1 (xm ) = 0, m = 1, . . . , n + 1, (1.107)
2(n + 1)
one obtains the formula [51]

1
(1 yk2 ) (yk )
n
1 y2
(y) dy , (1.108)
y xm n+1 yk xm
1 k=1
where
k (2m 1)
yk = cos , xm = cos , m = 1, . . . , n + 1,
n+1 2(n + 1)
which is similar to usual Gaussian quadrature formula for a regular integral [71]

1 n
1 y2 (y) dy (1 yk2 ) (yk ). (1.109)
1 n+1
k=1
Quadrature formulas (1.108) and (1.109) are always accurate if the function (y)
is a polynomial of the order lower or equal 2(n 1) 1 or 2(n 1), respectively.
1.4.1.2 Closed Contour of Integration
Singular integrals on closed contour can be reduced to computable integrals of the

following form

2

I3 ( ) = f ( ) cot d, 0 2 ; (1.110)
0 2
where density f ( ) is a continuous 2 -periodic function.

Let us write an interpolation trigonometrical polynomial of the order n = [N/2]
as the continuous 2 -periodic function f ( ) with nodes
2 k
k = + , k = 1, 2, . . . , N, (1.111)
N
where is an arbitrary constant; [] designates integer part of a number. In the case
of even number of nodes (N = 2n), such polynomial has the form [20, 21]

1
2n
k
f ( ) f (k ) sin [n( k )] cot . (1.112)
2n 2
k=1
For odd number of nodes (N = 2n + 1) one has [38]

1
2n+1
2n + 1 k
f ( ) f (k ) sin (k ) csc . (1.113)
2n + 1 2 2
k=1
Formulas (1.112) and (1.113) are accurate for an arbitrary trigonometric polynomial
of the order lower or equal to n 1 or n, respectively.
After substituting expressions (1.112) and (1.113) into relationship (1.110) and
computing the corresponding integrals, one results the quadrature formulas [21, 51,
77]

2
2n
k k
I3 ( ) f (k ) sin2 n cot ; (1.114)
n 2 2
k=1

2
2n+1
k k
I3 ( ) f (k ) sin (n + 1) sin n
2n + 1 2 2
k=1

k
csc (1.115)
2
for singular integral (1.110) with even (1.114) or odd (1.115) number of nodes.
The formula (1.114) can be represented also in the form [6, 77]

2n
k
I3 ( ) f (k ) cot + 2 f ( ) cot [n( )] . (1.116)
n 2
k=1
Let us take external nodes in the following form
2m 1
m = + , cot [n(m ] = 0, m = 1, . . . , 2n. (1.117)
2n
Then, above relationship yields a quadrature formula

2

2n
m k m
I3 (m ) = f ( ) cot d f (k ) cot , (1.118)
2 n 2
0 k=1
k (2m 1)
k = + ; m = + , m = 1, . . . , 2n,
n 2n
which is similar to well-known rule for calculating regular integrals of periodic
functions

2

2n
f ( ) d f (k ), (1.119)
n
0 k=1
accurate for trigonometric polynomials of the 2n order.
1.4.1.3 Quasi-Singular Integrals
Let us consider a Cauchy type integral

1 f (t) dt
F(z) = . (1.120)
2 i tz
L
When z / L, the integral (1.120) is regular and it can be calculated using respec-
tive quadrature formulas for regular integrals. However, there arise some difficulties
of computational nature during computing such integrals, when the point z is close
to contour L or subintegral function (integrand) f (t) has a pole in the point close to
contour of integration. Therefore, special methods are required for effective com-
puting of such integrals. Many publications are devoted to this matter in literature
[7, 10, 1416, 26, 3033, 52, 53, 5760, 6467, 74, 95, 100, 103, 109114]. There
is also another type of quasi-singular integrals when the integrand has a fixed quasi-
singularity, for example, rounded crack tip with a small radius of curvature. Above
integrals will be in more detail examined in the next section.
It follows from (1.45) that Cauchy type integral is the discontinuous function on
the contour L. Isolating the discontinuous part of this integral in explicit form, one
can rewrite it in more integrable form, when the point z is close to contour L.
Let us write the integral (1.120) as follows

1 f (t) dt 1 f (t) f (t0 )

F(z) = = f (t0 )S (z) + dt, (1.121)
2 i tz 2 i tz
L L
where point t0 L is the point of contour approaching by a point z

/ L, and function
S (z) is equal to

1 dt
S (z) = . (1.122)
2 i tz
L
Integral (1.122) for closed contour L which divides the plane z = x + iy into inner
(S + ) and outer (S ) regions, can be expressed in the form (see relationship (1.43))

1, z S + ,
S (z) = (1.123)
0, z S .
Suppose now that the contour L becomes open with origin at point a and ending
at point b (Fig. 1.13). The integral can be computed in the following way

1 dt 1 1 bz
S (z) = = ln(t z)|ba = ln . (1.124)
2 i tz 2 i 2 i a z
L
Assume that ln[(b z)/(a z)] is a single-valued analytical function in the

complex plane z cut along the curve L = ab (Fig. 1.13), which obeys the condition

bz
lim ln = 0. (1.125)
z az
Such single-valued analytical function can be obtained in assumption
z a = x ax + i(y ay ) = a eia ,
z b = x bx + i(y by ) = b eib . (1.126)
Now, relationship (1.124) becomes
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.13 Complex plane z = x + iy with a cut along contour L = ab in cases when the point z is
located from the left (a) or from the right (b) with respect to contour

1 b z
S (z) = ln + 1 (b a ). (1.127)
2 i a z 2
Let us divide the complex plane into four portions. Let S1+ be the region from the
left of contour L and straight line L1 passing through points z = a and z = b; S2+
the region from the left of contour L and from the right from the straight line L1 ; S1
the region from the right of contour L and straight line L1 , and S2 the region from
the right of contour L and from the left from the straight line L1 . We shall accept
that segments of straight line L1 dividing regions S1+ and S2+ or S1 and S2 belong to
regions S1+ and S1 . One of the regions S2+ or S2 or both them can absent depending
on contour L shape; in particular, these regions are absent if contour L is a segment
of straight line. To determine an angle b a , write now relationships

ba , z S1 ,
b a = (1.128)
(2 ba ), z S2 ,
where
(ax x)(bx x) + (ay y)(by y)
ba = arccos . (1.129)
|a z||b z|
Assuming in the formula (1.127) a = b, in other words, returning to closed contour,

one gets the function S (z) (1.123).
It can be concluded that the modified representation (1.121) can be constructed for
Cauchy type integral, where function S (z) is determined by either formula (1.123)
(for closed contour L) or (1.127) (for open contour L = ab). The last integral in the
formula (1.121) is continuous across the contour L in the point t0 , while function S (z)
is discontinuous (S+ (t) S (t) = 1, t L). This result can be used, in particular,
to derive the first of SokhotskiPlemelj formulas (1.45). Representation (1.121) for
Cauchy type integral on either closed or open contour L gives a possibility to compute
it effectively, when the point z is close to point t0 L (from the left or from the right
from the contour).
In order for finding stresses in points near boundary contour by solving plane prob-
lems of elasticity theory, it is necessary to compute also integrals (1.46) and (1.47).
Modified representations can be found for these integrals as well. Namely, since the
integral (1.46) can be written in the form

1 (t) dt 1 (t) (dt/dt) dt

(z) = = , (1.130)
2 i tz 2 i tz
L L
one may easily obtain its modified representation from relationship (1.121) by putting
f (t) = (t)(dt/dt).
Let us consider integral

1 (t z)dt 1 d 1 1 t z b 1 dt dt
= (t z) = + =
2 i (t z)2 2 i dt t z 2 i t z a 2 i dt t z
L L L

dt 0 1 dt/dt dt 0 /dt0
= (z, z) + S (z) + dt, (1.131)
dt0 2 i tz
L
where the following designation was introduced

dt0 dt
=
dt0 dt t=t0
and

ab ab z(a b) + z(a b)
(z, z) = open contour
2 i(a z)(b z) (1.132)
0 closed contour.
Now we can write for the integral

1 (t z)f (t) dt
F(z, z) = (1.133)
2 i (t z)2
L
the modified representation as follows:
dt 0
F(z, z) = (z, z)f (t0 ) + f (t0 ) S (z) +
dt0

1 tz f (t0 ) dt dt 0
+ f (t) f (t0 ) + dt. (1.134)
2 i (t z)2 t z dt dt0
L
The function S (z) here is determined from (1.123) and (1.127). Below the compu-
tational effectiveness of derived modified formulas are illustrated by examples.
Let us investigate known integrals on open contour (L = (1, 1))

1
1 dt
I1 () = = sgn , (1.135)
i 1 t 2 (t i) 1 + 2
1

1
1 [t (i)] dt 1 2
I2 () = = sgn , (1.136)
i 1 t 2 (t i)2 1 + 2 1 + 2
1
where

1, > 0,
sgn = 0, = 0,

1, < 0,
or closed contour (L = : |z| = 1)

1 t dt 1 , 0 < < 1,
I3 () = = (1.137)
2 i t (1 ) 0, < 0,

t t (1 ) dt
1 (1 ), 0 < < 1,
I4 () = = (1.138)
2 i [t (1 )]2 0, < 0,

which can be considered quasi-singular at small values of the parameter .

Functions I1 (), I2 (), I3 (), and I4 () can be written in the form (1.120),
and (1.121) that enables computing integrals I1 () and I2 () by the quadrature for-
mula (1.101) while integrals I3 () and I4 () according to

2
2
n
(2k 1)
f ( ) d f (k ), k = , (1.139)
n n
0 k=1
which is one of the variations of relationship (1.119). Calculated values of integrals

are presented in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 for various values of parameter and various
numbers of quadrature nodes n. Accurate values (n = ) were calculated using
formulas (1.135) and (1.136). It follows from comparing the presented data that ap-
plication of modified representations (1.121) and (1.134) to compute quasi-singular
integrals considerably improves convergence of numerical results, computing accu-
racy being the higher, the smaller values parameter has, that is when the point z
becomes closer to contour L. If quasi-singular integrals are computed directly using
the quadrature formulas (1.101) and (1.139), then a great number of nodes n should
be taken to reach the necessary accuracy. However, increase in nodes number is not
always possible because the number n is coupled with order of an algebraic equation
system, which arise due to reduction of corresponding integral equations.
1.4.2 Integral Equation on an Open Contour
Here, we shall illustrate numerical solution of singular integral equations using

quadrature method by example of a curvilinear crack L in elastic plane under
biaxial tension by applied stresses x = q, y = p at infinity. Crack tips are located
Table 1.1 Comparison between calculated values of integrals I1 () and I2 () based on represen-
tations (1.120), (1.121), (1.133), and (1.134) (open contour of integration)
n I1 () I2 ()
(1.120) (1.121) (1.133) (1.134)
0.4 16 2.915795 2.916873 2.109499 2.112745
32 2.916619 2.916896 2.111557 2.112235
64 2.916826 2.916896 2.112065 2.112235
128 2.916878 2.916896 2.112192 2.112235
2.916896 2.112235
0.1 16 3.126913 2.879885 3.061756 4.328486
32 3.125974 3.115520 3.063461 3.187098
64 3.125982 3.125984 3.064040 3.064532
128 3.125997 3.126002 3.064086 3.064101
256 3.126000 3.126002 3.064097 3.064101
3.126002 3.064101
0.01 16 3.141536 0.498376 3.141323 1.478186
32 3.141536 0.972281 3.141235 2.789924
64 3.141502 1.774573 3.141006 4.511992
128 3.141458 2.690574 3.140811 4.832686
256 3.141437 3.104109 3.140797 3.483424
1024 3.141436 3.141436 3.140807 3.140808
3.141436 3.140807
0.001 16 3.141589 0.050261 3.141583 0.150766
32 3.141592 0.100497 3.141590 0.301352
64 3.141592 0.200788 3.141591 0.601268
128 3.141592 0.399942 3.141591 1.191154
256 3.141592 0.787127 3.141590 2.294645
8192 3.141591 3.141591 3.141585 3.141600
3.141591 3.141585
on axis Ox at the distance 2l apart. We assume that crack edges are unstressed and
not touching one another (Fig. 1.14).
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem. Taking into account
relationships (1.56), complex stress potentials can be written in the following form

g (t)
1
(z) = 0 (z) + dt,
tz
2
L

1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = 0 (z) + dt dt , (1.140)
2 tz (t z)2
L
Table 1.2 Comparison between calculated values of integrals I3 () and I4 () based on represen-
tations (1.120), (1.121), (1.133), and (1.134) (closed contour of integration)
n I3 () I4 ()
(1.120) (1.121) (1.133) (1.134)
0.4 16 0.600113 0.599831 0.596905 0.604643
32 0.600000 0.600000 0.599998 0.600003
0.600000 0.600000
0.1 16 0.915633 0.759300 0.866133 1.204806
32 0.903320 0.870123 0.879229 1.086942
64 0.900118 0.898940 0.898352 0.914832
128 0.900000 0.899999 0.899996 0.900036
0.900000 0.900000
0.01 16 0.994599 0.534714 0.993792 0.614600
32 0.994203 0.573920 0.992620 0.730640
64 0.993445 0.648927 0.990511 0.939443
128 0.992165 0.775709 0.987757 1.212084
256 0.990709 0.919805 0.987285 1.258797
1024 0.990000 0.989966 0.989993 0.990665
0.990000 0.990000
0.001 16 0.999496 0.503498 0.999488 0.511501
32 0.999492 0.507495 0.999476 0.523499
64 0.999484 0.515487 0.999452 0.547470
128 0.999468 0.531440 0.999404 0.595211
256 0.999436 0.563121 0.999310 0.689107
8192 0.999000 0.998725 0.998996 1.003242
0.999000 0.999000
0.4 16 0.001828 0.006399 0.012433 0.043517
32 0.000008 0.000030 0.000124 0.000433
0.000000 0.000000
0.1 16 0.017873 0.196605 0.022887 0.251762
32 0.004522 0.049743 0.019457 0.214022
64 0.000224 0.002462 0.002257 0.024823
128 0.000001 0.000006 0.000011 0.000117
0.000000 0.000000
0.01 16 0.004603 0.464885 0.003820 0.385784
32 0.004211 0.425274 0.002674 0.270034
64 0.003460 0.349425 0.000606 0.061229
128 0.002186 0.220821 0.002122 0.214348
256 0.000726 0.073335 0.002671 0.269724
1024 0.000000 0.000038 0.000007 0.000728
0.000000 0.000000
(continued)
Table 1.2 (continued)

n I3 () I4 ()
(1.120) (1.121) (1.133) (1.134)
0.001 16 0.000496 0.496498 0.000488 0.488503
32 0.000492 0.492497 0.000476 0.476509
64 0.000484 0.484497 0.000452 0.452546
128 0.000468 0.468528 0.000404 0.404821
256 0.000436 0.436815 0.000311 0.310950
8192 0.000000 0.000278 0.000004 0.004272
0.000000 0.000000
Fig. 1.14 Biaxial tension

of a plate with curvilinear
crack
where the potentials
1 1
0 (z) = (p + q), 0 (z) = (p q) (1.141)
4 2
characterize stress state in a solid plane without crack (see relationship (1.31)) while
the second terms in formulas (1.140) describe disturbances generated by the crack.
Our problem is reduced to solution of a singular integral equation (1.58) under
the additional condition (1.60) that can be written in the form

1
K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt = p0 (t ), t L;

L (1.142)

g (t) dt = 0,
L
where kernels K(t, t ) and L(t, t ) are defined by formulas (1.59) while the right side
follows from the relationship

dt
p0 (t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t0 (t) + 0 (t) , t L. (1.143)
dt
The equation of crack contour L can be written in the parametric form
t = x + iy = l( ), 1 1. (1.144)
Using the same parameterization, the Eq. (1.142) can be reduced to the canonical
dimensionless form

1

M(, )( ) + N(, )( ) d = p0 (), 1 1,
1
(1.145)

1

( ) d = 0,
1
where
M(, ) = lK(( ), ()) =

1 1 1 ()
= + ,
2 ( ) () ( ) () ()
N(, ) = lL(( ), ()) =

1 1 ( ) () ()
= , (1.146)
2 ( ) () (( ) ())2 ()
1
( ) = g (l( )) ( ),
p
1
p0 () = p0 (l()). (1.147)
p
An unknown function ( ) is sought in class of functions unbounded at the ends

of integration interval
u( )
( ) = , (1.148)
1 2
where u( ) is continuous function over the interval 1 1.

Considering relationships (1.148), rewrite the equation system (1.145) in the form

1

d

M(, )u( ) + N(, )u( ) = p0 (),

1 1 2
1 1, (1.149)

1

d

u( ) = 0.
1 1 2
Due to application of quadrature formulas (1.100) and (1.101), we get a complex

system of n algebraic equations

1
n

M( , )u( ) + N( , )u( ) = p0 (m ),

k m k k m k
n k=1
m = 1, . . . , n 1, (1.150)

1

n

u(k ) = 0;
n
k=1
where
(2k 1) m
k = cos , m = cos
2n n
for n unknown values of the complex function u(k )(k = 1, . . . , n).

Transforming the Eq. (1.150) to a standard form of linear algebraic equation
system with real coefficients, one comes to
Am,k [Re u(k ), Im u(k )]T = [Re p0 (m ), Im p0 (m )]T , k, m = 1, . . . , n,

(1.151)
where upper index T designates transposition of the matrix. The matrix coefficients
A for equations m = 1, . . . , n 1 can be determined as follows

A2(m1)+1, 2(k1)+1 A2(m1)+1, 2(k1)+2
Am,k = =
A2(m1)+2, 2(k1)+1 A2(m1)+2, 2(k1)+2

Re M(k , m ) + Re N(k , m ) Im N(k , m ) Im M(k , m )
= .
Im M(k , m ) + Im N(k , m ) Re M(k , m ) Re N(k , m )
The last (n-th) row of matrix A is

A2n1,2(k1)+1 A2n1,2(k1)+2 1 0
An,k = = .
A2n,2(k1)+1 A2n,2(k1)+2 0 1
To solve the linear algebraic equation system with real coefficients (1.151), one
can apply Gaussian elimination algorithm (see, e.g. [11, 29, 81, 82]). Hereinafter
we shall use the DGESV routine for numerical calculations, which is based on LU
decomposition of matrix A with partial pivoting and row interchanges. This routine
is a part of well-established standard software library LAPACK (Linear Algebra
Package) [1].
Having obtained values of sought function u(k ), one can determine the stress-
strain state in whole elastic region by using an integral representation of complex
stress potentials (1.140). Stress intensity factor in crack tips KI and KII can be
directly expressed through the sought function g (t) (see (1.63)). Let us introduce cor-
responding dimensionless stress intensity factor FI and FII by means of the following
relationship

KI iKII = FI iFII p l. (1.152)
Here upper indexes () and (+) indicate crack beginning (t = l = l,

( = 1)) and crack end (t = l+ = l, ( = 1)), respectively. Taking into account
relationships (1.63) and (1.148), we get for coefficients FI and FII the relation
u(1)
FI iFII = | (1)| . (1.153)
(1)
Values of function u( ) in any point can be found using the Lagrangian interpolating
polynomial across the Chebyshev nodes (1.98). This polynomial can also be written
in another form [71]

1
n Tn ( ) 1 k2
u( ) = (1)k+1 u(k ) . (1.154)
n k
k=1
From here, one can easily derive formulas [76]
1
n
(2k 1)
u(+1) = (1)k u(k )cot , (1.155)
n 4n
k=1
1
n
(2k 1)
u(1) = (1)k+n u(k )tan . (1.156)
n 4n
k=1
The calculations were performed for the parabolic crack under tension in mutually
perpendicular directions at infinity by stresses of identical intensity (q = p). The
function ( ), which describes contour L in the parametric equation (1.144), is
taken in the form of
( ) = + i ( 2 1), 1 1. (1.157)
The parameter = a/l (Fig. 1.14) designates the relative deflection of the crack
contour. The relative radius of curvature in the vertex of parabola (t = ia, = 0)
is designated as = /l = 1/(2 ).
A necessary number of integration nodes n was established by sequentially dou-
bling the number of nodes. Calculations were stopped when the relative difference
between quantity F (2n) , corresponding to doubled node number 2n, and quantity F (n) ,
corresponding to previous node number n, became less than
(2n)
F F (n)
. (1.158)
F (2n)
In particular, the relative difference in example under consideration was below =

104 . Desired stress intensity factor accuracy in the interval 0 4 was reached
Fig. 1.15 Dimensionless

stress intensity
factors
FI,II = KI,II /(p l) in the
tips of parabolic crack
versus parameter = /l
at the number of nodes n = 64. The results obtained were in good accordance with
known data [89]. For 500 ( = /l 0, 001) and with the accuracy of SIF
specified above the results was obtained using n = 8192 equations. Dependence of
these stress intensity factors on relative radius of curvature is shown in Fig. 1.15.
If discrete values of function u(k ) within the range (1 1) are known,
stresses at crack edges can be determined from the relation [69]

n + s = 2 (t) + (t) , t L, (1.159)
where n are stresses normal to crack contour L; s are contour stresses normal to
a plane, which is perpendicular to this contour. If the crack is free of applied loads,
i.e. n = 0, then contour stresses at upper (+) or lower () crack edges can be found
using the formula

i 1 g (t)
s = 4Re (t) = 4Re 0 (t ) g (t ) + dt , t L.
2 2 L t t
(1.160)
In deriving this formula, the relationship (1.140) and SokhotskiPlemelj formulas for
boundary values of Cauchy type integrals (1.34) were used. One comes, by applying
relationships (1.144), (1.147), (1.148) and designating 0 () = 0 (l()), to

i p u()
s = 4Re 0 () +

2 () 1 2

1
p u( ) d
+ , 1 < < 1.
2 ( ) () 1 2
1
(1.161)
Here, singular integral is subject to computing with the aid of quadrature

formula (1.100).
Stress tensor components in Cartesian coordinate system for any point of elastic
region S are derivable immediately from relations (1.16) and (1.17) written in the
form
! "
x = Re (z) + (z) z (z) + (z) ,
! "
y = Re (z) + (z) + z (z) + (z) , (1.162)

xy = Im z (z) + (z) .
If the crack is free of applied loads, calculation of stresses at crack edges can be
simplified due to the fact that complex potentials (z) and (z) obey zero boundary
conditions. Stresses at upper (+) or lower () crack edge result in the form

dt
x = Re 1+
(t) + (t) ,
dt

dt
y = Re 1
(t) + (t) , (1.163)
dt

dt
xy = Im 1+ (t) + (t) .
dt
Stress in the vertex of parabolic contour L ( = 0 is the point, where the maximal
curvature of contour is attained) is x = s and can be determined using the
formula (1.161)

pu(0) p
n
u(k )

s = 2Re 20 (l(0)) i + , (1.164)
=0 (0) n (k ) (0)
k=1
where for odd n values of function u(0) follows immediately from solution of the
linear algebraic equation system (1.150). For even n values u(0) follows from the
interpolation formula (1.154), which for this case can be simplified to

1 (2k 1)
n
u(0) = (1)k+n/2 u(k ) tan . (1.165)
n 2n
k=1
Stresses s+ (for = 0) at upper crack edge are compressive (Fig. 1.16a). When
parameter , crack contour L approaches the segment l x l at the axis
Ox, and under all-around tension at infinity stresses s+ in the point = 0 becomes
null. On the contrary, when 0, the contour L elongates along axis Oy, and these
stresses tend to zero as well.
Lower crack edge () can be interpreted as the edge of a parabolic notch. Stress
s in the notch tip ( = 0) approaches zero while the product s /p approaches 1
when the parameter (Fig. 1.16b). When relative radius of curvature 0,
(a) (b)
Fig. 1.16 Dimensionless stresses s+ /p at upper crack edge (a) and dimensionless product s /p
at lower crack edge (b) in the point of maximal curvature ( = 0) of the parabolic crack with respect
to relative radius of curvature = /l
the stress tends to infinity. Since in this case a long and narrow notch converges into

slot with rounded tip, stresses s (0) must be proportional to the quantity 1/ .

Analyzing values of product s in the point = 0, we get

a 2 a
s = s l = s = s 2a = s .
2
It follows from numerical data (Fig. 1.16b), that product s /p approaches 1, if

parameter 0. Therefore, we can write

2 a 2
s p = KI , (1.166)
2

where KI = p a/2 is stress intensity factor in the tip of crack with length a in elas-
tic plane under all-around tension by applied stresses p (see e.g. [92]). Designing
s (0) = (s )max , we come from the relationship (1.166) to the known asymptotic
relation [37]

(s )max = 2KI / , (1.167)
which is valid for small relative radii of curvature in the tip of parabolic notch.
The above-presented illustrates effectiveness of singular integral equation method
in solving two-dimensional problems of fracture mechanics for regions containing
curvilinear cracks as well as method for numerical construction of asymptotic in-
terrelations between stress intensity and stress concentration factors (or maximal
stresses) in sharp or rounded tips of notches. Further consideration of these matters
will be presented in Chap. 2.
1.4.3 Integral Equation on a Closed Contour
In this section, we shall illustrate usage quadrature method for numerical solution
of singular integral equations on a closed contour by example of a classical problem
of elliptical hole in elastic plane under uniaxial tension by applied stress y = p at
infinity, which has a well-known precise analytical solution [35, 69, 106]. Vertices
of the hole are located on axis Ox at the distance 2l apart. We shall assume that the
contour L of hole is free of applied load (Fig. 1.17).
Similar to above-described problem of plane with crack, we shall apply a super-
position technique to solve this problem. Let us write complex stress potentials in the
form
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (1.168)
where functions
1 1
0 (z) = p, 0 (z) = p (1.169)
4 2
describe stress state in a solid plane without hole while potentials (z) and (z)
describe disturbances generated by the hole. According to relationships (1.77), the
potentials can be written as

1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
L

1 M1 1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = + dt dt , (1.170)
2 i z 2 2 tz (t z)2
L
where

M1 = i tg (t) dt tg (t) dt . (1.171)
L
Fig. 1.17 Elliptical hole

in stretched elastic plane
In deriving this formula, the coordinate system origin z = 0 was adopted inside the
hole.
The boundary condition at the hole contour L restricts the stresses corresponding
to potentials (z) and (z)

dt
N (t) + iT (t) = p(t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t 0 (t) + 0 (t) =
dt

p dt
= 1+ , t L. (1.172)
2 dt
Obeying the boundary condition in accordance with (1.172), we get from relation-
ships (1.79) a singular integral equation

K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt +
L
1 M1 dt a1 ds

+ = p(t ), t L, (1.173)
2i (t )2 dt l dt
where s is arc abscissa at the contour L corresponding to the point t .

Kernels K(t, t ) and L(t, t ) are defined by formulas (1.59). Left side of the sys-
tem (1.173) contains added functional

a1 ds
, a1 = g (t) dt, (1.174)
l dt L
which vanishes if loading is self-balancing. Its role consists in providing existence

of a single solution for any right side of the integral equation (1.173) [89].
We rewrite the Eq. (1.173) in the form

K (t, t )g (t) dt + L (t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), (1.175)
L
where

1 1 dt 1 t 1 ds
K (t, t ) =
+ + ,
2 tt dt t t (t )2 l dt

1 1 dt t t t
L (t, t ) = + . (1.176)
2 t t dt (t )2 (t t )2
Parametric equation of contour L is as follows
t = l( ), 0 2. (1.177)
Making change of variables
t = l( ), t = l(), (1.178)
we reduce the integral equation (1.175) to the canonical dimensionless form

2
[M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( )] d = p(), 0 2, (1.179)
0
where the notations are introduced
M(, ) = lK (l( ), l()),

N(, ) = lL (l( ), l());
u( ) = g (l( )) ( )/p,
p() = p(l())/p. (1.180)
Hence, the first basic problem for elastic plane weakened by a hole with smooth
curvilinear edge is reduced to solution of the singular integral equation (1.179) for
continuous 2 -periodic function u( ).
In the case of greater curvature in vertices of hole, the sought function u( ) has
quasi-singularities resulting in strong stress concentration and complicating search
for quite accurate numerical solution. Integral equation solution accuracy never-
theless can be improved using various nonlinear transformations (changes of vari-
ables) that provide suitable density of quadrature nodes and collocations points near
these vertices. Such transforms are useful in computing quasi-singular integrals
[3945, 98]. Accuracy improvement for holes is attained [93] using the Sidi sig-
moidal transformation of the third order [98] (see also [41]). Generally this function
nonlinearly maps a interval 0 x 1 onto the interval 0 y 1
sin 2 x
y = S3 (x) = x , 0 x 1, 0 y 1. (1.181)
2
Similar transform is especially helpful when a periodic (with period T = 2/N)
behaviour of density function G ( ) is required at mapping interval 0 2 onto
0 2 . Applying above transform, we have [93]
= T (k + x), = T (k + y), k = 1, . . . , N 1.
From here one gets
kT
x = ( kT )/T ; = kT + TS3 (x) = kT + TS3 , 0 2,
T
0 2.
Fig. 1.18 Function

= G ( ) (1.182) for N = 3
Substitution of relation (1.181) here yields [93]

sin 2(/T k)
= G ( ) = kT + T k =
T 2
1 1
= sin( N 2k ) = sin( N), 0 2. (1.182)
N N
Function G ( ) is continuous over the interval 0 2 and has continuous

derivatives. It disambiguously maps a segment [0, 2 ] onto segment [0, 2 ],
while thickening quadrature nodes in vicinity of points = 0, T , 2T , . . . , NT = 2 .
Figure 1.18 demonstrates a plot of function G ( ) at N = 3.
Making change
= G ( ), 0 2 ; = G ( ), 0 2 (1.183)
and designating
u( ) = u(G ( )), p( ) = p(G ( )), (1.184)
we come to the integral equation

2
[M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( )] G ( ) d = p( ), 0 2.
0
(1.185)
It should be noticed that the function G ( ) (1.182) in points = 0, T , . . . , NT has

null derivatives, which, generally speaking, precludes using this change of variables
(see e.g. [25]). It is possible only in the case when the points with zero derivative
of function G ( ) are located at the ends of open integration contour. These cases
take place if the symmetry conditions are taken into consideration, which reduces
the problem to (1.185) integration along a portion of closed contour L.
Let us write the integral equation (1.185) across collocation nodes m (1.117)
and apply quadrature formulas (1.118) and (1.119) to compute the integrals in so
obtained system. As a result, we get a discrete analogue of integral equation (1.185)
being nothing else but system of n linear algebraic equations
2
n
M(k , m )u(k ) + N(k , m )u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ),
n
k=1
m = 1, . . . , n; (1.186)
(2k 1)
k = G (k ), k = ;
n
2(m 1)
m = G (m ), m =
n
for n unknown values of the function u(k ), (k = 1, . . . , n). It was assumed here that
n is an even number.
Stresses at hole edge can be found using formula (1.159). If contour of hole is
unloaded (n = 0), contour stresses s at the edge of hole are

s = 4Re + (t) , t L, (1.187)
where

i 1 g (t)
(t ) = 0 (t ) + g (t ) +
+
dt, t L. (1.188)
2 2 t t
L
Here, the relationship (1.168) was taken into account. Positive direction of tracing
the contour L means that the elastic region stays on the left during tracing.
Introducing the contours parametric equation L and changing Eqs. (1.180),
(1.183) and (1.184), we get
i pu( )
+ ( ) = 0 ( ) + +
2 (G ( ))

2
p u( ) G ( )
+ d, 0 2, (1.189)
2 0 (G ( )) (G ( ))
where
+ ( ) = + (l(G ( ))), 0 ( ) = 0 (l(G ( ))).
Calculate singular integral in relationship (1.189) using quadrature formulas

(1.118) and (1.119). Values of the function u( ) in arbitrary point = k can be
calculated using interpolation formula (1.112).
If the hole edge is free of applied loads, then the contour stress at hole edge
can be calculated using a simpler formula. Singular integral equation (1.173) can
be interpreted as the equation for a closed cut dividing the elastic plane onto inner
and outer in relation to contour L portions. Since the inner region in unloaded, the
boundary value of potential is (t) = 0 (t L). Now we have from Sokhotski
Plemelj formulas
+ (t) (t) = + (t) = ig (t). (1.190)
Taking into account relationship (1.180), we can found stresses s at hole edge
in arbitrary point using formula [94]
u( ) u( )
s = 4pIm = 4p Im . (1.191)
( ) (G ( ))
Stress state inside the elastic region is determined from formulas (1.162). Integrals
contained in complex potentials (z) and (z) are therefore regular and computable
using quadrature formulas (1.119). They are computable using standard quadratures
too (see e.g. [17, 46, 80]).
Above presented concerns an arbitrary smooth curvilinear hole in elastic plane.
The contour stress computing procedure is in detail illustrated by example of elliptical
hole below.
Let us write parametrical equation of ellipse in the form

t = l( ) = l cos i sin , 0 2, (1.192)

where = /l ( = l/b) is relative radius of curvature in the vertex of ellipse A,
= b /l is radius of contour L curvature in the same vertex, l and b are semi-major
2
and semi-minor axes of ellipse, respectively (Fig. 1.17).

Order of linear algebraic equations system can be decreased for symmetrical
regions and in presence of symmetrical loads. If an elastic region is symmetrical
with respect to axis Ox and applied loads satisfy the condition p(t) = p(t), then the
sought function must obey the same conditions of symmetry [94]
g (t) = g (t). (1.193)
Similarly, if an elastic region is symmetrical with respect to axis Oy and applied

loads satisfy the respective condition of symmetry (p(t) = p(t)), we have the
same condition of symmetry for the sought function
g (t) = g (t). (1.194)
Using a general property of kernels (1.176) of integral equations (1.175) [94]
K (t, t ) = K (t, t ), L (t, t ) = L (t, t ),

one can show that the following equalities are valid in the points t = x L laying
on the axis Ox
K (t, x ) = K (t, x ), L (t, x ) = L (t, x ). (1.195)
If axis Oy is axis of symmetry, one has in points t = iy of the contour L
K (t, iy ) = K (t, iy ), L (t, iy ) = L (t, iy ). (1.196)
In order to introduce symmetry with respect to two axes Ox and Oy, we shall represent
the system of linear algebraic equations (1.186) in the form
1
4n
M(k , m )u(k ) + N(k , m )u(k ) = p(m ), m = 1, . . . , 4n; (1.197)
2n
k=1
(2k 1) 2(m 1)
k = , m = ,
4n 4n
where n is arbitrary natural number.
Taking into consideration conditions of twofold symmetry in relation to axes Ox
and Oy, the order of algebraic equations systems (1.197) can be reduced by a factor
of four. From conditions of symmetry (1.193) and (1.194) for function g (t) the
following relationships emerge for function u( )
u(2 ) = u( ), u( ) = u( ). (1.198)
The conditions of symmetry thus reduce the system of 4n complex algebraic

equations (1.197) to the system of n complex equations

1 n

Re
M (k , m )u(k ) = p(m ), m = 1,

n

1
k=1
n
M (k , m )u(k ) + N (k , m )u(k ) = p(m ), m = 2, . . . , n, (1.199)

2n

k=1

n

1
M (k , m )u(k ) = p(m ), m = n + 1.

n Re
k=1
for n unknown values of the function u(k ) (k = 1, . . . , n). Here, the following
notations are introduced
M (k , m ) = M(k , m ) N( k , m ) +
M( + k , m ) + N(2 k , m ),
N (k , m ) = N(k , m ) M( k , m ) +
N( + k , m ) + M(2 k , m ). (1.200)
It should be noted that under conditions of symmetry (1.193) and (1.194) with
respect to two axes simultaneously, functionals M1 and a1 in the integral equation
(1.173) that ensured a single solution of integral equations at arbitrary form of right
side, are identically zero. For this reason, certain transformations were made in the
system (1.199) dictated by conditions of symmetry (namely, absence of shear stresses
at axes of symmetry and null respective components of displacement). In this con-
nection, equations for m = 1 and m = n + 1 were written in real form. Thereat
values of functions p() in nodes 1 = 0 and n+1 = /2 have nonzero only real
parts, which follows from absence of shear stresses at axes of symmetry.
Application of transform (1.183) for thickening of quadrature nodes is not neces-
sary in given case, although quasi-singularity still exists in vertices of elliptical hole,
when relative radii of curvature are small. It can be explained by the fact that para-
metric equation of ellipse (1.192) already has form which ensures sufficient density
of quadrature nodes near ellipse vertices.
Knowing now solution of algebraic equations system (1.199), we can easily derive
complex stress potentials (1.170), which describe stress-strain state in whole elastic
plane. Contour stress s at the hole edge can be determined directly from found
function u( ) using the formula (1.191).
Stress concentration factor kA in the vertex A (Fig. 1.17) is determinable from
s (0) u(0)
kA = = 4Im , (1.201)
p (0)
values u(0) being computable using the interpolation formula (1.165) (with changing
n by 4n). Taking into consideration conditions of symmetry (1.198) and performing
certain transformations of (1.165), one gets
1
n
(2k 1)
u(0) = (1)k+1 csc Re u(k ). (1.202)
n 4n
k=1
Stress concentration factor kA calculations had been made in [49] for decreasing
sequence of relative radius values : = {1, 21 , 22 , . . . , 221 }. Table 1.3 presents
SCF values calculated for three smallest radii from this sequence.
Relative compu-
tational error of kA estimation (precise value kA = 1 + 2/ see e.g. [69, 86]) was
less than about 0.001 %.
Table 1.3 Stress concentration factor at the vertex of elliptical hole for small values of relative
rounding radius = /l = b2 /l 2

kA kA
0.00000191 1448.1492 2.001382
0.00000095 2052.9481 2.000966
0.00000048 2887.7513 2.000693
1.4 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral Equations Using Quadrature Method 51
Fig. 1.19 Fitting of stress

concentration factor values
in the vertex of elliptical hole
for small values of relative
rounding radius

The product kA quite slowly approaches the limit value equal 2. Fitting of cal-
culated values using the function

kA = c1 + c2 (1.203)
in the interval < 104 yields the following estimation:

kA = 2.000000 + 0.999998 . (1.204)
6
c1 and c2 is less than 5 10 . Figure 1.19
Computational error for coefficients
demonstrates calculated values kA (circles) and fitting function (1.204) plot for
small values of relative rounding radius .
The presented above numerical data illustrate accuracy of singular integral equa-
tion method in calculating stresses. Minimal vertex rounding radius for elliptical
hole, for which correct stress values at hole contour were successfully calculated
(i.e. with relative error less than 0.001 %), corresponds to ellipse semi-axis ratio
b/l 1/1500.
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Chapter 2
Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane
with a Semi-infinite Notch
Abstract The second chapter presents analysis of stress fields in elastic plane with
a semi-infinite notch under conditions of plane stress state or plane strain state. Well-
known boundary value problem solutions for eigenvalues of a wedge in the plane
elasticity theory are considered at first. Then the same solutions are constructed for
the semi-infinite rounded V-shaped notch. Based on these solutions, the relationship
between stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor in elastic bodies with
rounded or sharp V-shaped notches had been established.
2.1 Methods for Stress Analysis in Notched Bodies
Studies of stress and displacement fields around tip of sharp V-notch with different
boundary conditions given at its edges are of great importance in fracture mechan-
ics. Investigations in this field had been initiated by Wieghardt [242] as far back
as in year 1907. In the thirties of the last century, they were continued by Brahtz
[2527]. In 1952, Williams [243] had studied the eigenvalues problem for elastic
wedge with various boundary conditions given at its edges. Thereafter these issues
had been examined by many other researchers [11, 13, 44, 96, 105, 106, 182, 187,
208, 216, 218, 222, 244]. Bodies with V-notches, just as bodies with cracks, are clas-
sified in fracture mechanics in relation to loading mode (Fig. 2.1). Namely, there is
Mode I, when tensile loads are applied symmetrically with respect to bisector plane,
and Modes II or III, when shear loads are applied antisymmetrically in relation to
bisector plane and directed either perpendicular or parallel to notch front (hereinafter
term front designates the intersection of V-notchs faces, whereas term edge cor-
responds to divergent projections of wedge, just in the case of crack). First two loading
modes are created by forces applied to the body with V-notch in the plane that is per-
pendicular to notch front. These modes will be studied in this chapter within a plane
problem of elasticity theory. The third loading mode is created by forces parallel to
notch front and called out-of-plane or antiplane shear. This mode will be considered
in Chap. 10.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_2
58 2 Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane with a Semi-infinite Notch
Stresses in elastic body with V-notch can be presented in the form
K IV K IIV K III
V
ik = f ik (, ) + gik (, ) + hik (, )
(2 r)I (2 r)II (2 r)III
(i, k = r, , z), (2.1)
where K IV , K IIV , and K III

V
are stress intensity factors (generalized) in the tip of V-notch
with opening angle 2; I , II , and III are stress singularity exponents; (r, ) are
polar coordinates with pole in notch tip and polar axis along axis x (see diagram
in Fig. 2.1).
The presence of power singularity in elastic body essentially complicates numer-
ical solution of elasticity theorys boundary value problems for regions with notched
boundary. It is especially true for problems, in which mixed loading modes
(I+II modes) are realized, i.e., simultaneously two different singularities arise near
notch tip. Therefore numerical analysis often relies on approximate approaches,
which either ignore singularities in corner points at all or consider only a single
singularity of higher order [77, 116].
For the first time, stress intensity factor in the tip of sharp edge notch in a rec-
tangular specimen under tension and bending was determined using a method of
boundary collocations [85]. In order to do so, a known [243] expansion into an
eigenfunction series within an elasticity theory plane problem for a wedge was used.
Expansion coefficients were determined from algebraic equations system, which was
constructed by obeying boundary conditions in a respective number of collocation
points. Such approach was proved to be effective at vertex angles 2 < /3. At
larger vertex angles, it was necessary to take number of collocation points higher
than required to determine coefficients of truncated series, i.e., number of constructed
algebraic equations was higher than number of unknown functions. In such cases
complete equations system were constructed using a least squares method [31, 32].
To solve two-dimensional problems of elasticity theory in notched regions, the
finite elements method (FEM) is most appropriate. This method is based on applica-
tion of special finite elements, which allow describing desired stress field singularity
using asymptotic analytical solutions. Such special elements surround the singularity
Fig. 2.1 Three loading

modes for a body with
V-notch
2.1 Methods for Stress Analysis in Notched Bodies 59
in the bodys boundary (notch vertex). There are three groups of such finite elements
in use: hybrid elements (see, e.g., [141]), degenerated asymptotic elements [1], and
analytical elements [219].
Stress intensity factors are determined using few different approaches as well
[218, 221]. There are direct methods [141, 217, 219], which yield SIF values imme-
diately from simulated stress field near notch tip; asymptotic methods [213], which
compare stress distributions in vicinity of singularity obtained both analytically and
numerically, and energy methods [10, 16, 29, 30, 37, 43, 142, 143, 180, 226, 227,
230, 256258], which use energy integrals independent of integration path.
Overviews of studies in notched bodies fracture mechanics performed on the
basis of finite elements method can be found in monographs [216, 218] and papers
[70, 79, 80, 215, 217, 222, 259].
Another approach, frequently used in solving problems of elasticity theory for
bodies with notches, is boundary element method (BEM) [44, 58, 84, 123, 171,
173, 174, 218, 238, 251]. In boundary element approach, only regions boundaries
are discretized. However, description of stress singularity at the sharp notch vertex
here requires use of special boundary elements similarly to finite elements approach.
Some numerical methods [7173, 168, 231, 232] use boundary elements or bound-
ary collocation to construct up weighting functions as well. Such functions enable
calculating stress intensity factors at the sharp notch or notch crack tip under any
type of loading based merely on integration of stresses at boundary of body with
corresponding weighting functions. It should be noted that the method of weighting
function has found only limited application in solving problems of elastic regions
with notches.
More frequently used in stress concentration problems is so-called body force
method [157, 158]. Applications of this method in solving problems of stress con-
centration near notches are reviewed in publications [42, 161].
We shall use in present work the method of singular integral equations [188] to
solve two-dimensional problems of elasticity theory. This method allows directly
determining stress intensity factors for any systems of straight [165] or curvilin-
ear [188] cracks as well as analyzing stress distributions in complicated regions with
holes and/or notches [208] or elastic inclusions [207]. One of the first problems
solved using this method was SIF calculating in the tip of edge V-notch in elastic
half-plane [234], integral equation of the problem being derived for a system of arbi-
trarily oriented straight cracks in half-plane [191]. The method of singular integral
equations had proved to be especially effective in elastic regions with smooth bound-
ary. Numerical implementation of this method encounters essential difficulties for
regions with corner points in boundary contours including regions with V-notches
[2, 12, 55, 69, 76, 92, 93, 147, 149, 150, 171, 172, 186, 190, 206, 208, 262264].
A unified approach was developed for regions with V-notches [107115, 166, 192
205, 210212] consisting in SIF determining in sharp notch tip using data on stress
concentration in tips of corresponding rounded V-notches.
Fracture mechanics includes also problems concerning stress concentration near
V-notches with strongly rounded tips, which generate very high stresses (higher
than ultimate strength of material) even at small loads and prevents from strength
estimating from classical criteria. Studies in this field are very rare that can be
explained by analytical difficulties arising in solving problems of elasticity theory for
bodies with rounded V-notches with small radii of curvature in tips. To solve prob-
lems of such class starting from data on stress concentration in the rounded V-notch
tip with a quite large radius of curvature, approximate methods are therefore of great
importance. Such data can be collected by various techniques. To find a solution, one
must know how stress concentration factor for rounded notch tip with a small radius
of curvature asymptotically depends on stress intensity factor for similar sharp stress
concentrator. These dependencies can be obtained by solving the singular boundary
value problem of semi-infinite rounded V-shaped notch in elastic plane under ordi-
nary asymptotic conditions for a stress field at infinity [15, 45, 46]. To construct
solutions to such problems we used the method of singular integral equations.
2.2 Eigensolutions of Elasticity Theory Plane Problem

for Wedge
2.2.1 Characteristic Equations
Let us study the eigenvalues problem for elastic wedge occupying the region S =
{(r, ); r 0, }, where r, are polar coordinates with pole in wedge
tip and polar axis along wedge bisector: z = x + iy = rei (Fig. 2.2).
Both normal ( ) and shear (r ) stresses at wedge faces are absent
+ ir = 0, = . (2.2)
Stress state inside the wedge is expressed in terms of complex stress potentials
(z) and (z) using formulae [153]

rr + = 2 (z) + (z) ,
z
rr ir = (z) + (z) z (z) (z). (2.3)
z
Fig. 2.2 Elastic wedge with

vertex angle 2
2.2 Eigensolutions of Elasticity Theory Plane Problem for Wedge 61
We are seeking the complex stress potentials in the form
(z) = Az , (z) = Bz , (2.4)
where A, B are complex constants. Although parameter can be, in general, complex,
we shall assume for simplicity this parameter real. It was shown earlier [244] that
the same result can be obtained even without such restriction, i.e., seeking complex
potentials in the form
(z) = Az + A z , (z) = Bz + B z , (2.5)
where A, B, A , B are complex constants. It follows from energy considerations (the

condition of energy integral finiteness) that the parameter must obey the condition
< 1 (or Re < 1) [11, 239, 240].
From equalities (2.3) one derives
z
+ ir = (z) + (z) + z (z) + (z). (2.6)
z
Now write the homogeneous equations system based on boundary conditions
Aei (1 ) + Aei + Bei(2) = 0,

Aei (1 ) + Aei + Bei(2) = 0. (2.7)
Supplement this system with two more adjoint equations
Ae2i (1 ) + A + Be2i(1) = 0,
Ae2i (1 ) + A + Be2i(1) = 0,
A + Ae2i (1 ) + Be2i(1) = 0, (2.8)
A + Ae2i (1 ) + Be2i(1) = 0.
In order for existence of nontrivial solution of homogeneous equations system, its

determinant must be zero.
2i
e
2i (1 ) 1 e2i(1) 0
e (1 ) 1 e 2i(1)
0

2i(1) = 0. (2.9)
1 e (1 )
2i
0 e

1 e 2i
(1 ) 0 e 2i(1)
From here we come to the characteristic equation
(1 )2 sin2 2 sin2 (2(1 )) = 0, (2.10)

which decomposes onto two equations: for symmetrical [243]
(1 ) sin 2 + sin(2(1 )) = 0 (2.11)
and antisymmetrical [243]
(1 ) sin 2 sin(2(1 )) = 0 (2.12)
stress distributions with respect to wedge bisecting line.

Equations (2.11) and (2.12) in the interval 0 < Re < 1 have no roots for
0 < < /2, whereas for /2 < < each of these equations has one real
root I (symmetrical configuration) and II (antisymmetrical configuration), which
belong to the interval (0, 1/2). At = (semi-infinite crack) these roots coincide:
I = II = 1/2. Numerical values of stress singularity exponents I and II are
presented in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
Symmetrical stress distribution has a power singularity of order I for V-notches
with vertex angle 0 2 < ( < 2 2 ). Antisymmetrical stress distribution
has a power singularity of order II for V-notches with vertex angle 0 2 < 2 .
Here angle = 0.894888 (51.2733 ) is the root of equation
tan 2( ) = 2( ), (2.13)
which can be obtained from equality (2.12), if the parameter II approaches zero
[11, 28, 236]. Dependence of stress singularity exponents in the tip of V-notch I
and II on vertex angle 2 is presented in Fig. 2.3.
To determine parameters I and II from data from Tables 2.1 and 2.2, the fitting
expressions had been chosen as follows [203]:
I 1.247 cos 1.312 cos2 + 0.8532 cos3 0.2882 cos4 ,

0 /2; (2.14)
Table 2.1 Values of stress singularity exponent I at the tip of elastic wedge under symmetrical
loading
2 0 10 15 30 45 60 75
I 0.5000 0.5000 0.4998 0.4986 0.4950 0.4878 0.4753
2 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
I 0.4555 0.4261 0.3843 0.3264 0.2480 0.1427 0.0000
Table 2.2 Values of stress singularity exponent II at the tip of elastic wedge under antisymmetrical
loading
2 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 102, 5
II 0.5000 0.4547 0.4018 0.3403 0.2691 0.1868 0.0915 0.0000
Fig. 2.3 Stress singularity

exponents in the tip
of V-notch I (curve I) and
II (curve II) with respect to
vertex angle 2
II 0.5 0.3134tan 0.2479tan2 + 0.1937tan3 0.0410tan4 ,

0 . (2.15)
Maximal absolute error of these functions was below 0.001. They can serve as a good
initial approximation for numerical solution of Eqs. (2.11) and (2.12) using Newton
method.
Note that values = 0 obey both characteristic equations (2.11) and (2.12) at
any angle values , but this root is extraneous and generates no eigenfunctions. This
root has a definite physical sense only in limit cases, when /2 (symmetrical
distribution) or (antisymmetrical distribution), see Fig. 2.3.
2.2.2 Stress Intensity Factors in V-Notch Tip
Hereinafter we shall consider only elastic wedges with reentrant angles, i.e., vertex
angle 2 < , when stresses in wedge tip has a power singularity. Let us find from
system (2.7) the relation between coefficients A and B
(1 ) sin(2) sin(2)
B= A= A, (2.16)
sin(2(1 )) sin(2)
where upper and lower signs correspond to symmetrical and antisymmetrical distri-
butions, respectively.
Taking into account that at the symmetry axis (wedge bisecting line) stresses
(r, 0) and r (r, 0) correspond to symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts of stress
field, respectively, we get from relationships (2.4) and (2.6)
(2 I ) sin 2 sin(2I )
(r, 0) + ir (r, 0) = r I Re A +
sin 2
sin(2II ) II sin 2
+ ir II Im A. (2.17)
sin 2
Hereinafter we shall suppose that the constants A and B correspond to eigenvalues
I and II responsible for singular stresses in the wedge tip.
Let us introduce stress intensity factors in the V-notch tip for symmetrical K IV
(mode I) and antisymmetrical K IIV (mode II) stress distributions with the following
definitions [45, 214]

K IV = lim (2 r)I (r, 0) , (2.18)
r0

KII = lim (2 r)II r (r, 0) .
V
(2.19)
r0
It should be noted that the alternative stress intensity factor definitions are often
met in the literature as well [15, 85, 208]

KIV = 2 lim r I (r, 0) , (2.20)
r0

KII = 2 lim r II r (r, 0) .
V
(2.21)
r0
Interrelations between these definitions are obvious
KIV = (2 )1/2I K IV , KIIV = (2 )1/2II K IIV . (2.22)
We shall apply both stress intensity factors definitions in further outline with the
aim of easier comparing results of different authors.
Notice that SIF K IIV can be expressed also from polar stress gradient in the notch
tip using formula
(2 r)II (r, 0)
KII = lim
V
. (2.23)
r0 2 II
Applying formulae (2.18) and (2.19), we obtain
(2 I ) sin 2 sin(2I )
K IV = (2 )I Re A, (2.24)
sin 2
sin(2II ) II sin(2)
K IIV = (2 )II Im A. (2.25)
sin 2
From here one gets
K IV sin 2
Re A = I ( 2) sin 2 + sin(2 )
, (2.26)
(2 ) I I
K IIV sin 2
Im A = . (2.27)
(2 )II sin(2II ) II sin 2
From relationship (2.16), the constant B can be found as
K IV sin(2I )
Re B = I ( 2) sin 2 + sin(2 )
(2.28)
(2 ) I I
K IIV sin(2II )
Im B = (2.29)
(2 )II sin(2II ) II sin 2
Thus, complex potentials transform into the following form [15]:
K IV sin 2
(z) =
(2 z)I (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
iK IIV sin 2
+ , (2.30)
(2 z)II sin 2II II sin 2
K IV sin (2I )
(z) =
(2 z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
iK IIV sin 2II

+
.
(2 z) sin 2II II sin 2
II
Relationships (2.30) present solution to homogeneous singular boundary value

problem of elasticity theory [45] for wedge with vertex angle 2 > in a complex
stress state. This eigensolution has a clear physical meaning it determines singular
stress distribution in the wedge. Arbitrary constants K I,II
V
represent stress intensity
factors in the wedge tip. Relations (2.30) can serve as asymptotic at infinity dur-
ing solving various homogeneous singular boundary value problems for V-shaped
regions.
Substituting potentials (2.30) into relationship (2.3), we get stress tensor compo-
nents in the wedge in polar coordinate system [218, 222]

K IV 2 + I
rr = cos (2 I ) cos I + cos I cos (2 I ) +
(2 r)I 1 2 I
K IIV
+ [(1 + II ) sin II sin (2 II ) +
(2 r)II 2
+ (2 + II ) sin (2 II ) sin II ] ,
K IV
= [cos (2 I ) cos I cos I cos (2 I ) ] +
(2 r)I 1
K IIV
+ [(II 2) sin II sin (2 II ) +
(2 r)II 2
+ (2 II ) sin (2 II ) sin II ] ,

K IV
I
r = cos (2 I ) sin I cos I sin (2 I ) +
(2 r)I 1 2 I
K IIV
+ [(2 II ) sin II cos (2 II ) +
(2 r)II 2
II sin (2 II ) cos II ] , (2.31)
where
1 = cos(2 I ) cos I ,
2 = (2 II ) sin II II sin(2 II ).
Correspondingly, components of displacement vector in wedge can be represented

in the form

K IV r (2r)I 1 + I
ur = cos(2 I ) cos I + cos I cos(2 I ) +
2G(1 I )1 2 I
K IIV r (2r)II
+ [(2 II ) sin II sin (2 II ) +
2G(1 II )2
+ ( 1 + II ) sin (2 II ) sin II ] ,
I
K r (2r)
V
+ 1 I
u = I cos (2 I ) sin I +
2G(1 I )1 2 I

+ cos I sin (2 I ) +
K IIV r (2r)II
+ (2 II ) sin II cos (2 II ) +
2G(1 II )2

+ ( + 1 II ) sin (2 II ) cos II , (2.32)
where is an elastic constant (see (1.18)).

Similar relations for Cartesian stress tensor components and components of dis-
placement vector are derivable using potentials (2.30) and relationships from (1.16)
to (1.18) [208]. Relationships (2.31) and (2.32) show that stress intensity factors at
the tip of sharp V-notch K IV and K IIV determine stressstrain state around the notch
tip. They depend on applied loads and shape of elastic body. These parameters are
therefore the main parameters of linear fracture mechanics for bodies with V-notches.
Note that relations (2.31) and (2.32) are valid only for vertex angles 2 < , anti-
symmetrical part with intensity factor K IIV being absent in the interval < < 2
since the characteristic equation (2.12) have no solutions here. Let us consider in more
detail a borderline case when (II 0). In this case complex potentials for
antisymmetrical part of stress distribution
sin 2 V
0 (z) = iC + K ,
2 sin 2 II
i sin 2
z0 (z) = K V ,
2 sin 2 II
2i
0 (z) = K V , = (2.33)
2 sin 2 II

and corresponding stresses in the wedge
sin 2 + 2 sin 2 V
rr = KII ,
2 sin 2
2 sin 2 2 sin 2 V
= KII ,
2 sin 2
2 cos 2 sin 2 V
r = KII (2.34)
2 sin 2
are independent of radial coordinate r and depend only on the angle . Here C is a real
constant irrelevant of stress state in the wedge. Shear stresses at wedge bisecting line
are constant, i.e., r (r, 0) = K IIV .
This section contains results of studying stress and displacement distributions
around a V-shaped notch in isotropic homogeneous linearly elastic material. Similar
studies were conducted also for other materials in both linear and nonlinear approach.
In particular, one can find publications devoted to studying stress distribution around
V-shaped notch in viscoelastic solids [5, 24], linearly elastic orthotropic [18, 19, 78,
146, 155, 245, 247] or anisotropic materials [3, 4, 14, 17, 22, 4951, 61, 95, 101,
102, 104, 130, 169, 246]. Publications are also known on piecewise homogeneous
wedge consisting of isotropic [8, 9, 20, 21, 23, 34, 35, 40, 41, 59, 60, 62, 66, 86,
91, 100, 118122, 137, 139, 151, 152, 154, 159, 175177, 179, 183185, 223, 228,
233], orthotropic [248, 249], or anisotropic [5254, 97, 103, 117, 131, 138, 148,
250] materials. Several works present stress state around V-shaped notch in nonlinear
homogeneous [38, 39, 74, 124127, 134, 145, 160, 237, 241, 252, 253, 260, 261,
267] or piecewise homogeneous [209, 265] materials.
It should be highlighted that the knowledge about stressstrain state distribution
near V-shaped notch gives as a foundation for experimental techniques for notch
stress intensity factor determination [87].
2.2.3 Constructing General Solution Using Eigenfunctions
Characteristic equations (2.11) and (2.12) have an infinite number of roots, some
of them possibly being complex. Corresponding to these roots eigensolutions (eigen-
values) in form of complex potentials, stresses, or displacements obey zero boundary
conditions for stresses at wedge faces. General solution to plane elasticity theory
problem for region with sharp V-notch can be written in the form of eigenfunction
series with unknown constant coefficients. Such approach had been used in many
applications, for example, in finite element method at simulating a special element
with sharp V-notch [7, 57, 70, 140, 217220, 235, 254, 255] and boundary colloca-
tions method for finite elastic bodies with V-notches. In such cases unknown coef-
ficients are sought from equations system obtained by obeying boundary conditions
in points of collocation at elastic regions boundary beyond the notch faces [2933,
85, 163].
Based on relationships (2.31) and (2.32), which are valid for other eigenvalues as
well, the general solution can be rewritten also in terms of stresses and displacements
as

(n)
ij (r, ) = ij,s (r, , I(n) ) + ij,a
(n)
(r, , II(n) ) ,
n=0
r (r, ) = r (r, ),

(n)
ui (r, ) = ui,s (r, , I(n) ) + ui,a
(n)
(r, , II(n) ) , i, j = r, , (2.35)
n=0
where symmetrical

(n)

(n) An 2 + I (n) (n) (n) (n)
rr,s = (n) (n) (n)
cos(2 I ) cos I + cosI cos(2 I ) ,
r I 1 2 I
An
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
,s = (n) (n)
cos(2 I ) cos I cos I cos(2 I ) ,
r I 1

(n)

(n) An I (n) (n) (n) (n)
r,s = (n) (n) (n)
cos(2 I ) sin I cos I sin(2 I ) ;
r I 1 2 I
(n)
(n)
(n) An r 1I 1 + I (n) (n)
ur,s = (n) (n) (n)
cos(2 I ) cos I +
2G(1 I )1 2 I

(n) (n)
+ cos I cos(2 I ) ,
(n)
(n)
(n) An r 1I + 1 I (n) (n)
u,s = (n) (n) (n)
cos(2 I ) sin I +
2G(1 I )1 2 I

(n) (n)
+ cos I sin(2 I ) (2.36)
and antisymmetrical
Bn
(n)
rr,a = (1 + II(n) ) sin II(n) sin(2 II(n) ) +
r (n)
II 2(n)

+(2 + II(n) ) sin(2 II(n) ) sin II(n) ,
Bn
(n)
,a = (II(n) 2) sin II(n) sin(2 II(n) ) +
r II 2(n)
(n)

+(2 II(n) ) sin(2 II(n) ) sin II(n) ,
An
(n)
r,a = (2 II(n) ) sin II(n) cos(2 II(n) ) +
r I 2(n)
(n)

II(n) sin(2 II(n) ) cos II(n) ;
Bn r 1II
(n)

(n)
ur,a = (2 II(n) ) sin II(n) sin(2 II(n) ) +
2G(1 II(n) )2(n)

+( 1 + II(n) ) sin(2 II(n) ) sin II(n) ,
Bn r 1II
(n)

(n)
u,a = (2 II(n) ) sin II cos(2 II(n) ) +
2G(1 II(n) )2(n)

+ + 1 II(n) sin(2 II(n) ) cos II(n) (2.37)
parts of eigensolutions contain arbitrary constants An and Bn , respectively. Here
1(n) = cos(2 I(n) ) cos I(n) ,

2(n) = (2 II(n) ) sin II(n) II(n) sin(2 II(n) );
I(n) and II(n) are roots of characteristic equations (2.11) and (2.12), where 0I = I ,
0I = II ; constants A0 and B0 are connected with stress intensity factors K IV and K IIV
by obvious interrelation.
Eigensolutions representation in the form (2.36) and (2.37) is valid, generally
speaking, only for real eigenvalues I(n) and II(n) . If eigenvalues are complex, formu-
lae (2.36) and (2.37) must be modified in such way that right sides were real, because
their left sides are real (see e.g. [218]). This can be made by taking into consideration
the fact that each complex eigenvalue has its conjugated eigenvalue. It follows from
the structure of characteristic equations (2.11) and (2.12).
Relationships (2.30) can serve as a starting point for similarly expanding the
general solution in terms of complex potentials.
2.3 Semi-infinite Curvilinear Notches in Elastic Plane
2.3.1 Parabolic Notch
2.3.1.1 Symmetrical Loading
Assume that a semi-infinite crack is located in elastic plane along the negative semi-
axis x. KolosovMuskhelishvili complex stress potentials, which determine principal
initial stress state as follows from relationships (2.30), have the following form for
the symmetrical loading:
KI KI
0 (z) = , 0 (z) = , z = x + iy, (2.38)
2 2 z 4 2 z
where KI is stress intensity factor at a crack tip. In this general approach, stresses y0
at the complementary semi-axis x are given by the formula
KI
y0 (x, 0) = x 1/2 , (x > 0). (2.39)
2
Consider now a parabolic notch with the contour L specified by equation

z= (1 i)2 , < < . (2.40)
2
The parabola (2.40) has focus in point z = 0 and vertex in point z = /2. Here is
radius of curvature in notch tip (Fig. 2.4). When radius of curvature approaches zero,
parabolic notch transforms into the semi-infinite crack. Assume that the principal
stress state in elastic region is determined by potentials (2.38) and that notch contour
L is free of stresses
N (t) + iT (t) = 0, t L. (2.41)
Fig. 2.4 Parabolic notch

in elastic plane
2.3 Semi-infinite Curvilinear Notches in Elastic Plane 71
where N (t) and T (t) are normal and shear components of stress vector at notch
contour.
Complex stress potentials for plane with a parabolic notch are sought as the sum
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (2.42)
where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) are defined by the formulae (2.38) and potentials
(z) and (z) describe disturbed stress state induced by the notch [15]
KI
(z) = 0, (z) = . (2.43)
2 z 2 z
Maximal stress (in the tip of parabola) is equal to
2KI
(y )max = (2.44)

Taking into account relationships (2.39), the last equality is in the form
KI
(y )max = RI 1/2 , (RI = 2 2). (2.45)
2
Introduced here factor RI (stress rounding factor) characterizes transition from the
stress y in vicinity of sharp notch or crack tip to the maximal stress y in the tip
of rounded notch. The formula (2.44) has found a wide application in engineer-
ing practice for estimating maximal stresses in tips of narrow notches. It was first
published by Irwin [98], and thereafter it is frequently encountered in later publica-
tions [6, 48, 56, 75, 81, 82, 89, 133, 156, 162, 189, 229].
From relationships (2.44) or (2.45), a formula follows to determine stress intensity
factor in crack tip through stress concentration factor or maximal stress max in the
tip of narrow notch [36, 98, 181, 189, 225]

max
KI = lim . (2.46)
0 2
It should be highlighted that the formula (2.46) has not general applicability. It is
valid only at transition from a parabolic notch or a notch reducible to parabolic (for
example, hyperbolic notch with zero vertex angle) to crack. Such transition depends
not only on radius of curvature , but also factor RI , which in its turn depends on
notch shape in vicinity of its tip.
Based on precise solution to the problem about elastic plane with elliptical hole
under tension, the limit transition with major axis of an ellipse approaching infinity
was used to construct formulae for symmetrical stress distribution near parabolic
notch tip [56]

KI 3 3
x = cos 1 sin sin cos ,
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2

KI 3 3
y = cos 1 + sin sin + cos ,
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2

KI 3 3
xy = sin cos cos sin , (2.47)
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2
where r, , (z = x + iy = r exp(i )) are polar coordinates with pole in focus

of parabola (see Fig. 2.4).
Using formulae (2.42) and (2.43), we obtain corresponding relations for displace-
ment components [164]

r 1 1 3
2Gu = KI cos cos + cos ,
2 2 2 2 2 r 2

r 1 1 3
2Gv = KI + sin sin + sin , (2.48)
2 2 2 2 2 r 2
where designations are the same as used for crack (1.64).

Note that formulae (2.47) ensue also directly from complex stress potentials (2.42)
and (2.43) derived for the parabolic notch. These formulae frequently find application
as asymptotic expressions at estimating stress distribution near narrow notches with
small relative rounding radius in the tip.
2.3.1.2 Antisymmetrical Loading
Complex stress potentials for semi-infinite crack along the negative semi-axis, which
determine principal initial stress state as follows from relationships (2.30), have the
following form for the antisymmetrical loading
iKII 3iKII
0 (z) = , 0 (z) = , z = x + iy, (2.49)
2 2 z 4 2 z
where KII is stress intensity factor at a crack tip. In this general approach, stresses
xy
0
at the complementary semi-axis x are given by the formula
KII
xy
0
(x, 0) = x 1/2 (x > 0). (2.50)
2
Again complex stress potentials for elastic plane with a parabolic notch are sought
as the sum (2.42), where principal stress state is determined by potentials (2.49) while
disturbed stress state induced by the parabolic notch is described by functions [15]
iKII
(z) = 0, (z) = . (2.51)
2z 2 z
This time normal and shear components of stress vector at notch tip are zero. Shear
stresses reach maximum values in the point that lays inside the elastic region on axis
Ox at the distance from parabola tip

3 2KII
max = xy , 0 = . (2.52)
2 3 3
Extremal values of tangential normal stress at the notch contour are attained in points
x = 0, y =
KII
s,extr = (2.53)

Taking into account relationships (2.50), write the last equality in the form

= KII RII 1/2 , (RII = 2), (2.54)
s,extr
2
where stress rounding factor RII plays under antisymmetrical loading the same role
as the factor RI under symmetrical loading.
From relationship (2.53), a formula follows to determine stress intensity factor
in crack tip KII through stress concentration factor or maximal stress max near the
tip of narrow notch under antisymmetrical loading [189, 225]

KII = lim max . (2.55)
0
Corresponding formula connecting the factor KII and maximal shear stresses max
can be derived based on the relation (2.52) [15, 178, 189, 266]

3
KII = lim 3max . (2.56)
0 2
The formulae (2.55) and (2.56) are valid only at transition from a parabolic notch
or a notch reducible to parabolic to crack. It must be noted that the relation (2.56)
in some publications is erroneously presented [36, 181] in somewhat another form.
Based on the precise solution to the problem about elastic plane with elliptical hole
under tension, the formulae were constructed for antisymmetrical stress distribution
near parabolic notch tip as well [56]

KII 3 3
x = sin 2 + cos cos sin ,
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2

KII 3 3
y = sin cos cos sin ,
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2

KII 3 3
xy = cos 1 sin sin cos . (2.57)
2 r 2 2 2 2r 2
Using formulae (2.42) and (2.51), we obtain corresponding relations for displace-
ment components [164]

r 3 1 3
2Gu = KII + sin + cos sin ,
2 2 2 2 2 r 2

r 3 1 3
2Gv = KII + cos cos + cos , (2.58)
2 2 2 2 2 r 2
where designations are the same as used for crack (1.64).

Note that formulae (2.57) are also in accordance with the analytical solution (2.42),
(2.49) and (2.51). The relationships (2.44), (2.52) and (2.53) can be readily derived
asymptotically [189] for small relative radius of curvature in the tip of elliptical
hole, if precise problem solution is known. General solution to homogeneous bound-
ary value problem for elastic plane with a parabolic notch had been derived also
by Cherepanov [45] in somewhat another form than relationships (2.42), (2.43)
and (2.51).
2.3.1.3 Complex-Stressed State
In the case of complex loading, stress distribution around tip of a parabolic notch
will be described by expressions that can be obtained as sums of relationships (2.47)
and (2.57). The same expressions in polar coordinate system r, are [164]

5 cos 2 cos 2 r cos 2
3 2
r
1 KI
= 3 cos 2 + cos 23 + 2 cos 2 +
4 2 r

r

r sin 2 + sin 23 + 2 sin 2
r

5 sin 2 + 3 sin 23 2 r
sin 2

1 KII
+ sin 2 sin 23 + 2 sin
. (2.59)
4 2 r

r 2

cos 2 + 3 cos 2 r cos 2
3 2
Corresponding formulae for displacements have the form

2Gur r 21 cos 2 21 cos 23 + r cos 21
= KI +
2Gu 2 + 21 sin 2 + 21 sin 23 r sin 21

r 21 sin 2 + 23 sin 23 + r sin 2
+ KII . (2.60)
2 + 21 cos 2 + 23 cos 23 + r cos 2
To estimate limit equilibrium of bodies with sharp or rounded notches under

complex stress state, there is a concept of elastic strain energy density in fracture
mechanics [167, 170, 224]. Strain energy density in polar coordinate system can be
represented as

1 ur ur 1 u 1 ur u u
W= r + + + r + . (2.61)
2 r r r r r r
Substituting components of stresses (2.59) and displacements (2.60), one comes

to [164]
1
W= a11 KI2 + 2a12 KI KII + a22 KII2 , (2.62)
r
where
2
1
a11 = (1 + cos ) ( cos ) + ,
8G r

1 2
a12 = [2 cos ( 1)] sin sin ,
8G r
2
1 4
a22 = [ (1 cos ) + (1 + 3 cos ) cos ] cos + . (2.63)
8G r r
At = 0, the expression (2.62) transforms into well-known relationship [167, 170]

for strain energy density in mechanics of cracks.
2.3.2 Hyperbolic Notch
2.3.2.1 Symmetrical Loading
Let us consider elastic wedge with the tip in coordinate system origin and vertex
angle 2 (/2 < < ) (Fig. 2.5). Wedge edges are located in left half-plane and
described by equation
y = x tan . (2.64)
KolosovMuskhelishvili complex stress potentials, which determine principal

stress state have the following form for the symmetrical loading (see (2.30)):
KV sin 2
0s (z) = I zI ,
2 (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
KV sin (2I )
0s (z) = I zI , (2.65)
2 (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
Fig. 2.5 Hyperbolic notch

in elastic plane
where KIV is notch stress intensity factor in the wedge tip introduced so as stresses
y0 at the complementary semi-axis x are determined by the formula
KV
y0 (x, 0) = I x I (x > 0). (2.66)
2
Let the hyperbolic notch be cut in the elastic wedge so that the notchs contour L
(namely, left branch of hyperbola) is described by the equation [15]
cos
z= exp (i ) , 1 < < 1. (2.67)
cos cos ( )
Asymptotes to the hyperbola

y = x tan (2.68)
sin
intersect with angle 2 (0 = < /2), its focus is located in point z = 0,
and its vertex in point
cos
z= = 1 cot 2 .
cos 1 2 2
Radius of hyperbola curvature in its vertex equals to . At = , hyperbola con-

verges into parabola (2.40).
The problem for disturbed stress state induced in the wedge by a hyperbolic
notch with unloaded contour L was reduced [15] to ShermanLauricella integral
equation [153], which can be solved numerically. The results of stress rounding
factor RI in the formula for maximal stresses in notch tip
Table 2.3 Stress rounding 2 RI

factor RI for different vertex
Benthem Lazzarin Strandberg Filippi
angles of hyperbolic notch
[15] Tovo [133] [229] et al. [75]

0 2 2 2 2 2 2
30 2.814 2.912 3.01 3.013
60 2.769 2.906 3.03 3.080
90 2.665 2.768 2.98 2.985
120 2.444 2.460 2.81 2.675
150 1.992 1.946 2.24 2.087
165 1.613 1.576
180 1 1
KV
y max
= I RI I (2.69)
2
are presented in Table 2.3.
2.3.2.2 Antisymmetrical Loading
Complex stress potentials in this case are similarly sought in the form (2.42), where
principal stress state in accordance with relationships (2.30) is given by functions
iK V sin 2
0a (z) = II zII ,
2 sin 2II II sin 2
iK V sin 2II
0a (z) = II zII , (2.70)
2 sin 2II II sin 2
where KIIV is notch stress intensity factor in the wedge tip and stresses xy
0
at the
complementary semi-axis x are determined by the formula
KV
xy
0
(x, 0) = II x II (x > 0). (2.71)
2
Extremal normal stresses are attained in two points of the notch contour and can
be represented as [15]
KIIV
RII II ,
s,extr = (2.72)
2
where numerical values of the factor RII are given in Table 2.4. The table presents also
coordinates of extremum points (coordinate x has origin in the vertex of hyperbola)
Table 2.4 Values of parameter II , factor RII , and coordinate of points, in which normal stress is
equal to s,extr [15]
2 II RII x / y/
257.4534 0 1.666844 0.669 1.426
260 0.019525 1.674068 0.581 1.281
270 0.091471 1.715070 0.469 1.076
300 0.269099 1.803234 0.446 0.979
330 0.401808 1.7567 0.480 0.988

360 0.5 2 0.5 1

Table 2.5 Values of parameter II , maximal dimensionless shear stress max = 2 II max /KIIV
and coordinates of points at axis x, in which the maximum is attained [15]
2 II max x /
257.4534 0 1
260 0.019525 0.954819 5.83
270 0.091471 0.877002 2.184
300 0.269099 0.776696 1.208
330 0.401808 0.695245 1.038

360 0.5 2 2/(3 3) 1

x x = 1 cot 2 .
2 2
Maximal shear stresses max are attained in inner points at the axis x. Their coor-
dinates x and dimensionless values of stress are presented in Table 2.5.
2.3.3 Curvilinear Notch of Special Shape
2.3.3.1 Approach of Lazarin and Tovo [133]
Lazarin and Tovo [133] were first who had derived stress distribution around
the curvilinear notch tip, which can be approximated by a rounded V-notch with
vertex angle 2 (Fig. 2.6). To construct the solution to this problem, they have used
curvilinear coordinates u and v, which are binded with Cartesian coordinates x and
y by relationship
z = x + iy = wq = (u + iv)q , q = 2 (1 / ) . (2.73)
The line u = 0 in new coordinate system is an image of wedge boundary with vertex
1/q
angle 2 = 2( ). Coordinate curve u = u0 = r0 , where r0 is the distance
Fig. 2.6 Curvilinear notch

of special shape
of its vertex from origin of coordinate system, corresponds to edge of curvilinear

semi-infinite notch (Fig. 2.6). Radius of curvature in the notch tip depends on the
distance r0 : = qr0 /(q 1). Selecting different distances r0 , it is possible to obtain
curvilinear notches with different curvatures in their tips.
Then the approximate eigensolutions for thus defined curvilinear semi-infinite
notches in elastic plane has been found. On this basis, approximate expressions
binding stress components in elastic region to notch stress intensity factors KIV and
KIIV in the tip of respective sharp V-notch were written as follows

1 r I KIV (2 I ) cos I
rr = (2 + I ) cos I +
2 2 +
r I I I I sin I

cos(2 I )
+I I cos(2 I ) +

sin(2 I )

I +I 1 cos(1 + I )
r
+ (2 + I I I ) cos(1 + I ) +
r0
sin(1 + I )

1 r II KIIV (2 II ) sin II
+ (2 + II ) sin II +
2 II + II (2 II ) II cos II

sin(2 II )
+II (2 II ) sin(2 II ) +

cos(2 II )

II +II 1 sin(1 + II )
r
+ [II II (2 II )] sin(1 + II ) ,
r0
cos(1 + II )
(2.74)
where r, are polar coordinates with pole in V-notch tip (z = r exp(i )); I , II
(0, 1) are roots of characteristic equations (2.11) and (2.12);
I q 1 (2 I )q
I = sin sin ,
2 2
II q 1 (2 II )q
II = sin sin ,
2 2
1 2 (2 I )/q + I I (2 I 1/q)
I = I 1,
q 2 + I I I
(2 + II )II II (2 II )2
II = 1. (2.75)
II II (2 II )
Starting from these expressions for the case of symmetrical loading, the analytical
dependence of maximal stresses max = (y )max in the notch tip on stress intensity
factor KIV , vertex angle of V-notch 2, and radius of curvature in the notch tip , has
been found
4KIV I
max = I . (2.76)
sin (I ) 2
2 (2 I ) I
sin (2 I ) 2
Comparison of this relation (2.76) with solutions to specific problems for speci-
mens with rounded V-notches had revealed poor accuracy of derived formula. There-
fore, later [75] the solution (2.76) was revised to improve accuracy. As a result,
formula that is much more complicated was obtained

KIV 2 I
max = (1 + 1 ) (2.77)
2 2
where
(1 + )d + c
1 = ,
(2 ) + b 2( 2)
sin I
b = ,
sin(2 I )

c = (1 )2 (1 + )/q 2 + I (1 b ) (3 ),

d = (1/q 1 ) 2 + I (1 b ) ,
= 2I + I (2 )b (2 I )/q , (2.78)
and ( < I ) is the root of equation
d (1 + ) cos(1 ) + c cos(1 + ) = 0.
Note that if in formulae (2.76) and (2.77) we put = , we get relationship (2.44),
i.e., we return thereby to a parabolic notch. Numerical results for the factor RI in rela-
tionship (2.69) calculated using these formulae are presented in Table 2.3, maximal
stress data (2.77) being calculated only for those notch vertex angles, for which val-
ues of parameters , b , c and d are known [75]. There was introduced a concept
of generalized stress intensity factors for rounded notches in the same publication.
Later these matters were considered in more details in papers [6365, 83, 94, 132,
136, 144].
The generalized stress intensity factor for the case of symmetrical loading when
maximal normal stress max is attained in notch tip can be presented in the form [132]
I
2 q1
V
K,I = max . (2.79)
1 + 1 q
When the angle = 0, (q = 2, I = 1/2, 1 = 1), an equality follows from the

formula (2.79)
1
V
K,I = max , (2.80)
2
which coincides with relationship (2.44) for the parabolic notch, if the following
substitution is made therein: KIV = K,I
V
. The same conclusion is valid for relationship
(2.77) for a general notch type.
Similar relationships were also introduced for antisymmetrical loading [132]
in terms of maximal shear stresses attained in inner points of elastic region at the
wedge bisecting line.
2.3.3.2 Rounded Notch in the Edge of Half-Plane
Interrelation between stress concentration and stress intensity factors was studied
also for the rounded boundary notch in half-plane [229]. In this case, the tip of sharp
V-notch with vertex angle 2 was rounded along the circular arc with radius and
length 2 ( = /2 ). The circular arc was smoothly connected with straight
edges of sharp notch using third order (cubic) curves (Fig. 2.7). If the rounding radius
is small in comparison with notch depth, we come to semi-infinite rounded notch
(principle of microscope [45]).
The problem of stress concentration in elastic half-plane with thus constructed
smooth curvilinear notch was reduced to ShermanLauricella integral equation [153],
which was solved by a numerical technique. In order to derive the relationship (2.69)
independent on configuration of elastic region beyond the V-notch, sufficiently small
curvature radius values of the notch tip in comparison with the notchs depth were
examined. Table 2.3 demonstrates values of factor RI calculated for five angles .
Strandberg [229] failed to find numerical solution in above outlined way for the angle
= 0; nevertheless, he mentioned that such solution is already known and it is met
with the result (2.45) for a parabolic notch.
Fig. 2.7 Edge rounded

notch in half-plane
Analysis of data in Table 2.3 shows that values of dimensionless factor RI obtained
by various authors converge only for angles = 0 (parabolic notch) and = /2
(smooth edge). For other angle values, relative difference between published data
is as high as 10 %. The relationship (2.69) that contains the factor RI is frequently
applied in engineering calculations, in particular, for approximate stress concentra-
tion factor estimations in tip of rounded V-notch with small radius of curvature based
on known stress intensity factor in tip of corresponding sharp V-notch. It can be also
used to find stress intensity factors starting from solution to the problem concerning
stress concentration near rounded notches. Therefore, it is desirable to have values
of factor RI with accuracy as high as possible.
Discrepancies in data presented above as well as lack of solution for most impor-
tant shape of rounded V-notch, that is for wedge with rectilinear faces and tip rounded
by the circular arc, stimulated the present authors to conduct their own study of this
problem [192].
2.4 Rounded V-Notch Under Symmetrical Loading
2.4.1 Problem Definition and Reduction to Singular Integral

Equation [192]
2.4.1.1 Problem statement
Let the elastic plane contain sharp V-notch with the tip in coordinate system origin
and vertex angle 2, (0 < ) (Fig. 2.8a). Assume that stress state of the
notched plane is determined by complex potentials 0s (z) and 0s (z) (2.65) presented
in somewhat different form
2.4 Rounded V-Notch Under Symmetrical Loading 83
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.8 Sharp (a) and rounded (b) V-notches
K IV sin 2
0s (z) =
zI ,
(2 ) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
K IV sin (2I )
0s (z) = zI , (2.81)
(2 )I (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
which ensure zero stresses at the notch contour L 0 .

Let us consider the smooth contour L composing of straight segments parallel
to wedge faces L 0 and circular arc with radius in its tip. Let us write the vector
of normal (n0 ) and shear (ns
0
) stresses at this contour
dt s
n0 + ins
0
= 0s (t) + 0s (t) + t0 (t) + 0s (t) = p (t) , t L . (2.82)
dt
Now consider the rounded V-notch with the same vertex angle and free of stresses
contour L in the plane (Fig. 2.8b). Let an asymptotic stress distribution be given at
infinity, which is determined by potentials 0s (z) and 0s (z) (2.65). We shall apply
a superposition technique to solve this boundary value problem. Write above stress
(z) = 0s (z) + (z), (z) = 0s (z) + (z), (2.83)
where (z) and (z) are KolosovMuskhelishvili functions describing the disturbed
stress state induced by a rounded V-notch L .
To find the disturbed stress state, we have to solve the boundary value problem
for elastic plane containing the rounded V-notch with a contour L , at which the
boundary condition
n + ins = p (t) , t L , (2.84)
is satisfied, and stresses vanish at infinity.

Since stresses vanish at infinity, the disturbed stress state can be obtained also as
a limit case of plane with smooth symmetrical curvilinear crack L along the contour
Fig. 2.9 Curvilinear crack

along contour of rounded
V-notch
L (Fig. 2.9) by elongating it to infinity and loading its edges with stresses
n+ + ins
+
= n + ins

= p (t) , t L, (2.85)
where upper indexes indicate limit values of respective parameters at contour L

when approaching it from the left (+) or from the right (). It was the last method
we applied to solve the above-stated problem.
2.4.1.2 Singular Integral Equation of the Problem
The problem for stress distribution in elastic plane with a curvilinear crack will be
solved here using the method of singular integral equations [188]. Integral represen-
tation of the solution is taken in the form
#
1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
L
#

1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = dt dt . (2.86)
2 tz (t z)2
L
Using expressions of stress field components x , y , xy in terms of complex poten-

tials (z) and (z) (1.16) and (1.17), and satisfying the boundary conditions (2.85),
we get the singular integral equation of the problem [188]
#
1
K t, t g (t) dt + L t, t g (t) dt = p t , t L, (2.87)

L

with kernels K t, t and L t, t being given by formulae (1.59).
A unique solution of integral equation (2.87) in class of functions, which have

an integrable singularity at the ends of integration contours exists, if the additional
condition is satisfied #
g (t) dt = 0, (2.88)
L
which ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the crack contour.

The equation of crack contour can be written in the parametric form

( + 0 ) cos + sin +

+i [( + 0 ) sin cos ], 1 < 0 ,
t = l ( ) = l cos (/)+i sin (/) , 0 0 , (2.89)

( 0 ) cos + sin +

+i [( 0 ) sin + cos ] , 0 1,
where 0 = 1/(1 + ) is the value of parameter corresponding to straight-to-

curvilinear transition point at the crack contour; is straight segments length to
is
circular segment length ratio; radius of circular segment; = /l. The length
of crack is 2l = ( 2) 1 + .
As calculations show, the same solution is obtained in the assumption that the
crack contour L is infinite and coincides with notch contour L (L = L ). Such
approach greatly simplifies solution of the problem since there is no need in limit
transition between contours. In this approach, equation of notch/crack contour can
be written in the parametric form

1/ sin( ), 1 < < B ,
t = ( ), ( ) = eI 1, B B , (2.90)

1/ sin( + ), B < < 1,
where B = (/2 )/ is dimensionless angular coordinate of a contour point L,

in which the circular arc transforms into the straight segment.
Let us examine in parallel the similar problem for the hyperbolic notch that was
solved earlier [15] using the method of ShermanLauricella integral equations (see
also Sect. 2.2.2). Parametric equation for this problem has the form
ei cos 1 1
t = ( ), ( ) = + cot 2 + ,
cos cos 2 2 2
= , 1 < < 1. (2.91)
Vortices of both notches lay in the point z = (Fig. 2.10).

Based on parametric equations (2.90) and (2.91), reduce the Eqs. (2.87) and (2.88)
to the dimensionless form
Fig. 2.10 Comparison

of two contours L1 (rounded
V-notch) and L2 (hyperbolic
notch) with identical vertex
angles 2 = /6 and notch
tip rounding radii

#1

1 d

M (, ) u ( ) + N (, ) u ( ) = p () ,

1
1 2
(2.92)

#1

d

u ( ) = 0,

1 2
1
where
t = () ,
M (, ) = K ( ( ) , ()) ,
N (, ) = L ( ( ) , ()) ,
u ( ) 1
= g ( ( )) ( ) ,
1 2 p
1
p() = p(()), p = K IV /(2)I . (2.93)
p
Make the substitution to increase the accuracy of integral equation (2.92) solution
as recommended in [67, 68, 99]
1
= G ( ) = a sinh ( ) , = arsinh , = G ( ) , (2.94)
a
which maps a interval [1, 1] onto the interval [1, 1]. Such nonlinear
transformation produces thickening of quadrature nodes near the point = 0. The
constant a in the substitution (2.94) is chosen based on numerical experiments (here
we adopted a = 105 ).
Now Eq. (2.92) transforms into the following

#1

1 d

M (, ) u ( ) + N (, ) u ( ) = p () ,

1 2
1
(2.95)

#1

d

u ( ) = 0,
1 2
1
u ( ) u( ) G ( )
= . (2.96)
1 2 1 2
Solve the Eq. (2.95) numerically using quadrature method and applying Gauss
Chebyshev quadratures (1.100) and (1.101) to compute integrals. The system of linear
complex algebraic equations 2n will result

1
2n

M (k , m ) u (k ) + N (k , m ) u (k ) = p (m ) ,

2n
k=1
m = 1, . . . , (2n 1) , (2.97)

2n
1
u (k ) = 0,
2n
k=1
where
(2k 1)
k = G (k ) , k = cos , k = 1, . . . , 2n; (2.98)
4n
m
m = G (m ) , m = cos , m = 1, . . . , 2n 1. (2.99)
2n
The problem is symmetrical with respect to axis x, thereby providing satisfaction
of symmetry condition [208]
u ( ) = u ( ). (2.100)
Taking into account relationship (2.100), one can twice reduce order of the sys-
tem (2.97). As a result, we come to the following system of algebraic equations:

1
n

M (k , m ) u (k ) + N (k , m ) u (k ) = p (m ) ,

2n
k=1
m = 1, . . . , n, (2.101)

1 2n

[u (k ) + u (k )] = 0,
2n
k=1
where
M (k , m ) = M (k , m ) + N (k , m ) ,
N (k , m ) = N (k , m ) + M (k , m ) . (2.102)
For the collocation node n = 0 at the axis of symmetry (x axis), respective

complex equation of the system (2.101) is reduced to real one due to symmetry
of the problem. Finally, at m = 1, . . . , n, we get 2n 1 real equations, which create,

together with the last real equation, a closed system of 2n real algebraic equations
for n complex unknown functions u (k ), (k = 1, 2, . . . , n).
2.4.2 Symmetrical Stress Distribution in Plane with Rounded

V-Notch [192]
2.4.2.1 Stresses at Notch Contour
Tangential normal stresses at right edge of crack/notch L (at contour of rounded

V-notch) are derivable from the relationship

s = 4Re 0s (t) + (t) , t L, (2.103)
which follows from (1.159) in absence of loads at notch contour.

Boundary value of potential (z) at contour L is computable using Sokhotski
Plemelj formula (1.34). Considering substitutions (2.93) and (2.94) as well as first
of formulae (2.65), one gets

K IV sin 2 1
s () = 4 Re +
(2)I (I 1) sin 2 + sin 2I [()]I

#1
i u ( ) 1 u ( ) d
+ =
2 G ( ) () 1 2 2 ( ) () 1 2
1
K IV
= RI (, ). (2.104)
(2)I
Apply the quadrature formula (1.100) to compute singular integral in relation-

ship (2.104). Using the condition of symmetry (2.100), we can find dimensionless
stress RI (, j ) in nodes j = cos(j/(2n)), j = 1, . . . , (2n 1) from the formula

sin 2 1
RI (, j ) = 4Re +
(I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I ((j ))I
i u (j )
$ +
2 G ( ) ( ) 1 2
j j j

1
n
u (k ) u (k )
+ + . (2.105)
4n (k ) (j ) (k ) (j )
k=1

of dimensionless stress
distributions along rounded
V-notch (solid curve) or
hyperbolic notch (dashed
curve) for various vertex
angles at symmetrical
loading
Values of function u ( ) in arbitrary point = k are computable with the help

of interpolation formula (1.98). Again using the condition of symmetry (2.100), we
get the following relation
$

1
n
u(k ) u(k )
u( ) = (1)k T2n ( ) 1 k2 . (2.106)
2n + k k
k=1
Since in nodes m = cos( m/(2n)) (m = 1, . . . , n 1) Chebyshev polynomial is

T2n (m ) = (1)m , we have
$

1
n
u(k ) u(k )
u(m ) = (1)k+m 1 k
2
. (2.107)
2n m + k m k
k=1
Authors [111, 112] had calculated dimensionless stress RI (, ) along notch con-
tour for vertex angles 2 [0, ] and two different contour geometries L (2.90)
(rounded V-notch) or (2.91) (hyperbolic notch) with identical radii of curvature
in tips (Fig. 2.11). We can see that stress distributions along notch contour is essen-
tially different in these two cases. Their relative differences reach 10 % in the notch
tip.
2.4.2.2 V-Notch Stress Rounding Factor
In the notch tip z = ( = 0) dimensionless stress RI (, 0) reaches the maximal

value RI () = RI . The effect of notch tip rounding on maximal stresses is described
by expression [15]
K IV
s max = RI I . (2.108)
(2 )I
The stress rounding factor in the expression is computable using formula (2.105).
We can find values of functions u ( ) in the point = 0 using the interpolation
polynomial (2.107), which for this case has a simplified form
1
n
(2k 1)
u (0) = (1)k+n Re u (k ) tan . (2.109)
n 4n
k=1
Calculations of stress rounding factor values RI () were performed for notch

vertex angles 2 changing in the interval 0 2 < with increment /360.
So fine resolution was necessary to construct a sufficiently accurate fitting function
RI () for rounded V-notch. We had estimated the accuracy of stress rounding factor
RI determination procedure in the following way: the order of algebraic equations
systems (2.101) was doubled until the relative difference RI for the given angle
became less than 0.1 %.
For hyperbolic notch (2.91), obtained values of factor RI were in good accor-
dance with known results [15], the relative difference being below 0.1%, which
confirmed correctness of present calculations. Figure 2.12 demonstrates dependence
of the factor RI () on vertex angle 2. At 2 = both curves gain the obvious value
RI = 1. At = 0, when the hyperbolic notch transforms into the parabolic one, the
Fig. 2.12 Influence of notch

geometry on factor RI at
various vertex angles 2:
rounded V-notch (1)
versus hyperbolic notch (2)
Fig. 2.13 U-notch in elastic

plane

value RI = 2 2 is observed. At 2 = 0, when the rounded V-notch transforms
into a U-shaped notch (Fig. 2.13), observed value RI = 2, 992 is close to known
results [128, 142]. Relative differences of results for hyperbolic and rounded
V-notches reaches 6 10 % at vertex angles 2 < 2/3 that confirms the essential
influence of notch geometry on maximal stresses near notch tip.
Note that maximal stresses (2.108) in the tip of U-shaped notch (I = 1/2)
virtually coincide with respective values for semi-infinite crack with a circular hole
of the radius in its tip [47]
KI
max = 2.991 , (2.110)
2
where KI is stress intensity factor at a crack tip. An asymptotic solution had been
built for the last problem as well [129].
Since the stress rounding factor RI for rounded V-notch will be often used in next
sections, calculated values of RI are presented in Table 2.6 for individual notch vertex
angles.
These results were used to construct the fitting expression [203]
1 + 28.75 + 98.04 2 102.1 3 + 47.42 4 8.441 5

RI = , = /2 ,
1 + 20.71
(2.111)
which provides relative errors less than 0.1 % in the interval [0 , 83 ] and 0.4 %
in the interval [83 , 90 ]. Coefficients at 4 and 5 in the formula (2.111)
slightly differ from those published in [192, 193], that gave us a possibility to reach
higher accuracy.
Above-presented analysis shows that interrelation between stress intensity and
stress concentration factors for sharp and rounded notches depends not only on
radius of curvature in the notch tip, but also on notch shape near the tip. In past,
many researchers had believed that the relation (2.44) is precise for narrow U-shaped
notches ( = 0), that is the difference between parabolic and U-shaped notches was
neglected (see, e.g., [88, 90, 135]). They had paid attention to only radius of curvature
in notch tip and ignored the notch shape in some vicinity of its tip.
Table 2.6 Values of stress rounding factor RI () for rounded V-notch

2 0 1 5 10 15 30 45 60
RI 2.992 2.992 2.993 2.994 2.995 2.999 2.997 2.986
2 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
RI 2.957 2.901 2.806 2.659 2.439 2.123 1.677 1.000
2.5 Rounded V-Notch Under Mixed Loading
2.5.1 Antisymmetric Stress Distribution [204]
2.5.1.1 Problem Statement
Let the elastic plane contain sharp V-notch with the tip in coordinate system origin
and vertex angle 2 (0 2 < ) (Fig. 2.8a). Assume that stress state of the notched
plane is determined by complex potentials 0a (z) and 0a (z) (2.70), which ensure zero
stresses at the notch contour L 0 . Let us consider the smooth contour L composing
of straight segments parallel to wedge faces L0 and circular arc with radius and
center in the notch tip. Let us write the vector of normal (n0 ) and shear (ns
0
) stresses
at this contour
dt a
n0 +ins
0
= 0a (t)+0a (t)+ t 0 (t) + 0a (t) = p (t) , t L . (2.112)
dt
contour L in the plane (Fig. 2.8b). Let an asymptotic stress distribution is given at
infinity, which is determined by potentials
iK IIV sin 2
0a (z) = ,
(2 zII ) sin 2II II sin 2
iK IIV sin 2II
0a (z) = . (2.113)
(2 zII ) sin 2II II sin 2
We shall apply a superposition technique to solve this boundary value problem.

Write above stress potentials in the form
(z) = 0a (z) + (z), (z) = 0a (z) + (z), (2.114)
where functions (z) and (z) describe the disturbed stress state induced by
a rounded V-notch L .
boundary condition
n + ins = p (t) , t L , (2.115)
is satisfied, and stresses vanish at infinity. Stresses p (t) here are determined from the
formula (2.112).
2.5 Rounded V-Notch Under Mixed Loading 93
2.5.1.2 Singular Integral Equation
Above-stated boundary value problem will be solved here using the method of singu-
lar integral equations similarly to previous case of symmetrical loading. Namely, we
shall reduce it to boundary value problem for crack/notch along contour L, which,
in limit case when the crack length approaches infinity, approaches the contour L
(2.90). Integral representation of the solution is taken in the form (2.86). Satisfying
the boundary conditions at crack edges, we get the singular integral equation of the
problem
#
1
K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), t L, (2.116)

L
with kernels being given by the formulae (1.59).

A unique solution of integral equation (2.116) in class of functions, which have
an integrable singularity at the ends of integration contours, exists if the additional
condition is satisfied during tracing the crack contour
#
g (t) dt = 0. (2.117)
L
Solve the Eq. (2.116) numerically under condition (2.117) and get results for
rounded V-notch (2.90) and hyperbolic notch (2.91). Write the Eqs. (2.116)
and (2.117) in the canonical dimensionless form

#1

1

[M(, )( ) + N(, )( )] d = p(), 1 1,

1
(2.118)

#1

1

( ) ( ) d = 0,

1
where
1
( ) = g (( )),

M(, ) = ( ) K(( ), ,
N(, ) = ( ) L(( ), ()),
1 K IIV
p() = p(()), = . (2.119)
(2)II
Since we are considering the infinite contour L and in its ends (that is in points
1) unknown function ( ) is constrained, we shall seek this function in the class

( ) = 1 2 u( ), (2.120)
where u( ) is a continuous function.

Solve the integral equation (2.118) numerically using quadrature method with
quadrature formulae (1.108) and (1.109). As a result, we come to the system of 2n
linear complex algebraic equations for 2n unknown functions u(k ) (k = 1, . . . , 2n)

1
2n

, )u( ) + , )u( ) = p(m ),

w k M( k m k N( k m k
2n + 1 k=1

m = 1, . . . , 2n 1, (2.121)

1 2n

wk (k ) u(k ) = 0,
2n + 1
k=1
where
k k
k = cos , wk = sin2 = 1 k2 ,
2n + 1 2n + 1
(2m + 1)
m = cos . (2.122)
2(2n + 1)
Using the condition of antisymmetry
u( ) = u( ), (2.123)
we twice reduce order of the system (2.121)

1
n

wk {[M(k , m ) + N(k , m )] u(k )+

2n + 1

%

k=1

+ [N( , ) + M( , )] u( ) = p(m ),

k m k m k

m = 1, . . . , n 1,
1 n
(2.124)

Im wk {[M(k , 0) + N(k , 0)] u(k )+
2n + 1

k=1 %

+ [N( k , 0) + M( k , 0)] u( k ) = Im p(0),

n

1
wk (k )u(k ) = 0.

2n + 1 Im
k=1
In deriving above relationship we had taken into account equalities
( ) = ( ), 2nk+1 = k
as well as that normal stresses at axis Ox (n = 0) are zero (Re p(0) = 0) due to
antisymmetry.
Similarly to symmetrical case, here we get the formula for stress s

s = 4Re 0a (t) + (t) , (2.125)
which, after substitution, takes the form

K IIV 4i sin 2 2iu() 1 2
s () = Re +
(2)II (())II sin 2II II sin 2 ()

#1
2 1 2 u( ) K IIV
+ d = RII (). (2.126)
( ) () (2)II
1
Using the condition of antisymmetry (2.123), we can find dimensionless stress

RII (m ) in nodes m , (m = 1, . . . , n 1) from the formula
$
4i sin 2
RII (m ) = Re 2i 1 m2 u(m ) +
((m ))II sin 2II II sin 2

4
n
(k )u(k ) (k )u(k )
+ wk . (2.127)
2n + 1 (k ) (m ) (k ) (m )
k=1
Values of the function u() in nodes m can be calculated using Lagrangian interpo-
lation formula, which becomes after considering the condition (2.123) into

1 n
u(k ) u(k )
u(m ) = (1) (1 k )
m+k 2

(2n + 1) 1 m2 k=1 m + k m k
(2.128)
2.5.1.3 Numerical Results
Stresses at notch contours s were found in nodes m (m = 1, . . . , n). Changing to

polar coordinates r, with the pole in point z = 0, we obtain s (m ) = s (m ),
m = arg(tm ), tm = (m ). Dependence of dimensionless stress RII ( ) =
RII ( ) (2.127) at upper branch of boundary contour on angular coordinate
(0 ) for both notches at various values of their vertex angles 2 is illus-
trated in Fig. 2.14.
It can be concluded while comparing presented data for rounded V-notch and
hyperbolic notch at the same radii of curvature and vertex angles 2 in the notch
tip that there is a great difference between them at antisymmetrical distribution.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.14 Dimensionless stress distribution RII () along contours of rounded V-notch (a) or hyper-
bolic notch (b)
Extremal stress values differ more than twice in both cases. Note that presented
solution for hyperbolic notch well agree with the known data [15].
If parameter II > 0, then stresses s have a local extremum in vicinity of notch
tip and approach zero at infinity ( 1). In the limit case when angle
(II 0), stresses s at infinity approach a definite value coinciding with the stress
rr ( ) (2.34)
3 sin 2 V 3
rr ( ) =
KII = K IIV 1.203 K IIV . (2.129)
2 sin 2 1 + 4( )2 + 1
Extremal values of dimensionless stresses RII = RII (max ) (Fig. 2.15b) are reached
in points max (Fig. 2.15a) at some distance from the notch tip.
For U-shaped notch ( = 0), extremal values of dimensionless stresses RII =
3.592 are attained when = 1, 082. Obtained values for hyperbolic notch are
in very good accordance with known results [15] at individual notch vertex angles
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.15 Dependencies of angular coordinate max (a) and respective dimensionless stress RII =
RII (max ) (b) on notch vertex angle 2 (1 rounded V-notch; 2 hyperbolic notch)
2. At = 0, hyperbolic notch transforms into the parabolic one, which has a well-
known closed analytical solution (2.53).
Similarly to derivation of relationship (2.23), we can derive here the interrelation
between circular stress gradient in the notch tip and stress intensity factor K IIV

ds ( ) K IIV dRII ( ) K IIV
= = RII . (2.130)
d =0 (2)II d =0 (2)II
Note that at circular segment of rounded V-notch contour (2.90) angular coordinate
= .
Dependencies of dimensionless stress gradient RII in the tip of rounded V-notch
or hyperbolic notch on notch vertex angle 2 are shown in Fig. 2.16. For U-shaped
notch ( = 0) we have: RII = 5.186.
The angular coordinate of a contour point, in which extremal stresses are reached,
normalized by circular stress gradient in notch tip (max /RII ) depends on vertex angle
2, as shown in Fig. 2.17. For U-shaped notch ( = 0) we have max /RII = 0.209.
In conclusion, we can find stress intensity factor in symmetrical region with sharp
V-notch under antisymmetrical loading using a limit transition from corresponding
rounded notch when rounding radius approaches zero, for which relationships for
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.16 Dimensionless stress gradient RII in the tip of rounded V-notch (a) or hyperbolic notch
(b) with respect to notch vertex angle 2
Fig. 2.17 Dependence

of ratio max /RII on notch
vertex angle 2 (1 rounded
V-notch, 2 hyperbolic
notch)
extremal dimensionless stresses RII (Fig. 2.15b) or their gradient RII in rounded notch
tip (Fig. 2.16) were derived.
2.5.2 Complex-Stressed State [205]
When elastic region is symmetrical with respect to V-notch bisecting line, the problem
can be divided into two problems for symmetrical and antisymmetrical loading at
any scheme of applied loading. On the contrary, when elastic region is asymmetrical,
stresses on the boundary contour can attain extremal values at various distances
from notch tip depending on interrelation between stress intensity factors K IV and
K IIV , which precludes usage of obtained extremal stresses dependence on rounding
radius in the above-mentioned limit transitions. In this case we have a complex-
stressed state in the notch tip that requires conceptually another approach, if both
stress intensity factors K IV and K IIV are nonzero.
A unified approach is proposed in this section to solve plane problems of elas-
ticity theory for bodies with sharp or rounded V-notches under complex-stressed
state. We have built interrelations between stress intensity factors K IV and K IIV in the
sharp V-notch tip, stresses, and their gradient at the boundary contour in the tip
of corresponding rounded notch. These interrelations for finite bodies are of asymp-
totic nature when radius of curvature in the notch tip approaches zero, which opens
a possibility to find SIF in the sharp notch tip based on data about stress and its
gradient in the tip of rounded notch. As soon as stress intensity factor in the sharp
notch tip become known, the derived relations allow estimating stress concentration
near rounded V-notch with small relative rounding radius in the tip, if obtaining the
numerical solution encounters great difficulties of computational nature.
Let the elastic plane be weakened with a semi-infinite V-shaped rounded notch
(Fig. 2.8b). We shall assume that the boundary of the elastic region is free of applied
loads and an asymptotic stress field is given at infinity, which is determined by
complex potentials
K IV sin 2
0 (z) =
(2 z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
iK IIV sin 2
+
,
(2 z) II sin 2II II sin 2
K IV sin (2I )
0 (z) =
(2 z)I (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
iK IIV sin 2II
+
, (2.131)
II
when both stress intensity factors K IV and K IIV are nonzero. So stated problem can be
interpreted also in somewhat another manner. Let an elastic wedge in a stressstrain
state characterized by complex potentials (2.131) have a cut along the contour L
(Fig. 2.8b). We have to find the disturbed stress state induced by a rounded V-notch
with boundary contour L in elastic plane (or wedge). Since the elastic region is
symmetrical with respect to axis Ox, the problem can be divided into two problems,
symmetrical and antisymmetrical. As outlined above, solutions to these problems
were found using the singular integral equation method for notch contour that can
be described by the following parametric equation:
t = ( ), 1 < < 1, (2.132)
where is radius of notch tip curvature, t = x + iy L.

Numerical results were obtained for rounded V-notches (2.90) and hyperbolic
(2.91) notches. Tangential normal stresses at notch contour L can be represented
in the form [205, 210]
K IV K IIV
s ( ) = RI (, ) + RII (, ) (2.133)
(2)I (2)II
where RI (, ) = RI (, ) = RI ( ) (Fig. 2.18) and RII (, ) = RII (, ) =

RII ( ) (Fig. 2.14) are dimensionless stresses under symmetrical or antisymmetrical
distributions, respectively. Note that although stress distribution along notch con-
tour under symmetrical loading had been shown earlier in Fig. 2.11, we shall use
the dependence on polar angle for further analysis, which is more convenient
in calculations.
The conclusion follows from representation (2.133) that stress intensity factors
K IV and K IIV determine stress distribution in elastic body weakened by respective
smooth curvilinear notch at small relative rounding radii of the notch tip. It was
already mentioned above that these factors determine stressstrain state near sharp
tip of V-shaped notch in elastic body too. These facts explain the great role, which
stress intensity factors are playing in fracture mechanics.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.18 Dimensionless stress distribution RI () along contour L of rounded V-notch (a) or hyper-
bolic notch (b)
It can be concluded while comparing presented data for rounded V-notch and
hyperbolic notch at the same radii of curvature and vertex angles 2 in the notch
tip that there is a great difference between them at antisymmetrical distribution than
at symmetrical one. Extremal stress values in antisymmetrical case differ more than
by two times. On contrary, relative difference in maximal stresses in notch tip under
symmetrical loading is below 15 %.
Consequently, notch contour shape in vicinity of its tip essentially effects on stress
distribution. Therefore, studying into stress concentration near V-shaped rounded
notches as most important for practice (more precisely, having shape of wedge with
straight edges rounded in vertex with circular arc) is very urgent. Advantages of
proposed approach are clearly seen when obtained results are used as asymptotic
solutions at small relative V-notch rounding radii in finite bodies.
Let us confine ourselves with considering only rounded V-notches. Fitting for-
mulae for dimensionless stresses RI ( ) and RII ( ) in the interval 0 , where
stresses s ( ) attain maximal values at complex-stressed state (K IV = 0, K IIV = 0),
have the following form
RI ( ) = aI + bI 2 + cI 4 ,
RII ( ) = aII + bII 3 + cII 5 , 0 (2.134)
Here is the angle, at which stresses s ( ) attain extremal values at K IV = 0.

Coefficients aI , aII , bI , bII , and cI , cII can be presented in analytical form using values
of dimensionless stresses RI ( ) and RII ( ) and their derivatives in notch tip ( = 0)
and in the point =
4 RI + 4 RI R I 2 RI 2 RI + R I
aI = RI , bI = , cI = ,
2 2 2 4 (2.135)
5 RII 4 RII 3 RII + 2RII
aII = RII , bII = , cII = ,
2 3 2 5

dRI ( )
RI = RI (0), RI = RI ( ), RI = ,
d =
dRII ( ) (2.136)

RII = , RII = RII = RII ( ).
d =0
Fitting formulae for above-used parameters have the form
= 2.081 exp(0.445),
RI = 2.993 + 0.1810 2 0.3694 3 0.08291 5 ,
RI = 1.668 + 0.7049 0.3286 2 0.9378 5 ,

R I = 2.004 0.297 0.7830 2 0.3101 5 , 0 ,
(a) (b)
Fig. 2.19 Dependencies of angle max (a) and dimensionless maximal stress R( )/RI (b) on para-
meter for various vertex angles 2
RII = RII = 4.467 0.875 exp(1.137),

RII = 5.234 exp(0.137) 0.051 exp(3.114), 0 , (2.137)
with relative error below 0.5 %.

Locations of points max (Fig. 2.19a), where maximal stresses R( ) = s (max )
(Fig. 2.19b) are reached, depend on parameter = I II KIIV /KIV . Based on rela-
tionship (2.133), we get the approximate formula for the angle max
& '
max ( ) = 1 + tanh 0.5822 ln( ) + 0.6222 , 0 < . (2.138)
2
Corresponding maximal values of tangential stresses at notch contour can be found
using the formula (2.133), if putting = max in it.
Obtained solutions to singular boundary value problem for semi-infinite rounded
V-shaped notch can be used as asymptotic relations for finite bodies with V-shaped
cracks/holes, when relative rounding radii are small. Having found stress intensity
factors K IV and K IIV , one can easily examine stress concentration in vicinity of notch tip
with small radius of curvature using relationships from (2.133) to (2.138) just in that
very case when obtaining the solution encounters great computational difficulties. On
the other hand, these relationships can be alternatively used to find SIF in the sharp
notch tip based on solutions for respective rounded notches and limit transitions
1
K IV = lim (2)I s (0) ,
RI 0

1 d ( )
K IIV = lim (2)II s . (2.139)
RII 0 d =0
In the next chapters, applications of this approach will be illustrated with examples
of acute-angled holes and sharp V-shaped notches in elastic regions.
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Chapter 3
Elastic Plane with Semi-infinite Notch
and Cracks
Abstract Solutions to elasticity theory problem for elastic plane with a semi-infinite
notch and cracks propagating from its tip find a wide application in fracture mechan-
ics. Such solutions can be used as asymptotic approximations for respective finite
regions with notches and small cracks. This class of solutions is useful in studying
crack nucleation and propagation near stress concentrators under fatigue loading as
well as developing fracture criteria for cracked bodies. This chapter is devoted to
determining stress intensity factors for the straight crack growing from the semi-
infinite notch tip in elastic plane. The relation between stress intensity factors in the
sharp tip of V-notch and the crack tip had been derived.
3.1 Elastic Wedge with Edge Crack at Notch Tip
Plane problems of elasticity theory for wedge with cracks had been solved by many
researchers. WienerHopf method was among most commonly used for straight
cracks propagating from the V-notch tip [3, 6, 16, 2328, 31, 32, 34, 35, 46, 48].
However, this method yields analytical expressions for stress intensity factors in
terms of integrals in a complex plane, which are quite hard for computing. For this
reason, such solutions were only in some cases represented in numerical form.
Alternative approaches to solving plane problems for wedge with crack in the tip
consisted in application of either singular integral equation method [1, 2, 8, 9, 22,
30, 38, 39, 44, 46, 47] or conformal mapping method [3, 18]. Besides, the finite
elements method is used to solve the problem of crack emerging from the tip of
homogeneous or piecewise-homogeneous two-component elastic wedge [17].
We present results for stress intensity factors in the edge crack tip at the wedge
vertex in the following below sections. These results had been obtained using the
WienerHopf method [33] based on approximate closed-form solution of integral
equation describing the symmetrical problem.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_3
114 3 Elastic Plane with Semi-infinite Notch and Cracks
Fig. 3.1 Infinite wedge with

a symmetrical crack at its tip

Table 3.1 Dimensionless stress intensity factor KI /( l) for edge crack in a wedge loaded by
a constant stress (row I presents exact solution [6]; row II shows values calculated using (3.24))
/ 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
I 1.1215 0.9981 0.9190 0.9091 0.9012 0.9001
II 1.1255 0.9891 0.9304 0.9080 0.9015 0.9007
3.1.1 Solutions Obtained Using WienerHopf Method
3.1.1.1 Crack Edge Loading
Consider an elastic wedge with vertex angle 2 (2 = 2 2 ) in the

Cartesian coordinate system xOy with axis Ox passing along the wedge bisecting
line. A crack propagates along the axis Ox from the wedge tip and has now length
l (Fig. 3.1). Assume the wedge faces are free of load, the crack edges are loaded by
self-balancing traction
y + ixy

= p(x), 0 < x < l, (3.1)
and stresses vanish at infinity.

For the case of crack loaded by a constant stress (p(x) = ), an exact solution
had been found using the WienerHopf method [6, 25, 35, 46]. Table 3.1 (first row)
presents stress intensity factors values obtained in [6].
These results were used to build up a fitting expression [13]

KI = l F0 (s),

F0 (s) = s3/2 0.1755 + 0.219s + 0.385s2 + 0.12s3 , (3.2)
3.1 Elastic Wedge with Edge Crack at Notch Tip 115
Fig. 3.2 Symmetrical

concentrated forces applied
in the tip of wedge with
symmetrical crack
where s = / . Above expression fits the data with maximal relative error
below 1 %.
The WienerHopf method had been applied to get numerical solutions to the
problem in the case of crack loaded by a concentrated normal or tangential load
[25, 48] (see also [41]). For example, a closed-form solution had been derived for
the case when symmetrical concentrated forces F are applied in wedge tip (Fig. 3.2).
In this case, stress intensity factor KI can be expressed as [48]

F 2 cos sin2 2 + sin 2
KI = sin , KII = 0, (3.3)
l 2 + sin 2 2 sin2
where is the angle of force F inclination to the wedge bisecting line. If purely
normal forces P ( = /2, F = P) are applied to crack edges, we have

P 2 + sin 2
KI = F1 (s), F1 () = . (3.4)
l 2 sin2
3.1.1.2 Homogeneous Problem
Let us study an elasticity theory problem for infinite wedge with vertex angle 2
(2 = 2 2 > ) and the crack L in its tip located in bisector plane along axis
Ox (0 x l) (Fig. 3.1). We assume that stressstrain state in the solid wedge
(without cracks) is characterized by complex stress potentials (see (2.30))
K IV sin 2
0 (z) =
+
(2 z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
iK IIV sin 2
+
,
II
K IV sin (2I )
0 (z) = +
(2 z)I (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
iK IIV sin 2II
+ , (3.5)
(2 z)II sin 2II II sin 2
such as to satisfy homogeneous (as for stresses) boundary conditions at the wedges
faces and generate the following stresses at the axis Ox (wedge bisecting line)
K IV iK IIV
y0 (x, 0) + ixy
0
(x, 0) = + , x > 0. (3.6)
(2 x)I (2 x)II
Here K IV and K IIV are notch stress intensity factors at the wedge tip.
Let us write complex stress potentials in the following form:
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (3.7)
where functions (z) and (z) describe the disturbed stress state induced by the
crack. Now the problem can be reduced to the case when crack edges are loaded by
stresses
K IV iK IIV
y (x, 0) + ixy (x, 0) = p(x) = , 0 < x < l, (3.8)
(2 x)I (2 x)II
and the stresses y (x, y), x (x, y), xy (x, y) at infinity are higher order infinitesimals
in comparison with functions y (x, y), x (x, y), xy
(x, y).
The problem in such form can be solved using WienerHopf method in quadra-
tures [16]. The authors [16] had derived expressions for stress intensity factors in
crack tip, which can be presented in our notations as

K IV 2l 1 I
KI = exp I1 (I ) ,
(2 l)I (1 I )

K IIV 2l 1 II
KII = exp I (
2 II ) , (3.9)
(2 l)II (1 II )
where

1 y2 sin 2 + y sinh(2y)
I1 (I ) = ln dy, (3.10)
y2 + (1 I )2 2y2 sin2 1 + cosh(2y)
0

1 y2 sin 2 + y sinh(2y)
I2 (II ) = ln dy. (3.11)
y2 + (1 II )2 2y2 sin2 1 + cosh(2y)
0
From here we may derive interrelations between stress intensity factors in tips of
wedge K IV , K IIV and crack KI , KII in the form
KI = K11 ()K IV l 1/2I , KII = K22 ()K IIV l 1/2II , (3.12)
where dimensionless functions

2 1 I
K11 () = exp I (
1 I ) , (3.13)
(2 )I (1 I )

2 1 II
K22 () = exp I2 (II ) . (3.14)
(2 )II (1 II )
Numerical values had been computed in [16] for functions
1 1
F11 () = K11 ()(2 )I , F22 () = K22 ()(2 )II , (3.15)

and selected values of V-notch vertex angle 2 (see Table 3.2). It should be noted
here that the function F22 () reveals nearly linear dependence on vertex angle 2
(see also [16]).
Table 3.2 Values of functions F11 (), F22 (), F 11 (), and F 11 () for selected values of V-notch
vertex angle 2
2 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84
F11 () 1.414 1.414 1.414 1.412 1.408 1.403 1.394 1.383
F 11 () 1.414 1.414 1.413 1.411 1.408 1.402 1.392 1.379
F 11 () 1.413 1.413 1.414 1.416 1.416 1.415 1.411 1.403
F22 () 1.414 1.367 1.318 1.268 1.218 1.168 1.118 1.068
2 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180
F11 () 1.368 1.349 1.326 1.297 1.263 1.223 1.176 1.122
F 11 () 1.361 1.340 1.314 1.285 1.251 1.213 1.171 1.126
F 11 () 1.391 1.374 1.350 1.320 1.283 1.237 1.182 1.121
F22 () 1.019 1.000
3.1.2 Approximate Closed-Form Solution for Symmetrical

Loading
3.1.2.1 Crack Edge Loading
Let us consider now an elastic plane containing the infinite V-notch with vertex
angle 2 (2 < ) and edge crack L in its tip located in bisector plane along axis Ox
(0 x l) (Fig. 3.1). Wedge faces are free of stresses and crack edges are consistent
with boundary conditions (3.1).
The problem of stress determination in plane with V-notch and crack can be
reduced to the singular integral equation [2, 46, 47]
l

g ( )K d = p(x) x, 0 x l, (3.16)
x
0
where kernel K(t) is

K(t) = L(u, ) sin u t du, = , (3.17)
0
sinh2 u u2 sin2
L(u, ) = 2 (3.18)
sinh 2u + u sin 2
Using the approximation of function L(u, ) given by the expression [2, 46]
u 2 + sin 2
L(u, ) tanh , c= , (3.19)
c 2 2 2 sin2
that correctly reproduces behavior of the function near zero and at infinity (with
maximal divergence at 0 2 < equal to 4.5 %), and taking into account rela-
tionship [7]

u c
tanh sin ut du = , (3.20)
c 2 sinh(tc/2)
0
we obtain the kernel representation

c
K(t) . (3.21)
2 sinh(tc/2)
The approximation (3.19) opens the possibility to get a closed-form solution of

the singular integral equation (3.16) [36]
l c
cx c1 l tc
g (x) = p(t) dt. (3.22)
lc xc x tc
c
0
Stress intensity factor in crack tip is derivable from here using formula (1.63) [44]

l
2clc1 p(t)dt
KI = . (3.23)
lc t c
0
Supposing crack edge load being a constant pressure (p(x) = ), one obtains
from here
2l (1/c)
KI = , (3.24)
c (1/c + 1/2)
where (m) is gamma function. Numerical dimensionless stress intensity factor

values KI /( l) (Table 3.1) calculated using (3.24) are virtually identical to exact
solution [6] at small values of wedge vertex angle (2 0.4 ). At larger values of
the angle 2, divergence between approximate and exact solutions rises and attains
the maximal magnitude of 1.4 % at 2 = .
Instead, if the crack edges are loaded at the distance x0 from the notch tip by equal
but oppositely directed concentrated forces P (Fig. 3.3), that is, p(x) = P(x x0 )
((x x0 ) is Dirac delta function), therefore (3.23) yields

l c1 2 + sin 2
KI = P c . (3.25)
l x0c 2 sin2
Fig. 3.3 Concentrated

forces applied to crack edges
in the wedge
In the limit case when the angle x0 0 (i.e., forces are applied in the wedge
vertex), one obtains the exact solution (3.4), which coincides with known exact
solution for wedge [34, 35] and in the special case of 2 = with known exact
solution for half-plane [10, 15].
Approximate closed-form expressions for stress intensity factor in crack tip can be
derived also using Bueckners method of weighting functions [4]. In this approach,
SIF at arbitrary normal loads applied to crack edges p(x) can be expressed in the
form
l
KI = h(x, l) p(x) dx, (3.26)
0
where h(x, l) is a weighting function.

The weighting functions can be built up using several known methods [14, 45].
In particular, a weighting function can be written as a power series [11, 12, 37]

2 1
h(x, l) = + Dk (1 p) k1/2
, (3.27)
l 1 p k=1
where p = x/l, Dk are constant coefficients. Taking few terms of series (3.27)
(usually three: k = 2) to determine n coefficients Dk , one comes to a system of
n linear algebraic equations, if solutions for n different loading functions p(x) are
known. Just that very method had been applied to obtain the weighting function [13]

2 1 x
h(x, l) = + D1 1 p + D2 (1 p)3/2 , p = (3.28)
l 1p l
with coefficients

15 3
D1 = F0 (s) F1 () 6, (3.29)
4 2 2 2

15 5
D2 = F0 (s) + F1 () + 5, (3.30)
4 2 2 2
where parameters F0 (s) and F1 (s) are determinable from Eqs. (3.2) and (3.4). In other
words, this solution is based on two known special solutions for wedge with edge
crack loaded by either constant stress or normal concentrated forces in the wedge
vertex, respectively.
3.1.2.2 Homogeneous Problem
Let both wedge faces and crack edges are free of stresses. Suppose that stress state
in an elastic plane with V-notch (without cracks), see Fig. 3.1, is symmetrical and
can be described by stress potentials (2.30) as follows:
K IV sin 2
0s (z) =
, (3.31)
(2 z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
K IV sin (2I )
0s (z) = , (3.32)
(2 z)I (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
where K IV is stress intensity factor at the notch tip. The potentials (3.31) and (3.33)
provide zero stresses at wedge faces and required stress field asymptotics at infinity.
As a result, at axis Ox shear stresses xy0
(x, 0) are zero while normal stresses y0 (x, 0)
obey the formula
K IV
y0 (x, 0) = , (x > 0). (3.33)
(2 x)I
Let us again apply the superposition method [44] to solve the problem by repre-
senting the solution in the form of (2.83), where functions 0s (z) and 0s (z) (3.31)
define stressstrain state in the solid wedge without cracks whereas potentials (z)
and (z) characterize the disturbed stress state induced by the crack. Thus, we reduce
the problem to the case when wedge faces are unloaded while crack edges are loaded
by normal stresses
p(x) = y0 (x, 0), (3.34)
where function y0 (x, 0) is determined by the relationship (3.33).

Now we can write stress intensity factor in the crack tip using (3.23), which gives
KI = K 11 () K IV l 2I , (3.35)
where the notations are introduced

2/c ((1 I )/c)
K 11 () =
. (3.36)
(2 ) I ((1 I )/c + 1/2
In deriving above, we had used the integral value [7]
1
t n dt ((n + 1)/c)
= (n > 1). (3.37)
1t c c ((n + 1)/c + 1/2)
0
The relationship (3.35) binds stress intensity factor values in tips of sharp V-notch
and crack under symmetrical loading. The dependence of function K 11 () on vertex
angle 2 is shown in Fig. 3.4. At = 0 (semi-infinite crack) K 11 (0) = 1, which
coincides with the known result [42, 43]. At risingvertex angle, the function K 11 ()
steadily grows approaching the value 1.98 1.12 at 2 = , which corresponds
to known solution for half-plane with edge crack under tension by stresses p = K IV
Fig. 3.4 Function K 11 ()

with respect to notch vertex
angle 2
applied at infinity (see, e.g., [41]). It was taken into account here that the stress
singularity order I = 0 and notch stress intensity factor converges into stress y .
Table 3.2 presents values F 11 () calculated using (3.15), where function K11 ()
was substituted by the function K 11 () (3.36). Comparison between exact solu-
tion (3.13) derived using WienerHopf method and approximate closed-form solu-
tion (3.36) demonstrates that relative difference between them is below 1 % at all
vertex angles 2. The same conclusion can be drawn from comparison between
approximate closed-form solution (3.36) and numerical solution obtained using the
singular integral equation method [21].
Starting from Eqs. (3.26) and (3.28), interrelations between stress intensity factors
in tips of wedge and crack were derived in the form
KI = K 11 () K IV l 1/2I , (3.38)
where function K 11 () has the form [13]

2(1 I ) 1 1 D1
K 11 () =
+ +
(2 ) I (3/2 I ) 2 (5/2 I )

3 D2
+ . (3.39)
4 (7/2 I )
Table 3.2 additionally presents values F 11 () calculated using (3.15), where func-
tion K11 () was substituted by the function K 11 () (3.39). Comparison with exact
solution shows that formula (3.39) introduces slightly higher error than the approx-
imate closed-form solution (3.36).
3.2 Edge Crack System in Semi-infinite Rounded V-Notch Tip 123
3.2 Edge Crack System in Semi-infinite Rounded

V-Notch Tip
This section presents solutions to elasticity theory problems for systems of cracks
propagating from the semi-infinite notch tip. We had developed a new method
for solving problems of this class by analyzing the system of cracks intercept-
ing in a single point. Virtually precise stress intensity factor values in crack tips
were computed for wide range of problem parameters. Obtained relationships can
be interpreted as asymptotic solutions for small cracks at notch or hole tips in
finite bodies. Symmetrical problems for cracks propagating from tip of the rounded
V-notch had been studied formerly [20, 21]. Interaction of straight inner crack with
the parabolic notch had been studied using the singular integral equation method [5].
A number of approximate expressions for estimating SIF in tip of crack propagating
from rounded notch tip had been derived in past publications as well [19, 29].
3.2.1 Reduction of Problem to Singular Integral

Equations [20, 21]
Consider an elastic plane containing the infinite rounded V-notch with vertex angle
2. Smooth boundary contour of the notch is composed of wo symmetrical curves:
upper (L1 ) and lower (L2 ) ones. Each curve, in its turn, is composed of ray and
circular arc with radius , which smoothly merge near notch tip. N 2 cracks Lk
(k = 3, . . . , N) with lengths lk propagate from the notch tip. Contours of cracks Lk
are inclined at angles k to axis Ox of Cartesian coordinate system xOy with origin
in center of circle with radius (Fig. 3.5).
Fig. 3.5 System of edge

cracks propagating from the
tip of semi-infinite rounded
V-notch with vertex angle 2
Assume that the notch edge is unloaded while at infinity a stress field is asymptot-
ically given in terms of potentials 0 (z) and 0 (z) (3.5). The crack edges are loaded
by self-balancing stresses
N (t) + iT (t) = p (t), t Lk (k = 3, 4, . . . , N), (3.40)
where N (t), T (t) are normal and tangential components of stress vector applied
to left (+) or right () crack edge, respectively.
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem. Then complex stress
potentials can be written as the sum
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (3.41)
where functions (z) and (z) describe the disturbed stress state induced by notch
tip blunting and edge cracks. In this case, boundary conditions at contours Lk
(k = 1, 2, . . . , N) for stresses corresponding to potentials (z) and (z) acquire the
following form:
N (t) + iT (t) = p(t) =

dt
N
= p (t) 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t 0 (t) + 0 (t) , t L = Lk . (3.42)
dt
k=1
Simulate the wedge faces with cracks L1 and L2 of infinite length and thus come
to the system of N cracks in the elastic plane. Then potentials (z) and (z) can be
represented in the form (see 1.56)
N
1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
k=1 L
k
N

1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = dt dt . (3.43)
2 tz (t z)2
k=1 L
k
Thereby obeying the boundary condition (3.42), one gets a system of N complex
singular integral equations [40]
N
1
Kkm (t, t )g (t) dt + Lkm (t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), t Lm ,

k=1 L
k
m = 1, . . . , N,
(3.44)
where kernels have form


1 1 dt 1
Kkm (t, t ) = + , t Lk ,
2 t t dt t t

1 1 dt t t
Lkm (t, t ) = , t Lm . (3.45)
2 t t dt (t t )2
A unique solution of the system of integral equations (3.44) exists provided that the
additional condition is satisfied

N
g (t) dt = 0, L= Lk , (3.46)
L k=1
which ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the contour L. Satisfaction

of condition (3.46) is implied here only in boundary sense, when semi-infinite notch
edges L1 and L2 are interpreted as a limit case of cracks with finite lengths. In such
way, we transform the problem to the problem of branched crack in elastic plane and
gain a possibility to satisfy the condition (3.46) identically by rewriting the system
of integral equations (3.44) in rather different form (see (1.70))
N
1
Kkm (t, t )g (t) dt + Lkm

(t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), t Lm ,

k=1 L
k
m = 1, . . . N, (3.47)
where

Kkm (t, t ) = Kkm (t, t ) Kkm (, t ),
Lkm (t, t ) = Lkm (t, t ) Lkm (, t ).

(3.48)
It can be easily seen that in the point t = kernels (3.48) are zero.
3.2.2 Numerical Solution of Singular Integral

Equations [20, 21]
Considering the notch tip rounding radius as the basic parameter with dimension
of length, write parametric form equations of crack contours Lk (k = 1, . . . , N) as
t = k ( ), t Lk , k = 1, . . . , N, 1 1, (3.49)
where functions

1, 0 ( ) B ,
1 ( ) = ei( )
csc (( ) + ), ( ) B ,
2 ( ) = 1 ( ),
1
( ) = ( + 1)( ), B = /2 (3.50)
2
describe notch boundary whereas equations
1
k ( ) = 1 + eik ( + 1), k = 3, . . . , N, 0 k < , k = . (3.51)
2k lk
define contours of cracks propagating from the notch tip.

Making substitutions
t = k ( ), t = k (), t, t Lk , k = 1, . . . , N,
1 , 1, (3.52)
we reduce the system of integral equations (3.47) to the canonical form
N 1
1
Mkm (, )gk ( ) + Nkm (, )gk ( ) d = pm (),

k=1 1
1 1, m = 1, . . . , N, (3.53)
where

Mkm (, ) = Kkm (k ( ), m ()),

Nkm (, ) = Lkm (k ( ), m ());
gk ( ) = g (k ( ))k ( ),
pm () = p(m ()). (3.54)
Taking into account the relationship (3.42), write the right side of Eq. (3.53) in
the form

pm () = p (m ()) 0 (m ()) + 0 (m ()) +

m ()
+ m ()0 (m ()) + 0 (m ()) , (3.55)
m ()
A solution of the system of integral equations (3.53) for all contours Lk (k =

1, . . . , N) is sought in class of functions, which have an integrable singularity at the
ends of integration interval
uk ( )
gk ( ) = , 1 1, (3.56)
1 2
where uk ( ) are continuous functions.

The finiteness of functions gk ( ) in the cracks interception point Lk (k = 1, . . . , N)
provides N additional conditions
uk (1) = 0, k = 1, . . . , N. (3.57)
Applying here GaussChebyshev quadratures (1.100) and (1.101), we get a system of

complex linear algebraic equations being the discrete analogue of respective system
of integral equations (3.53)
nk

N
1
Mkm (i , j ) uk (i ) + Nkm (i , j ) uk (i ) = pm (j ),
nk i=1
k=1
m = 1, . . . , N, j = 1, . . . , (nk 1), (3.58)
where quadrature nodes and collocation points are determined by formulas:

(2i 1)
i = cos , i = 1, . . . , nk ,
2nk
j
j = cos , j = 1, . . . , (nk 1). (3.59)
nk

Supplement this system of Nk=1 nk N complex linear algebraic equations (3.58)
with N more algebraic equations that follow from conditions (3.57) through use of
the interpolation polynomial (1.156). As a result, we come to the closed system of
algebraic equations
N nk

1

Mkm (i , j ) uk (i ) + Nkm (i , j ) uk (i ) = pm (j ),

k=1 nk i=1

j = 1, . . . , (nk 1), m = 1, . . . , N, (3.60)

1
n

k
(2i 1)

n (1)i+nk tan uk (i ) = 0, k = 1, . . . , N.
k i=1 4nk
Stress intensity factors in crack tips Lk (k = 3, . . . , N) can be calculated

from (1.163), which can be rewritten in somewhat different notation

KI,k iKII,k = lim 2 |t k (+1)| gk (t) =
tk (+1)

= FI(k) iFII(k) K IV ( lk )1/2I , t Lk , k = 3, . . . , N,
(3.61)
where dimensionless SIFs FI , FII are

FI(k) iFII(k) =
1 (+1) uk (+1) , k = 3, . . . , N. (3.62)
2 I k
k (+1)
Values uk (+1) are computable using formula (1.155):
1
nk
(2i 1)
uk (+1) = (1)i uk (i ) cot . (3.63)
nk i=1 4nk
Numerical results were obtained for two symmetrical cases: one or two cracks
propagating from the notch tip.
3.3 Symmetrical Edge Crack in Rounded V-Notch Tip
Consider the elasticity theory problem for elastic plane weakened with semi-infinite
rounded V-shaped notch with a single edge crack propagating from the notch tip
[20, 21] (Fig. 3.6). Suppose that stress state is symmetrical with respect to the crack
line (K IIV = 0). The system of singular integral equations for problem stated can be
derived from relationships (3.58) by putting N = 3, 3 = 0, p (t), t L3 , and l3 = l.
The boundary contour and applied load symmetry with respect to axis Ox dictate
the following equalities for sought functions
u2 (i ) = u1 (i ), i = 1, . . . , n1 , (3.64)
Im u3 (i ) = 0, i = 1, . . . , n3 , (3.65)
Fig. 3.6 Symmetrical edge

crack at the tip of
semi-infinite rounded
V-notch
3.3 Symmetrical Edge Crack in Rounded V-Notch Tip 129
which enable to halve order of the algebraic equations system (3.60). As a result, we
come to the following system:
n1

1

M11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) + N11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

n1

i=1

1
n3

+
M31 (i , j ) + N31 (i , j ) Reu3 (i ) = p1 (j ), j = 1, . . . , n1 1,

n3

i=1

1
n1

(2i 1)

(1)i+n1 tan u1 (i ) = 0,
n1 4n1
i=1
n1

1

M13 (i , j ) u1 (i ) + N13 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

n1

i=1

1
n3

+ M33 (i , j ) + N33 (i , j ) Reu3 (i ) = p3 (j ), j = 1, . . . , n3 1,

n3

i=1

1
n3
(2i 1)

(1)i+n3 tan Reu3 (i ) = 0,
n3 4n3
i=1
(3.66)
where

M11 (i , j ) = M11 (i , j ) + N11 (i , j ),

N11 (i , j ) = N11 (i , j ) + M11 (i , j ),

M31 (i , j ) = M31 (i , j ) + N31 (i , j ),

N31 (i , j ) = N31 (i , j ) + M31 (i , j ),

M13 (i , j ) = M13 (i , j ) + N13 (i , j ),

N13 (i , j ) = N13 (i , j ) + M13 (i , j ),

M33 (i , j ) = M33 (i , j ) + N33 (i , j ),

N33 (i , j ) = N33 (i , j ) + M33 (i , j ). (3.67)
Numerical solution was found for notch vertex angles /36 2 35/36.
Relative radius of curvature in the notch tip = /l was varied from = 0.001 to
= 1000. Figure 3.7 demonstrates calculated dimensionless stress intensity factor
values in the crack tip FI .
We studied also the problem of sharp V-notch with a single edge crack. To do
this, we had modified parametric equations of contours L1 and L2 since in given case
notch tip rounding radius = 0 (Fig. 3.6)
1 + i
t = lk ( ), k = 1, 2; 1 ( ) = e ,
1
2 ( ) = 1 ( ), 1 1. (3.68)
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.7 Dimensionless stress intensity factor in the crack tip FI = KI /[K IV ( l)1/2I ] with respect
to relative radius of curvature in the notch tip = /l (a) or notch vertex angle 2 (b)
So obtained dependence of dimensionless stress intensity factor on vertex angle

(curve = 0 in Fig. 3.7b) is in good accordance with exact data calculated using
WienerHopf method [16] (see also Table 3.2).
It is seen from Fig. 3.7a that all curves quickly approach asymptotic values at
0. At < 1, when crack length is larger than the notch tip rounding radius,
stress intensity factor values for the crack growing from rounded tip of V-shaped
notch are very close to respective values for edge crack in the tip of sharp notch with
the same vertex angle. In other words, SIF in crack tip is virtually independent of
precise notch tip shape.
Notch vertex angle effect on stress intensity factor in crack tip is illustrated in
Fig. 3.7b. It can be seen from the figure that for extreme vertex angle values 2,
at 2 0 (semi-infinite crack) dimensionless SIF FI 1 at 0, while at
2 (half-plane with edge crack) this factor approaches the known magnitude
FI = 1.1215 (see, e.g., [41]) independently of notch tip rounding radius.
3.4 Two Symmetrical Edge Cracks in Rounded

V-Notch Tip
Consider now the problem for elastic plane weakened with semi-infinite V-shaped
notch and two symmetrical edge cracks (contours L3 and L4 ) propagating from the
notch tip [20, 21].
Assume that the cracks with length l3 = l4 = l form the angle 2 between them-
selves and the asymptotics (3.5) is given at infinity, where stress intensity factor in the
tip of corresponding sharp V-shaped notch K IIV = 0, i.e., there exists a symmetrical
stress state in elastic symmetrical region (Fig. 3.8).
The problem symmetry dictates the following symmetry conditions for the sought
functions:
3.4 Two Symmetrical Edge Cracks in Rounded V-Notch Tip 131
Fig. 3.8 Two symmetrical

edge cracks propagating
from rounded tip of
semi-infinite V-notch
u2 (i ) = u1 (i ), n1 = n2 , i = 1, . . . , n2 ,
u4 (i ) = u3 (i ), n3 = n4 , i = 1, . . . , n3 . (3.69)
Taking into account above conditions of symmetry (3.69), one can derive from (3.60)
the following system of linear algebraic equations
n1

1

M11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) + N11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

n1 i=1

n3

1

+ M31 (i , j ) u3 (i ) + N31 (i , j ) u3 (i ) = p1 (j ),

n3 i=1

j = 1, . . . , (n1 1),

n1

1 (2i 1)

(1)i+n1 tan u1 (i ) = 0,
n1 4n1
1
n1 (3.70)

1

n M13 (i , j ) u1 (i ) + N13 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

3 i=1

n3

1

+ M33 (i , j ) u3 (i ) + N33 (i , j ) u3 (i ) = p3 (j ),

n3 i=1

j = 1, . . . , (n3 1),

1
n

3
(2i 1)

n (1)i+n3 tan u3 (i ) = 0,
3 1 4n3
where

M11 (i , j ) = M11 (i , j ) + N21 (i , j ),

N11 (i , j ) = N11 (i , j ) + M21 (i , j ),
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3.9 Dimensionless stress intensity factors for two symmetrical edge cracks at the semi-infinite
V-notch tip FI = KI /[K IV ( l)1/2I ] and FII = KII /[K IV ( l)1/2I ] with respect to relative round-
ing radius or half-angle between cracks for the following vertex angles: 2 = /12 (a),
2 = /2 (b), 2 = 5/6 (c)

M31 (i , j ) = M31 (i , j ) + N41 (i , j ),

N31 (i , j ) = N31 (i , j ) + M41 (i , j ),

M13 (i , j ) = M13 (i , j ) + N14 (i , j ),

N13 (i , j ) = N13 (i , j ) + M14 (i , j ),

M33 (i , j ) = M33 (i , j ) + N43 (i , j ),

N33 (i , j ) = N33 (i , j ) + M43 (i , j ). (3.71)
3.4 Two Symmetrical Edge Cracks in Rounded V-Notch Tip 133
Calculations were performed for the parameter combination , /l and within

the following intervals: /36 2 35/36, 0.001 100, /36 2
17/18. Resulting stress intensity factor values for crack tips at extreme values of
notch vertex angles, when 2 0 and 2 , are in good concordance with
known results for the semi-infinite branched crack or the system of two symmetrical
edge cracks in elastic half-plane (see, e.g., [41]).
Figure 3.9 shows dependence of dimensionless stress intensity factor FI and
FII in tips of cracks propagating from tip of notch with vertex angle 2 =
{/12, /2, 5/6} on half-angle between cracks or relative notch rounding radius.
vertex angle values 2 were chosen so as to well elucidate the transient section of
functions FI (, ),
FII (, ),
when notch shape changes from a nearly slot to half-
plane. Just as in the case of single crack, SIFs quickly approach asymptotic values
at 0. It can be concluded that at crack lengths l smaller than curvature radius
( < 1), notch blunting effect on stress intensity factors FI and FII is insignificant
and calculated SIF values are virtually identical to ones for cracks propagating from
the sharp notch.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 3.10 Maximal dimensionless stress intensity factor in crack tip FI = KI /[K IV ( l)1/2I ]
(a, c) and angle between cracks 2 (b, d) with respect to relative notch tip rounding radius = /l (a,
b); notch vertex angle 2 (b, d)
Figure 3.9 demonstrates also maximal values of dimensionless stress intensity

factor FI at certain angles 2.
In particular, angle between cracks 2,
at which factor
FI reaches the maximal value, can be found from nonlinear equation
KII ()
=0 (3.72)
for notch vertex angles within the interval /36 2 . The found maximal
values (FI )max together with corresponding angle values are presented in Fig. 3.10.
For crack lengths smaller than notch rounding radius ( < 1), values (FI )max and
stabilize, asymptotically approaching the corresponding levels for sharp notch
( = 0), which were computed using a direct extrapolation. The effect of notch tip
rounding radius on values (FI )max and corresponding angles is considerable at large
values of parameters ( > 2), and this effect decreases with rising notch vertex
angle.
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Chapter 4
Deformation Fracture Criterion for Bodies
with Notches
Abstract Fracture criteria for notched solid bodies are discussed in the fourth
chapter. The most attention here is focused on the deformation criterion. The model
of plasticity bands in fracture mechanics was adopted as a basis. In frames of this
model the solutions to elastic-plastic problems for a plane with sharp or rounded
V-notches had been obtained.
Fracture mechanics of solids deals with studying deformation and fracture processes
in solids with a special attention to microstructural defects in materials
[1, 3, 2628, 42, 44, 47, 60, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81, 89, 100, 107, 122, 130, 132,
137, 142, 148, 153, 167170, 179182, 193, 204, 205, 218, 236]. Establishing the
material strength criteria in a structure with a special interest to occurring defects
is the core of this science. Main research efforts in fracture mechanics are exerted
to examining solid bodies containing cracks. Crack-like defects include not only
cracks but also another stress concentrators, which generate infinite stresses in their
tips in frames of linear elasticity theory, i.e. defects possessing stress fields with
singularities of a special kind. It takes place in bodies containing sharp V-shaped
notches that generate stress fields with power-type singularities in their tips. Another
bodies of great importance in fracture mechanics are structural members contain-
ing rounded holes of high curvature, whose strength hardly can be estimated using
classical strength criteria.
4.1 Fracture Criteria for Notched Solid Bodies
To estimate limit equilibrium of bodies with V-shaped notches, one can use strength,
strain, or energy criteria of fracture [27, 60, 153, 207, 210, 244, 248]. The strength
fracture criterion, similarly to bodies with cracks [83], is most widely spread in study-
ing the symmetrically loaded bodies with sharp V-notches [14, 31, 42, 44, 53, 54,
82, 119, 121, 128, 206]

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_4
138 4 Deformation Fracture Criterion for Bodies with Notches
K IV = KIcV () , (4.1)
where K IcV () is critical notch stress intensity factor, at which the material begins to
fail. K IcV () values depend on notch vertex angle, i.e. this parameter is not character-
istic of material. However, experimental determination of the dependence of K IcV ()
on vertex angle is very labor-intensive, and therefore this dependence is frequently
derived analytically based on other fracture criteria. Experimental studies of fracture
using planar specimens with sharp V-shaped notches are presented in e.g. refer-
ences [29, 30]. Effect of nonsingular stresses on fracture of bodies with sharp or
rounded V-shaped notches was studied in [7, 41, 138, 243].
The analytical estimation of limit equilibrium for bodies with V-shaped notches
can be made based on well-known NeuberNovozhilov criterion [158, 159], if frac-
ture mode can be considered as mode I (crack opening mode) and fracture condition
has the form
d0
1
dr c . (4.2)
d0
0
Here is maximal tensile stress at the ray = that emerges from the stress
concentrator; r is distance from the vertex; c is ultimate strength of the defect-free
material, and d0 is a structure parameter.
Similar criterion had been proposed for solids with cracks by Wieghardt [245] (see
also [36]); thereafter it was used by Neuber [154156] to estimate strength of solids
with rounded notches. As regards physical nature of parameter d0 , researchers
had expressed various opinions (interatomic spacing in solids with regular atomic
microstructure; grain size in polycrystalline materials, etc.). For solids with cracks,
having estimated the limit equilibrium under symmetrical loading using both
condition (4.2) and GriffithIrwin criterion [73, 83], we can establish relation
between this parameter and critical stress intensity factor KIc in the form
[32, 99, 145, 148, 209]
2 KIc 2
d0 = . (4.3)
c
Based on relationship (4.1), we can easily write the analytical dependence of the
factor K Ic () on notch vertex angle [206]
2I
2KIc
K IcV () = (1 I )c , (4.4)
c
where I is stress singularity exponent at the V-notch tip.

Nonlocal criterion based on the average stress level near V-shaped notch tip (4.2)
had been widely discussed in many publications [6, 37, 54, 58, 94, 101, 103, 104,
112, 119, 121, 131, 146, 147, 219, 221, 224, 228] and generalized to include the
mixed fracture mode [102, 150, 152, 208, 210212]. This criterion can be used
4.1 Fracture Criteria for Notched Solid Bodies 139
for both sharp and rounded notches, the parameter d0 being considered constant,
i.e. characteristic of material. However, some authors had already pointed out on
insufficient soundness of this approach (see e.g. [104, 145]).
Another approach for constructing the quasi-brittle fracture criteria was based on
the assumption that crack begins to propagate when either normal strain [136] or
normal stress [192] at some critical distance from crack or notch tip reaches a critical
value. Such approach was called the theory of critical distances. It can be applied
for both sharp and rounded notches. The formalism had been developed by many
researchers [8, 9, 18, 2125, 32, 48, 71, 105, 108, 120, 217, 226, 227, 229234]
in frames of so called quantum fracture mechanics [46, 139, 140, 185, 186].
The theory of critical distances is conceptually close to the model of fictitious
crack [3335, 49, 84, 125, 160163, 225, 242], which stipulates conventional build-
ing a fictitious crack with a certain length from the notch tip and thereafter studying
the limit equilibrium or fatigue strength using methods of fracture mechanics for
solid bodies with cracks. Length of fictitious crack is supposed being a characteristic
of material.
Once more approach for predicting strength of structures weakened by notches
with rounded tips of arbitrary curvature radius, so called gradient approach, is based
on assumption, that the local strength of material depends on stress concentration
zone size [114117, 157, 213, 222, 223]. Fracture criteria were proposed also for
solids with U-shaped notches [132135].
Fracture energy criteria for bodies with notches were advanced in two
directions. First one is based on Griffiths criterion [73] of strain energy release rate
[118, 119, 208]. Another direction includes works that use so called criterion of strain
energy density [1517, 19, 20, 50, 6164, 97, 109113, 126, 129, 144, 164, 209,
210, 214216, 248]. Some attention was also given to a fractal approach to analysis
of energy balance in bodies with V-shaped notches [9092].
Here, in more detail we shall consider the strain fracture criterion, which is
grounded on analysis of plastic strain near notch tip. Since plastic zones near notch
tip differ under conditions of plane stress state or plane strain state, critical values
of notch opening displacement (basic parameter in the strain criterion) should obvi-
ously be different. By analogy with solids with cracks, a model of plasticity bands
is applied to determine notch tip opening displacement I [45, 172, 173, 240, 241].
The strain criterion is suitable for bodies with sharp V-shaped notches, if the notch
tip emits one plasticity band (plane stress state [12, 13, 65, 66, 79, 151, 202]) or two
symmetrical plasticity bands (plane strain state [203]). The criterion is useful also
for bodies with V-shaped rounded notches [38, 55, 67, 68]. There are also some-
what modified versions of strain fracture criterion for solids with sharp or rounded
notches [4, 171].
We shall consider that the limit equilibrium of an elastic-plastic body becomes
broken when the opening displacement I in the tip of sharp or rounded V-shaped
notch reaches its critical value
I = c , (4.5)
where c value is related to the body under plane stress. Let us assume that c is
a constant characteristic of given material independent of notch vertex angle and
tip rounding radius; in other words, it is the critical opening displacement for given
specimen with a crack. If the body with notch is under plane strain conditions, the
criterion Eq. (4.5) still stays valid but the critical opening displacement value in the
same material will be different (such value is designated as Ic ).
When the plastic deformations are small, the opening displacement c in the
specimen with crack can be determined from the critical stress intensity factor value
Kc [169, 170]
K2
c = c , (4.6)
EY
where E is Youngs modulus and Y is yield point of the material.

From the criterion Eq. (4.5), one can find the unknown breaking load, which in turn
determines notch tip opening displacement I , while the rest entering quantities are
considered known. Above relationship can be applied to determine fracture toughness
Kc or KIc in the specimens with rounded V-shaped notches without cracks. This fact is
of great importance for very brittle materials (for example, silicate glass, ceramics,
concrete, etc.), which hardly permit correct fracture toughness measuring due to
difficulties in cracked specimen preparation.
It should be noted that the most of proposed criteria are developed for notches
in the stress-strain state corresponding to fracture mode I. Only few criteria concern
solids with notches occurring in the complex stress state [19, 39, 40, 54, 69, 70, 77,
149, 178, 183, 184, 210, 211, 227, 235, 248, 249].
In order for determining crack or notch tip opening displacement under plane
stress state or plane strain state, the model of plasticity bands is mostly used. Next
sections of this chapter are devoted to just this matter.
4.2 Model of Plasticity Bands in Fracture Mechanics
Mechanical loading of real solids with sharp stress concentrators induces plastic
deformations near tips of concentrators. If the plastic zone size is comparable with
a crack-like defect length or typical dimension of the body, then deformation or
fracture of such bodies must be described using only nonlinear fracture mechan-
ics. To find stresses and/or displacements in such body, it is necessary to state and
solve the respective elastic-plastic problem. Constructing such solutions in a gen-
eral case of continual plasticity zone near sharp concentrator tip presents a quite
complicated mathematical problem. For this reason, the solution method based on
assumption of plastic strain localization in thin layers near crack tip has acquired
a great prevalence. In this approach, thin slip layers (plasticity bands) are simulated
as surfaces of displacement discontinuity, at which plasticity conditions are fulfilled.
Beside them, the body is considered elastic. In such way, the problem of slip lay-
ers propagation in a body with crack is reduced to the boundary value problem
4.2 Model of Plasticity Bands in Fracture Mechanics 141
of elasticity theory for elastic region with a main crack and lateral cuts emerging
from its tip and imitating the plasticity bands. The unknown slots sizes and orienta-
tions are calculated during the problem solution [11, 45, 52, 98, 123, 127, 165, 167,
168, 172, 173, 177, 179, 187191, 220, 238, 240, 241]. Experimental studies show
that sharp stress concentrators in many cases really generate plastic deformations
localized in thin layers, which are most frequently observed at initial stages of their
propagation in materials with pronounced yield plateau [124].
The plane problem of elasticity theory describes both generalized plane stress
state, which arises when a thin plate is deformed by forces applied in its plane,
and the plane strain state, which is created when a cylindrical body with a constant
cross section is deformed by forces applied perpendicularly to its axis and identical
for all cross sections. Plane elastic-plastic problems for plane stress state or plane
strain state are essentially different due to different conditions of plasticity caused by
presence of stresses normal to bodys cross sections in the case of plane strain state.
Therefore, models of plasticity bands in these cases are different too [172, 173].
4.2.1 Plane Stress State
Let us consider first the plane stress state in a body with a mode I crack. As exper-
imental studies of plastic deformation of thin plates with mode I cracks indicate,
initially, at low loading levels, the crack generates narrow plastic zones in its path,
which result in local plate thinning. And then, as loading enhances, crack tip abruptly
originates a secondary system of very thin symmetrical slip bands in planes that are
inclined to primary ones at angles of about 50 . At subsequent stages of deformation,
the plasticity bands grow in thickness and simultaneously new bands arise resulting
in formation of continuous plastic zone of triangular shape. It should be noted that
above presented plasticity bands development scheme fully develops only in plates
made from rather plastic materials. Primary and secondary plasticity bands have dif-
ferent physical interpretation. The primary plasticity bands form at the planes with
highest tensile stresses. Slip in these bands proceeds along planes with maximal shear
stresses, which are inclined to the plate surface at the angle of 45 . Such shears cause
significant plate deformations in direction of its thickness resulting in local thinning
of the plate [124, 240]. On the contrary, the secondary slip bands appear in planes
with maximal tangential stresses perpendicular to the plates surface.
Consider an elastic-plastic problem for an infinite plate containing the straight
crack with length 2l0 along axis x in the assumption that the crack originates plasticity
bands from its tips in the direction of crack extension (Fig. 4.1). Given are biaxial
tensile stresses y = p and x = q at infinity and the constant pressure at the
crack edges
N (x) + iT (x) = , l0 < x < l0 , (4.7)
where N (x) and T (x) are normal and tangential components of stress vector
applied to upper (+) or lower () crack edge, respectively.
Fig. 4.1 Symmetrically

loaded plate with crack and
plasticity bands in its
extension
Suppose that the material of the plate is perfectly elastic-plastic. Simulate the
plasticity bands with cuts along segments l < x < l0 and l0 < x < l of the axis
x, and assume that TrescaSaint Venant plasticity condition is fulfilled in these bands.
Having made above presumptions, we come to the plane problem of elasticity theory
for a plate containing a cut with length 2l and the following boundary conditions
given in its edges

, l0 < x < l0
N (x) + iT (x) = (4.8)
Y , l0 < |x| < l,
where N (x), T (x) are normal and tangential components of stress vector applied
to upper (+) or lower () cut (crack) edge, respectively and Y is yield point of the
plate material.
Let us solve the problem using the singular integral equation method. Similarly
to relationships (1.140), write the complex stress potentials in the form
l
1 g (t)
(z) = 0 (z) + dt,
2 tz
l
l
1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = 0 (z) + dt dt , (4.9)
2 tz (t z)2
l
where functions
1 1
0 (z) = (p + q), 0 (z) = (p q) (4.10)
4 2
characterize uniform stress state in the plate without crack. Unknown function g(x)
can be expressed in terms of normal displacement discontinuity v(x, y) on the cut
contour
2G +
g(x) = v (x, 0) v (x, 0) , x [l, l], (4.11)
1+
where G and are elastic constants (see (1.18)).

Now reduce the problem to solution of the singular integral equation
l
1 g (t) p , |x| < l0 ,
dt = p(x) = (4.12)
tx p + Y , l0 < |x| < l
l
with an additional condition

l
g (t) dt = 0, (4.13)
l
which ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the crack and plasticity
bands contours.
The unique solution of integral Eq. (4.12) under condition (4.13) appears as
l 2
1 l t 2 p(t) dt
g (x) = . (4.14)
l2 x2 tx
l
The condition of finite stress at the end of plasticity band (or condition g (l) = 0)
yields the equality [172, 173]
l0 ( + p)
= cos (4.15)
l 2( + Y )
enabling determination of plastic zone length ll0 . The equality (4.15) for = 0 had
been first presented in references [52, 166, 239]. It follows from (4.15), in particular,
that if the plate is loaded only at crack edges (p = 0), in the limit case when
Y ,
the plastic zone length is bounded, with the limiting value being l = 2l0 .
Taking into account the condition (4.15), rewrite the equality (4.14) in the form
+ Y
g (x) = [(x, l0 ) (x, l0 )] , (4.16)
2
where
l2 tx +(l 2 x 2 )(l 2 t 2 )
(x, t) = ln
. (4.17)
l 2 tx (l 2 x 2 )(l 2 t 2 )
The relationship (4.16) allows to find function g(x) determining the crack profile
+ Y
g(x) = [(l0 x)(x, l0 ) + (l0 + x)(x, l0 )] . (4.18)
2
And from here one obtains the formula [172, 173]
(1 + ) 8( + Y ) (p + )
I (l0 ) = g(l0 ) = l0 ln cos (4.19)
2G E 2( + Y )
for crack opening displacement in its tip I (l0 ). Here E is Youngs modulus. The
equality (4.19) for = 0 had been presented in references [72, 166]. The crack
opening displacement in its center (x = 0) is
(p+)
4( + Y ) 1 + sin 2(+Y )
I (0) = l0 ln (p+)
. (4.20)
E 1 sin 2(+Y )
At low loading levels (and consequently small plastic zones), one can derive from
Eqs. (4.15) and (4.19) relationships [42, 76, 187, 247]
KI2 KI2
d= , I = , (4.21)
8Y2 EY

where d = l l0 is plastic zone length and KI = (p + ) l0 is stress intensity
factor in the crack tip.
It can be concluded from here that the plastic deformation near crack tip at low
load levels in a symmetrically loaded plate is determined by a single parameter SIF
KI .
The general solution of this elastic-plastic problem had been derived in frames of
k model, otherwise called the LeonovPanasyukDugdale model, i.e. in assumption
that plasticity bands arise only in the crack extension. However, in some cases there
can be new slip bands too. It can be shown that maximal tangential stress in crack
tip is expressed by the formula [172, 173]

1 2
max = p q + ( + Y ) sin exp(i) , (4.22)
2
where is angular coordinate (x + iy = l0 + r exp(i)).

The stress max reaches its highest value at
(p q)
tan 2 = tan 2 = , < (4.23)
+ Y 4 2
and can be calculated in the form

+ Y 2 (p q)2
max = 1+ 1+ . (4.24)
2 ( + Y )2
The plastic state arises at the condition max = Y /2, from which the following
equalities ensue
(p q)2 = Y [( 2)Y 2], (4.25)

2 2/Y
tan 2 = . (4.26)
1 + /Y
Therefore, when applied loads obey the condition (4.25), new slip lines arise
at angles = to crack line (shown by dashed lines in Fig. 4.1), the angle
being dependent on ratio /Y and reaching the lowest value in absence of loading
at crack edges ( = 0). In this case, the following results can be obtained from
relationships (4.25) and (4.26) [124]

2 1

p q = Y 1 0.60 Y , = arctan ( 2) 59 .
2
(4.27)
Highest possible angle value = /2 is attained at = Y (/2 1), p = q.
Experimental studies of soft steel plates with cracks [100] under uniaxial tension
( = 0, q = 0) qualitatively confirm the analytical solution (4.27). More exhaustive
analysis of stress state in a plate with crack and plasticity bands at its extension [174]
shows that the secondary plastic flow originates in inner points of elastic region
rather than in crack tip, and that this process commences at somewhat less ratio
p/Y ( = 0, q = 0).
It follows from (4.15) and (4.19) that tension along the crack by stresses q
(p > q > 0) does not affect on elastic-plastic equilibrium at initial stage of load-
ing (i.e. in absence of inclined slip lines). This conclusion however becomes invalid
when interrelation between stresses p and q takes any other form [59]. The elastic-
plastic problem for a body with crack was solved using the singular integral
equation method for the case of presence of secondary plasticity bands as well
[174, 199, 200].
4.2.2 Plane Strain State
Experimental examination of a body with crack under plane strain state demonstrate
that initial plastic deformations near mode I crack tip localize predominately along
narrow bands inclined to the crack line at angles approximately equal to 45 [246].
When solving a problem of ideally elastic-plastic body with crack of arbitrary shape
occurring in the plane strain state under any type of loading, researchers usually
accept that crack tip emits two slip bands of different lengths and orientations. These
bands are simulated by lines of tangential displacement discontinuity and, as a rule,
tangential stresses equal to shear yield limit are given at the discontinuity line Y . In
such representation, the problem of slip bands propagation is reduced to the plane
problem of elasticity theory for a branched cut or crack.
Fig. 4.2 Semi-infinite

mode I crack with two slip
bands
Consider slip bands propagation near mode I crack tip (KII = 0) at low loading
levels when the plastic zone is small in comparison with crack length. In this assump-
tion, the problem can be further reduce to plane with a semi-infinite crack (along the
negative semi-axis x) and two symmetrical slip bands propagating from the crack tip
at angle to axis x. Let us introduce polar coordinate system r, with pole in the
crack tip and polar axis along axis x (Fig. 4.2). Write the solution of homogeneous
boundary value problem for elastic plane with semi-infinite crack considering that
stress state is determined by complex potentials (see (2.38))
KI KI
0 (z) = , 0 (z) = , z = x + iy. (4.28)
2 2z 4 2z
Simulate slip bands near crack tip with the tangential displacement discontinuity
lines. Substitute them by cuts with identical lengths l and accept that tangential loads
equal to shear yield limit Y are given at the cuts edges. As a result, we are coming
to the plane problem of elasticity theory for plane with a semi-infinite crack and two
symmetrical cuts of unknown lengths and orientations propagating from the crack
tip. Boundary conditions for this problem have the form
= r

= 0, = , 0 < r < ;

[ ] = 0, [u ] = 0, r = Y , = , 0 < r < l, (4.29)
where [A] is discontinuity of the quantity A crossing any of rays = .

Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem by dividing it onto
two subproblems: the problem of elastic plane with semi-infinite crack and given
asymptotics (4.28) at infinity (principal stress state) and the problem of plane with
unloaded crack and lateral cuts along rays = , loaded with self-balancing shear
stresses p(r, )
KI
r = p(r) = Y sin cos , 0 < r < l. (4.30)
2 2r 2
The second term in Eq. (4.30) presents the tangential stress at the ray = taken
with opposite sign, which is described by potentials (4.28) (see also (1.65)).
The approximate analytical solution to the problem for elastic plane with semi-
infinite mode I crack and symmetrical lateral cuts can be derived from a known
solution for semi-infinite crack [190]. Substituting loads (4.30) into expression for
stress intensity factor for disturbed stress field near tip of semi-infinite crack laying
along the ray < x l, y = 0 (see e.g. [195]), one gets
l
2 KI dt
K II = Y sin cos . (4.31)
2 2t 2 lt
0
Then, setting stress intensity factor in notch tip (slip band) equal to zero, one can
find the plasticity band length [190]
2
KI
l= sin2 (1 + cos ). (4.32)
64 Y
The slip band orientation angle is chosen from the condition of maximal band
length l. In such approach, the angle corresponds to inclination angle of planes
with maximal tangential stresses r near tip of semi-infinite crack laying along the
negative semi-axis x. To find the angle, one has the equation: cos = 1/3, that is
= 70.6 . Then one easily obtains from the relationship (4.32) [190]
2 2 2
KI KI KI
l= =a 0.058 . (4.33)
54 Y Y Y
Write the derivative of tangential displacement discontinuity g (x) for semi-

infinite crack along the ray < x l, y = 0 in the form [175]
l
1 KI lt
g (x ) = Y sin cos dt (4.34)
lx 2 2t 2 t x
0
After integrating above equality (4.34), one obtains with taking into account the
condition g (l) = 0
l

1 KI l t + l x
g (x ) = Y sin cos ln dt. (4.35)
2 2t 2 l t l x
0
From here, the value of function g (x ) in the beginning of cut is as follows

1 lKI 1 KI2
g (0) = 2lY sin cos = . (4.36)
2 2 27 Y
In deriving above, we had used the integral value

l l t + l

ln dt = 2l, (4.37)
l t l
0

l l t + l dt

ln = 2 l. (4.38)
l t l t
0
Taking into consideration coupling of function g (x ) with tangential displacement

discontinuity at the cut contour (1.54) in plane strain state, we have
4(1 2 )
II = g (0), (4.39)
E
where E is Youngs modulus and is Poissons ratio.
Then opening displacement of semi-infinite crack in its tip (x = 0) in presence
of two cuts (or slip bands) will be [190]

16 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
I = 2II sin = =b 0.279 . (4.40)
81 EY EY EY
This problem had been studied by many researchers. Authors [141, 142] had
found an approximate solution in the assumption that slip band inclination angle
= 45 , coefficients a and b in relationships (4.33) and (4.40) being calculated
equal a = 0.08, b = 0.39. Cherepanov [43] had built an exact solution to the
boundary value problem using WienerHopf method (see also [96]). His results are:
= 72 , a = 0.058, b = 0.28. Authors [127] had numerically solved the problems
singular integral equation and obtained the following values: = 72.3 , a = 0.058,
b = 0.28. It should be noted that approximate analytical solution by Rice [190] was
proven to be very close to exact solution. Numerical solution of the integral equation
performed in [191] had shown that Rices analysis with a good accuracy yields values
a and b for angles within the interval 45 70.5 . The approximate solution
to the problem including tensile forces acting parallel to crack plane had been built
up in references [2, 190]. Authors [87] had studied propagation of three plasticity
bands emerging from semi-infinite crack tip.
The singular integral equation method had been applied to construct solution to
the problem concerning development of slip bands in the tip of semi-infinite mixed
mode crack [200]. In general case of loading, when complex stress potentials are
KI iKII KI + 3iKI
0 (z) = , 0 (z) = , z = x + iy, (4.41)
2 2z 4 2z
Fig. 4.3 Semi-infinite mixed

mode crack with slip bands
the crack tip emits two plastic bands with different lengths and orientations. Let us
consider in more detail transverse shear (Mode II) crack L0 (KI = 0). In this case one
of slip bands (L1 ) lays at crack extension (1 = 0) whereas angle between bands L1
and L2 is 122.2 (Fig. 4.3). Band lengths are l1 = 1.02lII and l2 = 0.553lII while crack
tip opening displacement components consist of I = 0.980II and II = 1.956II ,
where 2
lII = KII , II =
(1 2 )KII2
. (4.42)
16 Y EY
The problem about tension of semi-infinite elastic body with mode I crack of a
finite length emitting a pair of symmetrical slip bands from each tip had been stud-
ied in references [191, 237]. There were attempts to simulate the slip bands with
superdislocations [5, 56] as well. It had been shown [191] that the slip band orien-
tation angle , at which slip band length is maximal, depends on loading level; it is
equal to 70.5 in the stage of low-scale yielding and decreases with rising loading
(i.e. tensile stresses p) approaching 45 at p 2Y . The method of singular inte-
gral equations was also applied for studying straight [51] or curvilinear cracks [176]
under arbitrary loading within the plasticity bands approach.
4.3 Infinite Wedge with Plasticity Bands
The tip of elastic wedge with vertex angle larger than is a singularity, where
stresses become infinite. It is why plastic deformations arise in any elastic-plastic
body with the sharp V-notch at any loading level. Taking of these plastic deforma-
tions into account is especially important in strength and/or reliability estimations
of structural elements with such stress concentrators. The most common in frac-
ture mechanics is the model of plasticity bands emerging from the sharp V-notch
tip. By means of Mellin integral transform, above problem can be reduced to the
WienerHopf functional equation and solved in quadratures. Just this approach
had been applied to solve problems for propagation of two [85, 95, 96] or three
[86, 88, 95, 106] plasticity bands from the V-notch tip. However, authors of cited
works failed to obtain numerical results for plasticity band lengths or opening dis-
placement in the V-notch tip that are basic parameters of nonlinear fracture mechan-
ics. From the other hand, numerical methods had been applied to study various
versions of the plasticity band model for either homogeneous [57] or piecewise-
homogeneous [143] wedge. Besides, the closed-form approximate solutions had
been built up for problems of the plasticity band propagation from the homogeneous
wedge tip in plane stress state [201] or plane strain state [203]. These results are
presented below.
4.3.1 Plane Stress State
Consider elastic plate with sharp V-notch, which occupies the region 0 < r < ,
, where r, are polar coordinates with pole in wedge tip and polar axis
along the wedge bisecting line (Fig. 4.4). Suppose that a generalized plane stress
state takes place in the plate.
Write complex stress potentials within the homogeneous singular boundary value
problem of elasticity theory for the wedge with vertex angle 2 under symmetrical
loading
K IV sin 2
0 (z) =
,
(2z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
K IV sin (2I )
0 (z) =
, z = x + iy = rei , (4.43)
(2z) (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
I
where K IV is notch stress intensity factor in wedge tip, I is the roof of characteristic
Eq. (2.11) in the interval 0 < I < 1.
Accept that a single plasticity band propagates from wedge tip along the line of
maximal normal stress coinciding with wedge symmetry axis (Fig. 4.4) and that the
Fig. 4.4 Wedge with

a single plasticity band
4.3 Infinite Wedge with Plasticity Bands 151
wedge is in plane stress state under symmetrical loading. Furthermore, accept that
material of the plate is perfectly elastic-plastic and satisfies to TrescaSaint Venant
plasticity condition.
Simulate slip band near wedge tip with the normal displacement discontinuity.
Then substitute it with a cut of the same length l loaded by the following stresses at
its edges
N (x) + iT (x) = Y , 0 < x < l, (4.44)
where N (x), T (x) are normal and tangential components of stress vector applied
to upper (+) or lower () cut edge, respectively and Y is yield point of the plate
material. In above statement, the problem of the plasticity band propagation in thin
plate with V-shaped notch is reducible to the plane problem of elasticity theory for
wedge with edge cut near its tip.
Assume that wedge faces are free of loads
= 0, r

= 0, = ; (4.45)
the boundary conditions (4.44) are given at cut edges, and the asymptotics (4.43)
exists at infinity.
To solve the boundary value problem for wedge with the cut loaded by normal
stresses applied to its edges, again invoke the superposition method. Write complex
stress potentials as the sum
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (4.46)
where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) are defined by formulas (4.43) while potentials (z)
and (z) describe disturbed stress state induced by the cut. Thereafter a boundary
value problem appears for wedge with the cut loaded by the following stresses given
at its edges
N (x) + iT (x) = p(x) = Y K IV (2x)I , 0 < x < l, (4.47)
when wedge faces are unloaded, and stresses at infinity are of the order lesser than
r I .
Involve the closed form approximate solutions to the problem (3.25) and (3.35)
to get a summary intensity factor in cut tip

KI = K IV K 11 () l 1/2I Y l K22 (), (4.48)
where
2 I
1
K 11 () =
c
Ic 1 , (4.49)
(2)I 1
c
+2

2 1c 2 + sin 2
K22 () = 1 1, c = , = , (4.50)
c c +2 22 2 sin2
(x) is gamma function.

Since stresses in the tip of cut, which imitates a plasticity band, are finite, the
stress intensity factor in cut tip is zero: KI = 0. Find the plasticity band length [201]
from above condition 1/I
K IV K 11 ()
l= . (4.51)
Y K22 ()
Now find opening displacement in the wedge tip. It is known [175, 194] that the
derivative of normal displacement discontinuity across the cut contour can be written
as
l c
cx c1 l t c p(t) dt
g (x) = , (4.52)
lc xc t c xc
0
where
E +
g (x) = v v , (4.53)
4 x
E is Youngs modulus and v+ , v are normal displacements of upper and lower cut
edges, respectively.
Integrate the equality (4.52) with respect to x taking into account the condition
of zero displacement discontinuity at the cut tip to obtain

l l c t c + l c x c
1
g(x) = ln p(t) dt. (4.54)
lc t c lc xc
0
In the cut beginning, i.e. in the wedge tip (x = 0), this expression becomes

l l c t c + l c
1
g(0) = ln p(t) dt. (4.55)
lc t c lc
0
Substitute here the function p(t) (4.47) to express the opening displacement
in sharp V-notch tip in the form [201]
1 I 1
K IV K IV
I I
4 4
IV = g(0) = F1 () K IV F2 () Y , (4.56)
E E Y Y
where
1I 1 I
(2)I K 11 ()
I
F1 () =
1
c
, (4.57)
(1 I ) + 21 c
I K22 ()
1
1c K 11 () I
F2 () = . (4.58)
1c + 21 K22 ()
In deriving above, the following integral values had been used

l l c t c + l c 1c

ln dt = l 1 1 , (4.59)
lc t c lc c+2
0
I
l l c t c + l c dt 1I
l 1

ln = Ic 1 . (4.60)
l c t c l c t I 1 I 1 +2
0 c
Approximate solution to the problem for plasticity band in the symmetrically

loaded wedge can be established using a simplified method. For this, use a corre-
sponding solution for plate with semi-infinite crack to describe the disturbed stress
field in the plate with sharp V-shaped notch. Such approach was first proposed by
Rice [190] who had sought solution to the problem for two plasticity bands emitted
by a semi-infinite crack tip (see also previous section). Substituting loads (4.47) into
stress intensity factor expression for disturbed stress field near the semi-infinite crack
tip [175], one gets
l
2 Y K IV (2t)I
KI = dt. (4.61)
lt
0
Then, calculating integrals in relationship (4.61) and setting stress intensity factor
in cut tip (plasticity band) equal to zero, one can find the plasticity band length [201]
1
K IV (1 I ) I
l= . (4.62)
2Y (2)I 23 I
Write the formula for calculating the function g (x) [175]
l
1 K IV lt
g (x) = Y dt. (4.63)
lx (2t)I tx
0
After integrating above equality (4.63) with taking into account the condition
g(l) = 0, one obtains
l
K IV l t + l x
1
g(x) = Y ln dt. (4.64)
(2t)I l t l x
0
Find from here values of function g(x) in the cut beginning x = 0, that is, in the
tip of V-notch
l
K IV l t + l 2lY I
1
g(0) = Y ln dt = . (4.65)
(2t)I l t l 1 I
0
In deriving above, we had used the integral value (4.37) and the relationship

l l t + l dt 1I
l (1 I )

ln = . (4.66)
l t l t I 1 I 23 I
0
Now we have opening displacement in the wedge tip in the form [201]
11/
1
8l Y I 8Y I
I (1 I ) I
IV = = 1/I . (4.67)
E 1 I 1 I 2 (2)I 23 I
E K IV
The dependence of dimensionless opening displacement

1/I
K IV
IV = IV E 11/I
(4.68)
Y
on V-shaped notch vertex angle 2 is plotted in the Fig. 4.5. When V-notch degen-
erates into crack ( = 0), values of plasticity band length (4.51) and (4.62) as well
as opening displacement in the wedge tip (4.56) and (4.67) converge with respective
solutions for the semi-infinite crack.
4.3.2 Plane Strain State
Consider elastic space with sharp V-notch, which occupies the region 0 < r < ,
, where r, are polar coordinates with pole in wedge tip and polar axis
along the wedge bisecting line (Fig. 4.6) under plane strain conditions. Suppose that
stress state in an elastic wedge with vertex angle 2 = 2 2 is symmetrical and
can be described by complex stress potentials 0 (z) and 0 (z) (4.43).

opening displacement IV
with respect to V-shaped
notch vertex angle 2:
solution (4.56) curve 1,
solution (4.67) curve 2
Fig. 4.6 Wedge with two

plasticity bands
By analogy with cracked body under plane strain and symmetrical loading, we
shall simulate the plasticity zone near V-shaped notch with two plasticity bands
inclined at angle to the wedge bisecting line (Fig. 4.6). Furthermore, accept that
material of the space is perfectly elastic-plastic and satisfies to TrescaSaint Venant
plasticity condition. The asymptotics (4.43) is given at infinity through notch stress
intensity factor K IV at elastic wedge vertex.
Simulate plasticity bands near wedge tip with the tangential displacement dis-
continuity. Substitute them by cuts with identical lengths l and accept that tangential
loads equal to shear yield limit Y are given at the cuts edges. In above statement,
the problem of the plasticity bands propagation in the body with V-shaped notch is
reducible to the plane problem of elasticity theory for wedge with cuts of unknown
lengths and orientations propagating from the notch tip.
State the boundary conditions for present problem
= 0, r = 0, = = ( ), 0 < r < ,

r = Y , = , 0 < r < l. (4.69)
To solve the problem for wedge with cuts in its vertex, invoke the superposition
method once more. Let the first subproblem be the problem for solid elastic wedge
with stress free faces and stress state described by stress potentials (4.43) and the
second subproblem is the problem for wedge with cuts loaded by self-balancing
shear stresses (r)
K IV f ()
r = (r) = Y , = , 0 < r < l, (4.70)
(2r)I
while at infinity stresses are of the order o(1/(2r)I ). Here the following notations
are introduced
I cos(2 I ) sin I (2 I ) cos I sin(2 I )
f () = . (4.71)
(2 I ) [cos(2 I ) cos I ]
Approximate solution to the problem for two symmetrical cuts in the wedge can be
established, just like how it was made in previous section for the same cuts near semi-
infinite crack tip, using the respective solution for elastic plane with a semi-infinite
crack [175]. Substituting loads (r) (4.70) into stress intensity factor expression for
disturbed stress field K II near the semi-infinite crack tip, one gets
l
2 IV f ()
K dt
K II = Y . (4.72)
(2t)I lt
0
Then, calculating integrals and setting SIF K II in tips of cuts simulating the plasticity
bands equal to zero, one can find the plasticity band length as follows [203]
1
1 K IV f () (1 I ) I
l= . (4.73)
2 2 Y 23 I
From here, in the special case of semi-infinite crack ( = 0), one comes to the
relationship (4.33).
Equation (4.73) demonstrates that the plasticity band length depends on its ori-
entation angle. To determine angle (0 < < ), we have the transcendental
equation
2I cos(2 I ) cos I (2 I )2 cos I cos(2 I ) = 0. (4.74)
Numerical values of plasticity-band orientation angle are presented in Table 4.1. It

should be noted that so determined angle corresponds to maximal tangential stresses
r (2.31) near wedge tip, in other words, slip (plasticity) bands locate in planes, in
which maximal tangential stresses r act.
Table 4.1 Angle of plasticity band inclination to wedge symmetry axis for various values of V-
notch vertex angle 2
2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
70.53 70.45 70.20 69.77 69.16 68.36 67.39 66.25 64.95
2 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
63.49 61.89 60.16 58.30 56.33 54.26 52.08 49.81 47.45
In order for determining the tangential displacement discontinuity across contour

of the cut simulating a slip band, we use the formula (4.35), substituting therein
loading (4.30) with function (4.70)
l
K IV l t + l x
1
g (x ) = Y f () ln dt. (4.75)
(2t)I l t l x
0
It results from here,

l K IV f () (1 I )
g (0) = 2Y . (4.76)
(2l)I 1 I 23 I
In deriving above, we had used integral values (4.37) and (4.66).

After introducing into (4.76) relationships (4.73), we get
1/I 1/I
V
1 KI I f () (1 I )
g (0) = 2 . (4.77)
(Y )1/I 1 1 I 2 23 I
The tangential displacement discontinuity in the beginning of cut imitating a slip

band can be found from relationship
4(1 2 )
II = g (0), (4.78)
E
where E is Youngs modulus and is Poissons ratio. Then opening displacement in
the tip of wedge with two slip bands will be
IV = 2 II sin . (4.79)
From relationships (4.77)(4.79) one can easily derive expression for opening
displacement in sharp V-notch tip in the case when a body is in the plane strain
state [203]

opening displacement IV ()
in the tip of sharp V-notch
with two slip bands with
respect to notch vertex angle
2
1/I 1/I
8(1 2
) sin K IV I f () (1 I )
I =
V
. (4.80)
E 2 (Y )1/I 1 1 I 2 23 I
The dependence of dimensionless opening displacement
E (Y )1/I 1
IV () = IV , (4.81)
1 2 V 1/I
KI
on wedge vertex angle 2 is graphically illustrated in the plot of Fig. 4.7. In the special
case, when V-notch degenerates into a semi-infinite crack ( = 0), one comes to the
relationship (4.40).
4.4 Plasticity Band Near Rounded V-Notch
In concordance with the model of plasticity bands in fracture mechanics, we shall

imagine that tip of the V-shaped rounded notch with vertex angle 2 emits a single
plasticity band along the symmetry axis (Fig. 4.8a), if the body is perfectly elastic-
plastic and exists in plane stress state under symmetrical loading. Simulate the plas-
ticity band with a mathematical cut L3 of unknown length l3 = lY so that in its edges
normal displacements were discontinuous and given normal stresses Y were equal
to yield point of the material. The contour of V-shaped notch rounded in its tip by
the circular arc with radius is composed of two smooth symmetrical curves L1 and
L2 (Fig. 4.8b).
We shall assume that the notch faces are free of applied loads and that the stress
field has an asymptotics at infinity, which is determined by complex potentials (4.43).
The boundary value problem of elasticity theory in such statement can be reduced
4.4 Plasticity Band Near Rounded V-Notch 159
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.8 Plasticity band (a) and the cut, which simulates it (b) near tip of the rounded V-notch
to a system of algebraic equations (3.66) with the right side computable from the
equation

pm () = m 0,m () + 0,m ()+

m ()

+ m ()0,m () + 0,m () , m = 1, 2, 3. (4.82)
m ()
Here pm () are dimensionless stresses normalized by the parameter p =

K IV /(2)I ,
1 sin 2
0,m () = I ,
m () (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
1 sin (2I )
0,m () = I , (4.83)
() (I 2) sin 2 + sin 2I
m
where functions m () describe contours Lm in parametric representation

(see (3.49)).
The dimensionless stress at cut edges Lm (m = 1, 2, 3) is given in the form

0, m = 1, 2,
m = (4.84)
1/Y , m = 3,
where the dimensionless load level parameter Y is equal:
K IV
Y = (2)I , 0 < Y < . (4.85)
Y
To solve the nonlinear problem, we must determine a plasticity band length lY =

/ at given notch vertex angle 2 and load level Y . This length can be found from
the condition of zero stress intensity factor in the tip of cut L3 that simulates the
plasticity band
+ +
KI,3 = KI,3 (, Y , ) = 0. (4.86)
Substituting = lY into relationship (4.85), we obtain the plasticity band length

in the form
1/I V 1/I
IV
1/I
1 1 KI K
lY = = lY , (4.87)
2 Y Y Y
where we have introduced a dimensionless plasticity band length
lY = 1
1/I
. (4.88)
2Y
Opening displacement in the notch tip (Fig. 4.9) can be now calculated based on
known (see (4.11)) relationship between function g3 (t) and displacement disconti-
nuity (v3+ v3 ) across the contour L 3 = [l3 , l3+ ]
d +
2G v v3 = (1 + ) g3 (x ), x L 3 , (4.89)
dx 3
where x is a local abscissa at cut contour L3 (Fig. 4.9).

Bearing in mind that in plane stress state (1 + )/(4G) = 2/E, we come to the
formula for cut opening displacement in its left tip x = l3 (x = ), i.e. in notch tip,
in the form
4
IV = I (l3 ) = Re g3 (l3 ). (4.90)
E
After integrating the function g3 (x ), we get [198]
Fig. 4.9 Opening

displacement in notch tip
(plane stress state)
+
l3 1
g3 (l3 ) g3 (l3+ ) = g3 (t) dt = g3 ()3 () d =
l3 1
1
K IV K IV
n3
u3 ()
=
d = u3 (i ). (4.91)
(2)I 1 2 (2)I n3
1 i=1
where function 3 () is subject to determination from (3.51). Since the displacement

discontinuity in right tip x = l3+ (x = + lY ) of the cut L3 is zero (g(l3+ ) = 0), then
notch opening displacement in this tip can be written as follows
4 K IV
n3
IV = Re u3 (i ). (4.92)
E (2)I n3 i=1
Taking into consideration (4.90) and (4.85), we can derive the following expres-
sion for dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip
n3
V = 2 (Y )11/I Re u3 (i ). (4.93)
I
n3 i=1
Stable numerical results for dimensionless plasticity band length lY (Fig. 4.10a)
and dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip IV (Fig. 4.10b) were
obtained at notch vertex angle 2 within the interval /36 2 130/180
and dimensionless load level Y within the interval 0.3365 Y 10. All curves
for both plasticity band length and opening displacement in the notch tip begin from
a certain nonzero load level corresponding to the condition when stresses in the notch
tip reach yield point of the material. Let us apply relationships (2.69) and (4.85) to
get
1
(s )max = Y (Y )min = . (4.94)
RI
When vertex angle 2 0, the dimensionless plasticity band length approaches

the value lY = /8 and dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip
approaches the value IV = 1. It implies that these parameters converge to respective
values for semi-infinite crack with a single plasticity band in its extension [42, 76,
172, 173, 190].
The influence of notch tip rounding radius on magnitude of dimensionless plas-
ticity band length lY and dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip IV
is shown in Figs. 4.10 and 4.11. When relative notch tip rounding radius = /lY
approaches zero, magnitudes of parameters lY and IV asymptotically tend to limit
values for sharp V-shaped notch.
For sharp V-shaped notch ( = 0), we have plotted dimensionless plasticity band
length lY and dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip Y as functions
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.10 Dimensionless plasticity band length lY (a) and dimensionless opening displacement
in the notch tip Y (b) with respect to parameter Y for different vertex angles 2 of the rounded
V-notch
(a) (b)
in the notch tip Y (b) with respect to relative radius of curvature = /lY for different vertex
angles 2 of the rounded V-notch
(a) (b)
in the notch tip Y (b) with respect to sharp V-notch vertex angle 2: numerical solution (solid
lines), closed-form approximate solutions (4.51) and (4.56) (dashed lines)
of notch vertex angle 2 (Fig. 4.12). The same plot demonstrates the corresponding
closed-form approximate solutions (4.51) and (4.56) (see also [201]).
4.5 Two Plasticity Bands Near Rounded V-Notch
It is deemed that in the case of plane strain state in a body with sharp V-notch
[106, 203] or crack [96, 127, 172, 173, 190] the stress concentrator emits two
slip bands that form a certain angle with respect to one another. We shall use this
approach to solve the elastic-plastic problem for an infinite solid body with a V-shaped
rounded notch. Assume that plastic deformations near such notch in a perfectly
elastic-plastic material subjected to plane strain localize in two slip bands. Under
symmetrical loading, simulate these bands with cuts L3 and L4 of unknown lengths
l3 = l4 = lY (Fig. 4.13) with the constant tangential stress Y (Y is shear yield limit
in accordance with TrescaSaint Venant plasticity condition Y = Y /2) given at
the cut edges. Suppose that normal displacements are continuous at contours L3 and
L4 while tangential displacements reveal a nonzero discontinuity at these contours.
Notch faces (semi-infinite contours L1 and L2 ) form the angle 2 (0 < ) with
respect to one another and are rounded in vertex with the circular arc of the radius
. Let the relative notch rounding radius be the parameter = /lY .
Solve the plane problem concerning slip bands development from tip of
V-shaped rounded notch using the singular integral equation method similarly to
above considered problem for cracks near notch tip. As above, assume that the
stress field has an asymptotics at infinity, which is determined by complex poten-
tials (4.43). Seek the unknown functions at contours L3 and L4 obeying the condition
Re g3 (t) = Re g4 (t) = 0, just as for cracks, in the class of functions, which have an
integrable singularity at the ends of integration interval. At given angle between slip
bands 2 and slip band length lY , the problem is reducible, if taking into account
the symmetry conditions, to the solution of the system of linear algebraic equations
(see (3.70))
Fig. 4.13 Cuts L3 and L4

imitating slip bands near tip
of rounded V-notch under
plane strain
n1

1

M11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) + N11 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

n1

i=1

1
n3

+ M31 (i , j ) + N31 (i , j ) Im u3 (i ) = p1 (j ),

n

3 i=1

j = 1, . . . , (n1 1),

n1

1 (2i 1)

(1)i+n1 tan u1 (i ) = 0,
n1 4n1
1 (4.95)
n1
1

Im
M13
(i , j ) u1 (i ) + N13 (i , j ) u1 (i ) +

n1

i=1
1
n3

+ M33 (i , j ) + N33 (i , j ) Im u3 (i ) = Im p3 (j ),

n

3 i=1

j = 1, . . . , (n3 1),

1
n3

(2i 1)

(1) i+n 3 tan Im u3 (i ) = 0,
n3 4n3
1

where functions M11 (i , j ), N11 (i , j ), M31 (i , j ), N31 (i , j ), M13 (i , j ),

N13 (i , j ), M33 (i , j ) and N33 (i , j ) can be determined from (3.71). In deriving
above, the condition was accepted
Re u3 () = 0, (4.96)
which follows from continuity of normal displacements at contours L3 and L4 .

Right sides of these Eq. (4.95) can be found from the relationship

pm () = i m 0,m () + 0,m ()+

m ()

+ m ()0,m () + 0,m () , m = 1, . . . , 4, (4.97)
m ()
where pm () is dimensionless stress normalized by the parameter p = K IV /(2)I

and dimensionless functions 0,m () and 0,m () are determined by (4.83).
Write the dimensionless shear stresses at cut edges Lm (m = 1, . . . , 4) in the form

0, m = 1, 2,
m = (4.98)
1/Y , m = 3, 4,
where the dimensionless load level parameter is equal:
K IV
Y = (2)I , 0 < Y < . (4.99)
Y
4.5 Two Plasticity Bands Near Rounded V-Notch 165
At given angle between slip bands 2 their length can be found from the condition
of zero SIF in the tip of cut that simulates the plasticity band
+ +
KII,3 = KII,4 = KII+ (, Y , ) = 0. (4.100)
Plasticity band lengths are proved to be different for different angles 2.

Let us
assume that plasticity bands are oriented so that their lengths l were maximal. Then
this condition dictates the following value of angle .
Present, similarly to (4.87), slip band length in the form
1/I V 1/I 1/I

1 1 KI K IV
lY = = lY , (4.101)
2 Y Y Y
where the dimensionless parameter (relative slip band length) was introduced:
lY = 1
1/I
. (4.102)
2Y
It can be concluded based on derived relationships (2.108) and (4.85) that plastic
deformation near notch tip begins when tangential stresses n at lines directed along
slip bands reach half of maximal normal stress (s )max , which opens a possibility
to compute corresponding minimal load level (Y )min
1 2
|n |max = Y = (s )max (Y )min = . (4.103)
2 RI
Calculate the opening displacement in the notch tip IV similarly to that it was
made in the case of sharp V-notch. Taking into consideration that in the beginning
of cuts L3 and L4 only tangential displacements have discontinuity II , we obtain (see
Fig. 4.14)
IV = 2II sin .
(4.104)
Fig. 4.14 Opening

displacement in the rounded
notch tip (plane strain state)
Granting to relationship (1 + )/(4G) = 2(1 2 )/E that is valid in plane strain

state and considering (4.89), we can find the tangential displacement discontinuity
across cut edges L 3 = [l3 , l3+ ] in the point x = l3 (x = ), i.e. in notch tip, as
follows
4(1 2 )
II = Im (l3 ) = Im g(l3 ), (4.105)
E
where values of function g(l3 ) are determined by relationship (4.91). Substituting

into (4.102) relationship (4.104) and (4.91), we get
K IV
n3
8(1 2 )
IV = sin Im u3 (i ). (4.106)
E (2)I n3 i=1
Write the opening displacement in notch tip in the form:
E (Y )1/I 1
IV = IV , (4.107)
1 2 (K IV )1/I
then, using relationships (4.98), (4.105) and (4.106), we come to the formula
4 3 n
IV = (Y )11/I sin Im u3 (i ), (4.108)
n3 i=1
which allows calculating the dimensionless opening displacement in the notch tip
through discrete values of function u3 ().
Numerical calculations had been performed [93, 196, 197] for notch vertex angle
2 within the interval /36 2 35/36 and dimensionless load level Y
within the interval 0.7 Y 10. Numerical results had permitted plotting the
angle of slip band inclination to axis Ox, dimensionless slip band length lY , and
dimensionless opening displacement in notch tip IV as functions of notch vertex
angle 2 or load level Y (Fig. 4.15).
Figure 4.16 shows the effect of relative notch rounding radius = /lY on mag-
nitudes of parameters Y , lY and Y . For the case of crack (2 = 0), at low values
of parameter , extrapolation yields: Y = 72.3 , lY = 0.058, Y = 0.286. These
values are in good concordance with known results [95, 96, 127, 172, 173, 190,
191, 237].
It follows from plots in Fig. 4.16 that magnitudes of dimensionless slip band
length and dimensionless opening displacement in rounded notch tip approach the
limit values for corresponding sharp V-notch when relative radius of notch curvature
approaches zero. These limit values are presented in Fig. 4.17. Thus, accomplished
comparison of obtained results with known approximate closed-form analytical solu-
tion [203] (see also Sect. 4.3.2) had confirmed their good consistency.
It should be noted that authors [10] had also studied development of the continual
plastic zone near circular rounded notch in the plane strain state.
Fig. 4.15 Angle Y of slip (a)

band inclination to axis Ox
(a), dimensionless slip band
length lY (b), and
dimensionless opening
displacement in notch tip IV
(c) with respect to notch
vertex angle 2 or load level
Y
(b)
(c)

length lY (b) and
displacement in notch tip IV
(c) with respect to relative
radius of notch curvature
for different vertex angles 2
(b)
(c)

length lY (b) and
displacement Y in sharp
V-notch tip (c) with respect
to notch vertex angle 2
(b)
(c)
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Chapter 5
Stress Concentration Near Hole in Elastic
Plane
Abstract This chapter comprises results of studying stress concentration around

the curvilinear holes in elastic plane. A well-known analytical solution for the ellip-
tical hole is presented and discussed. The limit transition to the parabolic notch is
performed. Numerical values of stress concentration factors in the tips of a narrow
slot and oval, rhombic, or rectangular holes with rounded vertices are calculated
by solving respective singular integral equations. Using the limit transition to zero
tip rounding radius, the authors had derived stress intensity factors for respective
acute-angled holes.
Stress concentration is among key objectives of up-to-date studies in the fields

of mechanics and technology [60]. Plane problems of stress concentration had been
examined by various methods. One of most effective among them was the conformal
mapping method [31, 58, 79, 80]. Combining the conformal mapping method with
the series expansion method had enabled to solve plane problems of elasticity theory
for multiply connected regions [30, 3840]. In a general case of multiply connected
region, these plane problems can be solved using the method of integral equations
of various types [5, 29, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53, 59, 74, 75, 82, 88, 92, 98]. The method
of singular integral equations had proved to be especially effective in elastic regions
with smooth boundary.
5.1 Elliptical Hole
The analytical solution to first basic problem in elasticity theory for the region
containing an elliptical hole had been first derived using the conformal mapping
method [37] (see also [58]). Somewhat later [27] (see also [21, 50]) the same solu-
tion was obtained in elliptical coordinates. Now this solution finds a wide application
in studying strength of structural elements in the context of fracture mechanics [11,
48, 68, 70, 95, 106, 107]. Besides, it allows to construct various asymptotic expres-
sions for stress tensor components at small curvature radii in the hole tip [16, 69, 71,
83]. This chapter presents solutions to the problems for biaxial tension or shearing at

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_5
182 5 Stress Concentration Near Hole in Elastic Plane
infinity of elastic plane with elliptical hole, which were obtained using the conformal
mapping method.
5.1.1 Stress Concentration Near Elliptical Hole
Let us consider an elastic plane containing elliptical hole with stress-free contour
and subjected at infinity to biaxial tension by given stresses x = q, y = p and

shearing by stresses xy = (Fig. 5.1).
Let us map the elastic region S in plane z = x + iy onto region | | > 1 in complex
plane , i.e., onto exterior of the unit circle, with the aid of the function [58]

m
z = ( ) = R + , (R > 0, 0 m 1). (5.1)

In such transformation, circle | | = 1 converges into ellipse L with center in coor-

dinate origin and semi-axes l = R(1 + m), b = R(1 m), that is
l+b lb
R= , m= . (5.2)
2 l+b
When parameter m = 0, the ellipse tends to circle, while at m = 0 region S transforms

into a plane with straight cut.
KolosovMuskhelishvili complex stress potentials for this problem ( ) =
(( )) and ( ) = (( )) look as follows [58]
Fig. 5.1 Biaxial tension and

shearing at infinity of elastic
plane with elliptical hole
5.1 Elliptical Hole 183

1
( ) = R m + ,

1 (1 + m2 )
( ) = R + + 2m , (5.3)
m m 2 m
where constants
1 1
= (p + q), = (p q) + i (5.4)
4 2
reflect the stress state at infinity (see (1.31)).
From relationship (5.1), one can find

z2 4R2 m
z+ z + z2 d 2
= = , (5.5)
2R 2R

where 2d is focal distance: d 2 = l 2 b2 . Here function z2 d 2
is understandable
as single valued within region S function obeying the condition: z2 d 2 /z 1
at |z| .
Changing in (5.3) back to variable z, we get:
1

(z) = z + 2 m + z2 d 2 ,
2m
1

(z) = m + z + m z2 d 2 +
2m

(1 + m2 )R2
2 + 2m . (5.6)
z2 d 2
Differentiation of these functions results in complex potentials (z) and (z),

which permit finding the stress tensor components in any point of an elastic body
(see Eqs. (1.16), (1.17), and (1.21))

1
z
(z) = (z) = + (2 m + ) ,
2m z2 d 2

1 z
(z) = (z) = ( m + ) + ( m ) +
2m z d2
2

(1 + m2 )R2 z
+ 2( + 2m ) 2 . (5.7)
(z d 2 )3/2
The stress tensor components are computable from the following equations [58]:

x + y = 2 (z) + (z) ,

y x + 2ixy = 2 z (z) + (z) . (5.8)
Under biaxial tension ( = 0), maximal stresses are reached at hole contour in the
tip of ellipses major axis (point A in Fig. 5.1). Stress concentration factor k in this
point can be calculated using formula
y (A) 2l q
k(A) = = 1 + , = . (5.9)
p b p
Taking into account that the point A is characterized by radius of curvature =

b2 /l, one can rewrite the Eq. (5.9) in the form

l
k(A) = 1 + 2 . (5.10)

Under simple shear (p = q = 0), tangential stresses reach maximal value [83]
24 + 2m2 + 6 3m4 32 + m
max = 3 , (5.11)
2 m
where

1
= 3m2 4m + 3 + 3(3m2 2m + 3)(m2 2m + 1)
2
at the axis Ox in inner point of the elastic region S with abscissa

l m
x= 1+ + ,
2 l
while maximal normal stresses [95]

2
l
max = 1+ (5.12)
l

appear at hole contour in the point with abscissa x = l/ 1 + /l.
5.1.2 Limit Transition to Parabolic Notch
Based on the analytical solution (5.7) for elliptical hole, we can obtain the solu-
tion of homogeneous boundary value problem for a semi-infinite parabolic notch
(Fig. 2.4). Make parallel translation of coordinate system so as to place the
coordinate origin into focus of ellipse x = d. It follows from (5.8) that functions
(z) and (z) + z (z) are invariant at such parallel coordinate translation. Write
the expression (z) + z (z) for the potentials (5.7)

1 z
(z) + z (z) = ( m + ) + ( m ) +
2m z d2
2

2R2
+ ( + 2m ) (1 + m )z 2mz
2
. (5.13)
(z2 d 2 )3/2
Make in relationships (5.7) and (5.13) change of variables z = z + d in order to

get these functions in new coordinate system

1 z + d
(z) =
+ 2 m + ,
2m z 2 + 2dz

1 z + d
(z) + z (z) = m + + m +
2m z 2 + 2dz

2R2

+ 2 m + (1 + m )(z + d) 2m(z + d)
2
.
(z2 + 2dz)3/2
(5.14)
Pass in relationships (5.14) to the limit case when ellipses major axis l approaches
infinity under the following conditions:

lim p l = KI , lim l = KII , lim b2 /l = = const, (5.15)
l l l
where is radius of curvature in the tip of parabolic notch; KI and KII are stress
intensity factors in tip of corresponding semi-infinite crack. Considering that at high
semi-axis l length values

l
d l 1 , R= 1+ , m 12 , (1 m)2 d 4,
2l 2 l l
(5.16)
we have complex stress potentials for the parabolic notch from (5.14) in the form
KI iKII KI + 3iKII KI iKII

(z) = , (z) = + , (5.17)
2 2 z 4 2 z 2z 2 z
which agrees with formerly presented results (see (2.38), (2.42), (2.43), (2.49) and
(2.51)). Potentials (5.17) determine also stress distribution around parabolic notch
tip (2.47) and (2.57).
5.1.3 Stress Distribution Around Notch Tip
In the case of narrow notch, when relative rounding radius near its tip is small,
stress distribution is often studied using analytical solutions (2.47) and (2.57) for
the parabolic notch that corresponds to complex potentials (5.17). These results had
been obtained using the limit transition from analytical solution (5.7), when relative
rounding radius in the tip of elliptical hole becomes infinitesimal. The solution (5.7)
can serve as the initial point in deriving the asymptotic stress distribution near rounded
notch tip with a finite relative rounding radius.
If ratio |z|/d values are small, we can approximately write

z + d 1 z 1/2 3 z 1/2 5 z 3/2
+ ,
z 2 + 2dz 2 d 4 d 32 d

1 1 z 3/2 3 z 1/2 15 z 1/2
+ , (5.18)
(z2 + 2dz)3/2 2 2 d3 d 4 d 32 d
and find
1/2 3/2
) 1/2
1 (2 m +
z 3
z 5 z
(z) + + ,
2m 2 d 4 d 32 d

1
(z) + z (z) ( m + ) +
2m

( m ) z 1/2 3 z 1/2 5 z 3/2
+ + +
2 d 4 d 32 d

(2 m + ) (1 + m2 )(z + d) 2m(z + d) R2
+
2d 3

z 3/2 3 z 1/2 15 z 1/2
+ . (5.19)
d 4 d 32 d
Based on this asymptotic presentation of complex stress potentials, respective

stress and displacement components expansions can be written for various stress
distribution types, which can be characterized by constants and . Below pre-
sented are such distributions derived [69, 71] for biaxial tension of elastic plane with
a distorted elliptical hole, when
1 1
= (p + q), = (p q) e2i , (5.20)
4 2
where is angle between axis Ox and stress application direction p (Fig. 5.2).
Fig. 5.2 Biaxial tension at

infinity of elastic plane with
elliptical hole
Approximate expressions for Cartesian stress tensor components near notch tip
have the form [71]
r
1
1 (1 m)2 3 3
x KI cos KII sin +
2 r l 4 m(1 + m) 2 2
r
1/2 (1 m)(1 + m)1/2
p(1 + ) 3/4
cos +
l 4m 2

A1 K I + A2 K II 1+m 2
+ p(1 ) cos 2 ,
4 2 r 2m

1 r
1 (1 m)2 3 3
y K I cos K II sin +
2 r l 4 m(1 + m) 2 2
r
1/2 (1 m)(1 + m)1/2
+ p(1 + ) cos +
a 4m3/4 2

B1 K I + B2 K II 1m 2
+ + p(1 ) cos 2 ,
4 2 r 2m

1 r
1 (1 m)2 3 3
xy K I sin + K II cos +
2 r l 4 m(1 + m) 2 2
r
1/2 (1 m)(1 + m)1/2
p(1 + ) sin +
l 4m3/4 2

C1 KI + C2 KII 1m 2
+ + p(1 ) cos 2 , (5.21)
4 2 r 4m2
where r, are polar coordinates with pole in ellipse focus and polar axis along the
axis Ox (Fig. 5.2), z d = z = r exp(i ));
5 17m2 + 26m + 15
A1 = cos + cos ,
2 8m 2
5 15m2 + 26m + 15
A2 = sin sin ,
2 8m 2
5 17m2 + 38m 15
B1 = cos + cos ,
2 8m 2
5 15m 38m + 15
2

B2 = sin + sin ,
2 8m 2
5 17m2 + 6m 15
C1 = sin sin ,
2 8m 2
5 15m2 6m + 15
C2 = cos + cos . (5.22)
2 8m 2
The parameters K I , K II had been called by authors [71] as stress intensity factor
for elliptical defect and defined as follows

K I iK II = lim 2 2 z d (z) . (5.23)
zd
For the case of elastic plane with a distorted elliptical hole under biaxial tension,
we have

4m p m(1 + ) + (1 ) cos 2
K I = 4
l ,
(1 + m)2 2m

4m p (1 ) sin 2
K II = 4
l . (5.24)
(1 + m)2 2m
For the case of straight cut (m = 1), presented expressions (5.24) coincide with
stress intensity factor for crack (see e.g. [83]).
Respective expressions for Cartesian displacement vector components have the
form

1 l r
1/2 (1 m)2
u K I cos K II sin +
2G 2 l 2 m(1 + m) 2 2

r
r
1/2 (1 m)(1 + m)1/2
+ D1 KI + D2 K II l p(1 + ) cos +
2 l 2m3/4 2

p(1 ) 1 m 1 + m
+r cos (2 ) cos (2 + ) +
4 m m2

lp(1 ) m2 + ( 1)m + 1
cos 2 ,
2 (1 + m)m3/2

1 l r
1/2 (1 m)2
v K I sin + K II cos +
2G 2 l 2 m(1 + m) 2 2

r
r
1/2 (1 m)(1 + m)1/2
+ E1 KI + E2 K II l p(1 + ) sin +
2 l 2m3/4 2

p(1 ) 1 m 1+m
+r cos (2 + ) sin (2 ) +
4 m m2

lp(1 ) m2 + (1 + )m 1
sin 2 , (5.25)
2 (1 + m)m3/2
where G is shear modulus and is elastic constant (see (1.18)), moreover

15m2 + 2m 17
D1 = cos + cos ,
2 16m

15m2 30m + 15
D2 = sin + + cos ,
2 16m

17m2 2m 15
E1 = sin + cos ,
2 16m

17m2 2m + 17
E2 = cos + + cos . (5.26)
2 16m
Maximal tangential stresses can be calculated using formula

2
y x
m2 = + xy
2
. (5.27)
4
Using this formula and relationships (5.21), we get [71]
D2 r
2 2 2
1 2
4m2 = KI + KII + M1 KI + M2 K I K II + M3 K II2 +

8 r l 2 r
D r
1 2
+ L1 KI + L2 K I K II + L3 K II2 +
2 r l

1 r
3/2 (1 m)2 D
+ p(1 + ) K I cos K II sin +

2 r l 2m
1 r
1 D
+ p(1 ) 2 N1 K I + N2 K II +
2 r l 2m

E r
1/2
+ p(1 + ) R1 K I + R2 K II +
2 r l
p(1 )

+ 1 + m2 cos 2 P1 K I + P2 K II +
2m2 2 r

+ 1 m2 sin 2 Q1 K I + Q2 K II +

r
1 r
1/2 E
+
Ep (1 + ) +
2 2
p (1 ) 2 G
2 2
+
l l m

p (1 )
2 2 2 2
+ 1 + m 2
cos 2
2 + 1 m 2
sin 2
2 , (5.28)
4m4
where
(1 m)2
D= ,
m(1 + m)
(1 m)2 (1 + m)
E = 3/2
,
4m

G = cos 2 + + m cos 2
2
,
2 2
17m2 2m 15
L1 = cos ,
16m
L2 = 2m sin ,
15m2 + 2m + 15
L3 = cos ,
16m
2
1 17m2 + 6m 15 17m2 + 6m 15
M1 = 1+ cos(2 ) ,
4 8m 4m
M2 = 2m sin(2 ),
2
1 15m2 6m + 15 15m2 6m + 15
M3 = 1+ + cos(2 ) ,
4 8m 4m
3 3
N1 = 1 + m2 cos 2 cos 1 m2 sin 2 cos ,
2 2
3 3
N2 = 1 + m cos 2 sin
2
1 m sin 2 cos ,
2
2 2
17m2 + 6m 15 5
P1 = cos cos ,
8m 2 2
5 15m2 6m + 15
P2 = sin + sin ,
2 8m 2
5 17m2 + 6m 15
Q1 = sin sin ,
2 8m 2
5 15m2 6m + 15
Q2 = cos + cos ,
2 8m 2
17m2 + 6m 15
R1 = cos 2,
8m
R2 = sin 2. (5.29)
Principal stresses are defined as [49]
x + y
1,2 = m , (5.30)
2
and after substituting (5.21) become as follows

1 p(1 ) cos 2
1,2 = K I cos K II sin m . (5.31)
2 r 2 2 m
Coefficients K I , K II are determined by (5.24), while stress m one could obtain

from (5.28).
5.2 Oval Hole
Authors [7, 13, 94] had studied the plane problem of stress concentration near oval
hole using the conformal mapping method. They had applied an approximate con-
formal mapping, when exterior of oval was mapped onto exterior of unit circle,
which precluded transition to limit case of two-tip lens-like hole with sharp tips.
This section presents solution to this problem built up using the singular integral
equation method [33, 34, 86, 87] and subsequent limit transition to the two-tip lens-
like hole. The work had been started from a narrow slot as a special case of oval
hole.
5.2.1 Stress Concentration Near Narrow Slot
The slot is defined as a narrow hole with the smooth contour L formed by two parallel
straight line segments connected by semicircles with radius (Fig. 5.3). Total slot
projection length on axis Ox equals to 2l. The relative radius of curvature in the
vertex of slot is described by the parameter = /l.
Accept that the positive direction of tracing the contour L is clockwise so that the
elastic region stays on the left during tracing. Taking into consideration symmetry
of the contour with respect to both coordinate axes, we can write its parametric
equation in the form
Fig. 5.3 Narrow slot

in elastic plane under biaxial
tension

0 ( ), 0 < /2,

0 ( ), /2 < ,
t = l( ) = l (5.32)

0 ( ), < 3/2,

0 (2 ), 3/2 < 2.
Here function 0 ( ) describes the contour segment L lying in the fourth quarter
of coordinate system

1 + (cos c i sin c ), 0 < /(2c),
0 ( ) = (5.33)
c(/2 ) i, /(2c) /2,
where parameter c = 1 + 2(1/ 1)/ . Total curve L length equals to 2c.

Suppose that hole edge is free of stresses and that the elastic plane with the
narrow slot is stretched at infinity along the coordinate axes Oxy by applied stresses
p (y = p) and q (x = q). The principal stress state in the plane without hole is
determined by complex potentials
1 1
0 (z) = (p + q), 0 (z) = (p q). (5.34)
4 2
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem by taking the complex
stress potentials in the form
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (5.35)
where functions (z) and (z) describe the disturbed stress state induced by the
narrow slot. According to relationships (1.77), they can be represented as follows:

1 g (t)
(z) = dt,
2 tz
L

1 M1 1 g (t) tg (t)
(z) = + dt dt , (5.36)
2 i z 2 2 tz (t z)2
L
In deriving this formula, the coordinate system origin z = 0 was adopted inside
the hole. Here the designation was introduced

M1 = i tg (t) dt tg (t) dt . (5.37)
L
The boundary condition at the hole contour L restricts the stresses corresponding
to potentials (z) and (z)
5.2 Oval Hole 193

dt
N(t) + iT (t) = p(t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t 0 (t) + 0 (t) =
dt

p dt
= 1 + + (1 ) , t L, (5.38)
2 dt
where = q/p.
Having obeyed the boundary condition (5.38), we come after some conversions
(see (1.173), (1.174)) to the singular integral equation

K (t, t )g (t) dt + L (t, t )g (t) dt = p(t ), (5.39)
L
with kernels K (t, t ) and L (t, t ) being given by formulae (1.176). Making change
of variables
t = l( ), t = l() (5.40)
reduce the integral equation (5.39) to dimensionless canonical form
2
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) d = p(), 0 2, (5.41)
0
where
M(, ) = lK (l( ), l()),

N(, ) = lL (l( ), l());
1
u( ) = g (l( )) ( )
p
1
p() = p(l()). (5.42)
p
The solution of integral equation (5.41) must be a 2 -periodic continuous function

u( ). Solve this equation using the same procedure as in the case of elliptical hole
(Sect. 1.4.3). However, in order to obtain a sufficiently accurate numerical solution,
as opposed to elliptical hole, it is necessary to change variables that would provide
densification of quadrature nodes and collocations in the vicinity of narrow slot tips.
In deriving above, we had used the nonlinear transformation [93]
1
= G ( ) = sin 2, 0 2. (5.43)
2
Consequently, we come to the integral equation
2
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) G ( ) d = p( ), 0 2, (5.44)
0
u( ) = u(G ( )), p( ) = p(G ( )). (5.45)
Apply the quadrature method to solve the Eq. (5.44) and take into account symme-
try of the problem with respect to coordinate axes Ox and Oy in order for obtaining
system n of complex algebraic equation of the following form

1 Re M ( , ) u( ) G ( ) = p( ),
n

m = 1,

n
k m k k m

k=1
1
n

M (k , m ) u(k )+
2n (5.46)
k=1

+ N (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 2, . . . , n,

n

1
M (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m =n+1

n Re
k=1
and subsequent determining n unknown values of the function u(k ) (k = 1, . . . , n).

In above expressions, functions M (k , m ) and N (k , m ) result from (1.200) while
nodes are as follows
(2k 1)
k = G (k ), k = , k = 1, . . . , 4n,
4n
2(m 1)
m = G (m ), m = , m = 1, . . . , 4n. (5.47)
4n
Having solved the system of equations (5.46), one can calculate stresses in the tip
of narrow slot (point A in Fig. 5.3) from relationship (1.191) with the aid of interpo-
lation formula (1.202) required to find the value u(0).
These calculations were performed for both uniaxial (q = 0) and all-around
(q = p) tension of the plane. As a result, we succeeded to establish the dependence
of stress concentration factor kA = s,max /p on slot tip A on its relative rounding
radius = /l (Fig. 5.4). Stable numerical results were obtained for 0.0008.
These data for factor kA were fitted using the formula
q 2
kA = 1 + {1 b tanh [c ln ]} , 0 < 1, (5.48)
p
with relative error below 0.3 % in whole parameter variation interval 0 < 1. The
constant b can be determined from interrelation between stress concentration factor
5.2 Oval Hole 195
Fig. 5.4 Stress

concentration factor kA in the
tip A of narrow slot with
respect to its relative
rounding radius
in tip of rounded notch and stress intensity factor in tip of straight crack (2.108)
1 KI RI l I
2(1 + b) = lim I kA = lim I s,max = . (5.49)
0 p 0 p(2 )I
Taking the Eq. (5.49) and substituting

in it values of stress intensity factor for
straight crack with length 2l (KI = p l), factor of notch rounding effect on stresses
at 2 = 0 (RI = 2.992), and stress singularity exponent at the crack tip I = 1/2,
we obtain
RI 1
2(1 + b) = = 2.115 b = 0.05677. (5.50)
2
The value of constant c was calculated using the least square method. The follow-
ing values were obtained: c = 0.3718 for uniaxial tension (q = 0) and c = 0.6502
for all-around tension.
More accurate stress concentration factor calculations for narrow slot tip in elastic
plane under uniaxial tension at infinity had enabled to construct some another fitting
formula [34]
1
kA = 1 + 2.115 0.1640.115 exp(0.361), 0 < 1, (5.51)

with relative error below 0.1 % in the whole interval of relative curvature radius
variation.
Stress concentration factor values for rounded tips of narrow holes are estimated
in engineering practice in terms of so-called equivalent ellipse [76, 77]. The concept
of equivalent ellipse implies the ellipse circumscribed around the stress concentrator
of interest so that its major axis is equal to the concentrators length and its tip
curvature radius is equal to the same of concentrator. In the case of narrow slot, its
approximation with the equivalent ellipse results in the approximate formula

kA 1 q/p + 2/ . (5.52)
Computations made for slot [86] have shown that relative error of the for-
mula (5.52) is below 1 % in the interval 0.5 1 (q = 0) and 0.75 1
(q = p). However, at parameter values close to zero, this error in both load cases
approaches 5.4 %.
It should be noted that stress concentration in the tip of narrow slot had been
analyzed using the singular integral equation method by authors [14, 15, 32, 72].
However, these published results were related to quite wide slots (0.2 1),
for which they confirmed validity of equivalent ellipse approximation (5.52). New
computing techniques and computer hardware allow making calculations with higher
accuracy and in wider parameters intervals. Authors [55, 109111] had studied stress
concentration near narrow notches close to the narrow slot using asymptotic methods.
5.2.2 Stress Concentration Near Oval Hole
Above presented scheme for solution to problems of stress concentration near a nar-
row slot in stretched elastic plane can be applied for other curvilinear holes as well.
The especially important check problem within the proposed unified approach to
stress concentration in sharp or rounded notch tips [86] consists of analysis of stresses
in vertices of oval hole, which converges, in the limit case when tip rounding radius
approaches zero, into an sharp lens-like hole.
Let us consider an elastic plane weakened by an oval hole (Fig. 5.5). Smooth
contour L of the hole edge is composed from symmetrical circular arc with radius R,
which intercept at angle 2 ( = ). vertices of so-formed two-tip lens-like hole
are rounded by arcs with radius . Ratios of these radii to the length l is characterized
by parameters = /l and R = R/l. Suppose that hole edge (the smooth contour L)
Fig. 5.5 Oval hole in elastic

plane under biaxial tension
5.2 Oval Hole 197
is free of applied stresses. The plane is stretched at infinity by stresses p (y = p)

and q (x = q).
Parametric equation of contour L has the form (5.32), where the function 0 ( )
that describes the contour segment L in the fourth quarter of Cartesian coordinate
system can be represented as

c c

(1 ) + cos i sin , 0 < B ,

c( B ) + R B
0 ( ) = R cos + (5.53)

R

c( B ) + R B

+ iR cos sin , B /2.
R
Here

B B
c = 2 + R 1 2 ,

1
R = + 2 + (1 2) sin2 ,
sin2
R cos B
B = arctan , B = . (5.54)
1 c
Maximal stresses at hole contour s,max were calculated [33, 34] for both loading
modes, uniaxial tension along axis Oy (q = 0) or all-around tension (q = p). At the
angle 2 lying within the interval from 0 to , calculations gave stable results for
relative radius of oval tip rounding = /l 0.0001. Stress concentration factor in
the hole tip k(A) = s,max /p infinitely grows when parameter approaches zero at
any values of angle 2 < , nevertheless, the product k(A)I thereat staying a finite
quantity (Fig. 5.6).
5.2.3 Limit Transition to Two-Tip Lens-Like Hole
The problem of stress distribution in an elastic plane weakened by the two-tip

lens-like hole can be solved analytically by means of using bipolar coordinates
[45, 55, 80, 102]. The problem had been solved also using the finite elements method
[8991]. In the present work, we shall solve this problem using a limit transition at
oval tip rounding radius approaching zero. The relationship

2
KIV = lim s,max I , (5.55)
RI 0
Fig. 5.6 Function (a)

F(A) = k(A)I with respect
to relative radius of oval tip
rounding under uniaxial (a)
or all-around (b) tension
of plane with oval hole for
various values of oval vertex
angle 2
(b)
is valid for notch stress intensity factor in the sharp vertex of two-tip hole, where
parameters I (stress singularity exponent) and RI (stress rounding factor) can be
determined from fitting formulae (2.14) and (2.111).
Table 5.1 presents calculated from (5.55) discrete values of dimensionless stress
intensity factor FIV = KIV /(pl ) in sharp tip of lens-like hole. Stress intensity
factor evolution with respect to the hole tip angle 2 is shown in Fig. 5.7. When
the angle 2 = 0, the two-tip hole converges into the straight crack with length
2l, and therefore in both the cases load FIV = 1. When the angle 2 = , the
two-tip hole converges into the circular hole. In the last case stress field singularity
vanishes (I = 0), and dimensionless stress intensity factor
becomes equal to stress

concentration factor at edge
of circular hole FI
V
= 3 2 (q = 0) or FI
V
= 2 2
(q = p). The multiplier 2 arises due to accepted stress intensity factor definition
in the form (2.20).
In the case of uniaxially stretched (q = 0) elastic plane with lens-like hole, stress
intensity factor values were also calculated. Stresses at axis Ox near right tip
of hole can be presented in the form [55]
5.2 Oval Hole 199
Table 5.1 Dimensionless stress intensity factor values in the tip of lens-like hole under uniaxial
(q = 0) or all-around (q = p) tension

2 FIV = KIV /(pl I ) 2 FIV = KIV /(pl I )
q=0 q=p q=0 q=p
0 1.000 1.000 80 1.190 1.086
10 1.002 1.000 90 1.260 1.125
15 1.005 1.000 100 1.350 1.177
20 1.008 1.001 110 1.464 1.245
30 1.020 1.004 120 1.610 1.333
40 1.037 1.010 130 1.797 1.446
45 1.048 1.015 140 2.041 1.592
50 1.061 1.020 150 2.360 1.780
60 1.093 1.035 160 2.789 2.028
70 1.136 1.056 170 3.382 2.360

75 1.161 1.069 180 3 2 2 2

stress intensity factor FIV
in the tip of lens-like hole
with respect to the hole tip
angle 2
r
I

r I
(r, 0)|r0 = p c1 () +o , (5.56)
2l 2l
where r, are polar coordinates with pole in the hole tip, = , and

2K
c1 () = (1 I )2 sin2 +
2 cos[2(1 I )] + sin 2 I

sin ((1 I )) (1 I ) (2 I ) sin ,
2 2 2
(5.57)

d
1 2 sin 2
sinh 2 + sin 2
0
K= . (5.58)

sinh2 2 sin2
4 d
( 2 + 1)(sinh 2 + sin 2)
0
Substituting the expression (5.56) into (2.20), we come to relationship
KIV
= 2+ 2 c1 ().
1
FIV = (5.59)
pl I
The obtained dimensionless stress intensity factor value differences calculated

from (5.55) and (5.59) are below 0.1 % for all hole tip angles (0 2 ) under
consideration.
Taking into account interrelation between SIF and SCF for sharp or rounded
V-notches, we had constructed the formula that fits obtained numerical data
kA = a + 2 [1 b tanh(c ln )] I , 0 < 1. (5.60)
The constant is a = 1 at q = 0 or a = 0 at q = p. The constant b is sought from the

equality
K V RI l I
b= I 1 = FIV RI /(2 2) 1. (5.61)
2p 2
Parameter c was calculated using the least square method. Table 5.2 presents values
of constants b and c under uniaxial (q = 0) or all-around (q = p) tension for several
representative values of angle 2.
Table 5.2 Values of coefficients in formula (5.60)

2 q = 0, a = 1 q = p, a = 0
b c b c
0 0.0568 0.3718 0.0568 0.6502
/12 0.0644 0.2859 0.0591 0.5991
/6 0.0816 0.2245 0.0646 0.5658
/4 0.1108 0.1963 0.0757 0.5377
/3 0.1571 0.1895 0.0927 0.5331
5/12 0.2137 0.2070 0.1176 0.5467
/2 0.2963 0.2281 0.1535 0.5648
5.2 Oval Hole 201
The above-derived fitting formula (5.60) enables to estimate stress concentration

factor in tip of oval hole with maximal relative error 0.5 % in the whole interval of
parameter variation (0 < 1).
Note that a lens-like hole has curvilinear edge contour segments in vicinity of
acute-angled tips. Solution to problems of stress distribution around such stress con-
centrators does not rise any additional complications (as opposed to polygonal holes),
if integral equation method is used, but the finite elements method in this case needs
some modifications [8].
5.3 Rhombic Hole
Given section presents solutions to elasticity theory problems for plane weakened
by the rhombic hole with rounded vertices. Based on these solutions, stress intensity
factors in sharp vertices of the rhombic hole are derived by means of limit transition at
vertices rounding radii approaching zero [34, 84, 85]. The square hole with rounded
corners is studied as a special case [86]. Obtained numerical results are compared
with analytical solutions derived using the conformal mapping method [7981].
5.3.1 Stress Concentration Near Rhombic Hole
Let us consider an elastic plane weakened by the rhombic hole with rounded vertices.
Suppose that hole edge (the smooth contour L) is free of applied stresses. Given are
tensile stresses x = q and y = p at infinity. Rhombus diagonals lay at axes of
coordinate system Oxy. Rhombus sides intercept at the angle 2 (0 2 ).
Rhombus vertices are rounded by circular arcs with radii and . Projection of the
hole onto axis Ox is designated as 2l (Fig. 5.8).
Fig. 5.8 Rhombic hole with

rounded vertices in stretched
plane
Solution scheme to the so-stated problem is similar to one described in Sect. 5.2.
The sought 2 -periodic continuous function u( ) has in present case four quasi-
singularities in rhombus vertices. Therefore, using the transformation (1.182) for
N = 4, we come to the following change of integration variable
1
= G ( ) = sin 4, 0 2, (5.62)
4
where G ( ) is a function that provides densification of quadrature nodes in vicinity
of rhombus vertices.
To simplify statement of curve L, we shall consider hole vertices rounding
radii identical: = . The relative rounding radii are identical and equal to
= /l = /l. Taking into account symmetry of contour L with respect to axes Ox
and Oy, we can write the parametric equation of hole edge in the form (5.32), where
function 0 ( ) that describes the contour segment L in the fourth quarter of Cartesian
coordinate system Oxy has the form

c c

1 + cos i sin , 0 < B ,

1 + sin c ( ) cos +

B
0 ( ) = + ( B ) sin ] , B < C ,

i [ cos c

)/ ] +

sin [c( C
i {(1 )tan + cos [c( C )/ ]} , C < /2,
(5.63)
where
(/2 )
B = ,
c
(1 ) 2(1 )
C = B + sec , c=+ sec . (5.64)
c
Total curve L length equals to 2 lc. The direction of tracing the contour L is
clockwise.
Calculations were made for two loading modes, uniaxial tension along axis Oy by
stresses p (q = 0) or all-around tension by stresses p (p = q). The stable numerical
solution was obtained for the parameter values = /l 104 and rhombus vertex
angle 2 variation within the interval from 5 to 175 . Stress intensity factor in sharp
vertex (point A in Fig. 5.8), which appears at the boundary when vertex rounding
radius 0, can be determined from(5.55). Figure 5.9 demonstrates dependence
of dimensionless SIF FIV = KIV /(plI ) on angle 2 and Table 5.3 presents its
discrete values. At 2 = 0, the rhombus converges into the straight horizontal crack
along axis Ox, for which we have FIV = 1. At 2 = , the rhombus converges into
the straight vertical crack along axis Oy. After such
conversion, the point A has no
stress singularity, and values of the factor FIV = 2 (q = 0) and FIV = 0 (q = p)
appear because of adopted SIF definition in the form (2.20).
5.3 Rhombic Hole 203

with respect to angle 2 for
uniaxial (q = 0) or
all-around (p = q) tension
of plane
Table 5.3 Dimensionless stress intensity factor values FIV in rhombic hole vertex under plane
tension for selected vertex angle values 2

2 FIV = KIV /(pl I ) 2 FIV = KIV /(pl I )
q=0 q=p q=0 q=p
0 1.000 1.000 80 1.206 0.995
10 1.003 1.000 90 1.266 0.989
15 1.007 1.000 100 1.336 0.976
20 1.012 1.000 110 1.415 0.955
30 1.026 1.000 120 1.501 0.920
40 1.048 1.001 130 1.591 0.866
45 1.061 1.002 140 1.678 0.783
50 1.076 1.002 150 1.749 0.662
60 1.111 1.001 160 1.779 0.490
70 1.154 1.000 170 1.721 0.263

75 1.179 0.997 180 2 0
Calculated stress intensity factor values in the rhombic hole vertex under uniax-
ial tension are in good accordance with known results [18] obtained using another
method at angles 2 5/6 (in increments of /12). Known are also stress inten-
sity factor values in vertices of parallelogram shaped hole [63] or rhombic inclusions
of various rigidity [62], which were calculated using the body force method.
In a special case of square hole 2 = /2 the following formulae result
from (5.55) at parameters values RI = 2.901 and = 0.4555

KIV = 1.266 pl (q = 0),

KIV = 0.989 pl (q = p), (5.65)
which virtually coincide with the known results [41, 64].

The fitting formula had been found based on obtained numerical results
(0.348 0.215) 2
FIV () = 1 + , 0 2 , (5.66)
1 0.895 + 0.189 2
which enables stress intensity factor estimating in sharp vertex of rhombic hole
in elastic plane uniaxially stretched at infinity by stresses p (q = 0). The relative
error of the formula (5.66) is below 0.5 % in whole interval of angle 2 variation.
Authors [9, 10] had studied also using finite elements method the rhombic hole
in square specimen under tension and/or shear loading.
5.3.2 Stress Concentration Near Square Hole with Rounded

Vertices
One of the commonly used approaches to stress concentration near polygonal holes
was based on the conformal mapping method. The book [80] presents an overview
of solutions obtained using this method. The basis of above approach consists in tak-
ing the SchwarzChristoffel integral, which maps exterior of unit circle onto exterior
of polygon, and approximate expanding it into a power series. After superimposing
an additional condition, such approach yields a rational function, which disambigu-
ously maps exterior of unit circle onto exterior of polygon with rounded vertices
(up-to-date review of studies in this field can be found in [17]). Increase in number
of power series terms permits to get solutions for smaller and smaller radii of polygon
vertices rounding. Since the mapping function stays rational during such procedure,
there emerges a possibility to find analytical solutions to various two-dimensional
problems. There are various modifications of this method as well [3, 6, 23, 24, 36,
56], which allow building up solutions to problems concerning stress concentration
near polygonal holes with given rounding radii in their vertices. The method finds
also application in similar problems of stress concentration near polygonal holes
in isotropic [99] or anisotropic solid bodies [28, 78, 104, 105].
Let us take the parametric equation of square hole contour with rounded corners
(Fig. 5.10) in the form [80]

k
t = l( ) = lRk ei + cj ei(4j1) , 0 2, (5.67)
j=1
where parameter Rk , which is dependent on series terms number in (5.67), is chosen

so that the hole projection onto axis Ox has length 2l. Table 5.4 presents values of this
parameter Rk and coefficients cj together with corresponding values of curvature radii
in square corners k = k /l.
Fig. 5.10 Approximation

of square contour with the
curve (5.67) at k = 1
Table 5.4 Coefficients Rk and ck in the parametric equation of square hole contour (5.67) and
corresponding values of relative curvature radii in square corners k
k Rk ck k
1 6/5 1/6 3/25
2 168/143 1/56 7/143
3 3696/3125 1/176 231/8125
4 9856/8359 1/384 2695/142103
5 374528/317103 7/4864 1463/105701
Stress concentration factor values were calculated using the method of singular
integral equation similarly to previous case of rhombic hole (Sect. 5.3.1). For the
comparison, stress concentration factors were also computed for a problem of square
hole with corners rounded by circular arc. The parametric equation was derived from
Eq. (5.63) for rhombic hole by putting the angle = /4

2(1 ) + cos(c ) i sin(c ), 0 < B ,

1

{[2 c( B )]

2
i [1 + c( B )]} , B < C ,
0 ( ) =
(5.68)

cos + c( ) +

4
C

i 2(1 ) sin + c( C ) , C /2,
4
where

2 1 4 1
B = , C = B + 1 , c =1+ 1 . (5.69)
4c c
Table 5.5 Stress concentration factors in corner A of the square hole: kA,S [80], kA,1 (5.67),
kA,2 (5.68)
q=0 q=p
kA,S kA,1 kA,2 kA,S kA,1 kA,2
0.12000 7.800 7.800 8.017 6.000 6.000 6.169
0.04895 11.516 11.545 12.045 8.736 8.969 9.357
0.02843 14.803 15.418 11.526 11.530 12.008
0.01897 17.761 18.534 13.850 14.451
0.01384 20.507 21.390 16.000 16.687
Table 5.5 shows stress concentration factor values in the corners A of square hole
for contours (5.67) and (5.68), computed at diminishing relative curvature radii ,
in the corners (k = 1, . . . , 5). Known results obtained using the conformal mapping
method [80] are given for comparison.
Stress concentration factor values for the hole with circular arc rounded vertices
(5.68) are somewhat higher than for contour (5.67) at all studied curvature radii
in vertices. The lowest relative difference equal to 2.7 % takes place for largest
curvature radius in hole vertex (k = 1). In other cases, this difference reaches from
4.0 to 4.2 %. So high inconsistencies in SCF values for holes with the same curvature
radii in vertices can be explained only by different hole shapes in vicinity of these
vertices.
Examination of changes in the product I max when relative curvature radius
in hole vertex approaches zero under uniaxial tension (Fig. 5.11) shows that values
I max for circular arc rounded vertices asymptotically tend to a certain limit corre-
sponding to stress intensity factor in sharp crack ( = 0), whereas for contour (5.67)
this product I max reveals no such trends.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.11 Behavior of the product I max in rounded corner of square hole at relative curvature
radius approaching zero under uniaxial tension (q = 0) for contours (5.67) (a) or (5.68) (b)
Based on numerical data obtained for contour (5.68), we have found the fitting
formula for stress concentration factor in rounded corner A of square hole

1 + 2 [1 0.2995 tanh(0.244 ln )] I , (q = 0),
kA = 0 < 1.
2 [1 0.01427 tanh(ln )] I , (q = p),
(5.70)
The relative error of this formula is below 0.5 % in whole interval of relative curvature
radius variation = /l (0 < 1). It should be noted that this formula (5.70)
gives stress intensity factor value for sharp corner in the limit case when 0.
5.4 Rectangular Hole
The rectangular holes are often appeared in structural elements. Many published
works [2326, 43, 79, 80, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103, 108] had been devoted to studying
stress distributions around such holes with rounded corners. The holes with sharp
corners had been examined using methods of singular [22] or regular [1, 2] integral
equations; however, only one (larger) stress singularity had been included in cited
works. Stress intensity factor calculations for vertices of rectangular inclusions with
various rigidities [6567] had been made using singular integral equations of body
force method [12, 61]. Given section presents solutions to elasticity theory problems
for plane weakened by the rectangular hole with rounded vertices, which were derived
using the singular integral equations method [35]. We found stress intensity factors
in sharp rectangle corners in limit cases when hole corner rounding radius approaches
zero. Since in this case we have a complex stress state near hole corners with two
intensity factors for symmetrical and antisymmetrical stress distribution with respect
to bisector of corner angle, we derived stress intensity factors by means of limit
transition with use of both contour stresses and stress gradients in rounded corner
(see Sect. 2.4.2).
5.4.1 Stress Concentration Near Rectangular Hole

with Rounded Vertices
Let us consider an elastic plane weakened by the rectangular hole with rounded ver-
tices (Fig. 5.12). The plane is biaxially stretched at infinity along axes of coordinate
system Oxy by stresses x = q and y = p. The hole vertices are rounded by
circular arc of the radius . Hole projections onto axes of coordinate system Oxy are
equal to 2a and 2b.
The quantity l = b was chosen as the basic length parameter. The relative radius
of curvature in vertices was designated as = /l = /b, (0 < 1). Hole
elongation is described by a parameter = a/b ( < ). Let the circular arc
Fig. 5.12 Rectangular hole

with rounded corners
in elastic plane under biaxial
tension
ABC forms the rounded hole corner. Then the pole of local polar coordinate system
O r with polar axis directed along axis Ox (z = a i(l ) + r exp(i )) can
be placed into center of circle including this arc. The function 0 ( ) in parametric
equation of contour L (5.32), which describes the contour segment in the fourth
quarter of Cartesian coordinate system Oxy, has the form

ic, 0 A ,
0 ( ) = ( ) + cos i [(1 ) + sin ] , A C , (5.71)

( ) c( C ) i, C /2,
where
1
A = , B = A + , C = A +
c 4c 2c
are parametric coordinates of points A, B, and C;
c 2
= ( A ), c= (1 ) + ( ) + .
2
The problem was solved using the method of singular integral equations similarly
to previous case of narrow slot (Sect. 5.2.1). Kolosov-Muskhelishvili complex stress
potentials will be sought in the form of sum (5.35), where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z)
that determine the principal stress state are determined by (5.34), while potentials
(z) and (z) that determine the stress state disturbed by presence of the rectangular
hole can be written in the form (5.36). Unknown density of these potentials can be
found from the singular integral equation (5.39), which after changing of variables
t = l( ), t = l() becomes
2
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) d = p(), 0 2, (5.72)
0
5.4 Rectangular Hole 209
where kernels M(, ) and N(, ) are defined by formulae (5.42) while the right
side p() follows from the relationship (5.38).
The unknown function u( ) is sought in the class of continuous 2 -periodic
functions. In order to obtain a sufficiently accurate numerical solution, it is necessary
to perform the nonlinear transformation for quadrature nodes refinement near vertices
of the contour L, where function u( ) has quasi-singularities. Here, we apply the
modified transformation (5.62)
B

+ A sin , 0 B ,
B
= G( ) = 2B 2( B ) (5.73)

A sin , B /2.
2 2B
Here function G( ) is smooth and continuous in the interval 0 /2. The

parameter B indicates position of the point (in the given case hole vertex B) serving
as center of quadrature nodes crowding. Another parameter A (0 A 1) that
indirectly characterizes extent of nodes densification around the point B is hereinafter
accepted in the form A = 1 .
Making change
= G ( ), 0 2, = G ( ), 0 2, (5.74)
2
1
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) G ( ) d = p( ), 0 2, (5.75)

0
which transforms to the system of linear algebraic equations as its discrete analogue
2
4n
M(k , m ) u(k ) + N(k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 1, . . . , 4n,
n
k=1
(5.76)
Here the designation was introduced
u( ) = u(G ( )), p( ) = p(G ( )),

(2k1)
k = G (k ), k = 4n
, k = 1, . . . , 4n, (5.77)
m = G (m ), m = 2(m1)
4n
, m = 1, . . . , 4n.
Solution of the system of 4n complex linear algebraic equation (5.76) gives us 4n

unknown values of function u(k ). Taking into consideration conditions of twofold
symmetry with respect to axes Ox and Oy, the order of algebraic equations sys-
tem (5.76) can be reduced by a factor of four. Adding conditions of symmetry for
function g (t) [88]
g (t) = g (t), g (t) = g (t), (5.78)
we get conditions of symmetry for function u( )
u(2 ) = u( ), u( ) = u( ). (5.79)
Consequently, one comes to the system of n complex algebraic equations with n

unknown values of function u(k ), k = 1, . . . , n

1 n

Re
M (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 1,

n

k=1
1
n

M (k , m ) u(k )+
2n (5.80)
k=1

+ N (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 2, . . . , n,

1
n

M (k , m )u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = n + 1,

n Re
k=1
where kernels M (k , m ) and N (k , m ) are determined by relationships (1.200).

Normal stresses s ( ) at hole contour with edge being free of applied loads (n =
0) can be found directly from the function u( ) [88]
u( )
s+ ( ) = 4 Re + ((G( ))) = 4 Im . (5.81)
(G ( ))
Values of the function u( ) in arbitrary point = k can be calculated using

interpolation formula [73]
1
4n
k
u( ) = u(k ) sin [2n( k )] cot , (5.82)
4n 2
k=1
which, if we take into consideration conditions of symmetry (5.79), takes another

form
1
n
u( ) = [u(k ) sin(2n( k )) csc( k ) +
2n
k=1

+ u(k ) sin(2n( + k )) csc( + k ) . (5.83)
Calculations were performed for problems geometrical parameters varied in the

following intervals: 0.1 1, 0.00005 , 1 10, 0.00005 1.
Distributions of normal stresses s ( ) alongside edge of the opening are presented
in Fig. 5.13.
Fig. 5.13 Normalized stress (a)

distribution s ()/p along
1/4 of rectangular hole
contour in stretched elastic
plane (a) for hole side ratio
= a/b = 5 and various
relative curvature radii
= /b; (b) for relative
curvature radius
= /b = 0.001 and
various hole side ratios
= a/b
(b)
5.4.2 Stress Intensity Factors in Vertices of Rectangular Hole
Let us use relationships (2.139) to converge into the rectangular hole with sharp
corners. Write these relationships in slightly another form

2
KIV = lim I s ,
RI 0 4
"
2 "
II ds ( ) "
KII = lim
V
. (5.84)
RII 0 d "=/4
Here parameters RI and RII depend on notch vertex angle 2 (in present case =
/4) and can be found using fitting formulae (2.137).
stress intensity factor values FI =
V
Figure 5.14 demonstrates calculated
I I
KI /(pa
V
) and FII = KII /(pa
V V
) for rectangular hole in elastic plane as
Fig. 5.14 Dimensionless (a)

stress intensity factor FIV (a)
and FIIV (b) in the corner A
of rectangular hole with
respect to side ratio a/b:
x = 0, y = p curve 1;
x = y = p curve 2;
x = p, y = 0 curve 3
(b)
a function of rectangle sides ratio a/b. In the special case of square hole these results
are in good compliance with known data [64].
It should be noted here that the problem of stress concentration near rectangular
holes with rounded corners was studied by many researchers, who had used the con-
formal mapping method [23, 24, 43, 7981, 96, 97, 108]. However, such approach,
as it was indicated above for square holes, prohibits converging to the limit case when
curvature radius in hole vertex approaches zero and deriving solutions for holes with
sharp corners.
5.4.3 Semi-infinite Rectangular Notch
In the case of uniaxial tension (y = p, x = 0), the rectangle side ratio interval
can be extended to find stress intensity factors in corners of elongated rectangular
hole. To do so, let us represent dimensionless SIF in the form
(a) (b)
Fig. 5.15 Dimensionless stress intensity factors F IV (a) and F IIV (b) for rectangular hole with respect
to side ratio a/b
KV KV
F IV = I b1/2I , F IIV = II b1/2II . (5.85)
p a p a
With increasing ratio of rectangle sides a/b, when the rectangular hole converges
to rectangular narrow slot, factors F IV and F IIV asymptotically approach certain lim-
iting values (Fig. 5.15). Hence, in the limit case of semi-infinite rectangular notch
(Fig. 5.16), stress intensity factor in its vertices can be represented as
KIV = KI F11 bI 1/2 , KIIV = KI F12 bII 1/2 , (5.86)
where KI is stress intensity factor for corresponding straight crack (b = 0). Approx-
imate values of transition factors obtained by extrapolation at conversion from rec-
tangular notch to straight crack are F11 = 0.73, F12 = 0.39.
In this way, a solution was derived for the singular boundary value problem of
semi-infinite rectangular notch in elastic plane at symmetrical stress distribution,
when notch faces are free of applied loads and the stress field is asymptotically
given at infinity in such manner that it is described by stress intensity factor in the
tip of corresponding straight crack. The relationship (5.86) establishes a general
Fig. 5.16 Semi-infinite

rectangular notch in elastic
plane
relation between SIF in corners of narrow rectangular notch and SIF KI in the tip of
corresponding straight crack.
It should be emphasized that attempts to solve this problem using either conformal
mapping method [42] or asymptotic approach [57] presented in monograph [51] had
been made in past, but the authors failed to derive relationships similar to (5.86).
5.5 Elastic Plane with Circular Hole and Edge U-Notches
5.5.1 First Basic Problem for Plane with Circular Hole
Let elastic region S be exterior of circle with radius R and center in the origin
of coordinate system xOy. The regions boundary L0 (|z| = R) is loaded by given
stresses
N + iT = p0 (t), t L0 , (5.87)
that satisfy the conditions of equilibrium

p0 (t) dt = 0, Re tp0 (t) dt = 0. (5.88)
L0 L0
Complex stress potentials for this problem are as follows [58, 82]

1 p0 (t) dt
0 (z) = ,
2 i tz
L0

1 p0 (t) dt R2 R2
0 (z) = + 2 0 (z) (z). (5.89)
2 i tz z z 0
L0
5.5.2 Cracks in Elastic Plane with Circular Hole
Let infinite region S restricted by the circle L0 with radius R and center in the origin
of coordinate system xOy is weakened by N curvilinear cracks Ln (n = 1, 2, . . . , N).
Given at the contour L0 is self-balancing load p0 (t), while given at other contours Ln
are displacement discontinuities gn (tn ) (stress discontinuities are absent). Complex
stress potentials (z) and (z) for this problem are as follows [82, 88]
5.5 Elastic Plane with Circular Hole and Edge U-Notches 215

R2 g (t) dt R2 tt
(z) = (z) + 0 (z) + 1 (z) + + g (t) dt ,
2 z(zt R2 ) t(R2 zt)2
L

R4 3zt 2R2 1
(z) = (z) + 0 (z) + 1 (z) + + g (t) dt+
2 z2 z(zt R2 )2 R2 t
L

z (R2 tt)(R2 3zt)
+ 2 + g (t) dt , (5.90)
R (zt R2 ) t(R2 zt)3
where potentials (z) and (z) (1.56) are integral representation of problem solution
for elastic plane weakened by a single curvilinear cut L or a system of such cuts
(L = Lk , k = 1, 2, . . . , n), whereas functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) represent solution
(5.89) for infinite plane with circular hole loaded by stresses p0 (t) applied to its edge.
The additions
2
1 1 2R
1 (z) = g (t) dt, 1 (z) = g (t) dt + g (t) dt (5.91)
2 z 2 z z2
L L
ensure uniqueness of the displacements during tracing the hole contour L0 and con-
tours of edge cracks propagating from the hole. These conditions are absent for inner
cracks due to automatic fulfillment of uniqueness displacements condition during
tracing their contours.
Let us examine now the boundary value problem when cracks are loaded by given
at their contours self-balancing stresses
N + iT = p(t), t L, (5.92)
where indexes (+) or () indicate boundary values of stresses at left or right crack
edge, respectively.
Satisfying with the help of potentials (5.90) the boundary conditions (5.92), we
come to singular integral equation of the problem [88]

1
K (t, t ) g (t) dt + L (t, t ) g (t) dt = p (t ), t L, (5.93)

L
where

R2 t R2 tt
K (t, t ) = K(t, t ) + + +
2 tt R 2 t(tt R2 )

dt t (R2 3tt )R2 + 2tt (t )2 (R2 tt)
+ + ,
dt tt R2 t(t )2 (R2 tt )3

R2 R2 tt 1
L (t, t ) = L(t, t ) +
+
2 t(t t R ) t (tt R2 )
2 2

dt 1 (R2 tt )R2 + (2tt R2 )(t t R2 )
+ ,
dt t(t )2 (t )3 (tt R2 )2
dt
p (t ) = p (t ) 0 (t ) 0 (t ) t 0 (t ) + 0 (t ) . (5.94)
dt
Here kernels K(t, t ) and L(t, t ) are given by formulae (1.59). If cracks L1 , L2 , , Lm
are interior, then equation (5.93) has a single-valued solution in a class of functions,
which have an integrable singularity at the ends of integration interval, in presence
of m additional conditions

1
g (t) dt = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , m, (5.95)

Lk
which ensure uniqueness of displacements during tracing each of inner cracks.
5.5.3 Edge U-Notch in Plane with Circular Hole
Let the circular hole with radius R in elastic plane is connected with an U-shaped notch
with width 2 rounded by semicircle with radius . Designate the notch contour as
L. Assume that hole edge is free of loads and that the plane is stretched with stresses
y = p at infinity (Fig. 5.17).
Form the U-shaped notch in the plane with circular hole by cutting the notch along
contour L with beginning and end at the circular hole edge. Therefore, complex stress
potentials are sought in the form (5.90), where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) determine
stress state in the plane with unloaded circular hole [58]

p 1 R2 p R2 3R4
0 (z) = + 2 , 0 (z) = 1+ 2 + 4 . (5.96)
2 2 z 2 z z
As a result, integral equation of the problem appears in the form (5.93). The
equation of notch contour can be written in the parametric form

(1 ) c( + B ) + i, 1 < B ,
c c
t = l( ) = l (1 ) + cos i sin , B B , (5.97)

(1 ) + c( B ) i, B < 1,
where = /l, = R/l, B = /(2c), and

c =1+ 1 2 2 .
2
Fig. 5.17 Tension of plane

containing circular hole and
edge U-notch

It must be noted that the inequality 1 2 2 is valid here, which follows
from the problems geometry (Fig. 5.17).
To improve accuracy of integral equations solution, make change of variables
sin
= G( ) = (1 ) , 1 1, (5.98)

and hereinafter believe that ( ) = (G( )) and () = (G()). Then the integral
equation (5.93) can be written in the canonical dimensionless form
1
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) d = p(), 1 1, (5.99)
1
where
M(, ) = lK (l( ), l()) ( ),

N(, ) = lL (l( ), l()) ( ),
1 1
u( ) = g (l( )), p() = p (l()). (5.100)
p p
Solve the integral equation numerically using quadrature method with equidistant
quadrature nodes [4]. As a result, we come to the system of n complex linear algebraic
equations for n unknown functions u(k ) (k = 1, . . . , n)
2
n
M(k , m ) u(k ) + N(k , m ) u(k ) = p(m ), m = 1, . . . , n, (5.101)
n
k=1
where
k = 1 + 2k/n, m = 1 + (2m 1)/n. (5.102)
Find stresses in the hole tip A using the formula
max = s (A) = 4 Im (u(0)) = 4 Im (u(n/2 )). (5.103)
For even numbers n values u(0) = u(n/2 ) can be found directly from solution
of equations system (5.101).
Figures 5.18 and 5.19 demonstrate numerical results obtained at parameters values
0.0001 = /l 0.1 and 0.1 = R/l 0.9. Highest stress concentration
factor values are attained in the interval 0.7 0.8, this peak being the more
sharp, the smaller is relative radius of notch tip rounding (Fig. 5.19).
Note that the problem of stress concentration in plane with circular hole and
edge notch in the shape of circular segment was studied earlier using bipolar coor-
dinates [45, 80] or Fourier integral transformation [54].
Fig. 5.18 Stress

concentration factor in tip
of U-notch in stretched
elastic plane with respect to
relative rounding radius /l
for different values
of parameter R/l
Fig. 5.19 Stress

concentration factor in tip
of U-notch in stretched
parameter R/l for different
values of relative rounding
radius /l
5.5.4 Elastic Plane with Circular Hole and Two Edge

U-Notches
Let the circular hole with radius R in elastic plane is symmetrically connected with
two U-shaped notches with width 2 rounded by semicircle with radius . Assume
that hole edge is free of loads and that the plane is stretched with stresses y = p at
infinity (Fig. 5.20).
Taking into account the symmetry of stressstrain state with respect to axis Oy,
reduce the problem to integral equation (5.93) with a slight change in kernels accord-
ing to the symmetry conditions (1.194). Procedure of numerical solution of this
equation is similar to the above presented for the single notch. Figure 5.21 presents
computed dependence of stress concentration factor in tips of U-shaped notches on
parameter = R/l at various values of relative rounding radius = /l.
When radius of circular hole R diminishes in comparison with half-length l of
entire stress concentrator, SCF values approach some thresholds corresponding to
a narrow slot with length 2l (see (5.51))
Fig. 5.20 Tension of plane

containing circular hole and
two edge U-shaped notches
Fig. 5.21 Stress

concentration factors in tips
of U-shaped notches
in stretched elastic plane
versus parameter = R/l
for different values
of relative rounding radius
= /l
Fig. 5.22 The effect

of relative radius of circular
hole = R/l on stress
concentration factors ratio
kt /ktS in tips of boundary
U-shaped notch and narrow
slot at fixed relative rounding
radius = /l

ktS = 1 + 2.115/ 0.1640.115 exp(0.361), 0 < 1. (5.104)
Figure 5.22 juxtaposes stress concentration factor values kt = max /p for U-

shaped edge notches and ktS (5.104) for narrow slot. It is seen that a circular cut
in the middle of slot can either augment (R/l < 0.8) or diminish (R/l > 0.8) SCFs
in the tip of slot.
It should be noted that the problem of stress concentration in plane with circular
hole and two edge notches was studied earlier using either body force method [20]
or finite elements method [19].
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103. Ukadgaonker, V.G., Awasare, P.J.: A novel method of stress analysis of an infinite plate with
rounded corners of a rectangular hole under uniform edge loading. Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci.
1, 1725 (1994)
104. Ukadgaonker, V.G., Rao, D.K.N.: Stress distribution around triangular holes in anisotropic
plates. Compos. Struct. 45(3), 171183 (1999)
105. Ukadgaonker, V.G., Rao, D.K.N.: A general solution for stresses around holes in symmetric
laminates under inplane loading. Compos. Struct. 49(3), 339354 (2000)
106. Wu, H.C., Chang, K.J.: Angled elliptic notch problem in compression and tension. J. Appl.
Mech. 45(2), 258262 (1978)
107. Yeh, H.Y., Kim, C.H.: Fracture mechanics of the angled elliptic crack under uniaxial tension.
Eng. Fract. Mech. 50(1), 103110 (1995)
108. Young, W.C., Budynas, R.G.: Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill,
New York (2002)
109. Zorin, I.S.: On brittle fracture of elastic plane weakened by a thin notch. Vestnik Leningrad
Univ. 7, 1116 (1982)
110. Zorin, I.S.: On the brittle fracture of elastic plane with a thin notch under biaxial stress state.
Mech. Solids 21(1), 188192 (1985)
111. Zorin, I.S., Morozov, N.F.: Stress-strain state of the elastic media in the vicinity of cracks and
sharp notches. Theor. Appl. Mech. 16, 4449 (1985)
Chapter 6
Periodic System of Closely Spaced Holes
in Elastic Plane
Abstract The sixth chapter deals with the periodic elasticity theory problem for
a plane weakened with an infinite row of closely spaced identical curvilinear holes.
Stress concentration factors in the tips of bilateral parabolic or rounded V-shaped
notches were found for a limiting case of infinitesimal hole spacing. These results are
compared with known expressions for hyperbolic notches. Using the limit transition
to zero tip-rounding radius, a solution is derived for bilateral sharp V-shaped notches.
Periodic problems of elasticity theory for a plane weakened with an infinite row
of closely spaced identical curvilinear holes had been studied by many researchers
[8, 9, 1419]. However, numerical results concerning stress concentration factors
were obtained mainly for far enough spaced circular or elliptical holes. This situa-
tion was caused generally by the strong stress concentration at contours of closely
spaced holes. It is known that the stress concentration creates great difficulties of
computational nature in studying the stress distributions. Nevertheless, up-to-date
computing techniques and computer hardware allow for numerically determining
both the order of maximal stress singularity and the factor at the singularity for
closely spaced holes with different geometry. Understanding the stress singularity
is of great importance in deriving the direct numerical methods for solution of such
problems. This knowledge is useful also in constructing numerical solutions of many
other problems based on limit transitions. This chapter outlines the method of singu-
lar integral equations in application to solution of the periodic problem of elasticity
theory for a plane containing an infinite row of closely spaced curvilinear holes [6,
25, 26]. We have derived stress intensity factors in sharp hole tips using the unified
approach to stress concentration in sharp or rounded hole tips [22, 24] and starting
from solution to the problem for a smooth boundary contour. Again using the limit
transition, we have found stress concentration and stress intensity factors in rounded
and sharp tips of bilateral curvilinear notches in elastic plane as well.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_6
228 6 Periodic System of Closely Spaced Holes in Elastic Plane
6.1 Integral Equation of the Problem
Let us consider an elastic plane S weakened by an infinite row of identical curvilinear

holes with boundary contours Lk (Fig. 6.1). Let the holes are uniformly spaced along
axis Ox of the basic Cartesian coordinate system Oxy related with the plane S. Place
origins of local Cartesian coordinate systems Ok xk yk (k = 0, 1, 2, . . .) related to
contours Lk into points z = zk = kd in centers of the holes (d is holes spacing along
axis Ox) in such manner that all axes Ok xk laid on the axis Ox. Since the system O0 x0 y0
coincides with the basic system Oxy, all quantities in this local coordinate system will
be designated hereinafter by symbols without lower index 0, in particular L0 = L.
Accept that the positive direction of tracing the contour L is clockwise so that the
hole interior stays on the right during tracing.
The elastic plane is under biaxial tension along axes Ox and Oy by applied stresses
x = q and y = p, while identical self-balancing loads are given at edges of all
holes, namely:
Nk + iTk = p (tk ), tk Lk . (6.1)
Let us solve the problem using the singular integral equation method [21]. Write
KolosovMuskhelishvili complex stress potentials as the sum:
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (6.2)
where 0 (z) and 0 (z) are given functions (5.34) that describe the uniform stress-
strain state in solid plane without holes, and potentials (z) and (z) determine the
stress state disturbed by holes.
The potentials (z) and (z) for elastic plane with periodic system of holes is
sought in the form:
Fig. 6.1 Periodic system of curvilinear holes in elastic plane

6.1 Integral Equation of the Problem 229

1
(z) = cot (t z) g (t) dt, (6.3)
2d d
L

1
(z) = cot (t z) g (t)dt +
2d d
L

cot (t z) + (t t + z) csc (t z) g (t) dt , (6.4)
d d d
where g (t) is a complex function, which is continuous at the contour L.

To find the disturbed stress state, we have the following boundary condition at the
contour L:
N(t) + iT (t) = p(t) =

dt
= p (t) 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t 0 (t) + 0 (t) , t L,
dt
(6.5)
and stresses vanish at infinity.

Obeying the boundary condition (6.5) using these potentials (6.3) and (6.4), we
are reducing above stated boundary value problem to the singular integral equation

1
K(t, t )g (t) dt + L(t, t )g (t) dt +

L
1 M0 dt a0 ds
+ = p(t ), t L (6.6)
2i (t )2 dt l Dt
with respect to the unknown function g (t). Here we added to the left side of equa-
tion (6.6) zero (due to condition of self-balancing loads at the hole edge) functionals

M0 = i tg (t) dt tg (t) dt , a0 = g (t) dt, (6.7)
L L
which ensure existence of a single solution at arbitrary form of right side p(t) [21].
In deriving this formula, the coordinate system origin z = z00 = 0 was adopted inside
the hole. In formula (6.6), s is arc abscissa corresponding to the point t on the
contour L and l is arbitrary parameter with dimension of length.
Kernels of the integral Eq. (6.6) can be found from the following expressions:

dt
K(t, t ) = cot (t t ) + cot (t t ) , (6.8)
2d d dt d

dt
L(t, t ) = 1 cot (t t )+
2d dt d

dt
(t t + t t)csc 2
(t t ) . (6.9)
d dt d
Solve the integral equation (6.6) numerically using quadrature method. Parametric
equation of contour L is as follows:
t = l( ), t L, 0 2, (6.10)
Then, executing respective change of variables (t = l()), we can reduce the

integral equation (6.6) to the dimensionless canonical form:
2
1
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) d = p(), 0 2, (6.11)

0
where the notations are introduced:

( ) () ()
M(, ) = lK (l( ), l()) + ,
22 () () ()
( ) ()
N(, ) = lL (l( ), l()) + ,
22 () ()
1
u( ) = g (( )) ( ),
p
1
p() = p (()) . (6.12)
p
Here p is parameter with dimension of stress.

In the given case of smooth curvilinear holes, the sought 2 -periodic function
u( ) is continuous and has quasi-singularities in those points of hole contour, where
stresses reach maximal values. Just as in Chap. 5, one can apply here nonlinear
sigmoidal change of variables [23, 29] to improve accuracy of the solution of the
integral equation (6.11)
= G ( ), 0 2,
= G ( ), 0 2. (6.13)
where
1
G ( ) = sin k, 0 2. (6.14)
k
6.1 Integral Equation of the Problem 231
Due to change (6.13) in the integral equation (6.11), we get:
2
1
M(, ) u( ) + N(, ) u( ) G ( ) d = p( ), 0 2. (6.15)

0
where
u( ) = u(G ( )), p( ) = p(G ( )). (6.16)
Solve the integral equation (6.15) numerically using quadrature method with
quadrature formulas (1.118) and (1.119). As a result, the system of linear algebraic
equations arises as a discrete analogue of integral equation (6.15) [20]:
1
4n
M(k , m ) u(k ) + N(k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ),
2n 0
m = 1, . . . , 4n. (6.17)
Here quadrature nodes and collocation points are determined by formulas:
(2k 1)
k = G (k ), k = , k = 1, . . . , 4n,
4n
(m 1)
k = G (k ), k = , m = 1, . . . , 4n. (6.18)
2n
Let contour L has two axes of symmetry that coincide with axes Ox and Oy,
applied being symmetrical with respect to these axes too. Then the order of algebraic
equations system (6.17) reduces to a quarter. Taking into account respective condi-
tions of double symmetry (1.198) for the sought function u( ), we come to a system
of n complex linear algebraic equations

1 n

Re M ( , ) u( ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 1,

n
k m k

k=1
1
n

M (k , m ) u(k )+
2n (6.19)
k=1

+N ( k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = 2, . . . , n,

n

1
Re M (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), m = n + 1

n
k=1
to determine n unknown values of the function u(k ), k = 1, . . . , n. Here the follow-

ing notations are introduced:
M (k , m ) = M(k , m ) N( k , m ) +
M( + k , m ) + N(2 k , m ), (6.20)

N (k , m ) = N(k , m ) M( k , m ) +
N( + k , m ) + M(2 k , m ). (6.21)
Solution of the linear algebraic equations system (6.19) yields the complex stress
potentials (6.3) and (6.4), which enable determining the stress-strain state in the
whole elastic region. Normal stress s at the hole edge can be expressed immediately
in terms of so obtained function u( ).
6.2 System of Elliptical Holes
Given section presents solution to elasticity theory problem for plane weakened
by an infinite row of equidistant elliptical holes. This problem had been studied
in many papers cited in reviews [10, 1719]. Below we shall pay the main attention
to examining stress distribution at boundary contour in the case when the holes are
closely spaced.
Let us consider a periodic system of closely spaced elliptical holes in elastic plane
stretched at infinity by the stress y = p applied in the direction perpendicular to the
line of holes centers. Imagine that the holes are free of applied loads (Fig. 6.1, q = 0).
Parametric equation of the elliptical hole contour appears as (1.192). Semi-axes of the
ellipse are designated as l and b. Let us introduce a dimensionless parameter = 2l/d
characterizing the ellipse major axis to hole spacing d ratio. Then dimensionless
distance between holes can be characterized by the parameter (1 ) = 2a/d,
where a is the distance between vertices of holes (see Fig. 6.1).
Designate curvature radius in the hole vertex A as . The parameter = /l, i.e.
curvature radius to the ellipse major semi-axis l ratio, characterizes the relative
curvature magnitude in this vertex. The curvature radius to the distance between
neighboring contours can be characterized by the derived parameter

= = . (6.22)
a 1
Stress concentration in the hole vertex A (Fig. 6.1) was computed based on numer-
ical solution of the algebraic equations system (6.19). To compensate stress concen-
tration enhancement caused by too close holes spacing and thus improve accuracy
of calculations, we used the sigmoidal change of variables (6.14) in the following
form:
1
G ( ) = sin 2. (6.23)
2
Numerical results for stress concentration factors (Fig. 6.2) were obtained at
the values of geometrical parameters and , which varied within the intervals
6.2 System of Elliptical Holes 233
Fig. 6.2 Stress (a)

concentration factor max /p
in the vertex A of periodic
system of elliptical holes
with respect to relative
curvature radius = /l (a)
or relative distance between
holes 2a/d (b)
(b)
0.00025 100 and 0.000001 1. The parameter = /( + ) thereat

was varied within the interval 0.00024 0.99999996.
The periodic problem concerning stress concentration in elastic plane weakened
by infinite row of circular holes had been considered by many authors [3, 4, 27, 28].
In particular, this problem was reviewed in detail in the monograph [19]. Among
recent publications, the papers [2, 5, 32] should be especially highlighted. Based on
numerical data, authors [27, 28] had built the fitting expression for maximal stress
concentration factors at contours of circular holes [18] in the form:
max 1
ktS = = 3 3.095 + 0.309 2 + 0.786 3 . (6.24)
p 1
The declared relative error of the stress concentration factor kt approxima-

tion (6.24) is below 0.1 %. Let us verify the accuracy using obtained numerical
results. The juxtaposition (Fig. 6.3) was made for parameter varied within the
interval 0.00025 0.9999. It is seen that the error approaches zero at the ends
Fig. 6.3 Relative error

k t = [(kt ktS )/kt ] 100 %
of the fitting formula (6.24)
distance between holes 2a/d
of the interval. The highest relative error of the expression (6.24) (approximately
3.5 %) is observed at the value of parameter (1 ) = 2a/d 0.1 that corresponds
to bridge width to hole diameter ratio a/l 0.1.
Known is also an approximate formula enabling stress concentration factor esti-
mations for periodic system of elliptical holes [15]:

max
2 1 + 2/
kt = = 1.002 1.016 + 0.253 ,
p 1

0 0.7, 1 1/ 10. (6.25)
However, comparison of our numerical results with data obtained using the for-
mula (6.25) shows that in the middle of above indicated intervals of parameters
and relative error of this approximate formula is below 5 %. But at the parameter
values > 0.7, this error rapidly increases, going to infinity when approaches
unity.
6.3 System of Narrow Slots
Let us solve now the problem of stress concentration in vertices of narrow slots,
which are periodically distributed in stretched elastic plane (Fig. 6.4), similarly to
previous case of periodically distributed elliptical holes.
Contour of the hole (Fig. 6.4) is composed of two parallel straight line segments
connected by semi-circles with radius . Total slot length is equal to 2l. Hole elon-
gation or relative curvature radius at its tip is described by parameter = /l.
Parametric equation of the hole edge has the form (5.32) and (5.33).
Numerical solution to the problem was obtained by solving the system of lin-
ear algebraic equations (6.19), accuracy of solution again being improved using
the nonlinear sigmoidal transformation in the form (6.23). Numerical results for
6.3 System of Narrow Slots 235
Fig. 6.4 Periodic system

of narrow slots in elastic
plane
stress concentration factor in the vertex A of narrow slot were obtained at the values
of geometrical parameters = /a and in the intervals 0.00025 10,
0.000512 1, the ratio = /( + ) being varied within the following
interval: 0.00025 0.99995.
At low values of parameter ( < 0.1), stress concentration factors can be
calculated from (2.108) that binds maximal stresses in the tip of U-shaped notch max
with stress intensity factor for corresponding crack KI . For low values of parameter
we get:
RI 1 RI 1
max = KI = KI , (6.26)
2 2 l
where the stress rounding factor for crack (2 = 0) is equal to RI = 2.992 (see 2.111).
Respectively, stress intensity factors in vertices of corresponding periodic system
of collinear cracks can be found from the relationship (see e.g. [21]):

l 2
KI = p d tan = p l tan . (6.27)
d 2
Hence, we have for stress concentration factor:

max
1
kt = = RI tan . (6.28)
0 p 2
It follows from analysis of obtained numerical results that stress concentration

factors for the periodic system of narrow slots can be estimated in whole interval
of parameter variation (0 < 1) using the following expression:

max 1
kt = = a + RI tan , 0 < 1, 0 < < 1. (6.29)
p 2
The constant a here can be found considering a single ( = 0) circular hole

( = 1) in elastic plane under uniaxial tension at infinity. In this simple case stress
concentration factor at the hole edge is equal kt = 3, and therefore

a + 2.992/ 2 = 3 a = 0.884. (6.30)
The proposed expression (6.29) gives a possibility to evaluate stress concentration

factor for periodic system of narrow slots with relative error below 1 % in the whole
intervals of parameters and variation.
6.4 Systems of Rhombic or Oval Holes
Let us study the problem concerning stress concentration in rounded tips of holes that
are periodically positioned in a stretched elastic plane. The neighborhood of hole tip
is nothing else but the rounded V-shaped notch with vertex angle 2 and curvature
radius in the tip . This problem was solved here for holes of two similar shapes,
rhombic holes with rounded vertices (Fig. 6.5a) and oval holes (Fig. 6.5b).
All such holes has two axes of symmetry. Let hole contour L projection onto axis
Ox has length 2l. Let relative radius of curvature in the vertex A of hole is described by
the parameter = /l. Hole vertices are located at the distance 2a apart. Parametric
equation of hole contours L is written in the form (5.32), where function 0 ( ) is
determined by (5.52) or (5.62) for oval or rhombic hole, respectively.
Stable stress concentration factor values in the hole vertex A were computed at
the problems geometrical parameters 2, and , which belonged to the following
intervals: 0 2 5/6, 2 107 1, 106 < (1 ) < 1.
Based on these stress concentration factor values at 0 and using (5.54), one
can derive stress intensity factor in the form KIV = FIV pl I , where

2
FIV = lim kt I . (6.31)
RI 0
(a) (b)
Fig. 6.5 Periodic systems of rhombic holes with rounded vertices (a) and oval holes (b)
6.4 Systems of Rhombic or Oval Holes 237

stress intensity factor

FIV = KIV /(pl I ) in sharp
vertices of rhombic (a) or
oval (b) holes equidistantly
positioned in stretched
relative distance between
neighboring holes 2a/d
(b)
Figure 6.6 shows dependence of dimensionless stress intensity factors FIV in sharp
hole tips on relative distance between neighboring holes for various vertex angle
values 2. Table 6.1 presents values of factors FIV at some selected vertex angles.
Discrepancies in calculated factor values FIV between rhombic and oval holes are
insignificant. Highest difference is attained at the parameter value 0.5 and
grows with increasing vertex angle 2.
Calculated stress intensity factor values in sharp vertices of rhombic holes are
compared with known results [16] in Table 6.2. Maximal relative difference between
these data is below 3.5 %.
It is seen from Fig. 6.6 that stress intensity factor values infinitely grow at 1.
Kind of this singularity can be described by the equation
FIV FIV
lim 1I = lim = f (I ), (6.32)
1 2
tan 1 (FI )2(1I )
2
Table 6.1 Dimensionless stress intensity factors in vertices of rhombic or oval holes periodically
positioned in stretched elastic plane

2 FIV = KIV /(pl I )
=0 = 0.2 = 0.5 = 0.7 = 0.9 = 0.99
Rhombic hole
0 1.000 1.017 1.128 1.336 2.113 6.398
/6 1.026 1.043 1.152 1.356 2.133 6.458
/4 1.061 1.076 1.180 1.382 2.166 6.604
/3 1.111 1.125 1.223 1.424 2.236 6.929
/2 1.266 1.272 1.354 1.575 2.551 8.551
2/3 1.501 1.490 1.585 1.911 3.405 13.544
Oval hole
0 1.000 1.017 1.128 1.336 2.113 6.398
/6 1.020 1.036 1.146 1.252 2.132 6.454
/4 1.048 1.065 1.175 1.383 2.171 6.611
/3 1.093 1.110 1.219 1.429 2.243 6.927
/2 1.260 1.276 1.389 1.618 2.577 8.563
2/3 1.610 1.626 1.753 2.049 3.461 13.569
Table 6.2 Comparison of calculated dimensionless stress intensity factor values FIV for periodic
system of rhombic holes (in numerator) with known results [16] (in denominator)
2 =0 = 1/3 = 1/2 = 2/3
0 1.000/1.000 1.050/1.052 1.128/1.128 1.286/1.293
/6 1.026/1.042 1.075/1.093 1.152/1.170 1.307/1.329
/3 1.111/1.148 1.153/1.192 1.223/1.264 1.374/1.421
/2 1.266/1.293 1.290/1.319 1.354/1.385 1.518/1.553
where FI is dimensionless stress intensity factor for periodic system of collinear

cracks (6.27). Figure 6.7 demonstrates change of function FIV /(FI )2(1I ) in the inter-
val 0 < 1. Based on results for oval holes, function f (I ) can be fitted (in the
interval of vertex angles 0 2 5/6) by the following expression:
f (I ) 3.37 (1 1.97 I + 1.13 2I ), (6.33)
with relative error below 0.5 %. Values of stress singularity exponent I at any angle
are derivable from the fitting expression (2.14).
6.5 Bilateral Rounded Notch 239
Fig. 6.7 Function

FIV /(FI )2(1I ) with respect
to distance between tips
of neighboring holes 2a/d
6.5 Bilateral Rounded Notch
6.5.1 Bilateral Hyperbolic Notch
Let us consider the problem of stretched elastic plane weakened by outer bilateral
hyperbolic notch. The notch edge is free of applied loads while the plane is stretched at
infinity in the direction of axis Ox by applied loads with principal vector P (Fig. 6.8).
Write canonical equation of hyperbola L in Cartesian coordinate system xOy
x2 y2
= 1, (6.34)
a2 b2
where a and b are real and imaginary axes, respectively. Radius of curvature in hyper-
bola vertex is = b2 /a. Then equations of asymptotes to hyperbola have form
b b
y = x = x tan , = arctan , (6.35)
a a
Fig. 6.8 Outer bilateral

hyperbolic notch (a/ = 4)
where 2 is the angle between the asymptotes, which is called hereinafter also as
vertex angle of the notch. This angle and relative radius of curvature in the vertices
of hyperbola = /a are interrelated as
/a = b2 /a2 = tan2 (). (6.36)
The closed analytical solution to this problem had been found in elliptical coordi-
nates [1, 12, 13]. This solution had been presented in Cartesian coordinates as well
[7]. The expression had been derived for stress concentration factor in vertices of the
notch [13]
max 2(1 + )
kth = = . (6.37)
P/(2a) + (1 + ) arctan 1/
Figure 6.9 demonstrates dependence of the factor kth (6.37) on parameter . It

can be concluded from relationship (6.37) that stress concentration factor in the
notchs vertices depends solely on the single parameter , which precludes transition
to bilateral parabolic notch as opposed to hyperbolic semi-infinite notch in elastic
plane (see Sect. 2.3.2). Therefore, we shall get such solution based on numerical result
of stress concentration factor in vertices of elliptical holes, which are periodically
distributed in elastic plane.
6.5.2 Bilateral Parabolic Notch
Having derived stress concentration factors for periodic system of elliptical holes
in elastic plane stretched at infinity by stresses p at small relative radii of vertex
rounding ( 0) and small relative distances between neighboring holes ( 1),
we can make a limit transition from periodic system of holes to geometry of bilateral
Fig. 6.9 Stress

concentration factor kth
in vertices of the bilateral
hyperbolic notch versus
parameter
symmetrical notch in a plane under tension at infinity by applied loads P = pd

(where d is hole spacing).
Calculations were made at fixed values of parameter within the interval
0.00025 100 and values of relative curvature radius in decreasing sequence
(106 1). Stress concentration factors in hole tips were found as maximal-
to-nominal stress ratio n = P/(2a), as it was adopted for outer bilateral notches:
max max
ktn = = (1 ) . (6.38)
P/(2a) p
Extrapolating these stress concentration factor values for periodic hole system at
small values of parameters and (1 ) using a function similar to
ktn = c1 + c2 I , (6.39)
we obtained the dependence of ktn ( ) on parameter for outer bilateral parabolic

notch (c1 , c2 are constant coefficients). In Fig. 6.10 (curve 1), this dependence is
compared with the respective dependence (6.37) for hyperbolic notch. Examining
these data, one can see that the function (6.37) quite accurately fits also stress con-
centration factor values for parabolic notch. Maximal relative difference between
these data is below 1 %.
The fitting formula for stress concentration factors in tips of bilateral notches is
proposed here in the following general form:

max b0 + b1 + b2 + b3 3/2
ktn = . (6.40)
P/(2a) + b4 + b3 3/2
Identical coefficients b3 at power terms 3/2 enable the limit transition
lim ktn = 1, (6.41)

Fig. 6.10 Stress

concentration factor for
bilateral parabolic (curve 1)
or U-shaped (curve 2) notch
normalized by corresponding
SCF values kth (6.37) for
hyperbolic notch with
respect to parameter
which corresponds to uniform tension of infinite stripe with width 2a by applied

stresses P/(2a).
The constant b0 can be found from interrelation between stress caoncentration
and stress intensity factors in the form (5.54). In this case, at I = 1/2, an equality
arises

2 2 P 0 2 P
KI = lim max = lim ktn = b0 . (6.42)
RI 0 RI 2 a RI 2 a
It is known that stress intensity factor for outer crack with

length 2a in plane under
tension at infinity by forces P is expressed
as K I = P/ a (see e.g. [21]).
Then
from (6.42) one easily finds that b0 = 2RI / = 4/ , where the value RI = 2 2 is
adopted for the parabolic notch. Constants b1 , b2 , b3 , and b4 can be evaluated using
the least square method.
In this way, we derived the following fitting expression for the bilateral parabolic
notch:
4/ + 1.301 + 1.063 + 0.884 3/2
ktn = , (6.43)
+ 1.021 + 0.884 3/2
with relative error below 0.25 % in the interval 0 < 103 .
6.5.3 Bilateral U-Notch
Below we shall illustrate the problem solution scheme in the limit case when dimen-
sionless crack spacing and hole tip rounding radius both approach zero, with the
periodic system of narrow slots as example, and build up solution for a bilateral
notch on this basis. Calculations of function (1 )max /p at small values of para-
meters (Fig. 6.11a) or (1 ) = 2a/d (Fig. 6.11b) and various values of relative
radii = /a had shown that at 1 stress concentration factor approaches the
limit value. This fact makes it possible to perform the limit transition to bilateral
notch and derive dependence of SCF for the bilateral U-shaped notch solely on the
parameter = /a. In Fig. 6.10 (curve 2), this dependence is compared with the
respective dependence (6.37) for bilateral hyperbolic notch. Maximal relative differ-
ence between these solutions reaches 6 % at < 0.1. This result once more confirms
above conclusion that notch contour shape in vicinity of its tip rather than only cur-
vature radius in the notch tip essentially effects on stress concentration magnitude
[22].
Similarly to bilateral parabolic notch, here we can build up a fitting formula for
outer U-shaped notch

1.347 + 0.516 + 0.521 + 0.465 3/2
ktn = , (6.44)
+ 0.381 + 0.465 3/2
Fig. 6.11 Dependence (a)

of function (1 )max /p
in the tip of narrow slot
in stretched elastic plane on
parameters = /l (a) and
2a/d (b)
(b)
which grants the possibility to evaluate stress concentration factor in notch tip with
relative error below 2 % in the interval 0 < 102 . The formula can be simplified
with insignificant loss in accuracy to the form
1.347
ktn = 1 + , 0 < 102 . (6.45)
(1 + 0.731 + 0.715 )
The relative error in this case increases up to 3 %. In the limit case when 0,
formulas (6.42) and (6.45) yield stress intensity factor for outer crack after taking
into account the equality: RI = 2.992.
6.5.4 Bilateral Rounded V-Notch
We calculated stress concentration factor for periodic system of oval or rhombic

holes at vertex angles 2 belonging to the interval 0 2 175 . For periodic
Fig. 6.12 Stress

concentration factor ktn
in the tip of bilateral V-notch
with respect to relative tip
rounding radius = /a for
various vertex angles 2
Fig. 6.13 Stress

concentration factor for outer
V-shaped notch kt
normalized by SCF for
hyperbolic notch kth (6.37)
with respect to parameter
for various vertex angles 2
system of rhombic holes with variable vertex angle 2, we got dependence of SCF
ktn ( ) = max /(P/(2a)) on parameter = /a for bilateral V-shaped notch under
tension at infinity by loads with principal vector P (Fig. 6.12). The same dependence
can be derived starting from the periodic system of oval holes.
Figure 6.13 demonstrates stress concentration factor values ktn in the tip of bilat-
eral V-shaped notch in comparison to respective data (6.37) for hyperbolic notch.
Discrepancy between these solutions becomes obvious for notches with vertex angles
2 > /3. It is understandable in terms of great differences in the stress singularity
exponent for sharp notches of such type and with such vertex angles and the expo-
nent I = 1/2 for cracks corresponding to hyperbolic notch. The relative difference
hence infinitely grows when notch tip rounding radius approaches zero.
Subsequently, we generalized the formula (6.40) to cover outer rounded V-shaped
notches with any vertex angles 2:

2 RI FIV
ktn = 1 + . (6.46)
I (1 + c1 I + c2 )
Table 6.3 Values of coefficients c1 and c2 in formula (6.46)

2 0 /12 /6 /4 /3 /2 2/3 5/6
c1 0.731 0.714 0.718 0.710 0.710 0.709 0.699 0.784
c2 0.715 0.733 0.699 0.682 0.666 0.657 0.799 1.202
Table 6.3 presents constants c1 and c2 calculated for several notch vertex angle
values. Parameters I and RI are computable from respective fitting formulas (2.14)
and (2.111). Here FIV is dimensionless stress intensity factor for outer V-shaped notch
(see the next subsection). Above expression (6.46) fits the data with maximal relative
error below 3 %. The highest relative error of the expression emerges near the value
= 10 for notches with vertex angle 2 /6.
6.6 Bilateral Sharp V-Notch
Using interrelation between stress concentration factor in tip of notch, which is

rounded by a circular arc with small curvature radius , and stress intensity factor
in the tip of sharp notch (5.54), we can come to:

2 I 2 P 1 P
KIV = lim max = lim ktn ( a)I = FIV . (6.47)
RI 0 RI 0 2a a I
1
The dimensionless stress intensity factor
1
FIV = lim ktn I (6.48)
2 RI 0
can be found from extrapolation of periodic problem solution for elastic plane with
infinite row of rhombic holes when it approaches ( 0, 1) the corresponding
result for bilateral V-shaped notch. The dependence of product ktn on parameter
shown in Fig. 6.14 reveals a limit value when this parameter approaches zero, which
proves the possibility of numerical calculation of above limit (6.48). It is seen that
the product obviously tends to asymptotic values at various vertex angles 2 already
at parameter values as large as < 0.01.
Table 6.4 presents calculated from (6.48) discrete values of dimensionless stress
intensity factor FIV for bilateral V-shaped notch. Its dependence on the notch vertex
angle 2 is shown in Fig. 6.15. Exactly same dimensionless SIF values were obtained
also from data on stress concentration in plane weakened by periodic system of oval
holes.
At the angle 2 = 0, i.e. in the case of outer crack, we have FIV = 1, which
complies with known exact solution [11, 21, 30, 31]. At the angle 2 = , i.e. in the
Fig. 6.14 Function ktn I

for periodic system
of rhombic holes versus
parameter for various
vertex angles 2

stress intensity
factor
FIV = KIV a1I /P for
bilateral V-shaped notch with
respect to vertex angle 2
Table 6.4 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV in the tip of bilateral V-notch for various vertex
angles 2

2 ( ) FIV = KIV a1I /P 2 ( ) FIV = KIV a1I /P
0 1.000 120 1.245
15 1.000 135 1.375
30 1.003 150 1.559
45 1.009 160 1.724
60 1.024 165 1.823
75 1.050 170 1.937
90 1.091 175 2.069

105 1.154 180 / 2
case of strip with width 2a, stress concentration factor equals to ktn = 1, stress field
singularity vanishes (I = 0), andthe stress rounding factor is RI = 1. It follows
from here that the factor FIV = / 2.
6.6 Bilateral Sharp V-Notch 247
The fitting expression was built up for dependence of dimensionless stress inten-
sity factor on the stress singularity exponent I (see 2.14) in the form:

1 0.9134 I
FIV (I ) = , 0 I 0.5. (6.49)
1 + 0.4138 I 2
with relative error below 0.5 % in whole interval of parameter I . Above presented
relationships concerning SCF and SIF for outer bilateral rounded or sharp notches
can be useful in asymptotic evaluations of corresponding parameters for deep outer
notches in finite bodies, as will be illustrated in Chap. 8.
References
1. Griffith, A.A.: Stresses in a plate bounded by a hyperbolic cylinder. Great Br. Aeronaut. Res.
Counc. Tech. Rep. 2, 668677 (1928)
2. Horii, M., Nemat-Nasser, S.: Elastic fields of interacting inhomogeneities. Int. J. Solids Struct.
21(7), 731745 (1985)
3. Howland, R.C.J.: Stresses in a plate containing an infinite row of holes. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond.
Ser. A 148, 471491 (1935)
4. Isida, M.: On some plane problems of an infinite plate containing an infinite row of circular
holes. Bull. JSME 10, 259265 (1960)
5. Isida, M., Igawa, H.: Analysis of a zig-zag array of circular holes in an infinite solid under
uniaxial tension. Int. J. Solids Struct. 27(7), 849864 (1991)
7. Kipp, M., Sih, G.: Brittle fracture considerations of two external notches under combined
loading. Eng. Fract. Mech. 8(2), 355364 (1976)
8. Kosmodamianskii, A.S.: Raspredeleniye napryazheniy v izotropnykh mnogosvyaznykh
sredakh (The stress distribution in isotropic multiply connected media). Donetsk University,
Donetsk (1972)
9. Kosmodamianskii, A.S.: Ploskaya zadacha teorii uprugosti dla plastin s otverstiyami, vyrezami
i vystupami (The plane problem of elasticity theory for plates with holes, notches and projec-
tions). Vyshcha shkola, Kyiv (1975)
10. Kosmodamianskii, A.S.: Napryazhennoye sostoyaniye anizotropnykh sred s otverstiyami ili
polostyami (Stress state of anisotropic media with holes or cavities). Vyshcha shkola, Kyiv
(1976)
12. Neuber, H.: Kerbspannungslehre: Grundlagen fr genaue Spannungsrechnung, 1st edn. Verlag
von Julius Springer, Berlin (1937)
13. Neuber, H.: Kontsentratsiya napryazheniy (Stress concentration). Gostekhizdat, Moscow
(1947)
14. Nisitani, H.: On the tension of an infinite plate containing an infinite row of elliptic holes. Bull.
JSME 6(24), 635638 (1963)
15. Nisitani, H.: Method of approximate calculation for interference of notch effects and its appli-
cation. Bull. JSME 11(47), 725738 (1968)
(1996)
19. Savin, G.N.: Raspredeleniye napryazheniy okolo otverstiy (Stress distribution around holes).
23. Savruk, M.P., Kazberuk, A.: Stress concentration around a rounded notch for arbitrary vertex
curvature. Acta Mech. Autom. 1(1), 90102 (2007)
24. Savruk, M.P., Kazberuk, A.: A unified approach to problems of stress concentration near V-
shaped notches with sharp and rounded tip. Int. Appl. Mech. 43(2), 182197 (2007)
25. Savruk, M.P., Kazberuk, A.: Stress concentration problems for elastic domains with v-shaped
notches. In: V.V. Panasyuk (ed.) Mekhanika ruinuvannya materialiv i mitsnist konstruktsii
(Fracture mechanics of materials and strength of structures), pp. 7586. Lviv (2009)
26. Savruk, M.P., Kazberuk, A.: Stresses in an elastic plane with a periodic system of closely
located holes. Mater. Sci. 45(6), 831844 (2009)
27. Schulz, K.J.: On the state of stress in perforated strips and plates. Proc. Kon. Nederl. Akad.
Wetensch. Amsterdam 45, 233239, 341347, 457464, 524532 (1942)
Wetensch. Amsterdam 4648, 282291, 292300 (19421945)
30. Sih, G.C.: Handbook of stress-intensity factors: stress-intensity factor solutions and formulas
for reference, vol. 1. Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem
(1973)
Corp, Hellertown (1973)
32. Wang, J., Crouch, S.L., Mogilevskaya, S.G.: A complex boundary integral method for multiple
circular holes in an infinite plane. Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem. 27
Chapter 7
Edge Notches in Elastic Half-Plane
Abstract Edge notches in elastic half-plane are studied in the seventh chapter.
Analysis is given to single sharp or rounded V-shaped notches as well as periodic
systems of such notches. A solution to periodic elasticity theory problem for a half-
plane with sinusoidal boundary is presented. The case of edge notch with a crack
growing from its tip is included as well.
The effect of free surface on stress distribution near boundary notches is studied,
as a rule, using an elastic half-plane. The solutions of similar problems are asymp-
totic for finite regions with shallow edge notches. This chapter outlines the method
of singular integral equation in application to solution of the problem of elasticity
theory for a plane containing a single edge V-shaped notch [31, 62, 63, 65] or infi-
nite row of such notches positioned very closely one to another [31, 32, 64]. We
have derived-stress intensity factors in sharp tips of edge notches using the unified
approach to stress concentration in sharp or rounded hole tips [61, 62] and starting
from solution to the problem for a smooth boundary contour. The same approach
was applied by us to examine the problem of stress distribution in the half-plane
with sinusoidal boundary. Stress intensity factors for a crack growing from the tip
of boundary notch are presented for notches with different geometries.
7.1 Edge Notch
7.1.1 Edge Notch in the Shape of Circular Segment
Consider an elastic half-plane S weakened by a boundary notch in the shape of

circular segment. Boundary of half-plane as well as notch contour are free of applied
loads while uniaxial tension by stresses p is given at infinity in the direction parallel
to half-plane boundary. The notch contour intercepts axis Ox in points x = a.
Distance from notch tip (point A) to axis Ox is equal to D (Fig. 7.1).
Solution to above-stated problem was found in quadratures using bipolar coordi-
nates. The expression had been derived for stress concentration factor in vertex of the

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_7
250 7 Edge Notches in Elastic Half-Plane
Fig. 7.1 Tension

of half-plane with edge notch
in the shape of circular
segment
Table 7.1 Stress concentration factors in the tip of edge circular notch in elastic half-plane [36]
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
D/a 3.732 1.732 1.000 0.577 0.268 0.000
kt 3.999 3.882 3.568 3.065 2.424 1.707 1.000
notch [36, 37]

max 2(1 cos ) sin ( cosh b sinh ) d
kt = = , (7.1)
p 3 sinh2 c2 2
0
where is the angle between straight line segments connecting the notch vertex with
points x = a at axis Ox,
1
c= sin , b = cot . (7.2)

In particular, for semi-circular notch ( = /2), stress concentration factor can
be expressed as

16 2 cosh d
kt = 3 . (7.3)
sinh2 (2/)2
0
Expanding the integrand into power series, one can rewrite the relationship (7.3)
in the form
2n+1 2n1
2n 2 d
kt = 2 , (7.4)
n=1
2n 1 sinh 2n1

0
which is more convenient for analysis. Performed calculations gave in this case the
value kt = 3.065336 [37], which is in good accordance with less accurate results that
were obtained previously [25, 36, 41, 83].
Stress concentration factor values for edge notch in the shape of circular segment
are presented in Table 7.1.
7.1 Edge Notch 251
Table 7.2 Stress concentration factor values for edge semi-elliptical notch in elastic half-plane [9]
b/a 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
kt 224.81 112.66 45.396 23.000 11.842 8.1476 5.2204 3.0653 2.0160 1.5033
7.1.2 Semi-elliptical Notch
Consider an elastic half-plane containing a boundary semi-elliptical notch with depth

l = a and curvature radius in tip . Boundary of half-plane as well as notch contour
are free of applied loads while uniaxial tension by stresses x = p is given at infinity
(Fig. 7.2).
Numerical solution to this problem was obtained using elliptical coordinates [38]
and body force method [9]. Table 7.2 presents corresponding stress concentration
factor values kt at various ellipse axes ratios b/a, (a = b2 /).
An approximate solution to above problem had been also found using the confor-
mal mapping method [5, 7, 45]. The fitting expression had been derived for stress
concentration factor in vertex of the notch [45]

1 + 2.48/ + 1.16/
kt = , 0<= 1, (7.5)
1 + 0.517/ l
with maximal relative error below 1 %. The formula (7.5) finds application in engi-
neering practice [57] for estimating stress concentration factors in tips of narrow
U-shaped notches (0.003 1). Admissibility of such application will be dis-
cussed later in the section devoted to boundary V-shaped notches. Studied was also
boundary semi-elliptical notch in orthotropic half-plane [12].
7.1.3 Rounded V-Notch
Consider the elastic half-plane (y 0) weakened by the V-shaped edge notch, which
is rounded in tip with the circular arc of the radius . We shall designate the notchs
Fig. 7.2 Tension of elastic

half-plane with edge
semi-elliptical notch
Fig. 7.3 Tension of elastic

half-plane with edge rounded
V-notch
depth and vertex angles as l and 2, respectively. The notch contour L and bound-
ary of half-plane are unloaded while tensile stresses x = p are given at infinity
(Fig. 7.3).
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem. Write complex stress
potentials as the sum
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (7.6)
where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) describe the uniform stress state in half-plane
without the notch
0 (z) = p/4, 0 (z) = p/2, (7.7)
while potentials (z) and (z) determine the stress state disturbed by presence of the
notch with edge contour L.
The solution to above-stated problem was built up using the singular integral equa-
tion method. Substitute the notch by crack with tips laying at the boundary of half-
plane. Then integral representation of complex stress potentials (z) and (z) can be
taken in the same form that was used for inner crack in
half-plane [58, 60]

1
(z) = f1 (t, z)g (t) dt + f2 (t, z)g (t) dt , (7.8)

L

1
(z) = h1 (t, z)g (t) dt + h2 (t, z)g (t) dt , (7.9)

L
where

1 1 1
f1 (t, z) = ,
2 tz tz
7.1 Edge Notch 253
tt
f2 (t, z) = ,
2(t z)2

t 1 1
h1 (t, z) = ,
2 (t z)2 (t z)2

1 1 1 (t t)(t + z)
h2 (t, z) = . (7.10)
2 tz tz (t z)3
For this problem the boundary condition at contour L has the following form
N + iT = p(t), t L, (7.11)
where N and T are normal and tangential components of stress vector at notch contour
L, whereas function p(t) is determinable from

dt
p(t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t0 (t) + 0 (t) , t L. (7.12)
dt
Obeying the boundary condition (7.11), we are coming to the singular integral
equation

1
K(t, t ) g (t) dt + L(t, t ) g (t) dt = p(t ), t L, (7.13)

L
with the right side

p dt
p(t ) = 1 , (7.14)
2 dt
and kernels determinable from equations
dt
K(t, t ) = f1 (t, t ) + f2 (t, t ) + t g2 (t, t ) + h2 (t, t ) ,
dt
dt
L(t, t ) = f2 (t, t ) + f1 (t, t ) + t g1 (t, t ) + h1 (t, t ) . (7.15)
dt
where

1 1 1 tt
g1 (t, z) = , g2 (t, z) = . (7.16)
2 (t z)2 (t z)2 (t z)3
t = l( ), 1 < 1, t = l(), 1 < 1, (7.17)

where

cos + c( + B ) sin +

+i [( 1) sin c( B ) cos ] , 1 < B ,

sin(c/)+
( ) =

+i [( 1) cos(c/)] , B B ,

cos + c( B ) sin +

+i [( 1) sin + c( ) cos ] , B < < 1,
B
(7.18)
B = (/2 )/c, = /l,

c = (1 )/ cos + tan + (/2 ).
Transforming the integral equation (7.13) by making change of variables (7.17)

and introducing the notation
M(, ) = lK(l( ), l()), N(, ) = lL(l( ), l()), (7.19)
we get the Eq. (7.13) in dimensionless canonical form
1
1
M(, ) g ( ) + N(, ) g ( ) d = p(), 1 1, (7.20)

1
where
1 1
g ( ) = g (l( )) ( ), p() = p(l()). (7.21)
p p
The solution of the integral equation (7.20) is sought in class of functions, which
have an integrable singularity at the ends of integration interval
u( )
g ( ) = . (7.22)
1 2
Since tips of crack/notch L lay on the boundary of half-plane (t = l(1)), the

stress singularity in these points is absent. This fact can be fixed using an additional
condition
u(1) = 0. (7.23)
The Eq. (7.20) can be solved numerically more precisely, if use such nonlinear
coordinate transformation that would provide densification of quadrature nodes and
7.1 Edge Notch 255
collocations in close vicinity of notch tip
= G ( ), = G ( ). (7.24)
In the given case, we have invoked the transformation [29] in the form expressed
by (2.96). Due to transformation (7.24), we must also modify the unknown function
u( ) u( )G ( )
= . (7.25)
1 2 1 2
We use (1.194) and (1.196) to take into consideration the symmetry of the prob-
lem with respect to axis Oy. After transformations (7.24), (7.25) and application of
quadrature formulas (1.100) and (1.101) for 2n quadrature nodes, we get a possibil-
ity to reduce the integral equation (7.13) to a system of n complex linear algebraic
equations
1
n
M (k , m ) u(k ) + N (k , m ) u(k ) = p(m ), m = 1, . . . , n. (7.26)
2n
k=1
where p(m ) = p(G (m )) and
M (k , m ) = M(k , m ) N(k , m ),
N (k , m ) = N(k , m ) M(k , m ). (7.27)
Here coordinates of quadrature nodes and collocation points are determined by

formulas
(2k 1)
k = G (k ), k = cos , k = 1, . . . , n,
4n
m
m = G (m ), m = cos , m = 1, . . . , n 1. (7.28)
2n
It should be noted here that the last complex equation (m = n) in the system
(7.26), written for = = 0, due to condition of symmetry (1.194) is reducible to
the single real equation. Thus, we have the system of 2n 1 real equations (7.26)
to determine 2n real unknown quantities. In order to close the system of algebraic
equations, complete it with the condition (7.23) rewritten using the interpolating
formula (1.155) and symmetry condition (1.194) in the form

1
n
(2k 1)
u(+1) = (1)k Re u(k )csc +
n 4n
k=1

(2k 1)
+i Im u(k ) cot = 0. (7.29)
4n
Stresses in the notch tip (the point A) can be found using the relationship (1.191).
Taking into account the direction of contour tracing L (7.18) and form of sought
function (7.25), we obtain
u(0)
(s )max = 4 Im . (7.30)
G (0) (0)
Values u(0) can be found from the interpolation formula (1.154), which is reducible
by introducing the symmetry condition (1.194) to the form
1
n
(2k 1)
u(0) = (1)k+n tan Im u(k ). (7.31)
n 4n
k=1
Calculation of stress concentration factor in notch tip was conducted depending

on its relative rounding radius at vertex angle 2 varying within the interval from
0 to 170 . Resulting dependence is presented in Fig. 7.4 for selected values of angle
2.
When the vertex angle 2 = 0 (the V-shaped notch converges into edge U-shaped
notch), obtained results comply with known data [5, 12, 46, 47, 57, 70].
Based on these numerical data, we computed stress intensity factors in the tip of
corresponding sharp V-shaped notch and built the fitting formula for stress concen-
tration factor in the tip of rounded V-notch, being valid at any relative tip rounding
radius. Obtained results were compared against known data at several values of vertex
angle 2.
7.1.4 Sharp V-Notch
Stress intensity factor KIV in sharp notch tip A is derivable from interrelation between
stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor (2.69)
Fig. 7.4 Stress

concentration factor in the
tip of edge rounded V-notch
in stretched half-plane with
respect to relative curvature
radius = /l for various
vertex angles 2
7.1 Edge Notch 257

stress intensity factor

FIV = KIV /(pl I ) with
respect to notch vertex angle
2 for edge V-notch
in stretched half-plane

2 I 2 I
KIV = lim (s )max = pl lim I kA = pl I FIV , (7.32)
RI 0 RI 0
where FIV is dimensionless stress intensity factor.

in such way dependence of dimensionless stress intensity factor FI =
V
Derived
I
KI /(pl
V
) on vertex angle 2 is presented in Fig. 7.5. At the angle value 2 = 0
we have FIV = 1.121, which is in accordance with known value FI = 1.1215 for
edge crack with length l in half-plane (refer, e.g., [59]). On the contrary, at the
angle value 2 = (I = 0, RI = 1), we obtain uniform stress state (kA = 1), and
sequentially FIV = 2 lim0 0 = 2. Maximal dimensionless stress intensity fac-
tor value FIV = 1.778 is attained at the angle 2 158 .
Table 7.3 shows calculated dimensionless stress intensity factor values FIV in com-
parison with published data that were obtained using other methods. Exactly
the same values had been found using the body force method [10] for angles
2 = {/6, /3, /2}. Very close results (with relative difference below 0.1 %)
for angles 0 2 5/6 in increments of /6 were obtained using the finite ele-
ments method based on relation between stress intensity factor and displacements in
vicinity of notch tip [16]. Second and eighth columns of table below present results
computed by means of known data [23, 72] extrapolation onto shallow edge notches
in a strip. It should be noted that the body force method had been applied also to study
the problem of half-plane with asymmetrical edge V-shaped notch under tension [11].
Numerical data on dimensionless stress intensity factors in the tip of V-shaped
notch FIV from Table 7.3 were used to construct the fitting expression

FIV = 2 + 5.0576 I 23.027 2I + 41.218 3I 35.472 4I , (7.33)
with relative error below 0.5 % in whole parameter interval 0 I 1/2.

On the basis of thus obtained results for stress intensity factor in the tip of
sharp V-shaped notch KIV and their interrelation with corresponding stress concen-
tration factor in the tip A of rounded notch kA , one can build up the approximate

Table 7.3 Comparison of dimensionless stress intensity factor values FIV = KIV /(pl I ) in the
sharp tip of edge V-notch in stretched half-plane, which was reported in publications: FIGM [23],
FITI [77, 78], FIC [10], FICN [11], FINOI [53], FIDSC [16], FIS [72], FINT [51], FIDH [13], FIV calculated
from (7.32)
2 FIGM FITI FIC FICN FINOI FIDSC FIS FINT FIDH FIV
0 1.08 1.122 1.122 1.1192 1.121
15 1.129 1.1196 1.129 1.125
30 1.09 1.133 1.148 1.147 1.1319 1.14 1.148 1.133
45 1.182 1.1519 1.181 1.152
60 1.15 1.185 1.186 1.225 1.225 1.1868 1.20 1.225 1.186
75 1.277 1.2370 1.237
90 1.29 1.309 1.308 1.336 1.336 1.3084 1.33 1.336 1.311 1.308
105 1.4018 1.402
120 1.48 1.512 1.5159 1.54 1.516
135 1.6429 1.643
150 1.7497 1.81 1.753
165 1.768

180 2
Table 7.4 Values of coefficients in formula (7.34)

2 I RI b c
0 0.5000 2.992 0.1825 0.283
30 0.4986 2.999 0.2013 0.258
60 0.4878 2.986 0.2521 0.250
90 0.4555 2.901 0.3420 0.259
analytical formulas to determine coefficients kA at any values of relative curvature

radius . In this way, we have derived fitting formulas for several vertex angles
2 = {0, /6, /3, /2} in the form
kA = a + 2(1 b tanh (c ln ))I , 0 < 1. (7.34)
Values of constants b and c are presented in Table 7.4. The coefficient a = 1.065 cor-
responds to stress concentration factor for semi-circular notch (kA = 3.065 [56]) and
is independent of notch vertex angle. The constant b is derivable from the condition
KIV RI l I
2(1 + b) = lim I (s )max = , (7.35)
0 p 2
7.1 Edge Notch 259
at known values of parameter I (2.14) and factor RI (2.111). Values of constant c

were computed by means of the least square method. Above expression (7.34) fits
the data with maximal relative error below 0.1 %.
When vertex angle of V-notch = 0, the formula (7.34) yields stress concentra-
tion factor for U-shaped notch. Let us compare this result with respective data for
edge semi-elliptical notch (7.5), which are often applied for U-shaped notch as well.
As such comparison shows, stress concentration factor for semi-elliptical notch is
always smaller than SCF for U-shaped notch at the same relative rounding radii .
Relative difference between these two factors is less than 1 % at 0.6 < 1 and
grows up to 5.4 % when parameter approaches zero.
The fitting expression had been derived for sharp V-shaped notches with vertex
angle 2 = /3 as well [52]

kt = 1.035 0.02611/2 0.145 + 0.0843/2 kt,H , (7.36)
where 0 < 1 and

kt,H = 1.121 0.28461/2 + 0.3397 0.15443/2 kt,E , (7.37)

kt,E = 1 + 2/ . (7.38)
Coefficients in (7.36) were found using the least square method and numerical
problem solution obtained by the body force method [49]. The authors [52] stated
that relative error of the formula (7.36) is below 0.2 %. However, this statement
hardly can be recognized correct since stress singularity exponent in (7.38) is equal to
I = 1/2, whereas its real value for angle 2 = /3 is I = 0.4878. Above presented
juxtaposition of stress concentration factor values (7.36) against respective values for
notches with vertex angles 2 = /3 calculated from (7.34) had demonstrated that
their relative differences within the interval 0.008 1 is below 0.2 %, although
these differences grow with diminishing parameter reaching magnitude as high
as 1 % at = 0.002. For parameter 0, the relative error of the formula (7.36)
tends to infinity.
7.2 Edge Notch with Cracks
In order for analyzing and generalizing experimental data on fatigue crack nucleation
in respective test specimens, researchers must know the stressstrain state near the
notch and in the tip of a short crack growing from the notch. If the boundary notch
in a specimen is shallow, its stressstrain state can be described in approximation
of elastic half-plane with a notch of required shape. Stress intensity factors in tips
of cracks growing from a boundary notch in half-plane had been studied in many
publications. Reviews of these publications can be found elsewhere [43, 59, 80]. In
particular, such problems had been solved by conformal mapping method [8, 24,
45]; body force method [9, 47, 48, 50]; method of integral equation [4, 33, 42, 54];
method of collocations [1720]; method of Laurent series [26]; method of weighting
functions [74], and finite elements method [6, 55, 75, 76]. The approximate expres-
sions had been presented for stress intensity factors estimating [21, 27, 30, 34, 43,
59, 79, 81]. Some of published results are mentioned in this section.
7.2.1 Edge Semi-elliptical Notch with Crack
Let the elastic half-plane contains a boundary semi-elliptical notch with semi-axes
a and b and a straight-line crack with length l growing from its tip. The half-plane is
loaded by tensile stresses p at infinity while its boundary, notch contour, and crack
edges are free of loads (Fig. 7.6). The problem was solved using the body force
method [9, 47]. Obtained stress intensity factor values in the crack tip KI (KII = 0)
are presented in Table 7.5. The problem was solved using the conformal mapping
method as well [45]. The following fitting formula was constructed for stress intensity
factor
0.4
KI = 1.1215p (b + l) s 1 + (kt 1)2.5 + (1/s 1)2.5 , (7.39)

where s = l/ (b + l), kt is stress concentration factor in notch tip in absence
of crack (7.5). The formula (7.39) at both small (l b) and large (l b) crack
length complies with corresponding asymptotic values

KI = 1.1215 p l (l b) , (7.40)

KI = 1.1215 p (b + l) (l b) , (7.41)
while at intermediate crack lengths, it has the relative error below 1.5 %.
Fig. 7.6 Half-plane with

semi-elliptical notch and
crack growing from its tip
7.2 Edge Notch with Cracks 261

Table 7.5 Stress intensity factor KI /p (b + l) in tip of crack growing from semi-elliptical notch
in half-plane [9]
l/ a/b
0 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2
0.05 0.5143 0.5145 0.5157 0.5193 0.5260 0.5408
0.1 0.6707 0.5721 0.6736 0.6782 0.6865 0.7048
0.2 0.8307 0.8324 0.8340 0.8394 0.8488 0.8693
0.3 0.9161 0.9151 0.9168 0.9223 0.9320 0.9523
0.4 0.9632 0.9650 0.9668 0.9722 0.9817 1.0012
0.5 0.9962 0.9979 0.9997 1.0050 1.0142 1.0326
0.8 1.0490 1.0506 1.0522 1.0571 1.0652 1.0802
1.0 1.0669 1.0684 1.0699 1.0745 1.0818 1.0949
1.5 1.0898 1.0912 1.0926 1.0964 1.1023 1.1116
2.0 1.1003 1.1017 1.1029 1.1062 1.1110 1.1177
3.0 1.1097 1.1109 1.1119 1.1145 1.1179 1.1214
4.0 1.1136 1.1148 1.1157 1.1178 1.1202 1.1221
5.0 1.1157 1.1169 1.1176 1.1194 1.1212 1.1220
7.0 1.1176 1.1189 1.1195 1.1208 1.1218 1.1217
10.0 1.1187 1.1202 1.1206 1.1214 1.1218 1.1213
l/ a/b
0.3 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
0.05 0.5570 0.5916 0.6800 0.8332 1.0118 1.1215
0.1 0.7245 0.7656 0.8632 1.0012 1.1013 1.1215
0.2 0.8906 0.9325 1.0181 1.0987 1.1215 1.1215
0.3 0.9728 1.0109 1.0771 1.1180 1.1216 1.1215
0.4 1.0202 1.0534 1.1023 1.1216 1.1215 1.1215
0.5 1.0499 1.0783 1.1136 1.1219 1.1215 1.1215
0.8 1.0928 1.1098 1.1218 1.1214 1.1215 1.1215
1.0 1.1050 1.1169 1.1221 1.1214 1.1215 1.1215
1.5 1.1174 1.1219 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
2.0 1.1210 1.1222 1.1213 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
3.0 1.1222 1.1216 1.1214 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
4.0 1.1219 1.1213 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
5.0 1.1216 1.1213 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
7.0 1.1213 1.1213 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
10.0 1.1212 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215 1.1215
Numerical results can be found also in [8]. There are separate data [4, 35] on the
semi-circular notch (a = b) with crack growing from its contour. Several approxi-
mate formulas for estimating stress intensity factor in the tip of crack growing from
a boundary notch were proposed in publications [27, 39, 67, 71, 82].

edge rounded V-notch and
crack growing from its tip
7.2.2 Edge V-Notch with Crack Growing from Its Tip
Let us consider initially an elastic half-plane weakened by the edge V-shaped rounded
notch with depth b and symmetrically disposed crack with length l in its tip. The
half-plane is loaded by tensile stresses p at infinity while its boundary, notch contour,
and crack edges are free of loads (Fig. 7.7). Tables 7.6 and 7.7 present stress intensity
factor values obtained using the body force method [48].
Table 7.8 summarizes stress intensity factor values KI (KII = 0) in the tip of crack
growing from vertex of sharp V-shaped notch ( = 0) (Fig. 7.8) obtained using the
conformal mapping method [24]. Numerical stress intensity factor data for this con-
figuration are presented also in [26, 33]. In addition, a problem with crack growing

Table 7.6 Stress intensity factor KI /(p (b + l)) (KII = 0) in tip of crack growing from rounded
(/b = 0.5) V-notch in edge of half-plane [48]
2 l/b 2 l/b
0.2 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.0
0 1.084 1.119 1.121 /2 1.080 1.118 1.121
/6 1.084 1.119 1.121 2/3 1.052 1.106 1.122
/3 1.084 1.119 1.121 5/6 0.921 1.028 1.107

Table 7.7 Stress intensity factor KI /(p (b + l)) (KII = 0) in crack tip growing from rounded
V-notch ( = /3) in edge of elastic half-plane [48]
/b l/b
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.125 1.106 1.121 1.122 1.121 1.121 1.121
0.250 1.065 1.114 1.122 1.121 1.121 1.121
0.500 0.980 1.084 1.119 1.122 1.121 1.121
1.000 0.861 1.017 1.102 1.118 1.121 1.121
7.2 Edge Notch with Cracks 263

Table 7.8 Dimensionless stress intensity factor values FI = KI /(p b) in tip of crack growing
from edge V-notch [24]
2 l/b FI 2 l/b FI 2 l/b FI
4 2
9 0.0017 1.1224 9 0.0082 1.0668 3 0.0286 1.0668
0.0542 1.1514 0.0261 1.1082 0.0514 1.1082
0.1087 1.1806 0.0655 1.1476 0.1701 1.1476
0.3639 1.3094 0.2096 1.2272 0.3192 1.2272
0.7453 1.4814 0.5769 1.4090 1.0531 1.4090
2 7
9 0.0061 1.1234 2 0.0110 1.0424 9 0.0622 0.8774
0.0302 1.1389 0.0335 1.0975 0.1054 0.9781
0.1407 1.1981 0.0814 1.1504 0.3189 1.2173
0.4420 1.3463 0.1979 1.2256 0.7459 1.4659
0.8769 1.5362 0.5389 1.3918 1.1402 1.6387
5 8
3 0.0047 1.1020 9 0.0280 1.0541 9 0.0185 0.4213
0.0098 1.1139 0.0435 1.0781 0.1804 0.8800
0.0164 1.1222 0.1022 1.1523 0.7971 1.4175
0.1859 1.2225 0.4203 1.3371 1.3894 1.7270
0.5482 1.3951 0.9306 1.5583 3.0459 2.2554
Fig. 7.8 Tension

of half-plane with V-notch
and crack growing from its
tip
from vertex of sharp V-shaped notch in any given orientation had been examined
in [26].
7.2.3 Edge Rectangular Notch with Crack

Growing from Its Tip
Let a half-plane contains edge rectangular notch with depth b and width d, a crack
with length l being propagated from notch tip corner. The half-plane is loaded by
tensile stresses p at infinity while its boundary, notch contour, and crack edges are
free of loads (Fig. 7.9). This problem was solved by body force method [26] for any
Fig. 7.9 Tension

of half-plane with edge
rectangular notch and crack
growing from its corner

Table 7.9 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI = KI /(p (b + l)) and FII =
KII /(p (b + l)) in the tip of crack growing from rectangular notch corner [26]
l/b FI FII l/b FI FII
0.05 0.74 0.14 0.60 1.090 0.022
0.10 0.84 0.12 0.80 1.109 0.009
0.15 0.898 0.105 1.00 1.117 0.002
0.20 0.937 0.089 1.20 1.120 0.002
0.30 1.005 0.068 1.50 1.121 0.001
0.40 1.044 0.049 2.00 1.1215 0.000
0.50 1.071 0.036
tip crack orientation. Table 7.9 presents stress intensity factor values in the tip of
crack growing from rectangular notch corner (b = d) perpendicularly the half-plane
boundary.
The same work presents data for rectangular or square notch with two cracks
growing from both corners as well as for square notch with one arbitrarily oriented
crack.
7.3 Periodic Elasticity Theory Problem for Half-Plane

with Curvilinear Boundary
The plane periodic problem for elastic half-plane has been studied predominantly in
cases when the half-plane contains a system of cracks, holes, and/or inclusions and
has the straight-line boundary. Here we shall consider the problem for half-plane
with the curvilinear boundary of a periodic shape. The boundary value problem
for such region will be reduced to singular integral equation with Hilbert kernel at
the boundary segment containing in the basic period band [31, 64]. The solution
of integral equation is found using the numerical quadrature method for half-plane
with the sinusoidal boundary.
7.3 Periodic Elasticity Theory Problem for Half-Plane 265
7.3.1 Singular Integral Equation for Plane with Periodic

System of Curvilinear Cuts
Let an elastic plane in Cartesian coordinate system xOy be weakened by the

periodic system of cuts (or cracks) along smooth curvilinear contours Ln (n =
0, 1, 2, . . . ). Crack contours are positioned at the distance d apart in the direction
of axis Ox. The contour L0 in basic period band (|x| d, < y < ) is desig-
nated as L. We shall assume that all cut edges are loaded by identical self-balancing
load equal to
N + iT = p0 (t), t L, (7.42)
where N and T are normal and tangential components of stress vector; upper indexes
indicate limit values of respective quantities at contour L when approaching it from
the left (+) or from the right () in relation to selected positive direction, respectively,
and stresses x = p are given at infinity.
As a result, we have the stressstrain state obeying the periodicity condition
(namely, stresses are periodic functions of x with the period d). Then integral rep-
resentations of KolosovMuskhelishvili complex stress potentials (z) and (z)
(z = x + iy) for above-stated problem will take the form [58]

q 1
(z) = + g (t) cot (t z) dt,
4 2d d
L

q 1
(z) = + g (t) cot (t z) dt+
2 2d d
L

cot (t z) + t t + z csc 2 (t z) g (t)dt , (7.43)
d d d
where unknown density g (t) is the derivative of displacement vector discontinuity

u and v (to within a constant factor) across the contour L.
Using expressions of stress field components x , y , xy in terms of complex
potentials (z) and (z) (1.16) and (1.17) and taking the potentials (7.43) to obey
the boundary conditions (7.42), we get the singular integral equation [58]

K(t, t ) g (t) dt + L(t, t ) g (t) dt = p(t ), t L, (7.44)
L
with kernels determined by the relationship

dt
K(t, t ) = cot (t t ) + cot (t t ) ,
2d d d dt

dt
L(t, t ) = 1 cot t t +
2d dt d

dt

(t t + t t)csc 2
(t t ) , (7.45)
d d dt
and right side in the form

p dt
p(t ) = p0 (t ) 1 . (7.46)
2 dt
The unique solution of the integral equation (7.44) at arbitrary continuous right
side p(t ) exists in class of functions, which have an integrable singularity at the ends
of contour L, provided that the additional condition is satisfied

g (t) dt = a0 = 0, (7.47)
L
which ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the contour L.
7.3.2 Singular Integral Equation for Periodic Boundary

Value Problem of Half-Plane with Curvilinear
Boundary
Let us consider an elastic half-plane with smooth periodic curvilinear boundary.

Designate the contours segment in basic period band as L. Suppose that the half-
plane boundary is loaded by the periodic stresses
N + iT = p0 (t), t L, (7.48)
while at infinity the half-plane is stretched by stresses x = p (Fig. 7.10). Here p0 (t)
is a continuous function on the contour L, which possesses at contours end (t = a,
t = a) the identical values p0 (a) = p0 (a).
We can take the complex stress potentials and integral equation of the stated
problem from above-presented results for periodic system of curvilinear cuts in elastic
plane in assumption that the contour L completely intercepts the period band and
that boundaries of thus produced half-planes are smooth lines. However, now the
sought function g (t) already has no singularities at contours ends L; instead, it shall
take finite values in these points g (a) = g (a). Therefore, defined at the contour
L function g (t) can be periodically extended in continuous manner over whole
boundary of half-plane, i.e., the derivative of displacement vector discontinuity will

periodic curvilinear edge
be periodic continuous function of the variable x. The Eq. (7.44) is thus reducible
to a complete singular integral equation with Hilbert kernel [22]. Such equation has
a solution that depends on arbitrary constant only under condition

p0 (t) dt = 0, (7.49)
L
which ensures zero principal vector of applied loads at contour L. Hereinafter we shall
assume that applied loads satisfy to the condition (7.49). Note that arbitrary loading
mode is reducible to above-stated problem by means of superposition method and
application of the respective known solution for elastic half-plane with straight line
boundary, which is loaded by nonself-balancing forces. A single solution of Eq. (7.44)
is derivable under additional condition (7.47), which has anyway different physical
interpretation. This condition in given case ensures the periodicity of displacement
vector discontinuity with respect to the variable x.
By analogy with the case of integral equation for multiply connected region [58],
the Eq. (7.44) can be transformed by adding a regularized operator to the left side.
Such transformation produces the modified integral equation
ds
K(t, t ) g (t) dt + L(t, t ) g (t) dt + a0 = p(t ), t L, (7.50)
d dt
L
which now will have a single solution at arbitrary form of right side p(t ). If applied
load obeys the condition (7.49), the operator a0 (7.47) vanishes, and the Eq. (7.50)
determines the solution to stated problem. Here s is arc abscissa corresponding to
the point t at the contour L, = 0 is arbitrary constant.
Using the parametric equation of contour L:
t = l ( ) , , (7.51)
we can rewrite the integral equation (7.50) in dimensionless canonical form


1
M (, ) u ( ) + N (, ) u ( ) d = p () , , (7.52)

where l is chosen parameter with dimension of length,

l ()
M (, ) = lK ( ( ) , ()) + ,
d ()
N (, ) = lL ( ( ) , ()) ,
1
u ( ) = g ( ( )) ( ) ,
p
1
p() = p(()), t = l () . (7.53)
p
In such way, the problem is reduced to seeking a 2 -periodic continuous function

from the singular integral equation (7.52), which has a unique solution for any form
of right side. The numerical solution of such equation is obtained by the method
of quadratures (see e.g. [58]).
7.3.3 Numerical Solution for Half-Plane with Sinusoidal

Boundary
Let us consider an elastic half-plane subjected to tension at infinity and having

unloaded sinusoidal boundary (p0 (t) = 0). The depth of boundary notches here-
inafter is chosen as the parameter l (Fig. 7.10). Write the function ( ) in parametric
equation of sine curve (7.51) in the form
i
( ) = (1 + cos ), , (7.54)
2
where parameter = 2l/d.

At large values of the parameter (that is, at small radii of curvature in notch
tip), the sought function u( ) has a quasi-singularity in the notch tip ( = 0), which
complicates numerical solution of integral equation (7.52) with a high enough accu-
racy and determining high stress concentrations. To improve the integral equation
solution accuracy, various nonlinear transforms (changes of variables) that provide
thickening of quadrature nodes and collocations in close vicinity of these vertices
are commonly used. We used here the change of variables [28]
1
= G ( ) = sin 2, ,
2
= G ( ), . (7.55)
The function G( ) disambiguously maps a segment [, ] onto segment

[, ]. As a consequence, we come to the integral equation

1
M (, ) u ( ) + N (, ) u ( ) G ( ) d = p ( ) ,

u ( ) = u(G ( )),
p ( ) = p(G ( )), , (7.56)
which transforms to the system of linear algebraic equations as its discrete analogue
1
2n
M (k , m ) u (k ) + N (k , m ) u (k ) G (k ) = p (m ) ,
n
k=1
m = 1, . . . , 2n, (7.57)
where
(2k 1)
k = G (k ) , k = , k = 1, . . . , 2n,
2n
(m 1)
m = G (m ) , m = , m = 1, . . . , 2n. (7.58)
n
As far as the contour L is symmetrical with respect to axis Oy, we come, after
introducing the symmetry condition for sought function u ( ) = u ( ) [66] and
the condition of zero tangential stresses at the symmetry axis, from system of 2n
equations (7.57) to the system of n complex algebraic equations

1 n

( , )
( ) G (k ) = p (m ) , m = 1,

Re M k m u k

n

k=1

1 n

M (k , m ) u (k ) +
n (7.59)

k=1

+N (k , m ) u (k ) G (k ) = p (m ) , m = 2, . . . , n,

1
n

n Re M (k , m ) u (k ) G (k ) = p (m ) , m = n + 1,
k=1
for n unknown values of the function u (k ) (k = 1, . . . , n). Here the following

designations were introduced
M (k , m ) = M(k , m ) N(k , m ),
N (k , m ) = N(k , m ) M(k , m ). (7.60)
Note that values of the function p ( ) in nodes 1 = 0 and n+1 = are real due
to symmetry of applied loading. The system (7.59) comprises a constant , which can
be chosen arbitrarily. However, calculations show that specific choice of the constant
can affect the convergence rate of numerical solution. Therefore, we have chosen
the constant value on the basis of a numerical experiment ( = 103 ). Calculations
also show that adding to left side of integral equation (7.50), operator a0 quickly
approaches zero with increasing number of nodes.
Knowing now solution of algebraic equations system (7.59), we can easily derive
complex stress potentials (7.43), which describe stresses in whole elastic region.
Stress values at the boundary of half-plane can be found from the formula [44, 58]
p
s (t ) = 4 Re + (t ) , t L, (7.61)
4
where
i 1
(t ) = g (t ) + g (t) cot (t t ) dt. (7.62)
2 2d d
L
Starting from the calculated values of function u (k ) and relationships (7.61)

and (7.62), determine stress concentration factor in notch tip ( = 0)

u (0)
kt = Re 1 2i +
(0)

2n

+ u (k ) cot {2 [(k ) (0)]} G (k ) , (7.63)
n
k=1
values u (0) being computable using the Lagrangian interpolation formula with uni-
formly distributed nodes (7.58) [1]

1
2n
k
u ( ) = u (k ) sin [n( k )] cot . (7.64)
2n 2
k=1
Numerical calculations of stress concentration factor values (7.63) were con-

ducted for values of parameter = 2l/d within the interval 0.01 300, which
correspond to variation of notch tip curvature radius to its depth l ratio within the
interval 106 < < 104 ( = /l = 2/( )2 ). Stress concentration factor kt tends
to infinity with the curvature radius approaching zero while with increasing the dis-
tance between notches tips, i.e., decreasing the parameter , SCF kt approaches unity
(that corresponds to half-plane with the straight line boundary) (Fig. 7.11).
Based on obtained numerical results, the analytical dependence of stress concen-
tration factor kt on parameter was derived

kt 1 + 1 + 1.5 tanh (0.3 ln + 0.7) . (7.65)
Fig. 7.11 Stress

concentration factor kt
in notch tip with respect to
parameter 2l/d for half-plane
with sinusoidal edge
This fitting formula (7.65) provides relative errors less than 2 % in the interval 0
1 and 0.5 % in the interval > 1.
It should be noted that elastic half-plane with the shallow sinusoid boundary had
been considered previously using the method of perturbations [73].
7.4 Periodic System of Edge V-Notches
7.4.1 Rounded V-Notches
Let an elastic half-plane is weakened by periodically spaced V-shaped notches with

rounded tips. The half-plane boundary is free of loading (p0 (t) = 0), while the tensile
stress x = p is given at infinity. A notch contour composes of straight line segments
inclined one to another under vertex angle 2 and rounded by the circular arc with
radius 1 = as well as smoothly connected with the straight half-plane boundary
by the circular arcs with radius 2 . Length of straight-line segment of half-plane
boundary between neighboring notches is equal to 2a (Fig. 7.12).
Let us introduce dimensionless parameters
1 2 a 2l
1 = = , 2 = , 3 = , = ,
l l l d
which are interrelated by the equality
1
= [1 (1 + 2 )(1 sin )] tan + (1 + 2 ) cos + 3 . (7.66)

Taking into account the symmetry of contour L with respect to axis Oy, write its
parametric equation as

periodic system of rounded
V-notches

( ), < 0,
0
t = l( ) = l (7.67)
( ), 0 ,
0
where function 0 ( ) is defined by the expression

c c

sin + i ( 1) cos , 0 < B ,

1
1
1 1
1

1 cos + c( B ) sin +

+i {[1 (1 sin ) 1] + c( B ) cos } , B < C ,
0 ( ) = 1
c( C )
(7.68)

3 2 cos + +

2

c( C )
+i 2 + 2 sin
+ , C < D ,

2

1

3 + c( D ), D ,

while values of parameter in corresponding points of contour L are
1 ( 2)
B = ,
2c
1 (1 + 2 )(1 sin )
C = B + ,
c cos
2 ( 2)
D = C + ,
2c
1 1 1 (1 + 2 )(1 sin )
c= 3 + (1 + 2 )( 2) + . (7.69)
2 cos
7.4 Periodic System of Edge V-Notches 273
Numerical stress concentration factor calculations were conducted for various

values of parameters 1 , 3 , and angle at 2 0. Putting = 0, we get peri-
odic system of the U-shaped boundary notches (Fig. 7.13). If notch spacing is large
(2/d < 0.1), obtained numerical results are in good accordance with the data for
half-plane containing a single U-shaped notch (see Sect. 7.1).
On the contrary, when /l = 1, the rounded V-notch converges into the semi-
circular one, for which numerical data are known [2, 3]. These results were used to
construct a fitting expression [57]
kt,A = 3.1055 1.4370 1.6753 2 + 1.7207 3 ,

2
0 = < 1. (7.70)
d
Relative errors between plotted data (Fig. 7.13) and values calculated from (7.70)
are below 3 % in the indicated interval of parameter variation.
It can be seen from Fig. 7.13 that decrease in distance between notches induces
diminishing in stress concentration differences caused by notch depth. However, at
values as high as 2/d > 0.5 geometry of U-shaped notch virtually exerts no effect
on stress concentration factor magnitude, which now depends only on notch spac-
ing. When the ratio 2/d approaches unity, SCF approaches the limit magnitude
kt = 1.676 for merging notches. The result quite close to this value (kt = 1.7139)
can be obtained also from (7.70) at parameter value = 1. Based on numerical data,
authors [68, 69] had built the fitting expression for maximal SCF at contours of peri-
odic system of circular holes in plane under tension along line of hole centers [57]
in the form
kt = 3 0.9916 2.5899 2 + 2.2616 3 ,

2
0 = < 1, (7.71)
d
Fig. 7.13 Stress

concentration factor in the
tip of U-notch ( = 0)
versus dimensionless notch
spacing for various relative
notch depths
Fig. 7.14 Stress

concentration factors in the
tips of sawtooth half-plane
edge with respect to vertex
angle 2 for various relative
tip rounding radii /l
which yields kt = 1.6798 at = 1.

Let us consider the case of sawtooth half-plane boundary, when V-shaped rounded
notches merge (3 = 0). We have computed stress concentration factor dependence
on vertex angle 2 (Fig. 7.14) for various relative radii of notch tip curvature. It
is understandable from the plot that stress concentration factor reaches maximal
values in inner points of the interval 0 < 2 < . At notch tip rounding radius equal
to its depth, the maximal stress concentration arises for vertex angle 2 150 .
As the notch tip rounding radius decreases, this maximum shifts to smaller vertex
angle values. At /l = 0.01 the stress maximum approximately corresponds to angle
2 105 .
Investigated were also periodic systems of boundary semi-elliptical [40] or flat
V-shaped rounded notches [14, 15] in half-plane.
7.4.2 Sharp V-Notches
To calculate generalized stress intensity factors in tips of sharp V-shaped notches KIV ,
we shall invoke the relationship
(7.32). Derived in such way dependence of dimen-
sionless SIF FIV = KIV /(plI ) on vertex angle 2 is presented in Fig. 7.15.
2 = , stress field singularity in the notch tip vanishes, and hence the
At the angle
factor FIV = 2, as a consequence of adopted stress intensity factor definition [23].
Alternately, at angle 2 0, the computed values approach the known stress inten-
sity factor values for periodic system of boundary cracks in half-plane [59]. Curve
a/l = corresponds to single boundary V-shaped notch in half-plane and well com-
plies with above presented results at selected values of vertex angle (see Sect. 7.1).
On the other hand, curve a/l = 0 illustrates dimensionless stress intensity factor
in tips of sharp V-shaped merging notches that form a sawtooth half-plane boundary
as a function of vertex angle 2. At angle 2 0, SIF approaches zero as well,
which corresponds the half-plane without any boundary notches.
7.4 Periodic System of Edge V-Notches 275

with respect to notch vertex
angle 2 for various relative
distances between periodic
boundary notches
in half-plane
It must be claimed in conclusion that it was the singular integral equation method
that had allowed to find stresses in tips of rounded V-shaped notches with small
curvature radii in tips by means of taking into consideration symmetry of the problem
and applying nonlinear transformation with change of variables (7.55). This finding,
in its turn, opens a possibility to determine very accurate values of notch stress
intensity factors in tips of sharp V-shaped notches based on (7.32) and subsequent
limit transition.
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Chapter 8
Rectangular Specimens with Edge Notches
Abstract The chapter presents stress concentration factors and stress intensity
factors for rectangular specimens with edge-rounded or sharp V-shaped notches.
There are included both unilateral and bilateral edge notches. Widely known inter-
polation Neuber formula for stress concentration factors is generalized to sharp and
rounded V-shaped notches. Flat test specimens with rectangular shape and sharp or
rounded V-notches are frequently used in experimental studies of fracture toughness
in brittle or quasi-brittle materials [2, 13, 14, 33, 35, 41, 44, 45, 5457, 62, 89, 97,
104, 111, 115, 116, 120, 123, 126, 132, 135, 147]. This kind of specimens also
finds application in experimental investigation of fatigue crack nucleation near stress
concentrators [9, 11, 12, 32, 39, 78, 80, 91, 105108, 117, 145].
8.1 Rectangular Specimen with Edge V-Notch
First solution to elasticity theory problem for plane rectangular region containing the
symmetrical edge V-shaped notch was obtained using method of boundary colloca-
tions [63]. Later this problem had been solved using methods of ShermanLauricella
integral equations [130], boundary elements [38, 99, 142], and finite elements [4, 83,
138, 139]. There were also proposed approximate approaches to estimating stress
intensity factor in tip of symmetrical V-shaped notch in terms of stress intensity factor
for crack in the same specimen [148, 149]. The body force method had been applied
to examine the general case of edge notch orientation in a rectangular plate [31]. A
number of experimental techniques had been developed for evaluating stress inten-
sity factor in tip of edge notch in such specimens [74, 90, 118]. Periodical system
of edge V-shaped notches in a strip [25] was also studied.
8.1.1 Tensile Specimens
Let us consider a rectangular specimen with height 2h and width w weakened in

the middle section by lateral symmetrical (Fig. 8.1a) or skew notch (Fig. 8.1b) with

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_8
280 8 Rectangular Specimens with Edge Notches
(a) (b)
Fig. 8.1 Tensile rectangular specimen with symmetrical (a) or skew (b) lateral V-shaped notch
Table 8.1 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV = K IV /( pwI ) in the tip of symmetrical edge
V-notch in strip under tension p [63]
2 l/w
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0 1.085 1.614 2.369 3.539 5.537 9.422
/6 1.097 1.630 2.389 3.569 5.579 9.491
/3 1.169 1.724 2.520 3.756 5.859 9.979
/2 1.366 1.978 2.888 4.297 6.736 11.515
2/3 1.804 2.593 3.766 5.630 8.934 15.551
vertex angle 2 and depth l. The specimen is loaded by tensile stresses p applied to
its ends, the rest boundary contour being free of applied loads. The plane problem
of elasticity theory for such regions had been solved using method of boundary
collocations [63], body force method [31], or finite elements [88]. In the first case,
at notch vertex angles 2 > /3, number of collocation points at region boundary
was chosen larger than number of unknown coefficients in expansion of the stress
function in a series of eigensolutions for elastic wedge [141] to improve the accuracy
of solution. To generate the closed system of equations, the least square method was
used.
Numerical values of dimensionless stress intensity factor in the tip of edge
V-shaped notch for rectangular specimen are presented in Table 8.1 (Fig. 8.1a) and
Table 8.2 (Fig. 8.1b). Here the specimens geometry (the ratio h/w = 3) was chosen
such that SIF was independent of relative specimen length. It means that above data
are valid also for a strip with such notches.
Known numerical results [63] were used to build up fitting expressions [65]
8.1 Rectangular Specimen with Edge V-Notch 281

Table 8.2 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FIV = K IV /( pl I ) and FIIV = K IIV /( pl II )
in the tip of skew
edge V-notch in strip under tension p [31]
2 l/w FIV FIIV
0 /12 /6 /4 0 /12 /6 /4
/6 0.00 1.133 1.096 0.989 0.825 0.000 0.245 0.446 0.567
0.02 1.136 1.099 0.992 0.828 0.000 0.246 0.448 0.569
0.05 1.151 1.114 1.006 0.839 0.000 0.249 0.454 0.576
0.10 1.201 1.162 1.050 0.878 0.000 0.259 0.472 0.601
0.20 1.381 1.336 1.210 1.020 0.000 0.294 0.536 0.687
0.30 1.675 1.623 1.476 1.256 0.000 0.347 0.636 0.824
0.40 2.129 2.066 1.889 1.626 0.000 0.424 0.783 1.030
0.50 2.844 2.767 2.546 2.217 0.000 0.541 1.010 1.352
0.60 4.057 3.956 3.666 3.227 0.000 0.737 1.390 1.892
0.70 6.386 6.241 5.824 5.181 0.000 1.114 2.120 2.925
/3 0.00 1.186 1.140 1.008 0.799 0.000 0.336 0.593 0.704
0.02 1.189 1.144 1.011 0.802 0.000 0.337 0.595 0.707
0.05 1.205 1.159 1.025 0.816 0.000 0.341 0.603 0.718
0.10 1.258 1.210 1.072 0.860 0.000 0.355 0.629 0.755
0.20 1.445 1.392 1.242 1.020 0.000 0.402 0.717 0.883
0.30 1.751 1.691 1.523 1.280 0.000 0.476 0.858 1.091
0.40 2.223 2.154 1.960 1.677 0.000 0.587 1.076 1.408
0.50 2.970 2.887 2.653 2.304 0.000 0.766 1.428 1.911
0.60 4.239 4.134 3.833 3.371 0.000 1.082 2.044 2.778
0.70 6.686 6.538 6.106 5.430 0.000 1.727 3.283 4.505
/2 0.00 1.308 1.241 1.043 0.000 0.433 0.721
0.02 1.312 1.245 1.047 0.000 0.434 0.724
0.05 1.330 1.263 1.065 0.000 0.440 0.736
0.10 1.388 1.320 1.122 0.000 0.459 0.772
0.20 1.597 1.525 1.328 0.000 0.522 0.905
0.30 1.939 1.864 1.660 0.000 0.628 1.128
0.40 2.472 2.391 2.166 0.000 0.806 1.490
0.50 3.322 3.230 2.964 0.000 1.116 2.095
0.60 4.783 4.666 4.322 0.000 1.697 3.203
0.70 7.631 7.461 6.958 0.000 2.949 5.564
l
K IV = 2 p l cosh sec2/3 (8.1)
w
and [70]
l l
K IV = 2 pl I sin2 + sec2 sec4/7 . (8.2)
2w 2w
It should be noted that (8.1) contains an incorrect dimension factor. The dimen-
sionless part of this expression fits data of Table 8.1 with relative error below 5.25 %
at 0.2 l/w 0.5 and 0 2 2/3, but it inadequately reflects stress intensity
factor behavior at low relative depths of notches l/w. In (8.2) both these shortcom-
ings are eliminated, and its relative error is below 6.62 % at 0.2 l/w 0.7 and
0 2 2/3.
In the individual case of symmetrical notch ( = 0), data of Tables 8.1 and 8.2
are in good mutual accordance, if the difference in above indicated dimensionless
stress intensity factor values is taken into account [31].
Also, the tension of inhomogeneous rectangular [30] or compact [52] specimen
with V-shaped notch was also studied.
8.1.2 Pure Bending Specimens
Let a rectangular specimen with height 2h and width w is weakened in the middle
section by lateral symmetrical (Fig. 8.2a) or skew V-shaped notch (Fig. 8.2b) with
vertex angle 2 and depth l. The specimen is loaded by forces applied to its ends
so that principal moments are equal to M, while all longitudinal faces and notch
contour are free of loads. Numerical stress intensity factor values in the notch tip were
obtained using method of boundary collocations [63] in the symmetrical geometry
(Table 8.3) or body force method [31] in the asymmetrical geometry (Table 8.4) at
the same specimen length as was the length of tensile specimens.
Fig. 8.2 Pure bending (a) (b)

rectangular specimen with
symmetrical (a) or skew (b)
lateral V-notch
Table 8.3 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV = K IV /(6MwI 2 ) in the tip of symmetrical
edge V-notch in strip under pure bending M [63]
2 l/w
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0 0.837 1.093 1.414 1.877 2.629 4.041
/6 0.844 1.100 1.422 1.885 2.640 4.062
/3 0.895 1.155 1.484 1.965 2.752 4.250
/2 1.034 1.314 1.678 2.218 3.139 4.873
2/3 1.346 1.680 2.146 2.860 4.112 6.532
8.1.3 Three-Point Bending Specimens
Let a rectangular specimen with height h and length L weakened by a lateral sym-
metrical V-shaped notch with depth l is subjected to three-point bending (Fig. 8.3).
Numerical stress intensity factor values in the notch tip (Table 8.5) were obtained
using method of boundary collocations at relative bending base L/ h = 4 [63].
The problem had been solved also using the finite elements method [43]. The
following fitting formula was constructed for stress intensity factors
3P L I
K IV = h f (l/ h), 0.05 l/ h 0.7, (8.3)
2h 2
where
f (l/ h) = c1 (l/ h) + c2 (l/ h)2 + c3 (l/ h)3 + c4 (l/ h)4 + c5 (l/ h)5 . (8.4)
Coefficients ck are presented in Table 8.6.

There are also known publications devoted to studying three-point bending of
two-layer rectangular specimen with lateral V-shaped notch [29] and rectangular
homogeneous specimen with asymmetrical notch [46, 61].
8.1.4 Double-Cantilever Beam Specimen
The specimen has the shape of rectangle with symmetrical V-shaped notch, which
opens under the action of concentrated forces (Fig. 8.5). Table 8.7 presents stress
intensity factor values in notch tip at various normalized notch lengths, which were
calculated using method of boundary collocations [63].

Table 8.4 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FIV = K IV /( pl I ) and FIIV = K IIV /( pl II )
( p = 6M/w )
2 in the tip of skew edge V-notch in strip under pure bending by moments M [31]
2 l/w FIV FIIV
0 /12 /6 /4 0 /12 /6 /4
/6 0.00 1.133 1.096 0.989 0.825 0.000 0.245 0.446 0.567
0.02 1.107 1.071 0.968 0.809 0.000 0.237 0.432 0.549
0.05 1.080 1.046 0.946 0.792 0.000 0.228 0.416 0.529
0.10 1.056 1.023 0.927 0.781 0.000 0.217 0.396 0.505
0.20 1.063 1.031 0.941 0.805 0.000 0.205 0.375 0.481
0.30 1.130 1.099 1.011 0.880 0.000 0.202 0.371 0.485
0.40 1.266 1.234 1.145 1.013 0.000 0.208 0.388 0.519
0.50 1.501 1.468 1.373 1.231 0.000 0.230 0.435 0.596
0.60 1.918 1.880 1.771 1.601 0.000 0.281 0.538 0.750
0.70 2.731 2.681 2.535 2.306 0.000 0.396 0.764 1.075
/3 0.00 1.186 1.140 1.008 0.799 0.000 0.336 0.593 0.704
0.02 1.159 1.114 0.986 0.783 0.000 0.325 0.573 0.680
0.05 1.129 1.087 0.963 0.769 0.000 0.311 0.549 0.653
0.10 1.102 1.061 0.944 0.764 0.000 0.293 0.518 0.622
0.20 1.105 1.068 0.961 0.805 0.000 0.271 0.483 0.600
0.30 1.172 1.136 1.038 0.896 0.000 0.262 0.477 0.620
0.40 1.309 1.275 1.182 1.044 0.000 0.271 0.506 0.685
0.50 1.553 1.519 1.424 1.276 0.000 0.308 0.589 0.818
0.60 1.989 1.951 1.842 1.667 0.000 0.398 0.770 1.079
0.70 2.845 2.795 2.647 2.407 0.000 0.607 1.169 1.635
/2 0.00 1.308 1.241 1.043 0.000 0.433 0.721
0.02 1.277 1.212 1.020 0.000 0.416 0.693
0.05 1.242 1.180 0.997 0.000 0.395 0.659
0.10 1.209 1.151 0.984 0.000 0.367 0.618
0.20 1.207 1.158 1.021 0.000 0.330 0.577
0.30 1.278 1.236 1.123 0.000 0.318 0.588
0.40 1.433 1.397 1.296 0.000 0.343 0.661
0.50 1.714 1.680 1.578 0.000 0.426 0.831
0.60 2.222 2.182 2.061 0.000 0.614 1.184
0.70 3.225 3.168 2.995 0.000 1.040 1.976
8.1.5 Rectangular Specimen with Lateral V-Notch Under

Antisymmetrical Loading
Let two sections of specimen face, from which the V-shaped notch grows, are loaded
by identical in magnitude but oppositely directed stresses p with principal vector P,
so that loads at the opposite face vary linearly while the rest of the faces as well as
Fig. 8.3 Three-point

bending of rectangular
specimen with lateral
V-notch
Fig. 8.4 Rectangular

double-cantilever beam
specimen
Table 8.5 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV = K IV /(6Ph I 1 ) in the tip of edge V-notch
in rectangular specimen subjected to three-point bending [63]
2 l/w
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0 0.777 1.013 1.318 1.767 2.504 3.893
/6 0.785 1.021 1.325 1.775 2.517 3.922
/3 0.832 1.072 1.390 1.857 2.636 4.112
/2 0.963 1.226 1.578 2.118 3.012 4.736
2/3 1.261 1.573 2.034 2.770 3.984 6.395
Table 8.6 Coefficients ck in formula (8.4) [43]

2 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5
0 3.99812 24.5978 84.3671 129.951 77.8949
/3 4.45310 27.9941 96.0504 147.987 88.3623
/2 5.45245 35.6525 122.909 189.630 112.681
2/3 7.89944 55.2765 193.464 300.322 177.660
notch contour stay free of loading, the specimen being balanced in antisymmetrical
stress state (Fig. 8.4). Table 8.8 presents stress intensity factor values K IIV in notch
tip at various normalized notch lengths, which were calculated using method of
boundary collocations [63].
Table 8.7 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV = K IV h/(Pl I ) in the tip of edge V-notch
in rectangular double cantilever beam [63]
2 h/l l/w
0.667 0.500 0.400 0.333 0.250 0.222 0.200
0 0.5 8.320 6.565 6.560 6.485 6.587
1.0 14.829 7.202 5.810 5.798 5.798
1.5 22.209 9.896 6.033 5.695 5.678
2.0 29.623 13.039 6.958 5.913 5.730
/6 0.5 8.383 6.639 6.636 6.641
1.0 14.904 7.230 5.835 5.822 5.822
1.5 22.320 9.928 6.040 5.705 5.689
2.0 29.775 13.085 6.956 5.904 5.787
/3 1.0 15.509 7.426 5.964 5.947 5.961
1.5 23.263 10.253 6.168 5.781 5.767
2.0 31.040 13.541 7.122 6.071 5.881
/2 1.5 26.333 11.300 7.741 6.509 6.707
2.0 35.139 14.984 9.732 7.654 6.307
Table 8.8 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FIIV = K IIV h/(Pl II ) in the tip of edge V-notch
in rectangular specimen under antisymmetrical loading [63]
h/l l/w
0.400 0.333 0.286 0.200
0 0.5 0.353 0.353 0.353 0.352
1.0 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
1.5 0.614 0.612 0.612 0.612
/18 0.5 0.186 0.186 0.186
1.0 0.401 0.401 0.401
1.5 0.543 0.540 0.540
/9 1.0 0.278 0.278 0.278
1.5 0.456 0.454 0.454
/6 1.0 0.124 0.124 0.124
1.5 0.348 0.346 0.346
Fig. 8.5 Rectangular

specimen with lateral
V-notch under
antisymmetrical loading
8.2 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge V-Notches 287
8.2 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge V-Notches
The problem concerning the stressstrain state in rectangular region (strip) weakened
by bilateral V-shaped notches had been solved using body force method [31, 142],
finite elements [44], and integral equations [131]. Such specimens weakened by two
V-shaped notches with vertex angle 2 = /3 are specified by ASTM E338 for
standard testing of sheet materials [36]. Some of these results are presented below.
Also, we shall illustrate here how stress intensity factor values in tips of notches
with any relative lengths can be calculated using respective solutions for a boundary
notch in half-plane and bilateral notch in plane, which were developed in previous
chapters.
8.2.1 Tensile Specimen with Symmetrical Notch
Let us consider a rectangular specimen with height h and width w weakened in the
middle section by lateral symmetrical notch with vertex angle 2 and depth l. The
specimen is loaded by tensile stresses p applied to its ends while all longitudinal
faces and notch contour are free of loads (Fig. 8.6a). The solution had been built
up using method of ShermanLauricella integral equations [131] for the case when
specimen length is large as compared with its width (h 4w). Based on this solution,
stress intensity factor in notch tip can be represented as
K IV = pwI f (, ). (8.5)
Table 8.9 presents values of dimensionless function f (, ) at selected values of ver-

tex angle 2 and relative notch depth = 2l/w. Figure 8.7 shows the dependence
of dimensionless stress intensity factor FIV = K IV a 1I /P on vertex angle 2
plotted based on these data. The same plot demonstrates relationship (6.49) for cor-
responding infinite bilateral notch. It is seen from the comparison between these
results that all curves with increasing parameter tend to limit values for infinite
notches ( = 1), which are described by (6.49). For = 0.7 and 1 these
curves overlap.
Based on data of Table 8.7 and above presented solutions for a boundary notch
in half-plane (7.33) and infinite bilateral notch in plane (6.49), a fitting formula was
constructed in the form
c1 (1 3 ) + c2 (1 2 ) + c3 2 (1 ) + c4 3
K IV = p l I , (8.6)
(1 )1I
Table 8.9 Values of function f (, ) in formula (8.5) [131]

2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0 0.6261 0.8814 1.082 1.269 1.465 1.697 2.006
/6 0.6342 0.8919 1.095 1.283 1.481 1.715 2.026
/3 0.6809 0.9506 1.162 1.358 1.563 1.805 2.127
/2 0.8089 1.104 1.333 1.543 1.763 2.025 2.382
2/3 1.105 1.436 1.684 1.914 2.165 2.484 2.956
5/6 1.743 2.063 2.313 2.591 2.963 3.501 4.347
Fig. 8.6 Tensile rectangular (a) (b)

specimen with symmetrical
(a) or skew (b) lateral
V-notch
where coefficients c1 and c4 are expressible directly in terms of respective values

of intensity factors in limit cases 2l/w 1 and 2l/w 0

c1 = 2 + 5.0576 I 23.027 2I + 41.218 3I 35.472 4I ,
1 0.9134 I
c4 = 2 . (8.7)
1 + 0.4138 I
The coefficients c2 and c3 can be evaluated using the least square method.
Table 8.10 presents values of coefficients ck at some selected vertex angles 2. Rel-
ative error of fitting formula (8.6) is below 2 % in whole interval of notch relative
depth variation 0 < 1.
8.2 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge V-Notches 289

stress intensity factor FIV for
bilateral V-notch in stretched
strip versus vertex angle 2
for various = 2l/w:
1 (6.49) (solid lines)
0.1 0.7) [131]
(dashed lines)
Table 8.10 Values of coefficients ck in fitting formula (8.6)

2 I c1 c2 c3 c4
0 0.5000 1.1215 0.7261 0.3311 0.6366
/6 0.4985 1.1284 0.7030 0.2835 0.6385
/3 0.4878 1.1780 0.6889 0.1316 0.6524
/2 0.4555 1.3086 0.8311 0.1197 0.6948
2/3 0.3843 1.5228 1.1746 0.4083 0.7919
5/6 0.2480 1.7467 1.7264 1.4378 0.9920
8.2.2 Tensile Specimen with Skew Bilateral Notch
middle section by lateral skew notch with vertex angle 2 and depth l. The notch axis
forms angle with normal to the specimen axis. The specimen is loaded by tensile
stresses p applied to its ends while all longitudinal faces and notch contours are free
of loads (Fig. 8.6b). The problem was solved using the body force method [31] for
the strip, i.e., the specimen with height much larger than its width. Based on this
solution, stress intensity factor in notch tip can be represented as

K IV = pl I FIV , K IIV = pl II FIIV , (8.8)
where dimensionless coefficients FIV and FIIV are presented in Table 8.11.
8.2.3 Bending Specimen with Skew Bilateral Notch
middle section by lateral skew notch with vertex angle 2 and depth l. The notch
Table 8.11 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FIV and FIIV in tips of skew bilateral V-notches
in strip under tension
[31]
2 l/w FIV FIIV
0 /12 /6 /4 0 /12 /6 /4
/6 0.00 1.133 1.096 0.989 0.825 0.000 0.245 0.446 0.567
0.02 1.130 1.093 0.987 0.824 0.000 0.244 0.445 0.566
0.05 1.129 1.092 0.986 0.822 0.000 0.244 0.445 0.565
0.10 1.123 1.087 0.981 0.818 0.000 0.243 0.444 0.563
0.15 1.127 1.090 0.984 0.822 0.000 0.245 0.445 0.565
0.20 1.145 1.107 1.000 0.839 0.000 0.248 0.452 0.574
0.25 1.183 1.144 1.035 0.874 0.000 0.255 0.464 0.591
0.30 1.251 1.211 1.098 0.938 0.000 0.267 0.485 0.622
0.35 1.372 1.329 1.211 1.048 0.000 0.286 0.521 0.681
0.40 1.604 1.557 1.430 1.254 0.000 0.322 0.594 0.803
/3 0.00 1.186 1.140 1.008 0.799 0.000 0.336 0.593 0.704
0.02 1.183 1.138 1.006 0.798 0.000 0.335 0.593 0.703
0.05 1.182 1.136 1.004 0.796 0.000 0.335 0.591 0.701
0.10 1.176 1.131 1.000 0.794 0.000 0.334 0.589 0.699
0.15 1.180 1.135 1.004 0.806 0.000 0.335 0.590 0.704
0.20 1.199 1.153 1.024 0.837 0.000 0.338 0.596 0.721
0.25 1.238 1.192 1.065 0.891 0.000 0.344 0.608 0.755
0.30 1.309 1.263 1.139 0.974 0.000 0.353 0.631 0.815
0.35 1.433 1.387 1.268 1.105 0.000 0.370 0.679 0.920
0.40 1.672 1.628 1.511 1.337 0.000 0.409 0.791 1.130
/2 0.00 1.308 1.241 1.043 0.000 0.433 0.721
0.02 1.306 1.239 1.042 0.000 0.433 0.720
0.05 1.303 1.236 1.039 0.000 0.432 0.718
0.10 1.298 1.231 1.037 0.000 0.430 0.714
0.15 1.302 1.236 1.051 0.000 0.428 0.714
0.20 1.323 1.259 1.090 0.000 0.426 0.722
0.25 1.366 1.307 1.157 0.000 0.424 0.745
0.30 1.445 1.392 1.262 0.000 0.426 0.795
0.35 1.586 1.543 1.430 0.000 0.445 0.896
0.40 1.864 1.832 1.730 0.000 0.522 1.122
axis forms angle with normal to the specimen axis. The specimen is loaded by
forces applied to its ends so that principal moment is equal to M. All longitudinal
faces and notch contours are free of loads (Fig. 8.8). The problem was solved using
the body force method [31] for the strip, i.e., the specimen with height much larger
than its width. Stress intensity factors in notch tips can be represented in the form
(8.8), where the parameter p = 6M/w2 . Dimensionless coefficients FIV and FIIV are
given in Table 8.12.
8.3 Rectangular Specimen with Edge-Rounded V-Notch 291
Fig. 8.8 Pure bending

of rectangular specimen with
skew lateral V-notches
8.3 Rectangular Specimen with Edge-Rounded V-Notch
Plane problems of stress concentration in rectangular specimens (including strips)

with rounded edge notches had been examined by various methods in many publica-
tions. In particular, specimens with U-shaped notch [15, 1820, 34, 51, 59, 60, 62,
81, 137]; semi-circular notch [100], or V-shaped rounded notch [82, 96, 101103,
143, 144] were studied. Some of these results are presented below.
8.3.1 Tensile Strip with Edge Semi-circular Notch
Let us consider a strip with width w weakened by lateral semi-circular notch with
radius . The strip is stretched by forces P applied along the strip centerline
(Fig. 8.9a). Stress concentration factor values in the notch tip
max
kt = , (8.9)
n
obtained using the body force method [100] are presented in Table 8.13. Here n is
a nominal stress, which is determined in the given case by formula
P
n = 1+3 , (8.10)
a a
where a = w is the bridge width.
Table 8.12 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FIV and FIIV in tips of skew bilateral V-notch
in strip under bending
[31]
2 l/w FIV FIIV
0 /12 /6 /4 0 /12 /6 /4
/6 0.00 1.133 1.096 0.989 0.825 0.000 0.245 0.446 0.567
0.02 1.113 1.077 0.973 0.813 0.000 0.239 0.435 0.552
0.05 1.103 1.068 0.966 0.809 0.000 0.233 0.425 0.540
0.10 1.139 1.103 1.001 0.846 0.000 0.234 0.427 0.546
0.15 1.233 1.196 1.089 0.929 0.000 0.246 0.449 0.579
0.20 1.400 1.359 1.243 1.070 0.000 0.270 0.497 0.649
0.25 1.678 1.631 1.498 1.299 0.000 0.316 0.585 0.775
0.30 2.159 2.102 1.937 1.689 0.000 0.401 0.749 1.007
0.35 3.083 3.004 2.776 2.428 0.000 0.574 1.083 1.473
0.40 5.262 5.130 4.748 4.153 0.000 1.008 1.913 2.619
/3 0.00 1.186 1.140 1.008 0.799 0.000 0.336 0.593 0.704
0.02 1.165 1.120 0.990 0.787 0.000 0.326 0.576 0.684
0.05 1.153 1.110 0.984 0.790 0.000 0.317 0.561 0.670
0.10 1.189 1.146 1.023 0.838 0.000 0.316 0.561 0.685
0.15 1.286 1.242 1.117 0.936 0.000 0.330 0.592 0.743
0.20 1.458 1.412 1.282 1.092 0.000 0.364 0.663 0.857
0.25 1.748 1.697 1.553 1.339 0.000 0.433 0.801 1.061
0.30 2.252 2.192 2.018 1.755 0.000 0.569 1.067 1.437
0.35 3.226 3.146 2.909 2.541 0.000 0.861 1.628 2.211
0.40 5.549 5.415 5.018 4.389 0.000 1.634 3.096 4.210
/2 0.00 1.308 1.241 1.043 0.000 0.433 0.721
0.02 1.283 1.217 1.025 0.000 0.418 0.697
0.05 1.269 1.207 1.025 0.000 0.404 0.677
0.10 1.307 1.247 1.080 0.000 0.399 0.683
0.15 1.413 1.356 1.199 0.000 0.418 0.740
0.20 1.606 1.550 1.396 0.000 0.473 0.868
0.25 1.936 1.878 1.713 0.000 0.594 1.114
0.30 2.517 2.450 2.252 0.000 0.844 1.594
0.35 3.654 3.563 3.289 0.000 1.404 2.643
0.40 6.402 6.246 5.772 0.000 2.970 5.562
8.3.1.1 Pure Tensile Strip with Edge Semi-circular Notch
radius . The strip is stretched by forces P applied along the line that passes at some
distance from the strip centerline, bending moment in bridge cross-section being zero
(Fig. 8.9b). The problem was solved using the body force method [100]. Table 8.13
presents stress concentration factor values in the notch tip calculated from (8.9),
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 8.9 Tension (a), pure tension (zero bending moment in bridge cross-section) (b), and pure
bending (c) of strip with edge semi-circular notch
Table 8.13 Stress concentration factors kt = max /n and kt N in tip of edge semi-circular notch
in strip under tension (n = (P/a)(1 + 3/a)), pure tension (n = P/a), or pure bending (n =
6M/a 2 ) [100]
/w Tension Pure tension Pure bending
kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N
0.02 2.840 2.76 2.838 2.75 2.865 2.90
0.03 2.742 2.62 2.738 2.60 2.776 2.82
0.05 2.566 2.39 2.559 2.34 2.613 2.66
0.1 2.223 2.02 2.204 1.91 2.281 2.34
0.2 1.786 1.68 1.756 1.51 1.825 1.91
0.3 1.524 1.51 1.504 1.32 1.539 1.65
0.4 1.356 1.39 1.352 1.22 1.359 1.48
0.5 1.244 1.30 1.249 1.15 1.243 1.35
0.6 1.167 1.22 1.172 1.10 1.166 1.25
0.7 1.109 1.15 1.112 1.07 1.109 1.17
0.8 1.065 1.10 1.066 1.04 1.065 1.10
0.9 1.029 1.05 1.030 1.02 1.029 1.05
where the mean stress was taken as the nominal stress n = P/a. This problem had
been solved using the finite elements method as well [134].
8.3.2 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge Semi-circular Notch
radius . The strip is bended at infinity by bending moments M (Fig. 8.9c). The
problem was solved using the body force method [100]. Table 8.13 presents stress
concentration factor values in the notch tip calculated from (8.9), where the values
n = 6M/a 2 were taken as the nominal stress.
8.3.3 Neuber Interpolation Formula
Neuber [94] had proposed the following interpolation formula for estimating stress
concentration factors in a strip (or another similar specimen) with notches of arbitrary
depth
(kts 1)(ktd 1)
kt N = 1 + , (8.11)
(kts 1)2 + (ktd 1)2
where kt N is stress concentration factor in the tip of notch with arbitrary depth; kts
and ktd are respective SCFs in tips of the shallow notch (half-plane with a boundary
notch), and deep notch (half-plane with the corresponding semi-infinite notch or
plane with bilateral notch), respectively, the nominal stress being identical and equal
to mean stress in the narrowest strip cross-section for all factors.
The following equalities result from (8.11)
lim kt N = ktd , lim kt N = kts . (8.12)

kts 1 ktd 1
Structure of the formula (8.11) implies that stress concentration factor values kt N
converge with asymptotic SCF values for shallow kts or deep ktd notches in the end
points of the parameter interval 0 1.
Table 8.13 shows approximate stress concentration factor values kt N (8.11), where
SCFs for the plane with elliptical notch

kts = 1 + 2 l/, (8.13)
and the half-plane with parabolic notch of corresponding tip curvature radii [94] (see
also (6.37)) were adopted as the limit cases of shallow or deep notches, respectively
2(1 + /a)
ktd = . (8.14)
/a + (1 + /a) /a arctan a/
8.3.4 Pure Tensile Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch
Let a strip with width w is weakened by the lateral V-shaped notch with depth l and
vertex angle 2 = /3, rounded in its tip by a circular arc with radius . When
the radius becomes larger than the depth l, the V-shaped notch converges into
the partially circular one. The strip is stretched by forces P applied along the line
that passes at some distance from the strip centerline, bending moment in bridge
cross-section being zero (Fig. 8.10a). The problem was solved using the body force
method [101]. Table 8.14 presents stress concentration factor values in the notch tip
calculated from (8.9), where the mean stress in the bridge was taken as the nominal
stress n = P/a.
Table 8.14 gives approximate stress concentration factor values calculated using
the interpolation formula (8.11), where SCF for half-plane weakened by the edge
V-shaped rounded notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 was accepted as SCF for the
shallow notch [101]

kts = 1.000 0.120 + 0.2683 2 0.1273 3 kth , 0 < 1.0,

kts = 1.035 + 0.0261 0.1451 2 + 0.0842 3 kte , 0 < 1.0, (8.15)
where

kte = 1.121 0.2846 + 0.3397 2 0.1544 3 kth ,

l l 1
kth = 1 + 2 , = , = = . (8.16)
l
Formulas (8.15) and (8.16) were built based on numerical data, which were com-
puted using the body force method [98]. The authors stated that relative error of these
formulas was as low as 0.2 %. However, this statement hardly could embrace the
whole interval of parameter (or ) variation, since the formulas (8.15) and (8.16)
contain no power singularities at small curvature radii in the notch tip, which are
Fig. 8.10 Pure tension (zero (a) (b)

bending moment in bridge
cross-section) (a) and pure
bending (b) of strip with
edge V-shaped rounded
notch
Table 8.14 Stress concentration factors kt = max /n and kt N in the tip of partially circular notch
(/l 1) or rounded V-notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 (/l < 1) in the strip under pure tension
(n = P/a) [101]
/a l/a = 0.01 l/a = 0.02 l/a = 0.03 l/a = 0.04 l/a = 0.05
kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N
0.001 7.433 7.121 9.563 8.841 10.875 9.812 10.445 10.445 12.432 10.894
0.002 5.456 5.244 6.941 6.434 7.854 7.100 7.532 7.532 8.934 7.836
0.005 3.717 3.589 4.626 4.305 5.183 4.698 5.563 4.950 5.838 5.125
0.010 2.845 2.759 3.471 3.237 3.847 3.492 4.102 3.652 4.285 3.762
0.020 2.250 2.185 2.661 2.484 2.911 2.644 3.078 2.740 3.196 2.805
0.030 1.991 1.933 2.312 2.157 2.503 2.270 2.633 2.340 2.725 2.386
0.040 1.840 1.785 2.106 1.962 2.265 2.051 2.371 2.103 2.447 2.139
0.050 1.738 1.684 1.969 1.831 2.105 1.903 2.196 1.945 2.259 1.973
0.060 1.664 1.611 1.869 1.734 1.989 1.794 2.069 1.830 2.125 1.852
0.080 1.607 1.554 1.789 1.660 1.896 1.711 1.967 1.741 2.017 1.760
0.100 1.492 1.438 1.630 1.512 1.711 1.546 1.765 1.565 1.801 1.578
0.200 1.323 1.269 1.404 1.301 1.450 1.315 1.478 1.322 1.497 1.327
0.300 1.250 1.197 1.310 1.216 1.341 1.223 1.360 1.227 1.372 1.230
0.400 1.206 1.157 1.254 1.169 1.278 1.174 1.291 1.176 1.299 1.178
0.500 1.176 1.131 1.214 1.139 1.233 1.143 1.243 1.144 1.248 1.145
1.000 1.072 1.075 1.076 1.076 1.077
2.000 1.038 1.039 1.040 1.040 1.040
10.000 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.008
20.000 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004
/a l/a = 0.06 l/a = 0.10 l/a = 0.20 l/a = 0.50
kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N kt kt N
0.001 12.927 11.229 14.031 12.009 12.717 13.206
0.002 9.277 8.062 10.035 8.584 9.052 9.373
0.005 6.044 5.254 6.493 5.548 5.806 5.979
0.010 4.421 3.843 4.712 4.024 4.179 4.281
0.020 3.283 2.852 3.460 2.956 3.537 3.042 3.532 3.097
0.030 2.791 2.419 2.926 2.490 2.982 2.548 2.976 2.585
0.040 2.502 2.164 2.611 2.218 2.656 2.261 2.653 2.287
0.050 2.306 1.993 2.398 2.035 2.435 2.069 2.437 2.089
0.060 2.164 1.868 2.240 1.903 2.272 1.930 2.280 1.946
0.080 2.052 1.774 2.119 1.802 2.144 1.825 2.158 1.838
0.100 1.827 1.586 1.874 1.604 1.890 1.618 1.902 1.627
0.200 1.509 1.330 1.528 1.337 1.531 1.342 1.539 1.345
0.300 1.379 1.232 1.385 1.235 1.384 1.238 1.391 1.239
0.400 1.303 1.179 1.303 1.181 1.301 1.183 1.306 1.184
0.500 1.251 1.146 1.249 1.148 1.246 1.149 1.249 1.149
1.000 1.077 1.077 1.078 1.129 1.078
2.000 1.040 1.040 1.040 1.040
10.000 1.008 1.008 1.008 1.008
20.000 1.004 1.004 1.004 1.004
typical for V-shaped notches. This implies that the error infinitely grows when the
parameter approaches zero.
Deep notches had been described as [101]
1 2c
ktd = 1/2 , (8.17)
a
1c +1

where

a a a
1 +1 2 +1

c= , 1 =
4 a a a a
+11 + 1 arctan +
32
3/2
a
4
2 = . (8.18)
3 a a a
+ 1 arctan

The fitting formula had been built up based on obtained numerical results [101]
kt /kt N = (0.9753 0.0808 + 0.8503 2 ) +

+ (3.2744 1.0955 + 18.3102 2 ) +
+ (25.0147 + 117.504 889.632 2 ) 2 +
+ (114.575 1090.16 + 7294.12 2 ) 3 +
+ (360.114 + 4991.87 30783.5 2 ) 4 +
+ (742.624 12423.4 + 72901.5 2 ) 5 +
+ (926.385 + 17077.4 97364.7 2 ) 6 +
+ (625.865 12185.8 + 68280.4 2 ) 7 +
+ (174.799 + 3513.70 19457.1 2 ) 8 ,
0.02 0.1, 0.02 1,
kt /kt N = (0.9689 + 0.0615 0.0182 2 ) +
+ (3.4645 0.1304 1.3124 2 ) +
+ (20.4714 31.1658 + 30.3838 2 ) 2 +
+ (62.7912 + 244.218 198.562 2 ) 3 +
+ (112.386 850.864 + 649.313 2 ) 4 +
+ (122.819 + 1610.82 1196.06 2 ) 5 +
+ (79.5397 1728.99 + 1269.66 2 ) 6 +
+ (26.3044 + 992.562 726.854 2 ) 7 +
+ (2.9512 236.518 + 173.457 2 ) 8 ,

0.1 1, 0.02 1, (8.19)
where parameters = 2/w, = l/w, kt N is stress concentration factor in notch

tip calculated from (8.11), (8.15), and (8.17). The relative error of fitting expres-
sions (8.19) is below 1 %.
Tension of compact specimen with U-shaped notch had been studied in [42].
8.3.5 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch
the partially circular one. The strip is bended at infinity by bending moments M
presents stress concentration factor values in the notch tip calculated from (8.9),
where nominal stress values were taken as n = 6M/a 2 .
Table 8.15 also gives approximate stress concentration factor values calculated
using the interpolation formula (8.11), where SCF for the shallow notch was calcu-
lated using (8.15), while SCF for deep notch was taken as [101]

a a
2 + 1 1 +1

ktd = . (8.20)
4 a
+ 1 31
2
Parameters 1 and 2 here can be found from (8.18).

A fitting formula had been built up based on obtained numerical results using the
least square method as follows [101]:
kt /kt N = (0.9884 0.1496 + 0.7284 2 ) +

+ (0.1119 8.8807 + 45.8158 2 ) +
+ (6.2418 8.9062 0.1946 2 ) 2 +
+ (62.9087 + 490.511 2409.41 2 ) 3 +
+ (260.447 2737.61 + 14255.7 2 ) 4 +
+ (581.518 + 7051.88 37105.4 2 ) 5 +
+ (728.879 9545.72 + 49936.8 2 ) 6 +
+ (481.611 + 6563.61 33844.0 2 ) 7 +
+ (130.370 1804.74 + 9120.10 2 ) 8 ,
0.02 0.1, 0.02 1
(/l 1) or rounded V-notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 (/l < 1) in the strip under pure
bending (n = 6M/a 2 ) [101]
/a l/a = 0.01 l/a = 0.02 l/a = 0.03 l/a = 0.04 l/a = 0.05
0.001 7.528 7.494 9.813 9.676 11.300 11.051 12.374 12.025 13.187 12.758
0.002 5.526 5.517 7.122 7.047 8.161 8.008 8.911 8.687 9.477 9.197
0.005 3.765 3.777 4.747 4.725 5.386 5.318 5.846 5.735 6.193 6.046
0.010 2.882 2.905 3.561 3.565 3.997 3.972 4.311 4.256 4.545 4.467
0.020 2.279 2.307 2.705 2.750 2.988 3.029 3.187 3.219 3.336 3.360
0.030 2.017 2.047 2.347 2.398 2.561 2.612 2.715 2.764 2.829 2.873
0.040 1.863 1.894 2.136 2.189 2.313 2.370 2.436 2.492 2.530 2.585
0.050 1.760 1.791 1.995 2.048 2.148 2.204 2.253 2.311 2.330 2.388
0.060 1.685 1.716 1.892 1.944 2.025 2.083 2.117 2.178 2.184 2.246
0.080 1.628 1.658 1.813 1.864 1.933 1.989 2.015 2.074 2.075 2.136
0.100 1.511 1.541 1.654 1.703 1.746 1.800 1.807 1.865 1.852 1.912
0.200 1.340 1.367 1.419 1.465 1.469 1.521 1.500 1.557 1.522 1.583
0.300 1.266 1.290 1.316 1.361 1.349 1.400 1.368 1.424 1.380 1.441
0.400 1.221 1.244 1.258 1.300 1.281 1.329 1.293 1.346 1.301 1.359
0.500 1.191 1.213 1.220 1.258 1.238 1.281 1.247 1.294 1.251 1.304
1.000 1.135 1.156 1.166 1.172 1.175
2.000 1.081 1.089 1.093 1.095 1.096
10.000 1.020 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021
20.000 1.010 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011
/a l/a = 0.06 l/a = 0.10 l/a = 0.20 l/a = 0.50
0.001 13.332 14.775 16.244 17.373
0.002 9.595 10.591 11.595 12.359
0.005 6.288 6.887 7.483 7.928
0.010 4.630 5.031 5.423 5.711
0.020 3.453 3.467 3.733 3.729 3.949 3.980 3.998 4.160
0.030 2.918 2.957 3.128 3.158 3.286 3.348 3.315 3.482
0.040 2.602 2.655 2.771 2.820 2.893 2.974 2.910 3.082
0.050 2.391 2.449 2.531 2.591 2.628 2.721 2.636 2.811
0.060 2.235 2.298 2.359 2.423 2.435 2.536 2.436 2.613
0.080 2.120 2.182 2.223 2.292 2.289 2.393 2.282 2.461
0.100 1.886 1.947 1.959 2.029 1.998 2.104 1.981 2.153
0.200 1.538 1.602 1.570 1.645 1.581 1.683 1.565 1.708
0.300 1.389 1.454 1.403 1.482 1.404 1.506 1.396 1.521
0.400 1.305 1.368 1.310 1.388 1.306 1.404 1.301 1.415
0.500 1.254 1.311 1.254 1.326 1.245 1.338 1.241 1.346
1.000 1.178 1.183 1.188 1.127 1.191
2.000 1.097 1.099 1.100 1.101
10.000 1.021 1.021 1.021 1.021
20.000 1.011 1.011 1.011 1.011
kt /kt N = (0.9825 0.0209 + 0.0181 2 ) +

+ (0.3565 0.1201 0.0287 2 ) +
+ (6.6071 12.9009 + 7.7073 2 ) 2 +
+ (45.7747 + 90.3018 53.8534 2 ) 3 +
+ (151.246 288.514 + 174.893 2 ) 4 +
+ (282.087 + 531.679 330.101 2 ) 5 +
+ (305.651 580.612 + 368.422 2 ) 6 +
+ (180.007 + 349.955 225.865 2 ) 7 +
+ (44.7389 90.0089 + 58.8076 2 ) 8 ,
0.1 1, 0.02 1, (8.21)
where parameters = 2/w, = l/w, kt N is the stress concentration factor in notch

tip calculated from (8.11), (8.15) and (8.20). The relative error of fitting expres-
sions (8.21) is below 1 %.
Pure bending of rectangular specimen with the rounded V-shaped notch had been
studied using the finite elements method as well [27, 28]. Analyzed were also rec-
tangular specimens with lateral V-shaped notch [16] or U-shaped notch [17] under
three-point bending.
8.4 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge-Rounded

Notches
A number of authors had studied stress distribution in the vicinity of bilateral rounded
V-shaped notch in a rectangular specimen [8, 10, 26, 37, 48, 53, 69, 76, 92, 93,
98, 101, 110, 112, 113, 121, 127, 128, 146]. Many publications concerned the
specimens with bilateral U-shaped [7, 22, 40, 49, 50, 53, 58, 72, 73, 75, 95, 129,
136, 140, 146], semi-circular or partially circular notches [3, 5, 6, 64, 67, 71, 8487,
98]. Most researchers had examined stress distributions near shallow notches using
either classical finite elements method [24, 47, 77, 89] or advanced method of special
finite elements [123125]. Nevertheless, in spite of great efforts in this field, there
is an appreciable lack of summarizing works, which would enable estimating stress
concentration factors in the tip of notch rounded by the arc with small curvature
radius or stress intensity factor values depending on the notch vertex angle.
8.4.1 Strip with Bilateral Semi-elliptical Notch
Let an elastic strip with width w is weakened by two identical semi-elliptical notches
that were symmetrically cut from the strip boundaries. The notches have depth l and
8.4 Rectangular Specimen with Two Edge-Rounded Notches 301
Fig. 8.11 Tension (a) or (a) (b)

bending (b) of the strip with
the boundary bilateral
semi-elliptical notch
Table 8.16 Coefficients bk in formula (8.22) [66]

l/w b1 b2 b3 b4 b5
Tension 0.05 2.2344 0.5340 0.4547 0.1830 0.0216 0 /w < 1.3
0.1 2.2170 0.5784 0.5328 0.4485 0.1285 0 /w < 0.45
0.15 2.2244 0.6734 0.0055 0.2607 0.1077 0 /w < 0.45
Bending 0.05 2.1871 0.5169 0.3434 0.0887 0.0075 0 /w < 1.85
0.1 2.2534 0.5094 0.4455 0.1422 0.0183 0 /w < 0.95
0.15 2.4235 0.4811 3.9694 3.3739 0.9568 0 /w < 0.45
curvature radius . The strip is loaded by tensile stresses p (Fig. 8.11a) or bending
moments M (Fig. 8.11b) at infinity, while strip faces as well as notch contours stay
free of loading. The problem was solved using the conformal mapping method [66].
The following fitting expression had been derived for stress concentration factors
in notch tip [119]
max 1/2 1/2 3/2

kt = = b1 + b2 + b3 + b4 + b5 , (8.22)
n l l l l
where nominal stresses are n = p (under tension) or n = 6M/w2 (under bending)

and coefficients bk are presented in Table 8.16. Above expression (8.22) fits the data
with maximal relative error below 2 % in whole indicated interval of parameter /w
variation.
8.4.2 Strip with Bilateral U-Notch
Let an elastic strip with width w is weakened by two identical U-shaped notches
that were symmetrically cut from the strip boundaries. The notches have depth l and
Fig. 8.12 Tension of strip

with bilateral U-notch
curvature radius . The strip is loaded by tensile stresses p while strip faces as well
as notch contours stay free of loading (Fig. 8.12). The fitting expression had been
derived for stress concentration factor in the notch tip [112114] in the form
max 2l
ktP = = c1 + c2 + c3 2 + c4 3 , = , (8.23)
P/(2a) w
where

c1 = 1.037 + 1.991/ + 0.002/,

c2 = 1.886 2.181/ 0.048/,

c3 = 0.649 + 1.086/ + 0.142/,

c4 = 1.218 0.992/ 0.086/,
at 0.02 = /l 0.5 and

c1 = 0.995 + 2.169/ 0.081/,

c2 = 1.557 4.046/ + 1.032/,

c3 = 4.013 + 0.424/ 0.748/,

c4 = 2.461 + 1.538/ 0.236/,
at 0.5 10.
Two other fitting formulas for stress concentration factors are presented also in the
reference book [112] cited from publications [68]
n
1/
ktH = 1 + ,
1.55/(1 ) 1.3

1/(1 ) 1 + 0.5/
n= , 0.03, 0.01 0.8 (8.24)
1/(1 ) 1 + 1/
and [23]:

2.243
ktBN = 0.780 + 0.993 + 0.180 1.060 2 + 1.710 3 (1 ) ,

0.003 1, 0.7, (8.25)
with relative error below 3.5%. The work [21] was devoted to discussion of accu-
racy of fitting formulas (8.24), (8.25), and Neuber interpolation formula (8.11). The
authors [21, 129] had compared analytical and experimental data for rectangular
specimens with U-shaped notches.
Beyond applicability limits of above presented formulas, i.e. at small values of
parameter , stress concentration factor can be approximately estimated from interre-
lation between stress concentration and stress intensity factors (2.108). Consequently,
we have
max RI 2 1 1
kt = FI = 1.347 FI , (8.26)
P/(2a)
where parameter = /a and 2a is the bridge width (Fig. 8.12). In its turn, the
dimensionless stress intensity factor FI for the system of collinear symmetrical cracks
in tensile strip can be found from the formula [133]

FI = 1.122 0.561 0.205 2 + 0.471 3 0.190 4 , (8.27)
2
or, alternatively, from equivalent formula [122]

(1 )
FI = 1 + 0.122 cos 4
tan . (8.28)
2 2 2
Calculating in above manner stress concentration factor at parameter values near

applicability limits of fitting formulas (8.23), (8.24) and (8.25) ( = 0.05 and =
0.7), one gets ktP = 3.56, ktH = 4.01, ktBN = 3.85. On the other hand, alternative
fitting formula (8.26) yields the respective stress concentration factor equal to kt =
3.86. It is obvious that formulas (8.25) and (8.26) produce virtually identical values.
One can hence conclude that the fitting expression based on asymptotic interrelation
between stress concentration and stress intensity factors (2.108) is applicable beyond
the applicability limits of fitting formulas (8.25) and the like in finite regions with
small relative radii of notch rounding.
We shall use here the Neuber interpolation formula (8.11) for a strip with U-
shaped symmetrical notch under tension at infinity by forces P. Let us consider as
the shallow edge U-shaped notch in half-plane under tension at infinity by the stress
n = P/(2a). The uniformly distributed stress state takes place in the strip without
notches, that is, the coefficient kts 1 at parameter 1 = 2a/w 1 (here w
is strip width). For such notch, stress concentration factor in its tip kts depends on
relative curvature radius = /l as follows: (see (7.34))
kts = 1.065 + 2 [1 0.1825 tanh(0.283 ln )] I , 0 < 1. (8.29)

Fig. 8.13 Stress

concentration factor in tips
of bilateral U-notch kt N
in stretched strip versus
relative bridge width 2a/w
for various = 2/w
Relative error of this formula is below 0.1 %.

Let us consider as deep the bilateral U-shaped notch in a plane under tension
at infinity by forces P. If the bilateral notch is deep and bridge width 2a is small
in comparison with strip width w, then the stress state in narrowest section of bridge
is close to the uniformly distributed stress state too, i.e., coefficient ktd 1 at
parameter 1 0. Stress concentration factor in the tip of deep notch ktd
depends on relative curvature radius too, but now this radius is expressed as = /a
(see (6.44))
1.347 + 0.516 + 0.521 + 0.465 3/2
ktd = . (8.30)
+ 0.381 + 0.465 3/2
Above expression (8.30) fits the data with relative error below 2 % in the interval
0 < 102 .
Taking into consideration interrelations between the parameters
2
= , = , = , (8.31)
1 w
the formula (8.11) gives dependence of stress concentration factor kt N on relative

bridge width 2a/w at various values of parameter graphically presented in Fig. 8.13.
Figure 8.14 juxtaposes stress concentration factor values obtained using Neuber
interpolation formula (8.11), when either elliptical notch (as shallow one) and bilat-
eral hyperbolic notch (as deep one) in a plane (curve 1) or edge U-shaped notch
in half-plane and bilateral U-shaped notch in plane (curve 2) were taken as limit
cases, against solution (8.25). It is seen that maximal relative difference between
solutions corresponding to curves 2 and 3 is lower than about 2.5 %. It can be con-
cluded that proper selection of limit solutions in formula (8.11) permits essential
improving accuracy of stress concentration factor values estimated across a whole
interval of relative notch depth 0 2a/w 1.

of stress concentration
factors in tips of bilateral
U-notch in stretched strip
(/w = 0.01), according to:
1 (8.11), (8.13) and (8.14);
2 (8.11), (8.29) and (8.30);
3 analytical solution (8.25)
Fig. 8.15 Tension (a) or (a) (b)

bending (b) of the strip with
the boundary bilateral
rounded V-notch
8.4.3 Tension of Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch
Let a strip with width w is weakened by the bilateral V-shaped notch with depth l,
vertex angle 2, and rounding radius in the tip (Fig. 8.15). Stress concentration
factors for stretched strip with such notch were presented in [8, 10, 47, 48, 79] for
different values of vertex angle 2 = {/4, /2, 3/4} and quite narrow variation
range of parameters = /l and = /a (here 2a is the bridge width). These
results are shown in Table 8.17.
Several numerical results had been obtained using the body force method for the
strip with bilateral partially circular or rounded V-shaped notch with vertex angle
2 = /3 [98, 101]. These data are presented in Table 8.18 (as ratio of stress
concentration factor kt for bilateral rounded V-shaped notch in stretched strip to SCF
kts for respective boundary notch in half-plane (8.15)) and Table 8.19 (as individual
SCFs).
Table 8.17 Stress concentration factor kt = max /[P/(2a)] in tips of bilateral rounded V-notch
in strip under tension [8, 47, 48, 79]
2 = /4 2 = /2 2 = 3/4
0.0125 0.050 0.200 6.16
0.0250 0.050 0.333 7.40 7.07 5.04
0.0500 0.050 0.500 4.05
0.0625 0.125 0.333 4.83 4.72
0.0625 0.250 0.200 3.66
0.1000 0.050 0.667 4.14 3.22
0.1250 0.250 0.333 3.55 3.51 3.00
0.1250 0.500 0.200 2.64 2.63
0.2500 0.250 0.500 2.42
0.2500 0.500 0.333 2.38
Table 8.18 Stress concentration factors ratio kt /kts [98, 101]

2l/w 2/w
0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0
0.02 0.980 0.980 0.979 0.979 0.979 0.980 0.981
0.05 0.948 0.948 0.948 0.948 0.948 0.947 0.947
0.1 0.896 0.895 0.895 0.896 0.895 0.894 0.893
0.2 0.793 0.792 0.793 0.792 0.792 0.791 0.791
0.3 0.696 0.696 0.696 0.696 0.696 0.697 0.700
0.4 0.606 0.606 0.606 0.607 0.607 0.610 0.618
0.5 0.522 0.521 0.522 0.522 0.523 0.530 0.547
0.6 0.441 0.441 0.441 0.442 0.444 0.459 0.487
0.7 0.362 0.362 0.362 0.363 0.369 0.394 0.437
0.8 0.281 0.281 0.282 0.286 0.297 0.339 0.396
0.9 0.191 0.192 0.195 0.205 0.230 0.293 0.360
Approximate stress concentration factor values kt N in Table 8.19 were calculated

using the Neuber interpolation formula (8.11), where SCF for half-plane weakened
by the edge V-shaped rounded notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 (8.15) was accepted
as SCF for the shallow notch and SCF for plane weakened by hyperbolic notch (8.14)
was accepted as SCF for the deep notch.
These results were used to build up a fitting expression for stress concentration
in the form [101]
(/l 1) or rounded V-notch (2 = /3, /l < 1) in stretched strip [101]
/w l/w = 0.01 l/w = 0.02 l/w = 0.03 l/w = 0.04 l/w = 0.05
0.001 7.847 7.791 10.559 10.426 12.588 12.273 14.168 13.701 15.483 14.861
0.002 5.760 5.727 7.692 7.581 9.091 8.881 10.202 9.887 11.127 10.702
0.005 3.924 3.911 5.127 5.069 5.999 5.882 6.693 6.509 7.271 7.017
0.010 3.004 3.000 3.847 3.814 4.453 4.379 4.935 4.815 5.337 5.167
0.020 2.375 2.377 2.944 2.929 3.364 3.324 3.692 3.624 3.961 3.865
0.030 2.102 2.105 2.557 2.548 2.883 2.856 3.148 3.099 3.363 3.291
0.040 1.942 1.946 2.328 2.321 2.606 2.584 2.824 2.784 3.009 2.949
0.050 1.835 1.840 2.174 2.168 2.419 2.399 2.612 2.575 2.770 2.715
0.060 1.757 1.762 2.061 2.056 2.282 2.263 2.455 2.421 2.598 2.546
0.080 1.696 1.701 1.974 1.970 2.176 2.158 2.334 2.301 2.465 2.415
0.100 1.575 1.580 1.800 1.796 1.962 1.945 2.089 2.058 2.194 2.147
0.200 1.397 1.400 1.543 1.539 1.648 1.631 1.728 1.699 1.793 1.752
0.300 1.319 1.321 1.431 1.427 1.511 1.494 1.572 1.543 1.620 1.580
0.400 1.273 1.273 1.365 1.359 1.431 1.413 1.480 1.450 1.518 1.478
0.500 1.242 1.241 1.321 1.314 1.376 1.358 1.418 1.388 1.450 1.410
1.000 1.160 1.200 1.222 1.236 1.246
2.000 1.102 1.121 1.130 1.136 1.140
10.000 1.029 1.031 1.031 1.032 1.032
20.000 1.015 1.016 1.016 1.016 1.016
/w l/w = 0.06 l/w = 0.10 l/w = 0.20 l/w = 0.50
0.001 16.606 15.831 19.922 18.565 24.538 21.968 31.150 25.241
0.002 11.917 11.383 14.248 13.299 17.491 15.669 22.137 17.929
0.005 7.764 7.441 9.219 8.627 11.240 10.079 14.142 11.440
0.010 5.680 5.460 6.691 6.276 8.094 7.262 10.115 8.170
0.020 4.190 4.065 4.851 4.616 5.688 5.271 6.402 5.859
0.030 3.546 3.449 4.073 3.883 4.736 4.390 5.291 4.837
0.040 3.165 3.083 3.612 3.446 4.170 3.866 4.630 4.229
0.050 2.908 2.833 3.300 3.149 3.784 3.509 4.179 3.816
0.060 2.719 2.648 3.072 2.930 3.501 3.246 3.848 3.512
0.080 2.574 2.507 2.894 2.760 3.282 3.042 3.590 3.276
0.100 2.282 2.220 2.531 2.413 2.836 2.628 3.066 2.800
0.200 1.848 1.794 1.999 1.903 2.173 2.017 2.284 2.104
0.300 1.660 1.609 1.768 1.682 1.888 1.757 1.948 1.811
0.400 1.550 1.500 1.633 1.554 1.722 1.607 1.754 1.645
0.500 1.475 1.427 1.543 1.469 1.611 1.509 1.625 1.537
1.000 1.253 1.270 1.285 1.326 1.295
2.000 1.142 1.148 1.153 1.156
10.000 1.032 1.032 1.033 1.033
20.000 1.016 1.016 1.017 1.017
kt /ktN = (0.9863 0.1967 1.2261 2 ) +

+ (0.7598 14.6944 + 85.2855 2 ) +
+ (3.3994 + 137.860 770.087 2 ) 2 +
+ (11.8465 546.326 + 2964.65 2 ) 3 +
+ (24.6062 + 1074.41 5684.17 2 ) 4 +
+ (24.9403 1013.22 + 5212.60 2 ) 5 +
+ (9.5266 + 361.756 1806.89 2 ) 6 ,
0.02 0.1, 0.02 1,
kt /ktN = (0.9973 0.0411 + 0.0290 2 ) +
+ (0.0025 + 1.4755 0.9146 2 ) +
+ (3.9929 13.7614 + 8.9229 2 ) 2 +
+ (18.6927 + 59.2470 42.7560 2 ) 3 +
+ (38.2885 130.019 + 97.5542 2 ) 4 +
+ (36.9392 + 131.133 98.5547 2 ) 5 +
+ (13.3503 48.0315 + 35.7172 2 ) 6 ,
0.1 1.0, 0.02 1.0, (8.32)
with relative error below 1 %. Here parameters are = 2/w, = 2l/w, kt N is

stress concentration factor in notch tip calculated from (8.11), (8.14), and (8.15).
A fitting expression had been also derived [101] for the strip weakened by bilateral
notch with tips rounded by arcs of small curvature radius ( 0.02) and vertex angle
2 = /3
max
kt = = (1 1.0340 0.1447 2 + 0.9246 3 0.6667 4 ) ktv ,
P/(2a)
0.02, 0.8; (8.33)
where

ktv = 1.035 + 0.0261 0.1451 + 0.0842 kte ,

kte = 1.121 0.2846 + 0.3397 0.1544 kth ,

kth = 1 + 2/ , 0 < 1.0. (8.34)
The authors stated that relative error of above formula is below 0.2 %. However,
this statement hardly can be recognized correct at values of parameter = /l
approaching zero, since (8.33) contains stress singularity exponent I = 1/2,
whereas for the angle 2 = /3 it is equal to I = 0.48778. Therefore, the error
of the formula (8.33) tends to infinity at 0.
Comparing stress concentration factors computed from (8.33) at parameter value
= 0.8 and computed from (6.46) at corresponding values for the infinite
Fig. 8.16 Extension

of stress concentration factor
kt approximation (8.33) for
a strip with bilateral rounded
V-notch (2 = /3,
0.8) by values
calculated for infinite
notch (6.46) ( 0.8)
bilateral rounded notch in plane, we see that relative difference between them is below
1 % at > 0.005. At lower values of parameter , this discrepancy steadily grows
approaching 2 % at 0.001 and 5 % at 0.0001. Thus, the formula (6.46) can
serve as a good supplement to relationship (8.33) in the interval > 0.8. Figure 8.16
demonstrates a quite soft transition of stress concentration factor values kt , which
were calculated from both equations.
Approximate stress concentration factor values kt for notches rounded by circular
arcs with radius, which is small in comparison with notch depth, can be found in a
wide interval of relative notch depths at any vertex angle 0 2 using
a general asymptotic interrelation between stress concentration and stress intensity
factors. The Eq. (6.47) after transformation acquires the form

max RI 2 V I
kt = FI , = , (8.35)
P/(2a) a
which is valid for notches with small relative radii of their tips rounding. Here RI
is the stress rounding factor (2.111) and FIV = K IV /( l I ) is dimensionless stress
intensity factor in sharp tip of respective V-shaped notch (8.6).
We shall use here the Neuber interpolation formula (8.11) for a strip with bilateral
V-shaped notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 under tension at infinity by forces P.
Let us consider as shallow the edge V-shaped notch in half-plane under tension at
infinity by the stress n = P/(2a). In other words, stress concentration factor in the
tip of shallow notch kts can be represented as a function of relative curvature radius
= /l in the following form (see (7.34)):
kts = 1.065 + 2 [1 0.2521 tanh(0.25 ln )] I , 0 < 1. (8.36)
Relative error of this formula is below 0.1 %.

Let us consider as deep the bilateral V-shaped notch in a plane under tension at
infinity by forces P. Then stress concentration factor in the tip of deep notch ktd can
Fig. 8.17 Stress

concentration factor kt N
in tips of bilateral V-notch
(2 = /3) in stretched strip
bridge width 2a/w for
various = 2/w
be represented as a function of relative curvature radius = /a in the following

form (see (6.46) and (6.49))
(1 0.9134 I )/(1 + 0.4138I )

ktd = 1 + RI , (8.37)
I (1 + 0.71 I + 0.666 )
where parameters are I = 0.4878 and RI = 2.986. Above expression (8.37) fits the
data with relative error below 3 %.
Taking into consideration interrelations (8.31) between parameters , and ,
we get from the formula (8.11) the dependence of stress concentration factor kt N on
relative bridge width 2a/w at various values of parameter (Fig. 8.17). The curves
representing this dependence are similar to corresponding curves for U-shaped notch
in a strip (Fig. 8.13). Curves in Fig. 8.17 pass somewhat lower in inner section of the
interval 0 < 2a/w < 1 than corresponding curves in Fig. 8.13 because a V-shaped
notch with vertex angle 2 = /3 creates weaker stress concentration than an U-
shaped notch (2 = 0).
8.4.4 Interpolation Formula for Stress Intensity Factors
Neuber [94] had proposed the interpolation formula (8.11) for estimating stress
concentration factors in a strip with notches of arbitrary depth, which is based on
SCF values for the shallow notch (kts for half-plane with a boundary notch) and
deep notch (ktd for half-plane with the corresponding semi-infinite notch or plane
with bilateral notch), respectively, the nominal stress being identical and equal to
mean stress in the narrowest strip cross-section for all factors. The formula (8.11) is
valid at any relative tip rounding radius that was demonstrated above by examples
of bilateral U-shaped or V-shaped notches in strips. Based on known relationship
between stress intensity factor for sharp V-shaped notch and maximal stresses in the
tip of corresponding rounded notch (see (5.55))

2
K IV = lim max I , (8.38)
RI 0
we can derive the interpolation formula for stress intensity factor in sharp V-shaped
notch tip with any relative depth from known expression (8.11) for stress concentra-
tion factor by performing the limit transition
K IsV K Id
V
K IV = V 2 , (8.39)
V 2
K Is + K Id
where K IsV and K Id

V
are respective stress intensity factors for shallow (half-plane with
a boundary notch) and deep notch (half-plane with the corresponding semi-infinite
notch or plane with bilateral notch), respectively. Here, just as in deriving Eq. (8.11),
nominal stress was considered identical and equal to mean stress in the narrowest
strip cross-section. It should be noted that the formula (8.39) in somewhat different
form had been already used in past [109] to calculate stress intensity factors in crack
tips.
We compared stress intensity factor values calculated from (8.39) with known
numerical data [131] and revealed that maximal relative discrepancy between them
is below 6 % at 2 = 0, 6.5 % at 2 = 30 , 9 % at 2 = 60 , 12 % at 2 = 90 ,
16 % at 2 = 120 , and 23 % at 2 = 150 , this maximum being reached for
crack (2 = 0 ) at the value 0.3, which diminishes with increasing vertex
angle ( 0.1 at 2 = 150 ). In extreme points of the parameter variation interval
0 1, the formula (8.39) provides correct stress intensity factor values for both
shallow (K IsV ) and deep (K Id
V
) notches.
The conclusion following from this juxtaposition is that the accuracy of the inter-
polation formula (8.39) falls down when vertex angle of the V-shaped notch grows.
It was Neuber [94] who had first noticed that the Eq. (8.11) could have any exponent
in power term while the exponent 2 was chosen only based on experimental data. On
this basis, we can rewrite (8.39) in slightly another form
K IsV K Id
V
K IV = V 1/I I , (8.40)
V 1/I
K Is + K Id
where I is stress singularity exponent at the V-notch tip, which is now a function
of notch vertex angle 2 (2.14). When the angle 2 = 0, i.e. parameter I = 1/2,
the Eq. (8.40) converges into the relationship (8.39).
The comparison of numerical results obtained using formulas (8.39) and (8.40)
with reference data [131] have shown that relative error of the modified formula (8.40)
for V-shaped notches is about half of error of the formula (8.39).
In such way, one can refine the interpolation formula (8.39) (as well as for-
mula (8.11)) by choosing various exponent values in power term. Let us write now
the interpolation formula in the form
K IsV K Id
V
K IV = 1/ V 1/ , (8.41)
K IsV + K Id
where
1 1
= I + cos . (8.42)
2 3
Introduce now dimensionless stress intensity factors in notch tip as follows:

K IV = n l FIV , K IsV = n l FIsV , V
K Id = n l FIdV , (8.43)
where n = P/(2a) is nominal stress in a strip with bilateral notch. As a result, the
formula (8.41) takes the dimensionless form
FIsV FIdV
FIV = 1/ . (8.44)
1/
FIsV + FIdV
Accept as required values for shallow (FIsV ) and deep (FIdV ) notches the dimen-
sionless stress intensity factor values for half-plane with boundary V-shaped notch
(see (7.33))

FIsV = 2 + 5.0576 I 23.027 2I + 41.218 3I 35.472 4I , (8.45)
and for plane with bilateral V-shaped notch (see (6.49))

I
1 1 0.9134 I
FIdV = 2 . (8.46)
1 + 0.4138 I
Using formulas (8.44), (8.45), and (8.46), we computed stress intensity factor
values in a stretched strip with bilateral V-shaped notch (Fig. 8.18). Comparison
of these results with reference numerical data [131] has shown that the interpolation
formula (8.41) is much more accurate than relationship (8.39) derived from Neuber
interpolation formula (8.11). Relative difference between computed values and ref-
erence data [131] was below 3 % at all studied values of notch vertex angle. It must
be emphasized that in extreme points of the relative bridge width variation interval
0 2a/w 1 stress intensity factor values (8.41) coincide with factors K IsV and
V
K Id , that is, the following equalities are valid
lim K IV = K IsV , lim K IV = K Id

V
, (8.47)
2a/w1 2a/w0

in tips of bilateral V-notch
in stretched strip with respect
to relative bridge width 2a/w
for various 2: calculated
using (8.44) solid lines,
reference data [131] square
points

of dimensionless stress
intensity factors: FIs (curve
1), FId (curve 2) and FI
(curve 3) for bilateral crack
( = 0) in stretched strip
which follows from the structure of functions (8.45) and (8.46) (namely, presence
of multiplier ((1 )/ )I in relationship for the factor FIdV ).
Let us consider in more detail stress intensity factor K I in the tip of bilateral crack
in a strip, when the fitting formula is known [133]
1.122 0.561 0.205 2 + 0.471 3 0.190 4

K I = n l ,
1
(8.48)
with relative error below 0.5 % in a whole interval 0 1. Figure 8.19 shows
dependence of factors FIs (8.45), FId (8.46) and FI (8.44) on relative bridge width
1 = 2a/w for such case. In this case, the maximal relative discrepancy between
results obtained using formulas (8.44) and (8.48) is equal to 2.3 % and reached at
0.5.
In conclusion, above presented analysis shows that the interpolation formula
(8.44) preserves good accuracy for sharp V-shaped notches of any depth. It can
be assumed that the similar interpolation formula
(kts 1)(ktd 1)
kt = 1 + , (8.49)
(kts 1)1/ + (ktd 1)1/
for stress concentration factor in the tip of rounded V-shaped notch will have the
same accuracy (here parameter is determinable from relationship (8.42)). It is
especially true for notches with small relative tip rounding radii since at tip rounding
radius approaching zero the formula (8.49) transforms into (8.41). It should be noted
here that Neuber interpolation formula in the form (8.49) had been already applied
for approximate estimating stress concentration factors in tips of bilateral V-shaped
notch in a strip [1], but the parameter had not been introduced as a function of notch
vertex angle 2; instead, its variation interval (1.4 1/ 2.8) had been indicated.
8.4.5 Pure Bending of Strip with Edge-Rounded V-Notch
the partially circular one. The strip is bended at infinity by bending moments M
presents stress concentration factor values kt in the notch tip calculated from (8.9),
where nominal stress values were taken as n = 6M/a 2 .
Table 8.20 also gives approximate stress concentration factor values calculated
using the interpolation formula (8.11), where SCF for the shallow notch was calcu-
lated using (8.15), while SCF for deep notch was taken as [101]

4 a a

ktd = . (8.50)
3 a

+ a

1 arctan a
A fitting formula had been built up based on obtained numerical results using the
least square method as follows [101]:

kt /kt N = 0.9860 0.2543 + 1.35362 +

+ 0.8141 1.8146 + 7.74542 +

+ 1.9019 2.7027 + 10.66112 2 +

+ 0.8497 + 37.6317 206.1302 3 +

+ 1.4758 70.8874 + 404.9472 4 +

+ 1.2098 + 38.0317 220.1642 5 +

+ 0.0139 0.0054 + 1.596l 2 6 ,
0.02 0.1; 0.02 1,
Table 8.20 Stress concentration factors kt and kt N in tips of bilateral partially circular notch
(/l 1) or bilateral rounded V-notch (2 = /3, /l < 1) in the strip under pure bending [101]
/a l/a = 0.01 l/a = 0.02 l/a = 0.03 l/a = 0.04 l/a = 0.05
0.001 7.600 7.532 9.992 9.767 11.592 11.193 12.722 12.212 13.676 12.986
0.002 5.578 5.543 7.252 7.110 8.371 8.107 9.197 8.818 9.828 9.356
0.005 3.800 3.793 4.834 4.763 5.525 5.378 6.034 5.814 6.422 6.142
0.010 2.909 2.915 3.626 3.590 4.101 4.011 4.449 4.307 4.714 4.529
0.020 2.301 2.313 2.776 2.764 3.097 3.051 3.328 3.249 3.505 3.395
0.030 2.036 2.051 2.410 2.407 2.657 2.627 2.840 2.783 2.978 2.896
0.040 1.881 1.897 2.194 2.195 2.401 2.379 2.550 2.505 2.666 2.600
0.050 1.777 1.793 2.049 2.052 2.229 2.211 2.358 2.319 2.455 2.398
0.060 1.701 1.717 1.942 1.947 2.102 2.087 2.216 2.183 2.302 2.252
0.080 1.596 1.612 1.796 1.800 1.927 1.914 2.021 1.992 2.091 2.047
0.100 1.526 1.540 1.697 1.702 1.809 1.798 1.888 1.862 1.948 1.909
0.200 1.353 1.364 1.456 1.460 1.521 1.514 1.565 1.548 1.598 1.573
0.300 1.278 1.287 1.351 1.355 1.396 1.391 1.427 1.414 1.449 1.429
0.400 1.233 1.240 1.290 1.293 1.324 1.319 1.347 1.336 1.363 1.347
0.500 1.203 1.209 1.250 1.251 1.277 1.271 1.295 1.284 1.307 1.292
1.000 1.130 1.150 1.158 1.163 1.166
2.000 1.077 1.085 1.088 1.089 1.090
10.000 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.019 1.020
20.000 1.010 1.010 1.010 1.010 1.010
/a l/a = 0.06 l/a = 0.10 l/a = 0.20 l/a = 0.50
0.001 13.597 15.147 16.752 18.007
0.002 9.780 10.849 11.947 12.796
0.005 6.399 7.042 7.691 8.183
0.010 4.701 5.129 5.553 5.869
0.020 3.646 3.508 4.009 3.784 4.366 4.052 4.547 4.246
0.030 3.087 2.983 3.365 3.193 3.638 3.393 3.773 3.536
0.040 2.757 2.672 2.985 2.843 3.206 3.003 3.316 3.116
0.050 2.534 2.460 2.729 2.605 2.914 2.740 3.005 2.833
0.060 2.369 2.304 2.542 2.431 2.701 2.547 2.777 2.626
0.080 2.146 2.089 2.282 2.189 2.405 2.279 2.460 2.339
0.100 1.994 1.944 2.107 2.025 2.208 2.099 2.247 2.147
0.200 1.624 1.591 1.684 1.632 1.732 1.667 1.745 1.690
0.300 1.466 1.441 1.503 1.467 1.530 1.488 1.535 1.502
0.400 1.375 1.355 1.401 1.373 1.415 1.388 1.416 1.397
0.500 1.316 1.298 1.334 1.311 1.341 1.322 1.338 1.329
1.000 1.168 1.173 1.177 1.178 1.179
2.000 1.091 1.092 1.093 1.094
10.000 1.020 1.020 1.020 1.020
20.000 1.010 1.010 1.010 1.010

kt /ktN = 0.9735 + 0.0036 + 0.00702 +

+ 0.7227 0.2412 + 0.02302 +

+ 1.8034 2.2175 + 1.39802 2 +

+ 1.7308 + 7.0844 3.39482 3 +

+ 0.7339 6.8807 + 2.61372 4 +

+ 0.1099 + 2.2525 0.64712 5
0.1 1, 0.02 1), (8.51)
where kt N is stress concentration factor in notch tip calculated from (8.11), (8.15)
and (8.50). The relative error of fitting expressions (8.51) is below 1 %.
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Chapter 9
Disc Specimens with Notches
Abstract This chapter is devoted to the disc specimens with notches. Calculations
were made for tensile disc specimen with edge U-shaped notch either without crack
or with crack growing from the notch tip. Analysis was made also for compression
disc specimens with the rhombic hole or narrow slot. The solution was obtained for
ring-shaped specimens with inner edge U-shaped notches as well.
9.1 Integral Equations for Plane Elasticity Problem

of Circular Region with Holes and Cracks
9.1.1 First Basic Problem for Circle
Let elastic region S is the circle with radius R and center in the origin of coordinate
system x O y (Fig. 9.1). The regions boundary L (|z| = R) is loaded by given stresses
N + iT = p(t), t L, (9.1)
such as to satisfy condition of equilibrium

p(t) dt = 0, Re t p(t) dt = 0. (9.2)
L L
A solution to the first basic problem for circle was built up using the singular
integral equation method [29]. According to relationship (1.58), integral solution to
this problem has the form

1 1 1
+ g (t) dt + g (t) dt = p(t ), t L . (9.3)
2t t t 2t
L
Let us demonstrate that this equation has a solution only if conditions (9.2) are
obeyed. Designate

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_9
324 9 Disc Specimens with Notches
Fig. 9.1 Circular disc under

compression by forces P
applied at its contour and
tension by forces F applied
in inner points

1 dt 1
A= g (t) , a= g (t) dt. (9.4)
2 t
L L
Then the equality (9.3) yields

g (t) dt a
= p(t ) A , t L. (9.5)
t t 2t
L
The solution of singular integral equation with the Cauchy kernel on a closed
contour is known to be [22, 29]

1 p(t)dt ia
g (t ) =
+ i A . (9.6)
L t t 2t
The equalities (9.4) lead to the relationships

dt
2 A + A = i p(t) , p(t) dt = 0. (9.7)
t
L L
It follows from above that solution of the Eq. (9.3) exists only if conditions (9.2) are
obeyed. One can easily verify that the Eq. (9.3) with added operators such as described
by (1.73), in other words, the modified singular integral equation similar to (1.72),
has a solution at arbitrary form of right side p(t ). This solution coincides with above-
derived result (9.6) only in the case of fulfillment of equilibrium conditions (9.2).
The complex stress potentials can be found using (1.56). The potential (z) can
be expressed as
9.1 Integral Equations for Plane Elasticity Problem of Circular 325

1 p(t) dt
(z) = A. (9.8)
2 i tz
L
Substitution of the function (9.6) into relationship (1.56) produces value of the
potential (z) independent of the quantity Im A. It implies that imaginary part of the
constant A remains undefined; it effects only on rotation of the region as a rigid body.
The real part of the constant A can be found from the first of Eq. (9.7). Putting value
Im A equal to zero, we get

1 1 1
(z) = p(t) dt,
2 i t z 2t
L

1 1 1 R2 R2
(z) = t p(t) dt + 2 (z) (z). (9.9)
2 i z t z 2z z z
L
This result is in good accordance with the known solution [21].

Let us write the problems solution for the case when disc is compressed by two
concentrated forces P applied along axis O x (Fig. 9.1). Making change of variable
t = R exp(i ) in integrals (9.9) and setting
P
p(t) = [( ) + ( )], (9.10)
R
where ( ) is delta function, we obtain from (9.9) [21]
P R2 + z2 2P R3
0 (z) = , 0 (z) = . (9.11)
2 R R 2 z 2 (R 2 z 2 )2
Let us present also expressions for complex stress potentials on disc loaded by
two concentrated tensile forces F and F, which are applied respectively in inner
points z 0 and z 0 (Fig. 9.1) [25, 31]

iF z0 z R 2 (z 0 z 0 )
0 (z) = + 2 +
2(1 + )(z z 0 )(z z 0 ) (R z z 0 )(R 2 z z 0 )
z 2 z 0 2z R 2 + z 0 R 2 z 2 z 0 2z R 2 + z 0 R 2
+ +
(R z z 0 )
2 2 (R 2 z z 0 )2

( 1)(z 0 z 0 )
,
2R 2

iF (z 0 z) z0 z0
0 (z) = + +
2(1 + ) (z z 0 )(z z 0 ) (z z 0 ) 2 (z z 0 )2
z 30 z 03 z0
+ +
(z z 0 R 2 )2 (zz 0 R 2 )2 z z0 R2

z0 z 0 z z 0 3R 2 z 0 z 0 R 2
+ +
3 +
z z0 R2 z z0 R2

z 0 z z 0 3R 2 z 0 z 0 R 2
+
3 , (9.12)
z z0 R2
where is an elastic constant (1.18).

Alternatively, the solution (9.12) can be easily derived from (9.9) using a super-
position method and complex stress potentials for plane loaded by tensile forces F
and F applied in the points z 0 and z 0 [21]
iF z0 z
0 (z) = ,
2 (1 + ) (z z 0 )(z z 0 )

iF (z 0 z) z0 z0
0 (z) = + . (9.13)
2 (1 + ) (z z 0 )(z z 0 ) (z z 0 )2 (z z 0 )2
9.1.2 System of Cuts in Circular Disc
Let the finite elastic region S, bounded by the circle L 0 with radius R and center
in the origin of coordinate system x O y, is weakened by N curvilinear cuts L n
(n = 1, 2, . . . , N ), which are related with local coordinate systems xn On yn . These
local coordinate systems xn On yn in turn are connected with the main system x O y
by relationships
z = z n exp(in ) + z n0 , (9.14)
Here z n = xn +iyn , z n0 = xn0 +iyn0 are coordinates of a point On in the main coordinate
system, n is angle between axes On xn and O x (Fig. 9.2).
Fig. 9.2 System

of curvilinear cracks
in circular disc
The outer contour L 0 is considered loaded by stresses
N + iT = p0 (t), t L 0, (9.15)
while crack contours are loaded by self-balancing stresses
Nn + iTn = pn (tn ), tn L n , n = 1, 2, . . . , N , (9.16)
principal vector and principal moment of external loads p0 (t) being accepted zero.
Complex stress potentials (z) and (z) for this problem are as follows [29]
N

1 1 Tk
(z) = 0 (z) + + gk (tk ) eik Dtk +
2 k=1 Tk z zT k R 2
Lk

z Tk T k R 2 z T k 2R 2 ik
+
2 gk (tk ) e dt k ,
R2 z T k R2
N

1
3
Tk Tk
(z) = 0 (z) + gk (tk ) eik dtk +
2 k=1 (z T k R 2 )2 (Tk z)2
Lk

1 Tk
+ + +
Tk z zT k R 2

T k (z T k 3R 2 ) (Tk T k R 2 ) ik
+ gk (tk ) e dt k , (9.17)
(z T k R 2 )3
where
Tk = tk eik + z k0 ,
and functions

1 1 1
0 (z) = p0 (t) dt,
2 i t z 2t
L

1 1 1 R2 R2
0 (z) = t p0 (t) dt + 2 0 (z) (z), (9.18)
2 i z tz 2z z z 0
L
correspond to solution to the problem for uncracked disc under load (9.9) given at
its boundary.
Having obtained the complex potentials (9.17) and using boundary conditions
(9.16), we can now write the system of singular integral equations to find unknown
functions gk (tk ) at crack contours. This system may be written in the following
compact form [29]
dt n
(Tn ) + (Tn ) + e2in T (T ) + (T ) = p (t ),
n n
dtn n n n
tn L n , n = 1, 2, . . . , N , (9.19)
where (Tn ) and (Tn ) are direct values of complex potentials (z) and (z),
i.e. values obtained by direct change z = Tn in expressions (z) and (z); Tn =
tn exp(in ) + z n0 .
Let us represent the potentials (9.17) in the form
N
1
(z) = 0 (z) + f 1k (Tk , z) gk (tk ) dtk + f 2k (Tk , z) gk (tk ) dtk ,
k=1
Lk
N

1
(z) = 0 (z) + h 1k (Tk , z) gk (tk ) dtk + h 2k (Tk , z) gk (tk ) dtk , (9.20)
k=1 L
k
where

1 1 Tk
f 1k (Tk , z) = eik + ,
2 Tk z zTk R 2

1 ik z Tk Tk R 2 z Tk 2R 2
f 2k (Tk , z) = e
2 ,
2 R 2 zTk R 2
3

1 ik Tk Tk
h 1k (Tk , z) = e ,
2 (z Tk R 2 )2 (Tk z)2

1 ik 1 Tk Tk z Tk 3R 2 Tk Tk R 2
h 2k (Tk , z) = e + +
3 .
2 Tk z z Tk R 2 z Tk R 2
(9.21)
Obeying now the boundary conditions (9.16), we come to the system of integral
equations in explicit form
N
1
K kn (tk , tn ) gk (tk ) dtk + L kn (tk , tn ) gk (tk ) dtk = p n (tn ),
k=1
Lk
tn L n , n = 1, 2, . . . , N , (9.22)
with the right sides equal to

dtn
p n (tn ) = pn (tn ) 0 (Tn ) + 0 (Tn ) +e 2in
T (T ) + 0 (Tn ) ,
dtn n 0 n
(9.23)
and kernels determinable from equations
K kn (tk , tn ) = f 1k (Tk , Tn ) + f 2k (Tk , Tn ) +

dt
+e2in n Tn g2k (Tk , Tn ) + h 2k (Tk , Tn ) ,
dtn
L kn (tk , tn ) = f 2k (Tk , Tn ) + f 1k (Tk , Tn ) +
dt
+e2in n Tn g1k (Tk , Tn ) + h 1k (Tk , Tn ) , (9.24)
dtn
where
2

eik 1 Tk
g1k (Tk , z) =
2 ,
2 (Tk z)2 z Tk R 2

eik R 2 Tk Tk R 2
g2k (Tk , z) =
3 .
z Tk R 2
(9.25)
If cracks are inner, then the system (9.22) will have a single-valued solution in
the presence of N additional conditions

gk (tk ) dtk = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , N , (9.26)
Lk
which ensure uniqueness of displacements during tracing each contour L k individu-

ally.
9.2 Disc Specimen for Studying Crack Nucleation

Phenomena
At the current stage of material science, fracture of solids is considered as the process
of crack nucleation, growth, and propagation, which is especially valid in the case
of fatigue fracture. In this connection, determination of parameters characterizing
this process becomes an important practical issue. It is known that the fatigue cracks,
as a rule, nucleate near structural stress concentrators. In order for collecting and
classifying adequate data and correctly simulating this process, it is necessary to
understand stress and strain state in vicinity of the notch and thereafter in the tip
of the short crack growing from this notch (at the initial phase of its propagation).
It is the short crack nucleation and growth parameters that predetermine the fatigue
crack growth time, which can explain up to 90 % of the structures total durability [1],
in particular in the high strength materials under low-amplitude fatigue loading.
The stresses in a notch tip are generally studied using approximate approaches based
on known stress distribution around the parabolic notch (2.57) and expressions for
stress intensity factors in respective specimens with cracks [15, 27].
In respect of the initial stage of crack growth in specimens with cracks, the empiri-
cal methods are generally applied to estimate stress intensity factor in the tip of crack
located within the notch action field as well [33, 34, 37].
Above-mentioned problems had been first solved in the strict statement for the
disc specimen with edge U-shaped notch under off-center tension by concentrated
forces or edge notch and crack growing from its tip [25]. However, the authors failed
to formalize the real scheme of specimen loading at the off-center tension. Some
years later, authors [26] had solved the problem in stricter statement that described
the disc specimen with U-shaped notch and crack or only U-shaped notch under
off-center tension by fingers inserted into round holes in the specimen. The problem
had been solved using the singular integral equation method [29]. These solutions
are presented below in given section.
9.2.1 Disc Specimen with Edge U-Notch [26]
Let us consider the elastic isotropic disc with radius R, which is associated with the
central Cartesian coordinate system x O y. The disc is weakened by edge symmetrical
with respect to axis O x U-shaped notch and two round holes with radius r and centers
in the points with complex coordinates z 0 = a + ib and z 0 = a ib. Designate
notch contour as L 1 and hole contours as L 2 , L 3 . Let us introduce the local coordinate
systems xk Ok yk (k = 1, 2, 3) associated with contours L k , so that the system x1 O1 y1
would coincide with the system x O y. Axes Ok xk are parallel to the axis O x; positions
of points Ok are given by the complex coordinates z k0 in the system x O y: z 10 = 0,
z 20 = z 0 , z 30 = z 0 (Fig. 9.3).
Disc edge and notch contour L 1 are free of loads. On the contrary, the contours
L 2 and L 3 are loaded by applied stresses
N (tk ) + i T (tk ) = pk (tk ), tk L k , k = 2, 3. (9.27)
Here tk = r exp(ik ), 0 k < 2 ; N and T are normal and tangential components

of applied stresses, respectively.
Let us use the complex stress potentials for a circular region with notches and
holes to determine stress state inside the disc [28, 29]. In this connection, we shall
consider the disc with edge cut in lieu of disc with notch, the cut being loaded by the
following stresses applied at cut contour L 1
N (t1 ) + iT (t1 ) = p1 (t1 ) = 0, t1 L 1 . (9.28)
Here upper indexes + or indicate boundary values of the function when an

inner point z 1 approaches the point t1 on the contour from the left (+) or from the
right (), respectively.
9.2 Disc Specimen for Studying Crack Nucleation Phenomena 331
Fig. 9.3 Geometry of the

disc specimen with edge
notch under off-center
tension
The parametric equation of contour L 1 can be written in the form
t1 = ( ) = x( ) + iy( ), 1 1. (9.29)
Here the function was introduced

s c i, 0 s c + d1 ,

( ) = d1 i exp i (s c d1 ) , c + d1 s c + d1 + ,

i + 2d1 + c + s, d1 + c + s 2d1 + 2c + ,
(9.30)
where s = (1+ )(d1 +c+/2) is arc abscissa at the contour L 1 counted from edge
of disc to the point with coordinate t1 when the elastic region is lying on the right side

of selected positive tracing direction; is notch L 1 rounding radius, c = R 2 2 ,
d1 is abscissa of the point being C rounding center of U-shaped notch (Fig. 9.3).
Let us write the complex stress potentials (z) and (z) as the sum
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (9.31)
where functions 0 (z) and 0 (z) describe the stress state of solid disc under tension
by concentrated forces F applied in the points z 0 , z 0 (9.12), while complex potentials
(z) and (z) characterize the disturbed stress state induced by holes and edge
notch (9.17).
Using the complex potentials (9.31) to obey the boundary conditions (9.27)
and (9.28), we come to the system of three singular integral equations
3
1
K nk (tn , tk ) gk (tk ) dtk + L nk (tn , tk ) gk (tk ) dtk +
2 k=1
Lk

1 1n dsn
+ gn (tn ) dtn = f n (tn ), n = 1, 2, 3, (9.32)
r dtn
Ln
where nm is Kronecker symbol, and
e2 2 Tn

K nk (tk , tn ) = e1 + e2 Tk + 2
Tk Tk R 2 Tn Tk 2R 2 +
R
dtn

+ e1 + e2 Tk + e2 3 Tk Tk R 2 2Tn R 2 + Tn Tk 3R 2 Tk ,
dtn
e2 2 Tn

L nk (tn , tk ) = e1 + 2
Tk Tk R 2 Tn Tk 2R 2 + e2 Tk +
R
dtn 2

+ e1 Tn Tk e2 2 Tk2 Tn Tk ,
dtn
dt
f n (tn ) = pn (tn ) 0 (Tn ) 0 (Tn ) n Tn 0 (Tn ) + 0 (Tn ) ,
dtn
1 1
e1 = , e2 = ,
Tk Tn Tn Tk R 2
Tk = tk + z k0 , Tn = tn + z n0 . (9.33)
Left sides of second and third equations (9.32) contain added zero functionals that
ensure existence of the problem solution at arbitrary form of right side satisfying the
symmetry conditions with respect to the axis O x [29].
We shall hereinafter believe that the loads in points t2 = t 3 are identical, that is
p2 (t2 ) = p3 (t 3 ). In such case, the problem becomes symmetrical with respect to axis
O x, which validates the relationships
g1 (t1 ) = g1 (t1 ), g3 (t3 ) = g2 (t2 ). (9.34)
t1 = ( ), t1 = (), 1 , 1,
(9.35)
t2 = r ei , t2 = r ei , 0 , < 2,
and taking into consideration the symmetry conditions (9.34), we get a system of two
integral equations

1

1

K
(, ) ( ) + L
(, ) ( ) d +

2 11 1 11 1

1

2

1

+
(, ) ( ) +
(, ) ( ) d = f 1 (),

K 12 2 L 12 2

2
0
1 1, (9.36)

1

1

K 21 (, ) 1 ( ) + L 21 (, ) 1 ( ) d +
2
1

2

1

+
K 22 (, ) 2 ( ) + L 22 (, ) 2 ( ) d = f 2 ( ),

2

0
0 < 2,
where
1 ( ) = g1 (( )) ,

2 ( ) = g2 r ei ,

K 11 (, ) = ( )K 11 (t1 , t1 ),
L 11 (, ) = ( ) L 11 (t1 , t1 ),

K 12 (, ) = ir ei K 12 (t1 , t2 ) + L 12 (t1 , t2 ) ,

L 12 (, ) = ir ei L 12 (t1 , t2 ) + K 12 (t1 , t2 ) ,

K 21 (, ) = ( ) K 21 (t1 , t1 ),
L 21 (, ) = ( ) L 21 (t1 , t1 ),

ei
K 22 (, ) = ir ei K 22 (t2 , t2 ) + L 22 (t2 , t2 ) + ,
r

L 22 (, ) = ir ei L 22 (t2 , t2 ) + K 22 (t2 , t2 ) . (9.37)
The function 1 ( ) is sought in class of functions
u 1 ( )
1 ( ) = , (9.38)
1 2
that have a root singularity at the ends of integration interval. Since the function
1 ( ) is constrained in points = 1, we can put
u 1 (1) = 0. (9.39)
After using the Lagrangian interpolating polynomial to fit functions across u 1 ( ) the
nodes
(2k 1)
k = cos , k = 1, . . . , N ,
2N
and substituting the relationship
u 1 ( ) = u 1 ( ), (9.40)
that follows from the symmetry conditions (9.34), we become able to rewrite (9.39)
in the following form:

N 1 1
(2k 1)
u 1 (1) = u 1 (1) = (1) u 1 (k ) tan
k
+
k=1
4(2N 1 1)

(2k 1)
u 1 (k ) cot + (1) N1 u 1 ( N1 ) = 0, (9.41)
4(2N1 1)
the number of interpolation nodes here being odd: N = 2N1 + 1.

As a result, including into consideration the symmetry conditions (9.34) and (9.40)
in combination with the quadrature method enable us to transform the system of inte-
gral equations (9.36) into the system of linear algebraic equations

1
N1

K 11 (n , k ) L 11 (n , k ) u 1 (k )+

2N k=1

+ L ( , ) K ( , ) u ( ) +

11 n k 11 n k 1 k

1
M

+ K 12 (n , m ) 2 (m ) + L 12 (n , m ) 2 (m ) = f 1 (n )
M m=1
(9.42)

1
N1

K 21 (s , k ) L 21 (s , k ) u 1 (k )+

2N

k=1

+ ( , )
( , ) ( ) +

L 21 s k L 21 s k u 1 k

1
M

+ K 22 ( s , m ) 2 (m ) + L 22 (s , m ) 2 (m ) = f 2 (s ),
M m=1
where
(2k 1) n
k = cos , k = 1, . . . , N , n = cos , n = 1, . . . , N1 1,
2N N
2 m (2s 1)
m = , m = 1, . . . , M, s = , s = 1, . . . , M.
M M
(9.43)
Supplementing it with the Eq. (9.41), we get the closed system of N1 + M equa-
tions. Now we can use the derived functions 1 (k ) = g1 ((k )) and 2 (m ) =
g2 (r exp(im )) to find the complex potentials (z) and (z) that determine stress
state of disc.
To evaluate stresses in points of the contour L 1 different from nodes k , one can
resort to the quadrature formulas for singular integrals similar to
1

N
u( ) d u(k ) u() U N 1 ()
= + ,
1 2 [( ) ()] N k=1 (k ) () () TN ()
1

1 u( ) ( ) () d
u(k ) (k ) ()
N
= +
1 2 [( ) ()]2 N k=1 [(k ) ()]2
1
u() () U N 1 ()
+ ,
[ ()]2 TN ()
which generalize the known quadrature formula for a singular integral with the
Cauchy kernel [12]. Here u() and () are continuous functions, the derivative
() = 0, TN () and U N 1 () are Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second
kind, respectively.
Figure 9.4 shows calculated stresses y at the axis O x including values in tips
of stress concentrators with various rounding radii . It is seen that the notched disc
reveals the same type of stress concentration that is typical for most bodies with
concentrators, namely, stresses reach maximum in the notch tip; decrease the faster,
the sharper is the notch apart of it, and change from tensile to compressive at a certain
distance from the notch tip. The effect of concentrator sharpness is obvious only in a
narrow zone near the notch tip.
Since we are analyzing here the notched disc only as a specimen for studying
the crack nucleation phenomenon, we can confine ourselves by determining stresses
in notch tip only at the following geometrical ratios (see Fig. 9.3): W = 1.5R,
a = 0.275W , r = 0.125W . Such ratios are recommended for standard compact
rectangular or disc specimens for testing under the off-center tension [19]. The notch
width 2 is restricted by holes that are present in the specimen, and therefore tip
Fig. 9.4 Distribution of y

along central line of notch
with length h = 0.3R for
various relative rounding
radii = /R; the notch tip
abscissa xc = 0.2R
rounding radius 0.1 W . Depth of the concentrator h was chosen depending on

loading manner so that to minimize its influence on stress distribution around the
notch tip. Since the specimens were loaded using pins inserted into holes (see diagram
in Fig. 9.4) so that to provide friction force as small as possible, we shall assume that
at holes contours L k (k = 2, 3) the tangential load component is T (tk ) = 0, while
the normal one is distributed according to the law [32]

0 ( )/2,
0,

F (2 2 )
2 2
p2 (t2 ) = , ( )/2 ( + )/2,

8r [2 sin(/2) cos(/2)]

0, ( + )/2 2,
(9.44)
where is the contact arc angle between fingers and specimen (Fig. 9.4).
It was established that stresses in the tip of sharper concentrator are more sensitive
to the load application manner. For instance, at h/W = 0.1 shortening of the contact
arc from 120 to 30 reduces stresses in the tip of sharp concentrator (/W =
0.01) by 5 %, whereas in the tip of blunt concentrator (/W = 0.1) only by 3 %.
Concentrators depth attenuates the dependence of stresses in its tip on boundary
conditions at holes contours. Namely, shortening of the contact arc from 120 to
30 reduces stresses max in the tip of sharp concentrator with depth h/W = 0.1 by
5.1 %, with depth h/W = 0.2 by 2.3 %, and with depth h/W = 0.3 only by 0.7 %.
However, since the angle as well as real stress distribution in the contact zone
are unknown, it is recommended to choose specimens with concentrator depth h =
(0.20.3)W to suppress influence of these effects on stress state in concentrators tip.
Application of specimens with larger concentrator depths h > 0.3W is considered
undesirable because such geometry remains unused too large portion of a specimen,
which otherwise could be used to study crack propagation kinetics.
The expressions for potentials 0 (z) and 0 (z) (9.12) contain an elastic constant
= (3 )/(1 + ) for plane stress state or = 3 4 for plane strain state, where
is Poissons ratio. Values for metals vary within 0.25 0.36. The constant
hence varies within 1.56 2.20 in both plane strain and plane stress state. Since
calculated stresses max in the concentrator tip change due to such variations in the
parameter value within 0.1 % or less, all further calculations were made using its
average value: = 1.88.
The authors [15, 27] had used an approximate relation

max = 2K I / = 1.128 K I / , (9.45)
to express stresses in the concentrator tip through stress intensity factor K I for edge
crack of the same length as the stress concentrator (or crack of equivalent length).
Relation (9.45) had been derived on the base of solution for elastic plane weakened by
the semi-infinite parabolic notch. The relative error for this equation can be estimated
from comparison with the results obtained in the present work; it varies from 2.5 %
at /W = 0.005 to about 15 % at /W = 0.1.
Numerical calculations in above cited work had enabled to construct the following
fitting expression to estimate stress value in the concentrator tip
max = K I () 1.128 + 6.595 116.5 2 + 705 3 . (9.46)

Here = /W and K I () is the stress intensity factor value in the tip of edge crack
with equivalent relative length = h/W in the compact disc specimen, which was
calculated using the method of boundary collocations [23]
F(2 + )
K I () = 0.76 + 4.9 11.58 2 + 11.43 3 4.08 4 . (9.47)

(1 )3
Above expression (9.46) for 0 < W 0.1 and 0.2 h/W 0.3 fits the data with
relative error below 1 %.
It should be noted that the problem of stress state in disc with the edge crack
was solved in this work using above-considered singular integral equation method
as well. These calculations had confirmed correctness of the expression (9.47), its
error was found as low as below 0.3 %.
9.2.2 Disc with Edge U-Notch and Crack Growing

from its Tip [26]
Consider now the circular disc with edge U-shaped notch and crack with length ls
growing from the notch tip. Just as in previous case, let us substitute the edge notch
in circular disc with the cut along the contour L 1 . As a result, the notch with crack
transforms into a branched cut L = L 1 + L 4 , where L 4 is contour of the crack
(Fig. 9.5). The cut edges L are free of loads
N (t) + iT (t) = 0,
t L. (9.48)
Let us start from deriving expression for stress intensity factor in the crack tip E.
Crack contour L 4 can be described by the parametric equation
t = 4 ( ) = h + R/2 + ls (1 + )/2, 1 1, (9.49)
where ls is the crack length. The problem is reducible [29] to solution of the singular
integral equations of the type (3.47), which in turn is obtained using the quadrature
method.
Such approach was applied to derive stress intensity factor for relative crack
lengths ls / 0.01. For shorter crack, the sought values were determined through

stress intensity
factor
FI = K I R/F in the tip
of short crack growing from
vertex of edge U-notch
(h = 0.3R) with respect to
its relative length (ls /R) for
various relative notch tip
rounding radii ( = /R)
(curves 1) and similar
dependence of SIF in the tip
of edge crack with an
equivalent length
(l = h + ls ) (curve 2)
above-derived stresses y in the notch tip (Fig. 9.4) with the aid of known [29]
solutions to the problem for half-plane containing the edge crack.
The effect of notch on stress intensity factor in the tip of crack growing from
its vertex is clearly seen in comparison with corresponding data for a straight crack
with equivalent length l = h + ls (see curves 1 and 2 in Fig. 9.5). It is obvious that
the notch diminishes stress intensity factor values in the notch tip that is especially
valid for shorter cracks (ls / < 0.2). This effect becomes still stronger, pronounced
with increasing notch rounding radius. Precisely as one could expect, notch effect
weakens with crack length growth and/or crack sharpening so that at crack length
ls 1.5 both curves virtually coincide.
Based on accomplished computations, a fitting formula had been built up for
estimating stress intensity factors in the short crack tip ls , which grows from the
notch vertex
1 + 0.01 s 0.2 s
K s (s ) = K I () 2s , (9.50)
0.6 + 1.06 s 0.19 2s 0.52
where K I () is stress intensity factor in the tip of edge crack (9.47) with equivalent
length = (h + ls )/W , s = ls /, = /W . The formula (9.50) at 0.2 h/W
0.3, 0.03 /W 0.10, and 0 ls / 1.5 fits the data with relative error below
1.5 %. For longer cracks (ls / > 1.5), the factor K s can be accepted equal to K I ().
9.3 Compression of Disc Specimens with Rhombic Hole
Let us consider a circular disc weakened by a rhombic hole with vertices rounded
by circular arcs of the radius , which is positioned in disc center [17]. The ratio
of rhombus vertices rounding radius to half hole projection onto axis O x is char-
acterized by parameter = /l. In its turn, the ratio of the length l to disc radius
9.3 Compression of Disc Specimens with Rhombic Hole 339
Fig. 9.6 Disc specimen with

rhombic hole under
compression by concentrated
forces
is designated as = l/R. Suppose that hole edge (the smooth contour L) is free
of applied loads. The disc is loaded by two concentrated forces P, which compress
the specimen along longer hole diagonal (Fig. 9.6). Such type of loading creates
tensile stresses in vertices of hole.
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem. Write complex stress
(z) = 0 (z) + (z), (z) = 0 (z) + (z), (9.51)
where functions 0 (z), 0 (z) describe stress state in solid disc (i.e., without hole)
under concentrated loads (9.11), whereas potentials (z), (z) characterize the
disturbed stress state induced by the rhombic hole. In accordance with relation-
ships (9.17), these potentials can be sought in the form

1 1 t z (t t R 2 )(z t 2R 2 )
(z) = + g (t) dt + g (t) dt ,
2 t z z t R2 R 2 (z t R 2 )2
L
3

1 t t
(z) = g (t) dt+
2 (z t R 2 )2 (t z)2
L

1 t t(z t 3R 2 )(t t R 2 ) (t) dt ,
+ + + g
tz z t R2 (z t R 2 )3
(9.52)
where g (t) is unknown function at the contour L.

The boundary condition at contour L of the hole can be written as
N (t) + iT (t) = p(t), t L, (9.53)
where

dt
p(t) = 0 (t) + 0 (t) + t 0 (t) + 0 (t) , t L . (9.54)
dt
By analogy with (9.20), potentials (z), (z) (9.52) can be represented in some-
what another form

1
(z) = f 1 (t, z) g (t) dt + f 2 (t, z) g (t) |Dt ,

L

1
(z) = h 1 (t, z) g (t) dt + h 2 (t, z) g (t) dt , (9.55)

L
where

1 1 t z (tt R 2 )(z t 2R 2 )
f 1 (t, z) = + , f 2 (t, z) = ,
2 tz zt R 2 2R 2 (z t R 2 )2
3

1 t t
h 1 (t, z) = ,
2 (t z)2 (z t R 2 )2

1 1 t 4R 4
3R 2
t (z + t) + z t
2
(z + t)
h 2 (t, z) = + . (9.56)
2 t z (z t R 2 )3
Obeying the boundary condition (9.53), we come to the singular integral equation
with respect to the unknown function g (t)
1 M dt a ds
1
K (t, t ) g (t) dt + L(t, t ) g (t) dt = p(t ), (9.57)
1 1
+
2i (t )2 dt l dt
L
where s is arc abscissa of a point t at the contour L.

Here we added to the left side of (9.57) zero functionals

M1 = i t g (t) dt t g (t) dt , a1 = g (t) dt, (9.58)
L L
which ensure existence of a single solution at arbitrary form of right side [29].
Kernels of equation (9.57) have the form
dt
K (t, t ) = f 1 (t, t ) + f 2 (t, t ) + t g2 (t, t ) + h 2 (t, t ) ,
dt
dt
L(t, t ) = f 2 (t, t ) + f 1 (t, t ) + t g1 (t, t ) + h 1 (t, t ) , (9.59)
dt
where
2

1 1 t R 2 (t t R 2 )
g1 (t, t ) = , g2 (t, t ) = . (9.60)
2 (t t )2 (t t R 2 )2 (t t R 2 )3
Equation of hole contour L can be written in the parametric form (5.32) and (5.62).
Making respective change of variables, one can present the integral equation (9.57)
in the canonical form
2
1
M(, ) u( ) + N (, ) u( ) d = p(), 0 2, (9.61)

0
where u( ) = g (l( )) ( ) is new unknown function,
( ) () | ()|
M(, ) = l K (l( ), l()) + ,
22 () () ()
( ) ()
N (, ) = l L(l( ), l()) + , p() = p(l()). (9.62)
22 () ()
The sought 2 -periodic function u( ) has quasi-singularities in rhombus vertices

with small rounding radius. To improve accuracy of numerical solution of the integral
equation (9.61), we can again apply here the nonlinear change of variables (see (5.61))
1
= G ( ) = sin 4, 0 2, = G ( ), 0 2, (9.63)
4
which provides crowding of quadrature and collocation nodes in the vicinity of
rounded vertices. As a consequence, we come to the integral equation
2
1
M(, ) u( ) + N (, ) u( ) G ( ) d = p( ), 0 2, (9.64)

0
where the notations are introduced: u( ) = u(G( )) and p( ) = p(G( )).

A discrete analogue of integral equation (9.64) has the form
1
4n
M(k , m ) u(k ) + N (k , m ) u(k ) G (k ) = p(m ), (9.65)
2n k=1
where
(2k 1) 2(m 1)
k = G (k ), k = , m = G (m ), m = (9.66)
4n 4n
(a) (b)
Fig. 9.7 Stress concentration factor k A = max /[P/(l)] versus l/R in the vertex A of rhombic
(/l = 0.1) (a) or square (b) hole in circular disc for various values of vertex angle 2 (a) or
relative rounding radius = /l (b)
Taking into consideration conditions of symmetry with respect to axes O x and

O y, the order of algebraic equations system (9.65) can be reduced by a factor of four.
The conditions of symmetry (1.193) and (1.194) predetermine the following proper-
ties of the sought function: u(2 ) = u( ) and u( ) = u( ). Including these
relationships into consideration, we get a system of n complex algebraic equations
with respect to n unknown values of functions u(k ), k = 1, . . . , n. Solution of this
system yields complex stress potentials (9.55), which describe stress and strain state
in entire elastic region. Normal stresses s at the hole edge can be expressed imme-
diately in terms of so obtained function u( ). Stress concentration factor value in the
hole vertex A (Fig. 9.6) results from (1.201). Calculations were made for different
values of both independent parameters: 0.05 0.9875 and 0 2 /2
(Fig. 9.7) [17].
So obtained numerical SCF values in a hole vertex with small relative rounding
radius = /l were used to estimate stress intensity factor K IV in the corresponding
sharp rhombic hole vertex from (5.54) at various values of angle 2. A satisfactory
accuracy of limit transition (5.54) at any vertex angles 2 was reached at parameter
values within 0.00001 0.0001. Figure 9.8 shows variation of dimensionless
SIF as a function of parameter
K IV
FIV = . (9.67)
P l I 1
The calculated stress intensity factor values at angle 2 = 0 are in good concor-
dance with known results for a circular disc with the central crack (see e.g. [30]).
Relative difference between these data is below 0.1 %.
Fitting formulas were built up for several selected values of parameter =
{0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5} to estimate dimensionless stress intensity factor magnitude at
selected rhombus vertex angle 2
Fig. 9.8 Notch stress

intensity factor FIV in sharp
vertex of rhombic hole
in circular compressed disc
versus parameter = l/R
for various values of angle
2
Table 9.1 Coefficients in formula (9.68)

= l/R a b c d
0.2 0.06748 0.00226 0.1233 0.0321
0.3 0.10843 0.01522 0.2074 0.0335
0.4 0.15828 0.04529 0.3135 0.0000
0.5 0.22079 0.09856 0.4471 0.1195
FIV = a + b tan + c tan2 + d tan3 , 0 2 /2, (9.68)
with coefficients a, b, c, d presented in Table 9.1. Above formulas (9.68) fit data with
relative error below 0.5 %.
Presented above results can be used to develop new techniques for experimen-
tal studying fracture toughness in quasi-brittle materials, which are unsuitable for
manufacturing test specimens with narrow slots or acute notches; in particular, these
results have found application in studying fracture toughness of concrete [16]. Disc
specimens with rhombic holes had been studied experimentally as well [511, 36].
9.4 Compression of Disc Specimens with Narrow Slot
Let us consider a circular disc with radius R weakened by a slot with tips rounded by
semi-circles of the radius , which is positioned in disc center. Slot length is equal
to 2l and its width is equal to 2 (see scheme in Fig. 9.9). The ratio of narrow slot
tip rounding radius to the slot semi-length is characterized by a parameter = /l.
In its turn, the ratio of the semi-length l to disc radius is designated as = l/R.
Suppose that slot edge (the smooth contour L) is free of applied loads. The disc is
loaded by two concentrated forces P, which compress the specimen along central
line of the slot. Such type of loading creates tensile stresses in slot tips.
Fig. 9.9 Maximal

dimensionless stress
A /[P/(l)] in the tip A
of narrow slot in circular disc
versus relative tip rounding
radius /l for various
relative slot lengths l/R
The plane problem of elasticity theory for such region can be solved in the manner
completely similar to the problem for the disc weakened by rhombic hole with
rounded vertices. Computed dependence of maximal stress in narrow slot tip on
relative tip rounding radius at various relative slot lengths is presented in Fig. 9.9.
The compressive disc specimens with central crack (so called Brazilian speci-
mens) are widely used to evaluate fracture toughness in various structural materi-
als [24, 18, 3840]. Recently, the similar disc specimens with narrow slots have
found application in experimental studies as well [35].
9.5 Ring-Shaped Specimen with Inner U-Notches
Let us consider an elastic ring bounded by circular contours with radii R and R1
(R < R1 ). Two symmetrical U-shaped notches with length 2 and tips rounded
by semicircles with radius grow towards one another from the inner contour.
The projection of composed hole (circular hole plus edge notches) onto axis O x is
designated as 2l (Fig. 9.10). Suppose that inner contour of annular specimen (the
Fig. 9.10 Compression

of ring-shaped specimen
with inner U-notches
9.5 Ring-Shaped Specimen with Inner U-Notches 345
(a) (b)
Fig. 9.11 Maximal dimensionless stress A /[P/(l)] in the tip A of edge U-notch in ring-shaped
specimen with outer radius R1 = 5l (a) or R1 = 2l (b) loaded by uniaxial compression, with
respect to relative inner radius R/l for various relative tip rounding radii /l
contour L) is free of applied loads. The ring is loaded by two concentrated forces P,
which are applied to outer circular contour and compress the specimen along central
line of notches. Such type of loading creates tensile stresses in notch tips.
The plane problem of elasticity theory for such region can be solved in the manner
completely similar to the problem for the disc weakened by rhombic hole with
rounded vertices. In order for providing smooth integration contour, the contour L
may be rounded in the corner points. However, since these corners are convex angles
(arrises) with zero stresses on vertices, such rounding is unnecessary. Computed
dependence of maximal stress in the notch tips on relative ring inner radius at various
relative notch tip rounding radii is presented in Fig. 9.11.
It should be noted that ring-shaped specimens with a single edge U-shaped [13] or
V-shaped [24] notch had been studied previously using the finite elements method.
The ring-shaped test specimens with edge radial cracks at inner circular contour
under uniaxial compression are widely applied in estimating the fracture toughness
parameters in structural materials (see, for instance, [20, 30]). Instead of them, com-
pressive ring-shaped specimens with a single U-shaped edge notch are sometimes
used in such applications too [14].
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fracture studies in brittle materials using the Brazilian disc specimen. Mater. Struct. 38, 305312
(2005)
3. Atkinson, C., Smelser, R., Sanchez, J.: Combined mode fracture via the cracked brazilian disk
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4. Awaji, H., Sato, S.: Combined mode fracture toughness measurement by the disk test. J. Eng.
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v-notched components. Eng. Fract. Mech. 77(16), 30873104 (2010)
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soda-lime glass weakened by a V-notch. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 25(10), 25292534 (2011)
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parameters in bi-material notches using photoelasticity. Mater. Des. 32(10), 49014908 (2011)
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fracture in engineering components containing a sharp V-notch. Exp. Mech. 51, 919932 (2011)
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V-notches under mixed mode loading by means of local energy. Mater. Des. 32(5), 28582869
(2011)
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radius. Int. J. Fract. 11(1), 135140 (1975)
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loaded by tensile forces. Mater. Sci. 17, 555560 (1981)
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Struct. 5(1), 7790 (1982)
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Sci. 20(4), 201206 (1978)
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intensity factors in U-notched brazilian disc specimen under tensile-shear loading. Mater. Sci.
Eng. A A541, 135142 (2012)
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point bending. Int. J. Fract. 12(3), 495498 (1976)
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the resistance of materials to crack development. Mater. Sci. 12(4), 361374 (1977)
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compressive tests on disc specimens containing cracks. Mater. Sci. 2(1), 710 (1966)
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Mech. 4(7), 5558 (1968)
Chapter 10
Antiplane Deformation of Elastic Bodies
with Notches and Cracks
Abstract Antiplane deformation of elastic bodies with notches or cracks is studied

in the tenth chapter. The eigenproblem solution for semi-infinite rounded wedge in the
antiplane elasticity theory was constructed. Based on this solution, the interrelation
between stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor for rounded or sharp
V-shaped notches under longitudinal shear had been established. The longitudinal
shear of elastic wedge with cracks or notches was analyzed. Elasticplastic interac-
tion of sharp V-notch with a circular hole was examined. Solutions were found for
stress concentration near curvilinear holes (including narrow slot, oval, rhombic, and
rectangular holes) with either sharp or rounded vertices under antiplane deformation.
10.1 Method of Singular Integral Equation in Antiplane

Problems of Elasticity Theory
10.1.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory

for Longitudinal Shear
The longitudinal shear or antiplane deformation commonly means the stress state in a
cylindrical body, which is induced by a load applied along generatrix of the cylinder
and constant in this direction. If strain axis is directed along axis Oz of Cartesian
coordinate system (x, y, z), then the components of elastic displacement vector u, v
and w can be presented in the form
u = v = 0, w = w(x, y). (10.1)
It follows from the Hookes law that nonzero stress tensor components xz and yz
are functions of two variables x and y and can be expressed in terms of displacements
w(x, y) as follows
w w
xz = G , yz = G , (10.2)
x y
where G is shear modulus.

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_10
350 10 Antiplane Deformation of Elastic Bodies with Notches and Cracks
The system of equilibrium equations is reducible to a single equation, which in

absence of body forces have the form

xz yz 2w 2w
+ =G + 2 = 0. (10.3)
x y x 2 y
In this case, single strain compatibility equation is satisfied identically.

Since G w(x, y) is a harmonic function, it can be considered as a real part of some
analytical function f (z) of complex variable z = x + iy
G w(x, y) = Re f (z). (10.4)
From relationship (10.2), one can find

w w w
xz iyz = G i = 2G = f (z) + f (z) = f (z) = F(z),
x y z z
(10.5)
where F(z) is the analytical function in the region occupied by the body.
In the polar coordinate system (r, ) that is linked to Cartesian coordinates by the
relationship x + iy = r exp(i ), one has
rz iz = ei (xz iyz ) = ei F(z). (10.6)
The complex potential f (z) is invariant under coordinate axes parallel translation
and/or rotation, whereas the function F(z), generally speaking, is non-invariant under
such transformation. If the new system of coordinates (x1 , y1 ) is linked to the old
one (x, y) by the relationship
z = z1 ei + z10 , z1 = x1 + iy1 , z10 = x10 + iy10 , (10.7)
while function F1 (z1 ) play the same role in the system (x1 , y1 ) as the function F(z)
in the system (x, y), then
F1 (z1 ) = ei F(z1 ei + z10 ), (10.8)
where x10 , y10 are coordinates of origin O1 of new coordinate system (x1 , y1 ) with
respect to old system (x, y), is angle between axes Ox and O1 x1 .
If the point z = z0 of an infinite plane is loaded by the concentrated force Q, then
the complex potential F(z) can be expressed as follows
Q
F(z) = . (10.9)
2 (z z0 )
10.1 Method of Singular Integral Equation in Antiplane 351
The potential
F0 (z) = xz iyz = ei (10.10)
determines the uniform stress state in the body loaded at infinity by tangential stresses
in a plane, which is oriented so that its normal forms the angle with axis Ox.
Solution of the antiplane problem of elasticity theory is reduced here to deter-
mining an analytical function f (z) or F(z) in the region S occupied by the elastic
body. This function must be determined through its boundary value at the contour L
(bodys boundary). If applied stresses are given at the contour (first basic problem),
then the boundary condition will have the form

w w w
nz = G =G cos(n, x) + cos(n, y) = Im F(t) ei = (t), t L,
n x y
(10.11)
where (t) is applied stress nz at the bodys boundary L with the outward normal n;
is the angle between a positive tangent to contour L in the point t and axis Ox.
Alternatively, if displacements are given at the contour (second basic problem),
then the boundary condition can be formulated by limit transition from the relation-
ship (10.4)
w = Re f (t) = G w(t), t L, (10.12)
where w(t) is a known function at the contour L. By differentiating this relationship

with respect to the variable s (s is arc abscissa at the contour L that corresponds to
a point t), one can obtain
dw(t)

Re F(t) ei = G = G w (t) ei , t L. (10.13)
ds
This relationship may be considered as another form of boundary condition (10.12).
10.1.2 System of Cuts in Infinite Elastic Medium [55, 56]
Let an infinite body is weakened by a through curvilinear cut L and subjected to

antiplane defermation along the axis Oz. Edges of the cut (or crack) are loaded by
self-balancing stresses
w
nz =G = (t), t L, (10.14)
n
while stresses at infinity are absent. Here n is outward normal to left edge of the
cut L.
We are seeking the complex stress potential in the form

1 (t) dt
F(z) = , (10.15)
i tz
L
where (t) is the derivative of displacement discontinuity at the contour L

G w+ w = 2 (t). (10.16)
We shall assume that the function (t) is zero at both ends of contour L.
Satisfying the boundary condition (10.14) at crack edges, we get the singular
integral equation of the problem

1
K(t, t ) (t) dt = (t ), t L, (10.17)

L
where
1 dt
K(t, t ) = Re . (10.18)
t t ds
Here s is arc abscissa corresponding to the point t .

Unknown function (t) must satisfy the additional condition

(t) dt = 0, (10.19)
L
which provides uniqueness of displacements during tracing the crack contour.

The function (t) is considered being continuous. Then the singular integral equa-
tion (10.17) under condition (10.19) has a single solution in class of functions, which
possess integrable singularities at the ends of contour L.
Stress and displacement distributions around tip of the curvilinear longitudinal
shear crack can be now derived just as it was made in the plane problem (see Sect. 1.2)
KIII
xz = sin + O(r 0 ),
2 r 2
KIII
yz = cos + O(r 0 ),
2 r 2

KIII 2r
w= sin + O(r). (10.20)
G 2
Here xz , yz and w are components of stresses and displacements in a local Cartesian

coordinate system x1 y1 , r, are local polar coordinates with origin in the crack tip
(Fig. 1.8). Stress vector components can be written in the polar coordinate system as
KIII KIII
rz = sin + O(r 0 ), z = cos + O(r 0 ). (10.21)
2 r 2 2 r 2
The quantity KIII is referred as stress intensity factor in the tip of longitudinal shear
crack. This parameter depends on load and geometry of body and crack. Combined
with stress intensity factors for tensile opening mode crack (KI ) and in-plane shear
crack (KII ), this parameter permits to describe a most common kind of stress and
displacement distribution around crack tip.
The relationships (10.20) and (10.21) open the possibility to determine stress
intensity factor KIII , if stresses around crack tip are known. This stress intensity
factor can be found directly from solution of integral equation (10.17) using the
relation

KIII = lim 2 |t l | (t) ei . (10.22)
tl
Here lower indexes correspond to beginning (t = l ) and upper ones to end (t = l+ )

of the crack L.
Relationships (10.15) and (10.17) can be expanded to cover a system of curvi-
linear cuts Ln (n = 1, 2, . . . , N), if the single contour L will be substituted by a set
of contours Ln . Such substitution must be accomplished by the additional condi-
tions (10.19) separately for each contour Ln .

for Problems with Longitudinal Shear Cracks [55, 56]
Antiplane problems of elasticity theory for solids with cracks are reducible to real
integral equations of the type
1
1
M(, ) ( ) d = (), || < 1, (10.23)

1
which have to be solved in combination with the condition
1
1
( ) d = 0, (10.24)

1
or systems of such equations. Here kernel M(, ) is composed of the Cauchy kernel
and a regular part, () is a continuous function specified along the segment [1, 1].
In order to reduce the integral equation (10.17) to the canonical form (10.23), it
should be parametrized. To do so, let us write the parametric equation of the crack
contour L
t = x + iy = l ( ), 1 1, (10.25)
where l is a parameter with length dimension. Making change of variables
t = l( ), 1 1, t = l(), 1 1, (10.26)
and designating
M(, ) = l K(l( ), l()),

1
( ) = (l( )) ( ),
0
1
() = (l()), (10.27)
0
we get from relationships (10.17) and (10.19) the Eq. (10.23) and condition (10.24).
Here 0 is a parameter with dimension of stress.
We are seeking the unknown real function ( ) in the class of functions, which
u( )
( ) = . (10.28)
1 2
Applying the quadrature method to solve the integral equation (10.23) subject to
condition (10.24), we shall come to the system of n linear algebraic equations

1
n

M(k , m ) u(k ) = (m ), m = 1, . . . , (n 1),
n
k=1
(10.29)

1
n

u(k ) = 0,

n
k=1
where
(2k 1)
k = cos , k = 1, . . . , n,
2n
m
m = cos , m = 1, . . . , (n 1). (10.30)
n
Now stress intensity factors in crack tips can be found using the formula

u(1)
KIII = 0 l | (1)| . (10.31)
(1)
Parameters u(+1) and u(1) can be determined from solution of the system (10.29)
using the relationships (1.155) and (1.156).
10.1.4 System of Holes in Finite Elastic Body [56]
Let a closed curvilinear contour L divides an elastic plane onto two domains, inner S +
and outer S . Let us select the positive direction of tracing the contour L such that the
region S + stays on the left during tracing. Let us make an analytic extension of domain
S + into S in such manner that across the contour L stresses were continuous while
displacements experienced the jump 2 (t)/G. Then the complex stress potential F(z)
will have form of (10.15). One can easily verify that the potential (10.15) determines
the stress state such that the principal vector of external loads Z applied to contour L
from the left or from the right is equal to zero. At the same time, the equality (10.19)
is fulfilled that ensures uniqueness of displacements during tracing the contour L (in
the domain S ). Thus, the representation (10.15) can be used for both finite domain
S + , if an equilibrium condition provides zero principal vector Z, and infinite domain
S , since in this case the problem can be reduced to a self-balanced loading of the
contour L, if the known summand is added to the potential (10.15).
Let a finite multiply connected region S is constrained by closed contour or a
number of closed contours L1 , L2 , . . . , LM , L0 , where first M contours are located
one beyond others while the last contour embraces all previous ones. The finite
regions constrained by contours Ln are designated as Sn+ (n = 1, 2, . . . , M) and the
infinite region that is exterior of the contour L0 is designated as S0 . Each contour Ln
(n = 0, 1, . . . , M) is connected with the local coordinate system xn On yn (the system
x0 O0 y0 coincides with xOy) with axis On xn inclined to axis Ox under angle n . Origin
points On have in the system xOy complex coordinates zn0 Sn+ . Let us select the
positive direction of tracing the contour Ln (n = 0, 1, . . . , M) such that the region S
stays on the left during tracing (see Fig. 1.11).
Let us examine the first basic problem, when the stresses are given at contours Ln
w
nz =G = n (tn ), tn Ln , n = 0, 1, . . . , M, (10.32)
nn
where nn is outward normal to contour Ln . Let Zn is the principal vector of external

loads applied to contour Ln (n = 1, 2, . . . , M). Then the complex stress potential
F (z) in the region S can be presented in the form
1 Zk
M
F (z) = + F(z), (10.33)
2
k=0
z z 0
k
where function F(z) is holomorphic in the region S.

Using formulas (10.8) and (10.11), the boundary condition (10.32) can be written
in the form

Im ei(n +n ) F(Tn ) = n (tn ), tn Ln , n = 0, 1, . . . , M. (10.34)
Here n is the angle between tangent to contour Ln and axis On xn ,

1
M
ei(n +n )
n (tn ) = n (tn ) Zk Im , Tn = tn ein + zn0 . (10.35)
2
k=1
Tn zk0
In this way, we had reduced the problem with arbitrary applied load to the problem
with loads applied to bodys boundary in such manner that principal loading vector
at each contour Ln is zero, that is

n (tn ) dsn = 0, n = 0, 1, . . . , M, (10.36)
Ln
where sn is arc abscissa in a point tn Ln .

It had been taken into account here that the finite multiply connected region
obeys the condition of self-balancing, i.e., principal vector of total load applied to
all contours Ln (n = 0, 1, . . . , M) is equal to zero.
A solution to boundary value problem (10.34) is sought in the form

1 k (tk )
M
F(z) = dtk . (10.37)
i Tk z
k=0 L
k
Substituting the potential (10.37) into edge condition (10.34), we can now find
M +1 unknown functions k (tk ) (k = 0, 1, . . . , M) from the system of M +1 singular
integral equations
a
Im ei(n +n ) F(Tn ) + = n (tn ), tn Ln , n = 0, 1, . . . , M,
n
(10.38)
l
written in the compact form. Here F(Tn ) is direct values of complex potential
F(z) (10.37), l is arbitrary parameter with dimension of length.
Left side of the system (10.38) contains added operators

an = n (tn ) dtn , n = 0, 1, . . . , M, (10.39)
Ln
which vanish due to fulfillment of conditions (10.36). Introduction of these terms

into the integral equation system (10.38) ensures unconditional resolvability of the
system. In absence of such operators, the system (10.38) is resolvable only under
conditions (10.36).
The system (10.38) can be rewritten in expanded form as follows
M

kn
Kkn (tk , tn ) + k (tk ) dtk = n (tn ),
l
k=0 L
k
tn Ln , n = 0, 1, . . . , M, (10.40)
where kn is Kronecker symbol and kernels Kkn (tk , tn ) are determined by the rela-
tionships
1 dtn
Kkn (tk , tn ) = Re . (10.41)
Tk Tn dsn
Known is also another type of integral equations for boundary value problems
with longitudinal shear in multiply connected regions [11, 39, 40].

in Antiplane Problems for Multiply Connected
Regions with Holes [56]
Antiplane problems of elasticity theory for solids with holes are reducible to real
integral equations of the type
2
1
M(, ) ( ) d = (), 0 < 2 (10.42)

0
or systems of such equations. Here kernel M(, ) is composed of the Hilbert kernel
and a regular part; () is given 2 -periodic continuous function. Integral equa-
tions (10.40) can be reduced to the canonical form (10.42) by means of parametriza-
tion.
The unknown function ( ) is sought in the class of 2 -periodic continuous
functions. Applying the quadrature method to solve the integral equation (10.42),
we shall come to the system of n linear algebraic equations
2
n
M(k , m ) (k ) = (m ), m = 1, . . . , n, (10.43)
n
k=1
where
(2k 1) 2(m 1)
k = , m = . (10.44)
n n
Stresses sz at the contour L can be found using the formula

dt
sz = Re F (t) , t L, (10.45)
ds
where sign (+) or () is chosen depending on selected direction of tracing the

contour L that corresponds to bodys boundary. Boundary value of potential F (t)
is computable using SokhotskiPlemelj formula for singular integrals (1.34). In the
case when the contour L represents hole edge free of applied loads, the contour stress
sz can be expressed directly in terms of the sought function ( ), similarly to the
plane problem (see 1.191).
10.2 Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane with Semi-infinite

Notch
10.2.1 Eigensolution to Elasticity Theory Antiplane Problem

for Wedge [64]
Let us study the eigenvalues antiplane problem for elastic wedge occupying the
region S = {(r, ); r 0, }, where r, are polar coordinates with pole
in wedge tip and polar axis along wedge bisector: z = x + iy = rexp(i ) (Fig. 2.2).
We shall assume that wedge faces are free of stresses
z = 0, = . (10.46)
Displacements w and stresses rz , z inside the wedge can be expressed in terms

of complex stress potentials f0 (z) and F0 (z) = f0 (z) using formulas [56]
G w(x, y) = Re f0 (z), rz iz = ei F0 (z), (10.47)
where G is shear modulus.

We are seeking the stress potential in the form
F0 (z) = A z , (10.48)
where A is complex constant, < 1 is a real parameter.

Taking into consideration relationships (10.47) and (10.48), we come from the
boundary conditions (10.46) to the homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations

A ei(1) A ei(1) = 0,
(10.49)
A ei(1) A ei(1) = 0,
10.2 Stress Distribution in Elastic Plane with Semi-infinite Notch 359
with respect to unknown quantities A and A. The nontrivial solution of homogeneous

system (10.49) exists if its determinant is equal to zero. From this condition the
characteristic equation of the problem is as follows
sin 2(1 ) = 0. (10.50)
The order of stress field singularity in the wedge tip is determined by the least
positive root of the Eq. (10.50) III = 1 /(2). Let us introduce stress intensity
factor in the wedge tip using the expression

K III
V
= lim (2 x)III z (x, 0) . (10.51)
x0
Then the constant A can be calculated using the relationship A = i(2 )III K III
V
,
and complex potential (10.48) takes the form [5]
iK III
V
F0 (z) = . (10.52)
(2 z)III
Now relationships (10.6), (10.48) and (10.52) will describe distributions of singular
stresses and displacements around the elastic wedge tip in the plane strain state
(mode III deformation) [26, 66, 7779]
K III
V
K III
V
rz =
sin(1 III ), z = cos(1 III ),
(2 r) III (2 r)III
K III
V 1III
r
w= sin(1 III ). (10.53)
G(1 III )(2 )III
Stress vector components can be written in the Cartesian coordinate system as
K III
V
III K III
V
III
xz = sin , yz = cos . (10.54)
(2 r)III 2 (2 r)III 2
When wedge vertex angle 2 = 2 , the relationships (10.53) and (10.54) con-
verge to (10.20) and (10.21), which characterize stress and strain state near the
longitudinal shear crack.
The longitudinal shear stress distribution around tip of V-shaped notch in an
anisotropic body had been studied in [92]. The similar stress distribution around
vertex of composite wedge had been investigated in [9, 12, 13, 17, 37, 38, 50,
51, 8184, 9597, 100]. Problems of the same type were also examined for finite
homogeneous [14, 23] or composite wedge [22].
10.2.2 Parabolic Notch
Let a semi-infinite longitudinal shear crack is located in elastic plane along the
negative semi-axis x. The complex stress potential F0 (z) that determines principal
initial stress state, as follows from relationships (10.52), for the angle = 0 (III =
1/2) has the form
iKIII
F0 (z) = , (10.55)
2 z
where KIII is stress intensity factor at a crack tip. Thereat stresses yz0 at the comple-
mentary semi-axis x are given by formula
KIII
yz0 (x, 0) = x 1/2 , x > 0. (10.56)
2
Consider now a parabolic notch with the contour L specified by equation

z= (1 i)2 , < < . (10.57)
2
The parabola (10.57) has focus in point z = 0 and vertex in point z = /2. Here
is radius of curvature in notch tip (Fig. 2.4). When radius of curvature approaches
zero, parabolic notch transforms into the semi-infinite crack. We shall assume that
the principal stress state in elastic region is determined by the potential (10.55) and
that the notch contour L is free of stresses

nz (t) = 0, t L, (10.58)

where nz (t) is normal component of stress vector at notch contour.
Using the relationship (10.11), we can now easily find stresses nz
0
at the contour
L of wedge, which are generated by potential (10.55)

iKIII dt
nz
0
= Im F0 (t) ei = Im = 0, t L. (10.59)
2 t ds
It can be concluded from above that the complex potential (10.55) does not create
stresses nz
0
at contour L in the wedge, i.e., this potential is a solution for not only
wedge, but also plane weakened by a parabolic notch with contour (10.57) [5].
Maximal stress (in vertex of parabola) is equal to

KIII
yz max = . (10.60)

This expression can be represented in the form [5]

KIII
yz max = RIII , RIII = 2. (10.61)
2
Introduced here stress rounding factor RIII characterizes, just as under mode I or
mode II deformation, the influence of rounded notch geometry on maximal stresses
near notch tip.
Based on precise solution to the problem on space with elliptical through hole
under longitudinal shear (see, for example, [86]), the limit transition with major
axis of the ellipse approaching infinity yielded the formulas for tangential stress
distribution near parabolic notch tip [15]
KIII KIII
xz = sin , yz = cos , (10.62)
2 r 2 2 r 2
where r, (z = x + iy = r exp(i )) are polar coordinates with pole in focus

of parabola (see Fig. 2.4). Formulas (10.62) are similar to relationships (10.54) for
stress components in plane with a semi-infinite crack ( = , III = 1/2). It can
be explained by the fact that both problems have the same solution (10.55), because
formulas (10.62) follow directly from the complex potential (10.55).
10.2.3 Hyperbolic Notch
Let us consider elastic wedge with the tip in coordinate system origin and vertex
angle 2 (/2 < < ) (Fig. 2.5). Wedge edges are located in left half-plane and
described by equation
y = x tan . (10.63)
Complex stress potential, which determines principal stress state, have the form
described by (10.55). Let the hyperbolic notch is cut in the elastic wedge so that the
notchs contour L (namely, left branch of hyperbola) is described by the equation [5]
cos
z= ei , 1 < < 1. (10.64)
cos cos ( )
Asymptotes to the hyperbola

y = x tan , (10.65)
sin
intersect with angle 2 (0 = < /2), its focus is located in point z = 0,
and its vertex in point
Table 10.1 Stress rounding factor RIII for hyperbolic notch under longitudinal shear [5]
2 0 30 60 90 120 150 165 180

RIII 2 1.57413 1.605483 1.587401 1.519671 1.372829 1.242616 1
cos
z= = 1 cot 2 .
cos 1 2 2
Radius of hyperbola curvature in its vertex equals to . At = , hyperbola con-

verges into parabola (10.57).
The problem for disturbed stress state induced in the wedge by a hyperbolic notch
with unloaded contour L was reduced [40] to integral equation [5], which can be
solved numerically. Numerical results for factor RIII in the formula for maximal
stresses in notch tip (10.61) are presented in Table 10.1.
Benthem [5] presents also the following analytical expression for factor RIII in this
problem
2 1
1
RIII = (sin )1/ cos , (10.66)
2
where angle = .
10.2.4 Semi-infinite Rounded V-Notch [25, 64]
Let the elastic plane contains sharp V-notch with the tip in coordinate system origin
and vertex angle 2 (0 < /2) (Fig. 2.8a). Assume that stress state of the
notched plane is determined by complex potential F0 (z) (10.55), which ensure zero
stresses at the notch contour L 0 . Let us consider the smooth contour L composing
of straight segments parallel to wedge faces L 0 and circular arc with radius and
center in the notch tip. Let us find tangential stresses at the contour L

nz
0
= Im F0 (t) ei = p(t), t L , (10.67)
where is the angle between a positive tangent to contour L in the point t and axis
Ox.
contour L in the plane (Fig. 2.8b). Let an asymptotic stress distribution is given at
infinity, which is determined by the potential F0 (z) (10.52). We shall apply a superpo-
sition technique to solve this boundary value problem. Write above stress potentials
in the form
F (z) = F0 (z) + F(z), (10.68)
where F(z) is a function describing the disturbed stress state induced by a rounded
V-notch L cut in the wedge.
boundary condition

nz = Im F(t) ei = p(t), t L ,
is fulfilled while at infinity stresses vanish (o(|z|III )).

Since stresses vanish at infinity, the disturbed stress state can be obtained also as
a limit case of plane with smooth symmetrical curvilinear crack along the contour
L (Fig. 2.9), by elongating it to infinity and loading its edges with self-balancing
stresses
+
nz = nz = p(t), t L, (10.69)
where upper indexes indicate limit values of respective parameters at contour L

when approaching it from the left (+) or from the right (). It was the last method
we applied to solve the above stated problem.
The problem for stress distribution in elastic plane with a curvilinear crack will
be solved here using the method of singular integral equation [56]. Integral repre-
sentation of the solution is taken in the form (10.15). Using the potential (10.15)
and satisfying the boundary condition (10.69), we get the singular integral equation
of the problem
1
K(t, t ) (t) dt = (t ), t L, (10.70)

L
where

1 dt K III
V
dt
K(t, t ) = Re , (t ) = Im i . (10.71)
t t ds (2 t )III ds
The unique solution of integral equation (10.70) is in the class of functions, which
have an integrable singularity at the ends of integration contours, and it exists if the
additional condition is satisfied

(t) dt = 0. (10.72)
L
Let us write parametric equation of the crack contour (in the limit case when the
crack length approaches infinity) in the form
t = ( ), 1 1. (10.73)
Here is radius of circular segment;

csc ( ), 1 < B ,
( ) = ei 1, B B , (10.74)

csc ( + ), B < 1,
where B = ( 2)/[2( )] is angular coordinate of a contour point L,

in which the circular arc transforms into the straight segment.
Let us examine in parallel the similar problem for the hyperbolic notch, for which
function ( ) looks as follows [5]
ei cos
( ) = , 1 < < 1. (10.75)
cos cos( )
The integral equation (10.70) and additional condition (10.72) we rewrite in canon-
ical dimensionless form

1
1

M(, ) ( ) d = (), 1 1,

1
(10.76)

1

1

( ) d = 0,

1
where
M(, ) = K(( ), ()), t = (),

(2)III
( ) = (( )) ( ),
K III
V
(2 )III
() = (()). (10.77)
K III
V
We are seeking the unknown real function ( ) in the class of functions, which
u( )
( ) = . (10.78)
1 2
Applying the quadrature method to solve the integral equation (10.76), we shall
come to the system of 2n linear algebraic equations [56]

1
2n

M(k , m ) u(k ) = (m ), m = 1, . . . , (2n 1),
2n
k=1
(10.79)
1
2n

2n u(k ) = 0,
k=1
where
(2k 1)
k = cos , k = 1, . . . , 2n,
4n
m
m = cos , m = 1, . . . , (2n 1). (10.80)
2n
Since the problem is antisymmetric with respect to axis Ox, the following condi-
tion is valid
u( ) = u( ). (10.81)
The condition (10.81) enables to halve the order of system (10.79). Therefore, we
get the following system:

1
n

[M(k , m ) + M(k , m )] u(k ) = p(m ),

2n k=1
m = 1, . . . , (n 1), (10.82)

n

1

u(k ) = 0,
n
k=1
Tangential stresses at notch contour L are derivable from the relationship

sz = Re F0 (t) + F (t) ei . (10.83)
Boundary value of potential F (t) is computable using SokhotskiPlemelj

formulas [42]
1 (t)
F (t ) = (t ) + dt, t L. (10.84)
i t t
L
Substituting (10.84) to the formula (10.83) and applying quadrature formulas to the
singular integral, we obtain
K III
V
sz (m ) = RIII (, m ) =
(2)III

K III
V
i u(m )
= Re +
(2)III (m ) (m )

1
2n
u(k ) (m )
+ .
2ni (k ) (m ) | (m )|
k=1
(10.85)
Dimensionless stresses at notch contour can be found using the condition of

symmetry (10.81) as follows

i u(m )
RIII (, m ) = Re +
(m ) (m )

1
n
1 1 (m )
+ u(k ) + ,
2ni (k ) (m ) (k ) (m ) | (m )|
k=1
m = 1, . . . , (n 1).
(10.86)
Values u(m ) are computable using an interpolation formula [56], which can be
written when taking into account condition (10.81) in the form

1
n
1 1
u(m ) = (1)k+m 1 k2 u(k ) . (10.87)
2n m k m + k
k=1
Calculations of stresses along the notch contour were made for vertex angles
within the interval 0 < 2 and two different notch shapes: rounded
V-notch (10.74) or hyperbolic notch (10.75). Notch tip rounding radius (at = 0) is
designed as . Figure 10.1 presents comparison of dimensionless stress distributions
RIII (, ) = RIII ( ) ( = arg t, t L) along contours of both notches for various ver-
tex angles 2. It can be seen that numerical results for rounded V-notch (Fig. 10.1a)
essentially differ from the results for hyperbolic notch (Fig. 10.1b).
In the notch tip t = ( = 0) the dimensionless stress reaches its maximal value
RIII = RIII ()=RIII (, 0). So, we have
max = z (, 0) = K III
V
RIII (2)III . (10.88)
The stress rounding factor designed as RIII can be calculated from formula (10.86).
Values of functions u( ) in the point = 0 are computable from the relation-
ship (10.87), which can be simplified in this case up to the form

stress distribution RIII ()
along contours of rounded
V-notch (a) or hyperbolic
notch (b) for various notch
vertex angles 2
(b)

1 (2k 1)
n
u(0) = (1)k+n u(k ) tan . (10.89)
n 4n
k=1
Calculations of factor values RIII () were performed for notch vertex angles 2
changing in the interval 0 2 < with increment /360. The accuracy of obtained
results was estimated by doubling the number of GaussChebyshev nodes (10.80),
which caused doubling of the system order (10.82). Computing was stopped when the
relative difference between recurrent factor values RIII at given vertex angle became
less than 0.1 %. For hyperbolic notch, obtained values of stress rounding factor RIII
were in good concordance with above presented (see Table 10.1 and formula (10.66))
numerical data by Benthem [5] (relative difference was below 0.1 %).
Figure 10.2 compares plots of functions RIII () for rounded V-notch (curve 1) and
hyperbolic notch (curve 2). At angle value 2 = both curves gain the obvious
value RIII = 1. When angle 2 = 0, that is, when hyperbolic notch changes into
parabolic one, the calculated value is very close to the exact solution RIII = 2 [57].
For U-shaped notch ( = 0) we have: RIII = 1.901. Relative difference in maximal
stresses for hyperbolic and rounded V-notches is highest (25.6 %) at vertex angle
2 = 0 and approaches zero with increase in this angle up to 2 = .
It is interesting to note that in the case of wedge containing the circular notch
with center in wedge vertex, factor RIII is independent of vertex angle 2 and equal
to RIII = 2 [58].
Fig. 10.2 Stress rounding

factor RIII for rounded
V-notch (1) or hyperbolic
notch (2) with respect to
notch vertex angle 2
Based on these numerical data, we had built the fitting formula for rounded V-
notch
1 + 17.845 + 20.266 2 19.123 3 + 9.502 4 1.916 5

RIII = ,
1 + 14.248
= /2 ,
(10.90)
with relative error below 0.1 % in whole vertex angle interval [0, /2].
The relationship (10.88) is of asymptotic nature for finite bodies: it is the more
accurate the less is relative radius of the notch tip. Having found stress intensity
factor K III
V
in sharp V-shaped notch tip, one can easily examine stress concentration
in vicinity of notch tip with small radius of curvature using relationship (10.88).
On the other hand, these relationships can be alternatively used to find stress inten-
sity factors in the sharp notch tip in solid bodies with various geometries based on
solutions for respective rounded notches and limit transitions
1
K III
V
= lim (2)III max . (10.91)
RIII 0
In next sections, applications of this approach will be illustrated by examples of

acute-angled holes in elastic plane.
10.3 Longitudinal Shear of Elastic Wedge with Cracks

or Notches
Problem of an elastic body containing a system of arbitrarily positioned straight

cracks and strained by the longitudinal shear had been examined using the singular
integral equation method [49]. Later this method was expanded onto curvilinear cuts
or cracks, which was put into base of unified approach to studying basic boundary
10.3 Longitudinal Shear of Elastic Wedge with Cracks or Notches 369
value problems of longitudinal shear in multiply connected bodies that contain cuts
and/or holes of any configuration [56]. Solution scheme for such problems can be
considerably simplified, if there was derived some kind of general solution that would
identically satisfied the boundary conditions at one or few contours. These solutions
(namely, integral representations of complex stress potentials) had been constructed
for half-plane, circle, plane with circular hole, and strip [56].
This work presents similar results for the semi-infinite wedge [58]. As outlined
below, we have built the integral representations of complex stress potentials based
on discontinuities of displacements and stresses across curvilinear contours, which
provides identical satisfaction of boundary conditions (zero stresses or zero displace-
ments) at wedge faces. These representations were used to write singular integral
equations for problems under study concerning the wedge weakened by a system
of cracks and/or holes with various configurations. In some cases (crack along the
wedge bisecting line, crack along circular arc with center in the wedge vertex), we
succeeded to find exact closed solutions that enable analyzing interaction between
V-shaped notch and crack or hole.
10.3.1 Integral Representation of Complex Stress Potential
Let us construct an integral representation of complex stress potential in antiplane

elasticity theory problem via the jumps of stresses and displacements on the curvi-
linear contours in the infinite elastic isotropic wedge with wedge faces free of either
stresses or displacements. To do so, we shall consider an elastic isotropic region
under longitudinal shear, which is positioned in Cartesian coordinate system Oxyz
and weakened by a periodic system of 2q cuts along axis Oz. Let the plane Oxy
bears also the polar coordinate system r, with pole in the point O and polar axis
along axis Ox. The first sector of periods (| | /q, r 0, q = 1, 2, . . . ) contains
two curvilinear cuts Lk (k = 1, 2). Each subsequent system of cuts and loads can
be constructed from previous one using rotation with respect to axis Oz by angle
/q. Then the complex stress potential in antiplane elasticity theory problem will be
of the form [58]
2
q zq1 Hk (t) dt
F(z) = , z = x + iy, (10.92)
i t q zq
k=1 L
k
where
dt 1
Hk (t) = k (t) + ik (t) , k (t) = G (w+ w ),
ds + 2
1 w w
k (t) = G , (10.93)
2 n n
G is shear modulus, w = w(x, y) is displacement; s is arc abscissa in point t Lk , n

is normal to left edge of the cut Lk , upper indexes + or indicate boundary
values of function when point z approaches the point t at the contour from the left
(+) or from the right () with respect to selected positive direction.
We assume that contours L1 = (a, b) and L2 = (a, b) are positioned in sectors
0 < < /q, r > 0 and /q < < 0, r > 0, respectively, and are symmetrical
with respect to axis Ox, positive tracing direction is from a to b and from a to b.
Then Eq. (10.92) takes the form

q zq1 H1 (t) dt H2 (t) dt
F(z) = + q . (10.94)
i t q zq t zq
L1
Invoking formula

z = Im F(z) ei , z = r ei , (10.95)
we can find stresses z at rays = 0 and = /q

q x q1 H1 (t) dt H2 (t) dt
z = Re + q ,
=0 t q xq t xq
L1

qr q1
H1 (t) dt H2 (t) dt
z = Re + q . (10.96)
=/q tq + rq t + rq
L1
Let us suppose that stress state in the body is such that the following equality is
valid
H2 (t) = H 1 (t). (10.97)
Then stresses (10.96) are zero. It can be proved that the Eq. (10.97) is the condition
of stress state symmetry with respect to axis Ox, and hence rays = 0 and =
/q are axes of symmetry, at which tangential stresses are absent. Therefore, the
function (10.94) under condition (10.97) can be considered as integral representation
of complex potential F(z) for a wedge 0 /q, r 0 with faces free of stresses.
Designating the wedge vertex angle as 2 = /q, we can rewrite this potential in the
form
m zm1 H1 (t) dt H 1 (t) dt
F(z) = m . (10.98)
i t z
m m t zm
L1
where m = /(2), 0 2. Obviously, the representation (10.98) is valid for

any arbitrary angle 0 < .
Let us change to new coordinate system Ox1 y1 , which is associated with the old
one Oxy by relationship
z = z1 ei , z1 = x1 + iy1 . (10.99)
Then the complex stress potential in the new coordinate system will acquire the form

m z1m1 H1 (t1 ) dt1 H 1 (t 1 ) dt 1
F1 (z1 ) = F(z e ) e =
i i
+ m , t1 = t ei .
i t1m z1m t 1 + z1m
L1
(10.100)
Discarding indexes, we finally get

m zm1 H(t) dt H(t) dt
F(z) = + m . (10.101)
i t m zm t + zm
L
This function is the integral representation of complex stress potential expressed by

the jumps of derivative of displacements ( (t)) and stresses ((t)) on the contour L
in the wedge | | , r 0 with wedge faces free of stresses. Here L is any open
or closed contour or a set of contours; and function H(t) is determined in the same
manner as the function Hk (t) (10.93).
By analogy, the stress potential

m zm1 H(t) dt H(t) dt
F(z) = m (10.102)
i t m zm t + zm
L
can be derived for the same wedge but different in that its faces are free of displace-
ments (or possess permanent displacements). Indeed, using the relationship
w
G = Re F(z) ei , (10.103)
r
we find

w m r m1 H(t) dt H(t) dt
G = Re m = 0. (10.104)
r = t ir
m m t ir m
L
Thus, we have general integral representation of complex stress potential F(z) for
first (10.101) and second (10.102) basic problems of longitudinal shear in semi-
infinite wedge with cuts. These representations assist to easy building singular inte-
gral equations of basic antiplane elasticity theory problems for wedge weakened by
a system of curvilinear cracks and/or holes [58] or elastic inclusions [76] as well as
respective problems of heat conduction [75, 76].
10.3.2 Wedge with Holes and/or Cracks
Let an infinite wedge contains M holes bounded with contours Ln (n = 1, . . . , M)

and N M curvilinear cuts Ln (n = M + 1, . . . , N) (Fig. 10.3). Applied loads are
given at closed contours and edges of cuts as follows
w
nz = G = (t), t Ln , n = 1, . . . , M;
n
w
nz =G = (t) (t), t Ln , n = M + 1, . . . , N.
n
(10.105)
Let us seek the complex stress potential as the sum
1 Zk
m
F (z) = + F(z), (10.106)
2
k=1
z zk0
where Zk is the principal vector of external loads applied to contour Lk (k =

1, . . . , M), and zk0 is an arbitrary point inside these contours; function F(z) is deter-
mined by formulas (10.101), if wedge faces are free of loading, or (10.102), if wedge
faces are free of displacements, contour L in given case corresponding to the set of
contours Ln (n = 1, . . . , N) and (t) = 0, t Ln (n = 1, . . . , M).
Obeying the boundary condition (10.105), we get a system of N singular integral
equations [58]

dt
Im F(t ) + an = (t ), t Ln , n = 1, . . . , N (10.107)
ds
to find N unknown functions (t), t Ln (n = 1, . . . , N). Here F(t ) is direct value

of potential (10.101) or (10.102); s is arc abscissa in the point t ;
Fig. 10.3 System of holes

and cuts in elastic wedge

an = (t) dt, n = 1, . . . , M,
Ln
an = 0, n = M + 1, . . . , N; (10.108)

1
M
1 dt
(t) = (t) Zk Im . (10.109)
2
k=1
t zk0 ds
Left sides of Eq. (10.107) contain operators (10.108), which together with condi-
tions
(t) dt = 0, n = M + 1, . . . , N (10.110)
Ln
ensure solvability of the system (10.107). The additional conditions (10.110) arise
from uniqueness of displacements during tracing each of cuts Ln (n = M +1, . . . , N).
By perfect analogy [56], we can write integral equations for the second basic prob-
lem, when displacements are given at contours Ln (n = 1, . . . , N), or mixed problem,
when displacements are given at some contours and stresses are given at others. The
system of singular integral equations (10.107) can be generally solved by numerical
methods. Exact or approximate analytical solutions can be found in isolated cases.
Some of such cases are outlined below in more detail.
10.3.3 Crack Along Wedge Bisector [58]
Let a cut L is positioned at the segment (a, b) of real axis (Fig. 10.4). Wedge faces
are free of applied loads whereas edges of cut are loaded by arbitrary stresses. Then
relationships (10.101), (10.107) yield the equation
b
2 m x m1 t m (t) dt
= (x), a < x < b. (10.111)
t 2m x 2m
a
Fig. 10.4 Crack along

bisector of elastic wedge
In this case, just as in the case of straight crack in plane [56], integral equation
contains no stress discontinuity (x). The Eq. (10.111) must be supplemented by the
condition
b
(t) dt = 0. (10.112)
a
t 2m = , x 2m = , a2m = c, b2m = d,

(t) t 1m
= ( ), (x) x 1m
= (), (10.113)
the Eq. (10.111) together with condition (10.112) can be reduced to the form
d
1 ( ) d
= (), c < < d, (10.114)

c
d
d
( ) = 0. (10.115)

c
The solution of Eq. (10.114), with integrable singularities at the ends of integration
interval, has the form [43]
d

1 (d )( c)
( ) d
() = + C , (10.116)
(d )( c)
c
where C is arbitrary constant determinable from condition (10.115). It should be

noted that solution to problem of crack system at the wedge bisecting line could be
written in quadratures too.
Let us consider wedge with vertex angle 2 > , faces and crack edges free
of loads, and stress field at infinity determined by the potential
iK III
0
F0 (z) = , (10.117)
(2 z)1m
where K III
0
is stress intensity factor in the solid wedge tip under longitudinal shear. The
relationship (10.117) complies with formula (10.52) in the assumption that in given
case III = 1 m. Let us apply the superposition method to solve this problem. Then
the stress potential will have form
b
iK III
0
m zm1 1 1
F(z) = + + m (t) dt. (10.118)
(2 z)1m i t z
m m t + zm
a
Such presentation results in the Eq. (10.111), where
(x) = i m F0 (x) = Ax m1 , A = K III

0
(2 )m1 . (10.119)
Now we can find the closed solution to the problem using relationships (10.115),
(10.116) [18]

A E(k) dc
() = d , k= , (10.120)
(d )( c) K(k) d
where K(k), E(k) are complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind, respec-
tively.
Expression for stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch is derivable
using (10.118)
1m
d
(2 ) ( ) d
K III = K III +
V 0
, (10.121)

c
where second term describe effects connected with presence of crack in the wedge.
Substituting the solution (10.120) here, we get

d E(k)
K III
V
= K III
0
. (10.122)
c K(k)
+
Let us compute stress intensity factors in right (KIII ) and left (KIII ) crack tips.
Making use of formula [56]

dt
KIII = lim 2 |t l | (t) , l = a, l+ = b, (10.123)
tl ds
we come to

+ K III
0
d E(k)
KIII = 1 ,
(2 )1/2m 2 m b(d c) K(k)

K III
0
E(k)
KIII = d c . (10.124)
(2 )1/2m 2 m a (d c) K(k)
At m = 1/2, relationships (10.122), (10.124) converge to known results [57, 91]

for the limit case when the wedge degenerates into plane with semi-infinite crack.
The elliptic integral ratio as well as limit transitions can be treated using the fitting
formula [49]
E(k) k
1k+ , 0 k < 1, (10.125)
K(k) 1 ln 1 k
which properly reflects behavior of the ratio E(k)/K(k) at k 1, while at small

values of parameter k is valid with the accuracy up to values O(k 4 ). Above expres-
sion (10.125) fits the data with maximal relative error below 1 %.
When a 0, stress intensity factors in wedge vertex (K III V
) and left crack tip
+
(KIII ) go to infinity, while in right crack tip (KIII ) to the finite value [58]

0 (2 b)
m
KIII = K III = K III
0
(2 b)m1/2 , (10.126)
4 m b
which corresponds to the boundary crack with length b growing from the wedge
vertex. This solution is in accordance with the known result [20] that had been
obtained using the conformal mapping method. Later the solution (10.126) had been
derived using the integral equation method as well [16].
Many authors had studied also longitudinal shear cracks of arbitrary orientation
growing from vertex of homogeneous [6, 19, 20, 69, 80] or composite [2] wedge.
10.3.4 Crack Along Circular Arc [58]
Let us consider a cut L = (a, a) (a = R exp(i)) along circular arc with radius R and
center in wedge vertex (Fig. 10.5). Assume the wedge faces free of loads, while edges
of cut are loaded by self-balanced ((t) = 0) antisymmetric with respect to axis Ox
( (t) = (t)) forces. Then the condition of antisymmetry for sought function will
be as follows:
(t) = (t), t L. (10.127)
Fig. 10.5 Crack along

circular arc in elastic wedge
If the contour L is symmetrical with respect to axis Ox, the relationship is valid

f (t) dt = f (t) dt, (10.128)
L L
since integration directions are opposite in left and right sides of (10.128).
Taking into consideration (10.127) and (10.128), we can present the complex
stress potential (10.101) in the form

m zm1 (t) dt (t) dt 2 m zm1 t m (t) dt
F(z) = + m = . (10.129)
i t z
m m t + zm i t 2m z2m
L L
Now from the relationship (10.107) we get the singular integral equation of the
problem m
t (t) dt iR
= (t ), t L. (10.130)
t 2m t 2m 2 m t m
L

i
t = ( ) = R exp arctan , t = (), l = tan(m ),

m
( ) = (t) ( ), ( ) = (( )), (10.131)
l
1 + 2 ( ) d R ()
= , || < l, (10.132)
m 1 + 2
l
which have to be solved in combination with the condition

l
( ) d = 0. (10.133)
l
General solution of the Eq. (10.132), in accordance with (10.116), has the form
l
2 2 ( ) d
R l
1 + 2 () = + C , (10.134)
m l 2 2 1 + 2 ( )
l
where constant C is determinable from the condition (10.133).

Let us consider wedge with vertex angle 2 > , faces and crack edges free of
loads, and stress field at infinity determined by the potential (10.117). Applying here
the superposition method for potentials (10.117) and (10.129), we gain the possibility
to calculate stresses as

( ) = A Rm1 , (10.135)
1 + 2
where constant A is determinable from (10.119).

Substitution of function (10.135) into solution (10.134) yields

A Rm 1 + l2
() = + C . (10.136)
m (l 2 2 )(1 + 2 ) 1 + 2
The new constant C can be found from the condition (10.133)

E(k)
C = , k = sin(m ).
(10.137)

K(k)
Stress intensity factor in crack tips follows from the formula (10.123), which can
be rewritten taking into account change of variables (10.131) in the form
%
(l 2 2 )

KIII = lim () . (10.138)
l l| ()|
Combining Eqs. (10.137) and (10.138), we finally get

K 0 (2 R)m1/2 1
E(k)

KIII = III . (10.139)
ml 1 + l2
K(k)
It is worth to mention that shortening distance between crack tip and wedge face
( ) results in stress intensity factors (10.139) approaching zero.
10.3.5 Circular Notch Near Wedge Tip
Let a wedge with vertex angle 2 > has the circular notch with radius R cut around
wedge vertex (Fig. 10.6). Notch faces are free of applied loads and the stress field at
infinity is determined by complex potential (10.117). Let us find stress concentration
at notch contour.
This problem can be solved using the limit transition from above results for crack
along circular arc with center in the wedge vertex. Write the complex stress potential
for this case m
0
iKIII 2 m zm1 t (t) dt
F(z) = + . (10.140)
(2 z) 1m i t 2m z2m
L
Fig. 10.6 Wedge with

circular notch around vertex
Boundary value of the function F(z) when approaching the contour L from the
left is computable using SokhotskiPlemelj formulas [43]

0
iKIII 2 t m1 t m (t) dt
F (t ) = (t ) + =
(2 t )1m i t 2m t 2m
L
0
2i KIII (2 R) m1
R
= . (10.141)
1+ 2 t
In deriving above, we had taken into consideration the equality (10.130) and the
boundary value of solution (10.136) at
( ) A i Rm
(t) = = . (10.142)
( ) t 1 + 2
Stresses at notch contour are readily computable using formulas (10.95) and
(10.141)
0
t 2 A Rm1 2 KIII
z = Im F (t) = = cos(m ). (10.143)
R 1 + 2 (2 R)1m
Putting here m = 1/2, we come to known result for relief hole near tip of semi-
infinite crack [41, 88]. Relationship (10.143) complies also with solution [7, 104]
that had been derived using another method.
The relationship (10.143) describes stress distribution at contour of the circular
hole cut around the V-shaped notch tip in terms of stress intensity factor in this tip
in absence of hole. This solution can be used as asymptotic approximation for finite
bodies, if radius of circular hole is small compared with V-shaped notch size.
10.4 Longitudinal Shear of Elastoplastic Wedge
10.4.1 Plastic Zone Near V-Notch
Let us consider infinite wedge with vertex angle 2 < , which occupies in cylin-
drical coordinate system (r, , z) region 0 r < , + < < ,
< z < . Here r, are polar coordinates with pole in wedge vertex and polar
axis along wedge bisecting line.
Mechanical loading of real solids with sharp stress concentrators induces plastic
deformations near tips of concentrators. We shall accept that the wedge material
is perfectly elasticplastic and satisfies to TrescaSaint Venant plasticity condi-
tion. Solution to this elasticplastic problem had been derived in analytical form
for a wedge with faces free of loads and stress field asymptotics specified at infinity
K III
V
K III
V
rz = sin(1 III ), z = cos(1 III ), (10.144)
(2 r)III (2 r)III
that corresponds stress intensity factor K III

V
in elastic wedge vertex (10.53) [54].
Then the equation of plasticity zone contour in polar coordinates will have the
form

r( ) = 2 l0 cos , + < < , (10.145)
2 2 2
where 1/III
1 K III
V
2 l0 = ,
Y
is plasticity zone length along axis Ox, Y is shear yield limit of material. Shape
of plastic zone (Fig. 10.7) depends on wedge vertex angle, namely, the larger angle,
the narrower plastic zone. In particular, in the case of crack ( = 0), plastic
Fig. 10.7 Plastic zone

in wedge
10.4 Longitudinal Shear of Elastoplastic Wedge 381
deformation zone looks as a circle with radius l0 and center at the distance of l0
from crack tip [87].
Notch opening displacement III in vertex point can be estimated using
formula [54]
1/III
2 K III
V
1/III
2 ( 2) K III
V
III = 2y = 1/ 1
. (10.146)
2 G Y 2 G Y III
The notch tip opening III commonly means a discontinuity in elastic displace-
ments during tracing the plastic zone.
Many authors had studied also longitudinal shear stress distribution around V-
shaped notch in homogeneous [3, 8, 36, 44, 47, 53, 93, 94, 98, 99] or piecewise
homogeneous [1] nonlinearly elastic bodies. A solution to elasticplastic problem
for longitudinal shear in half-space with a boundary V-shaped notch had been found
as well [4]. The continual plastic zone near V-shaped notch tip had been simulated
in terms of radial plasticity band systems emerging from the notch tip [2831, 33
35, 90]. Known are also solutions to antiplane elasticplastic problems for parabolic
notches [101] or curvilinear (close to rounded V-shaped) notches [102, 103].
10.4.2 ElasticPlastic Interaction Between V-Notch

and Circular Hole Under Antiplane Strain [70]
Let us consider infinite wedge with vertex angle 2. The wedge is weakened by
a circular hole with radius R2 and center at the bisecting line in the point x = d
(Fig. 10.8).
Notch faces and edge of the hole are free of applied loads and the stress field
asymptotics (10.144) is given at infinity. Plastic deformations that arise near wedge
tip localize in a certain zone , which is bounded by unforeknowable contour L1 .
We shall accept that the wedge material is perfectly elasticplastic and stresses in the
plastic zone satisfy to TrescaSaint Venant plasticity condition
Fig. 10.8 Plasticity zone

near tip of wedge weakened
by a circular hole
p
2 p
2
xz + yz = Y2 , z = x + iy , (10.147)
where Y shear yield limit of the wedge material.

To find shape of contour L1 , we have the condition of stress component continuity
in transition from elastic zone to plastic one
nz
e
(t) = nz
p
(t); sze (t) = szp (t), t L1 . (10.148)
Here nze
(t) and sze (t) are elastic stresses at contour L1 when approaching it from elas-
p p
tic region S; nz (t), sz (t) are known plastic stresses at this contour when approaching
it from the plastic zone [21, 89]

dt dt
nz
p
(t) = y Re cos + Im sin ,
ds ds

dt dt
sz (t) = y Im
p
cos Re sin , (10.149)
ds ds
where is polar angle.

Since stresses at plastic zone contour are known, we can replace this zone by the
corresponding notch with stresses (10.149) given at its edge, and thereby reduce the
problem to a boundary value problem for elastic region.
Let us first state an antiplane problem of elasticity theory for the infinite wedge
with circular hole and relief notch near vertex, which are loaded at their contours by
applied stresses
nz (t) = nz
p
(t), t L1 , nz (t) = 0, t L2 , (10.150)
while the stress field asymptotics (10.144) is given at infinity. Let us apply a super-
position technique to solve this problem. Let us seek the complex stress potential as
the sum
iK III
0
F(z) = +
(2 z)III

1 III 1 1
+ + 1 (t) dt, (10.151)
i zIII t 1III z1III t III + z1III
L
where L is sum of contours L1 and L2 , (t) is sought function.

Such problem is readily reducible to the system of singular integral equations
[58, 68, 69]

1 1

K(, t)
( ) d + K(, t) 2 ( ) d = p1 (t), t L1 ,

1

L L2

1

1 1 1

K(, t) 1 ( ) d + K(, t) 2 ( ) d = p2 (t), t L2 ,
R2
L1 L2
(10.152)
where

1 dt 1 1
K(, t) = (1 III ) Re
+ ,
t III ds 1III t 1III 1III + t 1III

K III
0
1 dt
p1 (t) = nz (t)
p
Re , t L1 ,
(2 )III t III ds

K III
0
1 dt
p2 (t) =
Re , t L2 . (10.153)
(2 ) III t III ds
Parametric equations for contours L1 and L2 can be written in the form
L1 : t = R2 1 ( ), 1 1,
L2 : t = R2 2 ( ) = R2 exp(i ), 0 2. (10.154)
Here function 1 ( ) is still unknown and subject to determining. The unknown

function
RIII
1 ( ) = 1 (R2 1 ( )) 1 ( ) 2V
K III
is sought in class of functions bounded at ends of integration interval

1 ( ) = 1 2 u1 ( ). (10.155)
Taking into consideration symmetry of the region with respect to axis Ox and
applying the quadrature method for numerical solution of the integral equation sys-
tem (10.152), we come to the system of linear algebraic equations

1 N1

R11 (k, m) u1 (k+N1 )+

2N1 + 1

k=1

1
N2

+ R21 (k, m) u2 (k ) = p1 (m+N1 +1 ), m = 1, . . . , N1 ,

N2
k=1
(10.156)

1 N1

R12 (k, m) u1 (k+N1 )+

2N1 + 1 k=1

1
N2

+ R22 (k, m) u2 (k ) = p2 (m ), m = 1, . . . , N2 .
N2
k=1
Here the following designations were introduced

R11 (k, m) = 1 k+N

2
K11 k+N1 , m+N1 +1 +
1

+ 1 N21 k+1 K11 N1 k+1 , m+N1 +1 ,

R21 (k, m) = K21 k , m+N1 +1 + K21 2N2 k+1 , m+N1 +1 ,

R12 (k, m) = 1 k+N

2
K12 k+N1 , m +
1

+ 1 N21 k+1 K12 N1 k+1 , m ,

R22 (k, m) = K22 (k , m ) + K22 2N2 k+1 , m 2 2 (m ) ,

j () 1
Kij (, ) = (1 ) Re
+
j () i ( ) j1 ()
1

1 ,
+ (10.157)
i ( ) + j ()
1 1
R Y Im (1 ()) Im (1 ()) + Re (1 ()) Re (1 ())

p1 () = +
V
KIII |1 ()|

1 ()
Re 1 ,
(2 ) ()
1

1 2 ( )
p2 ( ) = Re ,
(2 ) ( )
2
R
i ( ) = i (R i ( )) i ( ) V
, i = 1, 2.
KIII
In order for determining function 1 ( ), that reflects the shape of plastic zone
contour L1 , it is necessary to solve the inverse problem of elasticity theory. Let us
specify parametric equation of the boundary between elastic and plastic regions L1
in the form

M

1 ( ) = An cos (2n 1) exp i , 1 1, (10.158)
n=1
2 2
where An are unknown coefficients. To determine them, we have the condition
sze (t) = szp (t), t L1 , (10.159)
which still stays unsatisfied. The first of conditions (10.148) had been satisfied due
to solution of the direct problem.
The inverse problem is nonlinear. Let us find its solution using the method of suc-
cessive approximations. It is convenient to initialize the sought function by accepting
the function (10.145), which describes the plastic zone shape in absence of hole and
can be represented also in form (10.158), as the initial approximation. Solving the
system of linear algebraic equations (10.156) for this function, we can calculate elas-
tic stresses sze (k ) (k = 1, . . . , N1 ) at the initial contour L10 . In order for satisfying the
condition (10.159), let us write a general functional characterizing the mean-square
p
deviation of elastic stresses sze (k ) at the contour L10 from plastic ones sz (k )
N (2
1 sze (k ) sz (k )
p
F(A1 , A2 , . . . , AM ) = p . (10.160)
N1
k=1
sz (k )
The functional (10.160) is subject to minimization using one of conventional

methods for multiparametric functionals [52]. As a result, we get the first approx-
imation for coefficients An , i.e., first approximation of plastic zone contour. This
iterative process can be repeated again and again until reaching desired accuracy
in determining the function 1 ( ).
Numerical calculations of plastic zone shape (Fig. 10.9) and opening displacement
in the V-notch tip (Table 10.2)

1
III = (t) dt, (10.161)
G
L1
had been performed for the following parameter values: = /4, K III
V
/(Y 0III ) = 2,
where 0 = 2l0 is plastic zone length along axis Ox in the solid wedge (see (10.145)).
If relative distance from wedge vertex to hole is large (d/R2 = 100), obtained
numerical results are in good concordance with the analytical solution (10.145)
and (10.146). However, plastic zone size and wedge vertex opening increase as
Fig. 10.9 Plasticity zone

near tip of wedge weakened
by a circular hole ( = /4)
Table 10.2 Dimensionless opening displacement III = III G/(Y 0 ) in the tip of wedge weakened
by a circular hole ( = /4)
d/R2 100 10 5 3
III 1.004 1.021 1.250 1.754
hole becomes closer to wedge vertex. Stress concentration at hole contour increases
too, but at above-considered ratios d/R2 stresses at contour stay below shear yield
limit. However, when hole becomes still closer to wedge vertex, plastic deformations
nevertheless appear near the hole.
Above-presented elasticplastic problem solving technique for wedge weakened
by a circular hole can be applied for various regions with V-shaped notches; in
particular, it was implemented to study similar problem of elasticplastic interaction
between V-shaped notch and elliptical hole [70].
10.4.3 Deformation Fracture Criterion [74]
Stress, deformation, and/or energy fracture criteria are used to estimate limit equilib-
rium for bodies with V-shaped notches under longitudinal shear similarly to bodies
with cracks. The stress criterion is most widely used [10, 20, 77]. This criterion
is realized when stress intensity factor in a vertex point with the power singularity
reaches a critical magnitude
V
KIII = KIIIc
V
, (10.162)
triggering the fracture process. However, this critical magnitude depends on notch
V
vertex angle 2 KIIIc = KIIIc
V
(), i.e., this parameter is not a material constant. This
conclusion follows also from the dimension theory since dimension of stress intensity
factor in the notch tip depends on angle . Such behavior suggests an idea that the
deformation criterion would be more effective in such cases because this criterion is
based on notch tip opening and its dimension is independent of .
Let us assume that the limit equilibrium of an elasticplastic body becomes broken
when the opening displacement III V
in the tip of V-shaped notch reaches its critical
value
III
V
= IIIc , (10.163)
where IIIc is the material constant independent of notch vertex angle. Since the
Eq. (10.163) must be valid for crack as well as the notch, we can accept that IIIc is
the critical crack tip opening.
The critical opening IIIc at small plastic deformations can be expressed in terms
of critical stress intensity factor as KIIIc = KIIIc
V
(0) [48]
2
2KIIIc
IIIc = . (10.164)
Y G
Substituting the opening displacement III (10.146) into criterion (10.163) and
taking into account the relation between critical opening displacement and critical
stress intensity factor (10.164), we obtain the following dependence of critical SIF
V
in the body with V-shaped notch KIIIc () on critical SIF in the body with crack KIIIc
III
KIIIc
2
V
KIIIc () = (Y ) 12III
. (10.165)

Consequently, if material constants KIIIc and Y are known, one can find crit-
ical stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch as a function of angle
using (10.165). It should be highlighted that relationship (10.165) is applicable only
at small plastic deformations when the plasticity zone is small as compared with
typical dimensions of the notched body. Authors [74] had experimentally verified
the relationship (10.165) using cylindric specimens loaded by torsion.
It must be also noted that the case of longitudinal shear follows to the Neuber
Novozhilov criterion (4.2) for bodies with V-shaped notches under plane deformation
as well [27].
10.5 Stress Concentration Near Holes in Elastic Plane

Under Antiplane Deformation
The unified approach proposed to solve plane problems of elasticity theory for bod-
ies with sharp or rounded V-shaped notches under mode I or II deformation [24,
59, 60, 62, 63] were extended in this section to cover respective antiplane problems
(mode III deformation). Based on previously derived [64] interrelations between
stress concentration factor in the tip of V-shaped rounded notch and stress intensity
factor in the tip of respective sharp notch, we have constructed solutions to problems
concerning stress concentration near sharp-cornered holes with various geometries.
Solutions to elasticity theorys boundary value problems for plane weakened by
holes with rounded vertices, i.e., elastic regions with smooth boundary, were derived
using the singular integral equation method [56], which enables in given case quite
accurate establishing of stress distribution around hole vertices rounded by arcs
with small relative radii. The singular integral equation method can be also directly
applied to regions bounded with non-smooth contours; however, such approach needs
in additional cumbersome conversions [39, 66, 67, 72, 73]. The closed analyti-
cal solution to problem for plane weakened by a single smooth or acute-angled
hole as a rule can be found using the conformal mapping method in both isotropic
[26, 46] and anisotropic cases [46, 92].
10.5.1 Elliptical Hole
In particular, the closed analytical solution can be obtained for elliptical hole in elastic
plane [45, 86], when the parametric equation of the contour L has the form

t = l( ) = l (cos i sin ), 0 2, (10.166)
Fig. 10.10 Longitudinal

shear of a body with
elliptical hole
Here 2l is major axis of the ellipse, = /l is relative curvature radius in vertex A

of the hole (Fig. 10.10).
Shear stress sz at the hole edge can be expressed as [45]
cos
sz ( ) = (1 + ) . (10.167)
sin + cos2
2
Its highest magnitude is attained in the vertex of hole

%
l 1
max = sz (0) = 1 + = 1+ . (10.168)

It can be concluded from above, in particular, that the relation between maximal
stress in the vertex of semi-infinite parabolic notch max and stress intensity factor
for corresponding crack [5], in the limit case when the ellipse major axis approaches
infinity, takes the form
RIII
max = KIII , RIII = 2, (10.169)
2
where is radius of notch tip curvature.
10.5.2 Narrow Slot [65]
Let us consider the problem of stress concentration near a slot, or otherwise a narrow
hole, with the contour formed by two parallel straight line segments that are smoothly
connected by semicircles with radius . Let the slot length (its projection of the hole
onto axis Ox) is designated as 2l and relative curvature radius in hole vertex as
= /l (Fig. 10.11).
Keeping in mind the symmetry of hole contour with respect to axes Ox and Oy,
we can write its parametric equation in the form
10.5 Stress Concentration Near Holes in Elastic Plane 389

shear of a body with narrow
slot

0 ( ), 0 < /2,

0 ( ), /2 < ,
t = l( ) = l (10.170)
0 ( ),
< 3/2,

0 (2 ), 3/2 < 2,
where function 0 ( ) describes the contour segment L laying in the fourth quarter
of coordinate system

1 + [cos(c ) i sin(c )], 0 < /(2c),
0 ( ) = (10.171)
c(/2 ) i, /(2c) < /2.
The length of contour L is equal to 2 c, where c = 1 + 2(1/ 1)/ .

We shall assume that the shear stresses yz = are given at infinity, and that the
edge of hole is free of applied loads

nz (t) = 0 t L. (10.172)
We are seeking the complex stress potential in the form
F (z) = F0 (z) + F(z), (10.173)
where potential F0 (z) = i describes the uniform stressstrain state in solid plane
without holes, and the function F(z) determines the stress state disturbed by holes.
The boundary condition for disturbed stresses is

dt dt
nz (t) = Im F(t) = (t) = Im F0 (t) , t L, (10.174)
ds ds
where s is arc abscissa in a point t L. These stresses vanish at infinity.

The complex potential F(z) is sought in the form [56]

1 (t)
F(z) = dt, (10.175)
i tz
L
where (t) is a sought function, which is continuous at the contour L. The positive
direction of tracing the contour L is selected such that the elastic region stays on the
left during tracing.
After substituting the potential (10.173) into the boundary condition (10.172), we
are coming to the singular integral equation

1
K(t, t ) (t) dt + a0 = (t ), t L, (10.176)

L
where kernel K(t, t ) is determined by the relationship

1 dt
K(t, t ) = Re . (10.177)
t t ds
The left side of integral equation (10.176) contains added zero (due to uniqueness
of displacements) operator
1
a0 = (t) dt, (10.178)
l
L
which ensure its solvability at arbitrary form of right side.

Taking into account parametric equation of the contour L (10.170), we can rewrite
the Eq. (10.176) in the canonical form
2
1
M(, ) ( ) d = (), 0 < 2, (10.179)

0
M(, ) = l K(l( ), l()) + 1,

( ) = (l( )) ( ),
() = (l()), t = l(), 0 2. (10.180)
Here ( ) is a sought 2 -periodic continuous function.

Obtained integral equation (10.179) is solved by applying the quadrature formulas
with equidistant quadrature nodes and thereby reducing it to the system of linear
algebraic equations [56]. To improve the numerical solution accuracy at small relative
rounding radii of vertices of the hole, various nonlinear transformations that provide
crowding of quadrature nodes near these vertices are commonly used. For given case
of hole with N equidistant vertices, we had chosen the following nonlinear sigmoidal
transformation [61, 85]
A
= G ( ) = sin( N), 0 2, (10.181)
N
where A is arbitrary constant from the interval [0, 1). Making change
= G ( ), 0 < 2, = G ( ), 0 < 2, (10.182)
we get a possibility to reduce the integral equation (10.179) to the form
2
1
M(, ) ( ) G ( ) d =

0
2
1
= M(, ) ( ) d = (), 0 < 2, (10.183)

0
where () = (G ( )), which transforms the integral equation (10.183) to the

system of linear algebraic equations as its discrete analogue
1
4n
M(k , m ) (k ) = (m ), m = 1, . . . , 4n, (10.184)
2n
k=1
where
2(k 1)
k = G (k ), k = , k = 1, . . . , 4n,
4n
(2m 1)
m = G (m ), m = , m = 1, . . . , 4n. (10.185)
4n
If the hole is symmetrical with respect to axes Ox and Oy, we can accomplish the
problem with symmetry conditions [56]
(t) = (t), (t) = (t), t L, (10.186)
which enable to decrease the systems (10.184) order by a factor of four
1 n

M(0, m ) M(, m ) (0) + k , m ) M(
M( k , m )+
2n
k=2

M(
+ k , m ) + M(2 k , m ) (k ) = (m ),
m = 1, . . . , n. (10.187)
Function (t) being known, we can apply (10.175) to find the potential F(z),
which determines the stress and strain state in the whole elastic region. Instead,
in the case of unloaded hole, we can determine shear stresses at the hole edge sz
immediately through function ( ) [71]
Fig.
10.12 Product
max / with respect to
parameter in the tip
of narrow slot

( ) ( )
sz ( ) = Im F0 (l( )) 2 . (10.188)
| ( )| | ( )|
Calculations were performed for values of parameter from = 106 (narrow

slot) to = 1 (circular
hole). Based on obtained numerical results, the dependence
of product max on parameter had been constructed (Fig. 10.12) that enabled
transition to the narrow slot ( 0) and, starting
from (10.91), derivation of well-
known stress intensity factor value KIII = l (see e.g., [56]).
The formula to fit maximal stresses in the tip of narrow slot had been built up
in the form
1.3442
max = + , (10.189)
+ 0.5249
with maximal relative error below 0.4 % (at = 0.3). Numerical values of coeffi-
(10.189) were found from conditions: max = 2 at = 1
cients in fitting formula
and max KIII RIII / 2, when 0.
Comparison of maximal stress values in tips of the elliptical hole (10.168) and
narrow slot (10.189) shows that maximal relative difference between them (nearly
35 %) is reached at 0. When the parameter increases, this difference steadily
approaches zero (at = 1).
10.5.3 Oval Hole [65]
Let the contour L is composed of two symmetrical circular arcs with radius R. Ends
of these arcs are smoothly interconnected by two more circular arcs with radius .
When = 0, the arcs with radius R intersept at the angle 2 ( = = ). Projection
of the hole onto axis Ox is designated as 2l (Fig. 10.13). Ratios of these radii to the
half of the length of opening projection onto axis Ox are characterized by parameters
= /l and = R/l. At 0, the oval hole converges to the two-tip lens-like
hole.

shear of a body with oval
hole
Parametric equation of the contour L has form (10.170), where

c c

(1 ) + cos i sin , 0 < B ,

c( B )
0 ( ) = cos + B + (10.190)

c( B )

+i cos sin + B , B < /2.

Here

B B B cos
B = , c = 2 + 1 2 , B = arctan . (10.191)
c 1
We have computed maximal stresses in vertices of the oval hole (Fig. 10.14).
Stable numerical results were obtained at parameters values [106 , 1] and
[0, 89.5 ].
Based on obtained numerical results and using the limit transition (10.91), when
relative rounding radius in the tip of oval hole 0, we had found stress intensity
factors in tips of two-tip lens-like hole (Fig. 10.15).
Fig. 10.14 Stress

concentration factor max /
in vertex of oval hole with
respect to for various
vertex angles 2

notch stress intensity factor
V = K V /[ l III ] in a
FIII III
tip of lens-like hole with
10.5.4 Rhombic Hole [65]
Let us consider an elastic plane weakened by the rhombic hole with vertices rounded
by circular arcs with radii (at axis Ox) or (at axis Oy). Projection of the hole
onto axis Ox is designated as 2l (Fig. 10.16). Parametric equation of the contour L
has form (10.170), where

c c

(1 ) + cos i sin , 0 < B ,

(1 ) + sin c ( B ) cos +

0 ( ) = i [ cos + c ( B ) sin ] , B < C ,

c ( C )

sin +

(

c ( C )

i (1 ) tan + cos , C < /2.

(10.192)

shear of a body with rhombic
hole
Fig. 10.17 Stress

concentration factor max /
in a tip of rhombic hole
versus parameter for
various vertex angles 2
Here the following notations are introduced:
B = (/2 )/c,
C = B + ((1 )/c) sec ,
c = + (2(1 )/ ) sec , = /l. (10.193)
We have computed maximal stresses in corners of the rhombic hole with tips
rounded by circular arcs with identical radii ( = ) (Fig. 10.17). Stable numerical
results were obtained at parameters values 106 and [0 , 87 ].
Figure 10.18 shows stress intensity factor values in sharp vertex of rhombic hole
in the limit case when 0, computed using the relationship (10.91).
Resulting stress intensity factor values are in good concordance (relative error
below 0.1 %) with known analytical solution [26]
III
III 3
V
FIII = 2 B , cos , = , (10.194)
2
which was derived using the conformal mapping method. Here B(x, y) is beta func-
tion.

V = K V /[ l III ] in tip
FIII III
of rhombic hole
versus vertex angle 2
10.5.5 Rectangular Hole [65]
Let an elastic plane is weakened by the rectangular hole with corners rounded by
circular arcs of radii . Hole projections onto axes Ox and Oy are equal to 2l and
2b, respectively (Fig. 10.19). Let us introduce parameters = /l (0 < 1) and
= l/b ( < ) designating respectively the relative corner rounding radius
and relative hole elongation.
Parametric equation of the contour L has form (10.170), where

ic,

0 A ,
1
0 ( ) = ( ) + cos i [(1 ) + sin ] , A C ,

( ) c( ) i,
C C /2.
(10.195)
Here the following notations are introduced:
= c( A )/, c = + 2[(1 ) + ( )]/,

A = (1 )/c, B = A + /(4c), C = A + /(2c). (10.196)
We have computed stress distribution around rounded corner of rectangular hole

(b/l = 0.5) at its contour. When the parameter decreases, the point of maximal
stresses approaches the vertex of hole (Fig. 10.20). To improve accuracy of integral
equations solution, the nonlinear transformation (10.181) was modified by means
of making nodes non-equidistant near corners of the hole [63]

A B
= G ( ) = sin , (10.197)
B
where A [0, 1) is arbitrary real constant, B = B parameter value correspond-

ing to the corner B of rectangular hole (Fig. 10.19). The function G ( ) (10.197) is
continuous in the interval 0 /2 and has a nonzero continuous derivative

shear of a body with
rectangular hole
Fig. 10.20 Stress

distribution sz ()/ around
rounded corner
of rectangular hole
(b/l = 0.5) for various
values of parameter

V = K V /[ l 1/3 ] in the
FIII III
corner of rectangular hole
elongation (side ratio) b/l
within this interval. It disambiguously maps a segment [0, /2] onto segment
[0, /2], while thickening quadrature nodes in vicinity of point B .
Notch stress intensity factor in sharp corner of rectangular hole was calculated
using (10.91) for values 0.02 b/l 1 (Fig. 10.21).
The fitting formula had been found based on obtained numerical results for the
dimensionless stress intensity factors
0.6255 + b/l
V
FIII = (b/l)1/6 , 0.02 b/l 1, (10.198)
0.659 + 0.739 b/l
with relative error below 0.5 %.

In the case of elongated hole when the ratio b/l 0, stress intensity factor in the
corner of rectangular hole can be represented in the form

V
KIII = FIII
V
l III = FIIIV
l 1/3 = FIIIV 1/6
l l = F III
V
KIII b1/6 ,
(10.199)
where F III
V
= FIII V
(b/l)1/6 , KIII = l. Figure 10.22 demonstrates dependence
of function F III
V
on the ratio l/b.
The function F III V
approaches limit value F IIIV
0.95, when the ratio l/b .
V
As a result, we get stress intensity factor KIII in the tip of semi-infinite rectangular
notch [65]
V
KIII = 0.95 bIII 1/2 KIII , (10.200)

F III
V = F V (b/l)1/6 in the
III
corner of rectangular hole
elongation (side ratio) l/b
where KIII is stress intensity factor in the tip of respective semi-infinite crack.
Later this solution was derived in the analytical form using the conformal mapping
method [32]
V 1/2III
KIII b /KIII = 6 2/9, (10.201)
which virtually coincides with the result (10.200) obtained using the numerical
approach.
It should be noted that the problem of longitudinal shear stress concentration near
rectangular hole with rounded corners was studied also using the conformal mapping
method [46].
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Chapter 11
Stress Concentration Near Notch
in Anisotropic Body
Abstract This chapter covers results of studying stress concentration near notches
in an anisotropic body. The method of singular integral equations in application
to plane anisotropic elasticity problems is presented. Based on known closed form
solutions to problem of anisotropic plane with elliptical hole under tension, stress
distribution in the plane with stress-free parabolic notch is determined for the case
when the stress field is asymptotically given at infinity through the stress intensity
factor in the tip of respective semi-infinite crack. A solution to plane eigenproblem for
an orthotropic wedge with the bisecting line parallel to orthotropy axis was ensured.
Using method of singular integral equations, the similar solution was constructed for
a rounded V-shaped notch in the orthotropic plane. The interrelation between stress
concentration factor and stress intensity factor in orthotropic plane with rounded or
sharp V-shaped notches had been established.
11.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory

for Anisotropic Body
11.1.1 Plane Problem of Elasticity Theory of Anisotropic

Medium [26, 27]
An elastic medium is referred as anisotropic if its elastic properties in any arbitrary

point are different in various directions. The plane problem of anisotropic medium
elasticity theory, just as in the case of isotropic material, describes both generalized
plane stress state and the plane strain state. Strain tensor components ij (i, j = x, y)
are connected with stress tensor components ij (i, j = x, y) by generalized Hookes
law for plane stress state
xx = x = a11 x + a12 y + a16 xy ,

yy = y = a12 x + a22 y + a26 xy ,
2xy = a16 x + a26 y + a66 xy , (11.1)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_11
404 11 Stress Concentration Near Notch in Anisotropic Body
where amn (m, n = 1, 2, 6) are elastic constants of anisotropic material,

1 ui uj
ij = + (i, j = x, y), (11.2)
2 xj xi
ux , uy are components of displacement vector.

If the plane is orthotropic, and principal axes of orthotropy (i.e., axes of elastic
symmetry in the orthotropic plane) coincide with axes x and y, then coefficients aij
can be expressed in terms of engineering constants of the material as follows:
1 1 1 xy
a16 = 0, a26 = 0, a11 = , a22 = , a66 = , a12 = , (11.3)
Ex Ey G Ex
where Ex = E1 , Ey = E2 (Ex = E2 , Ey = E1 ) are elastic moduli for tension

(compression) along axes x and y, respectively, xy = 12 (xy = 21 = 12 E2 /E1 )
is Poissons ratio describing plane compression in the direction of axis y (x) under
tension along axis x (y); G = G12 = Gxy = G21 = Gyx is shear modulus that
characterizes changes in angle between principal axes.
In the case of plane strain state, the elastic constants aij in Hooke law (11.1) should
be substituted by the quantities aij

a11 = a11 a13
2
/a33 , a12 = a12 a13 a23 /a33 ,

a16 = a16 a13 a36 /a33 , a22 = a22 a23
2
/a33 ,

a26 = a26 a23 a36 /a33 , a66 = a66 a36 /a33 .
2
(11.4)
Introducing stress function F(x, y) through the relationships
2F 2F 2F
x = xx = , y = yy = xy = , (11.5)
y2 x 2 xy
in absence of body forces in an elastic anisotropic body, we get the elliptic differential
equation of the fourth order to determine this function
4F 4F 4F 4F 4F
a22 2a26 + (2a12 + a66 ) 2a16 + a11 = 0.
x 4 x 3 y x 2 y2 xy3 y4
(11.6)
The characteristic equation that corresponds to this differential equation has the
form
a11 4 2a16 3 + (2a12 + a66 )2 2a26 + a22 = 0, (11.7)
and comprises two pairs of complex conjugate roots k = k + ik (k > 0) and

k = k ik (k = 1, 2), since coefficients in (11.7) are real.
11.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory for Anisotropic Body 405
For orthotropic materials, the characteristic equation (11.7) becomes biquadratic

Ex Ex
+
4
2xy 2 + =0 (11.8)
G Ey
and has purely imaginary roots

1/2 1/2
i Ex Ex Ex Ex .
1,2 = i1,2 = 2xy + 2 2xy 2
2 G Ey G Ey
(11.9)
Here upper sign corresponds to the root 1 , and lower sign to the root 2 . Figure 11.1
presents values of roots 1 and 2 for popular composite unidirectional materials
(woods, carbon/epoxy, and glass/epoxy).
If roots 1 and 2 are diverse, general solution of (11.6) can be expressed in terms
of two analytical functions 1 (z1 ) and 2 (z2 ) of complex variables zk = x + k y
(k = 1, 2) (in auxiliary complex planes) using the following relationship:
F(x, y) = 2 Re [1 (z1 ) + 2 (z2 )] . (11.10)
Making use of relationship (11.5), we come to representation of stresses

x = 2 Re 21 1 (z1 ) + 22 2 (z2 ) ,
y = 2 Re {1 (z1 ) + 2 (z2 )} ,
xy = 2 Re {1 1 (z1 ) + 2 2 (z2 )} , (11.11)
and displacements
Fig. 11.1 Parameters 1 and

2 for popular unidirectional
composite materials (wood,
carbon/epoxy, glass/epoxy).
Lines p = E2 /E1 and
q = G/E1 are presented for
Poissons ratio = 1/3

ux (z) = 2 Re p1 1 (z1 ) + p2 2 (z2 ) ,

uy (z) = 2 Re q1 1 (z1 ) + q2 2 (z2 ) , (11.12)
where
1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ),

2 (z2 ) = 2 (z2 ) = 2 (z2 ).
Here constants pk , qk (k = 1, 2) are complex characteristics of the anisotropic mate-

rial
pk = a11 2k + a12 a16 k ,

qk = a12 k + a22 /k a26 . (11.13)
Then the plane problem of elasticity theory for an anisotropic body becomes
reducible to determining two analytical functions 1 (z1 ) and 2 (z2 ) in regions S1 and
S2 of auxiliary complex planes z1 = x + 1 y and z2 = x + 2 y, which correspond
within the plane z = x + iy to region S occupied by the elastic body, while using
boundary values of these functions at boundary contours L1 , L2 , and L of these
regions. When applied stresses are given at the body boundary (contour L), which
corresponds to the first basic problem, the boundary condition [19] is

Re (1 + 21 )1 (t1 ) + (1 + 22 )2 (t2 ) +
dt
+ Re (1 21 )1 (t1 ) + (1 22 )2 (t2 ) + (11.14)
dt
+2 iRe [1 1 (t1 ) + 2 2 (t2 )]} = N(t) + iT (t), t = x + iy L,
where N and T are normal and tangential components of loading stress vector.
When, on the contrary, contour L is characterized by given displacements ux (t)
and uy (t) (second basic problem), the boundary condition can be written using rela-
tionships (11.12) in the form
dt1 dt 1
(p1 + iq1 ) 1 (t1 ) + (p1 + iq1 ) 1 (t1 ) +
dt dt
dt2
+(p2 + iq2 ) 2 (t2 ) +
dt
dt 2 dux (t) duy (t)
+(p2 + iq2 ) 2 (t2 ) = +i , t L. (11.15)
dt dt dt
When stresses x , y , xy

are given at infinity, the stress state in anisotropic
plane is determined by elastic potentials
x + y 2 2 + xy

(2 + 2 )
10 (z1 ) = ,
21 + 21 + 22 2 (1 + 1 )(2 + 2 )
y 2 (21 + 21 1 2 1 2 )
20 (z2 ) = +
(2 2 )[21 + 21 + 22 2 (1 + 1 )(2 + 2 )]
x (1 + 1 22 ) + xy

(21 + 21 222 )
+ . (11.16)
(2 2 )[21 + 21 + 22 2 (1 + 1 )(2 + 2 )]
In particular, when the orthotropic plane is uniformly loaded at infinity (1 = i1 ,

2 = i2 ), the complex potentials acquire the more simple form [37]
xx + yy 22
10 (z1 ) = ,
2(22 12 )
x 2 + y 12 2 ixy

(22 12 )
20 (z2 ) = . (11.17)
22 (22 12 )
The vector of normal and tangential stresses at a curvilinear contour L in

anisotropic medium is defined by the relationship
1 1
dt
N(t) + iT (t) = p0 (t) = x + y x y 2ixy ,
2 2 dt
t = x + iy L,
(11.18)
which is independent of materials elastic constants and stays the same as in the
isotropic plane.
11.1.2 Longitudinal Shear in Anisotropic Medium
The longitudinal shear or antiplane strain commonly means the stress state in a
cylindrical body, which is induced by loads applied along generatrix of the cylinder
and constant in this direction. If strain axis is directed along axis z of Cartesian
coordinate system (x, y, z), then the components of elastic displacement vector can
be presented in the form
ux = 0, uy = 0, uz = w = w(x, y). (11.19)
According to Hookes law, nonzero strain components yz , xz are connected with

stress tensor components yz , xz by relationships [26].
2yz = w/y = a44 yz + a45 xz ,

2xz = w/x = a45 yz + a55 xz , (11.20)
yz = 2 (A44 yz + A45 xz ), xz = 2 (A45 yz + A55 xz ),

{A44 , A45 , A55 } = {a55 , a45 , a44 }/a02 , (11.21)
where [50, 54]

a0 = a44 a55 a45
2
> 0. (11.22)
The system of equilibrium equations is reducible to a single equation, which in

the absence of body forces have the form

xz yz 2 2w 2w 2w
+ = 2 A55 2 + 2A45 + A44 2 =
x y a0 x xy y
2
w
2
w
2
w
= 2 a44 2 2a45 + a55 2 = 0. (11.23)
x xy y
In this case, single strain compatibility equation is satisfied identically.

The differential equation (11.23) corresponds to the characteristic equation
A44 2 + 2A45 + A55 = a55 2 2a45 + a44 = 0. (11.24)
has two complex conjugate roots
3 = 3 + i3 , 3 = 3 i3 , 3 = a45 /a55 , 3 = a0 /a55 . (11.25)
If the orthotropic body has three mutually orthogonal planes of elastic symmetry
in each point, and axes Ox, Oy are the principal axes of orthotropy, we obtain
a44 = 1/G23 , a45 = 0, a55 = 1/G13 ;

A44 = G23 , A45 = 0, A55 = G13 ; 3 = G13 /G23 , (11.26)
where G13 , G23 are shear moduli characterizing changes in angle between principal
axes. From here, the isotropic case follows in the assumption G13 = G23 = G.
General solution of (11.23) can be expressed in terms of analytical function 3 (z3 )
of complex argument z3 = x + 3 y (in auxiliary complex plane) using the following
relationship:
w(x, y) = a0 Im 3 (z3 ). (11.27)
Making use of relationships (11.21), we come to representation of stresses
yz = Re [3 (z3 )], xz = Re [3 3 (z3 )], (11.28)
and resulting equality
xz + 3 yz = ia0 3 (z3 )/a55 = i 3 3 (z3 ). (11.29)
This equality is analogue of (10.5) for isotropic case.

Let us introduce also the stress function (x, y) in the following manner [53, 56]

xz = , yz = . (11.30)
y x
Adopting such representations, the equilibrium equations (11.23) become iden-

tically satisfied. It follows from relationships (11.20) and (11.30) that the function
(x, y) complies with the equation
2 2
a44 2a45 + a55 = 0, (11.31)
x 2 yx y2
which coincides with the equations for function w(x, y). Hence, we can represent
function (x, y) in the form
(x, y) = Re 3 (z3 ). (11.32)
Starting from relationships (11.30) and (11.32), we come to formulas (11.28) as

well. The presentations (11.27) and (11.32) can be also written in the form [53]
(x, y) + i w(x, y)/a0 = 3 (z3 ). (11.33)
Stress nz at the bodys boundary L with outward normal n will be, as relation-
ships (1.12) and (11.30) predetermine, equal
nz = xz cos(n, x) + yz cos(n, y) =

dy dx dt3
= = = Re 3 (t3 ) , t3 L3 . (11.34)
y ds x ds s ds
Here contour L3 in the plane z3 corresponds to the contour L in the plane z; s is arc
abscissa in the point t = x + iy L.
Tangential stresses at contour L in planes orthogonal to the contour can be
expressed as

dy dx
sz = xz sin(n, x) + yz cos(n, x) = Re 3 (t3 ) 3 =
ds ds

3 (t3 ) dt dt
= Re (1 i3 ) (1 + i3 ) , t L, t3 L3 .
2i ds ds
(11.35)
In deriving above, the relationships (1.11) and (11.28) were used.
11.2 Stress Distribution in Anisotropic Plane

with Parabolic Notch
This section is devoted to the problems of stress distribution in infinite anisotropic

plane with the parabolic notch under one of three principal types of deformation, when
stress field asymptotics is given at infinity including stress intensity factor in the tip
of corresponding semi-infinite crack. The problem were solved using a limit transi-
tion from known analytical solutions for elliptical hole in the anisotropic plane under
one of three loading modes: symmetrical tension, transverse shear, or longitudinal
shear [45]. Obtained results generalize the known solutions concerning stress distri-
bution around tips of narrow rounded notches in isotropic plane [13] and illustrate
effects of material anisotropy on stress concentration near notches.
11.2.1 Symmetrical Loading
Let us consider an anisotropic plane in Cartesian coordinate system xOy that contains
an elliptical hole with major and minor axes laying on axes Ox and Oy, respectively.
Edge of the hole is free of applied loading whereas external stresses y = p are
applied at infinity (Fig. 11.2).

in anisotropic plane
11.2 Stress Distribution in Anisotropic Plane with Parabolic Notch 411
This problem has well-known analytical solution that can be presented in terms
of complex potentials in the form j (zj ) (j = 1, 2) [26, 27, 37]

p a 2 1 z1 ,
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) +
2(1 2 )(a + i1 b) z1 (a2 + 21 b2 )
2

p a 1 1 z 2 ,
2 (z2 ) = 20 (z2 )
2(1 2 )(a + i2 b) z2 (a + 2 b )
2 2 2 2
(11.36)
where a, b are major and minor semi-axes of ellipse, respectively; functions 10 (z1 )
and 20 (z2 ) describe uniform stress state, i.e., y = p, x = 0, xy

= 0, in stretched
infinite plate without hole (11.16).
In formulas (11.36) we can make a parallel translation of coordinate system xOy,
by placing its origin to ellipse focus x = d (d = a /2, = b2 /a), and then the
limit transition by letting the ellipse major semi-axis to go to infinity a , under
the following conditions:

lim p a = KI , lim b2 /a = = const, (11.37)
a a
where is the curvature radius of parabolic notch tip (Fig. 11.3) and KI is stress
intensity factor at the tip of corresponding semi-infinite crack ( = 0). As a result,
we get stress function for anisotropic plane with the semi-infinite parabolic notch [46]
KI 2 1
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 (1 2 ) 2z (1 + 2 )
1 1
KI 1 1
2 (z2 ) = . (11.38)
2 (1 2 ) 2z (1 + 2 )
2 2

in anisotropic plane
Potentials (11.38) yield solution to elasticity theory problem for anisotropic plane
with unloaded parabolic notch in the case when stress field asymptotics is given at
infinity
KI 2
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 2 z1 (1 2 )
KI 1
2 (z2 ) = , (11.39)
2 2 z2 (1 2 )
which describe the symmetrical singular stress distribution in anisotropic plane with
the semi-infinite crack ( = 0) [48].
Applying here relationships (11.11), we obtain stresses in anisotropic plane with
the parabolic notch as presented below

KI 1 2 2 1
x = Re ,
(1 2 ) 2z2 (1 + 2 )
2
2z1 (1 + 21 )

KI 1
y = Re ,
1 2

(1 2 ) 2z2 (1 + 2 )
2
2z1 (1 + 1 )
2

KI 1 1
xy = Re .
1 2

(1 2 ) 2z (1 + 2 ) 2z (1 + 2 )
2 2 1 1
(11.40)
From above, normal stress in the notch tip follow in the form

KI 1 + 2
y , 0 = Im . (11.41)
2 1 2
Let us now consider the case of orthotropic plane in more detail. The equation of
parabolic notch contour can be written in the parametric form

x= 1 tan2 ,
2 2

y = tan , < < . (11.42)
2
Putting in (11.40) 1 = i1 , 2 = i2 , we get stress components in orthotropic
plane with the parabolic notch. In particular, stresses at notch contour can be presented
in form

KI 1 2 1 cos 1 2 cos 2
x = ,
(1 2 ) 1 2

KI 1 2 cos 1 1 cos 2
y = , (11.43)
(1 2 ) 1 2

KI 1 2 sin 1 sin 2
xy = .
(1 2 ) 1 2
Here

1 2
j = j ( ) = atan2 2j tan , j tan
2
,
2 2 2

j = j ( ) = j2 + tan2 , j = 1, 2, 3, (11.44)
2
where atan2 (y, x) = Arg (x + iy) (, ].

Normal stresses s ( ) at notch contour are readily computable using formula
KI RI ( )
s ( ) = x ( ) + y ( ) = , (11.45)
2
where
2 12 1 cos 1 1 22 1 cos 2
RI ( ) = 2 . (11.46)
1 ( ) (1 2 ) 2 ( ) (1 2 )
The maximal stress at vertex of parabola (x = /2, = 0) is

1 + 2 KI

s ( ) = , (11.47)
=0 1 2
which follows from (11.41) as well.

The first-order derivative of function (11.45) with respect to angle at vertex is
zero (s (0) = 0), while the second-order derivative has the value

d2 s ( ) KI (1 + 2 ) 12 22 12 22
= . (11.48)
d 2 =0 2 13 23
Thus, stresses s ( ) reach maximum at the vertex of the parabolic notch oriented
along fibers (Ex = E1 ), only under condition
(1 2 )2 < 12 + 22 (E1 /E2 < E1 /G 2). (11.49)
Alternatively, in the case of notches oriented across fibers (Ex = E2 , 1 = 1/2 ,

2 = 1/1 ), the condition of stress maximum existence at vertex
12 + 22 > 1 (11.50)
is satisfied for virtually all orthotropic materials.

Normal stress distributions RI ( ) according to (11.46) along the parabolic notch
contour for isotropic (M0 ) and three orthotropic materials (M1 , M2 , M3 ) (see
Table 11.1) is presented in Fig. 11.4a for notch orientation along fibers and Fig. 11.4b
for notch orientation across fibers.
Formulas (11.40), (11.41), and (11.47) can be used to estimate maximal stresses
in tips of narrow notches in anisotropic or orthotropic plates under symmetrical stress
state, when stress intensity factors for corresponding cracks are known. Known are
also some different stress distributions around the parabolic notch. In particular,
distribution of stress y has the form [10]

KI 1 1 2
y Re +
2 r (1 2 ) cos + 2 sin cos + 1 sin

1 (1 + 22 ) 2 (1 + 21 )
+ , (11.51)
4r (cos + 2 sin )3/2 (cos + 1 sin )3/2
Table 11.1 Elastic properties of the exemplary orthotropic materials: M0 isotropic material,
M1 wood (oak, red [25]), M2 graphite/epoxy unidirectional composite (AS4/3502 [51]), M3
S-glass/epoxy unidirectional composite (SP-250/Ep [51])
Material E2 /E1 G/E1 Ex = E 1 Ex = E2
1 2 1 2
M0 1.0 0.375 0.33 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
M1 0.082 0.081 0.45 3.2033 1.0902 0.9173 0.3122
M2 0.074 0.041 0.31 4.8240 0.7642 1.3085 0.2073
M3 0.284 0.110 0.29 2.8355 0.6623 1.5099 0.3527
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.4 Dimensionless normal stress RI () distribution along the parabolic notch contour oriented
a along fibers (Ex = E1 ) or b across fibers (Ex = E2 ), for different materials
where r, are polar coordinates with pole in the focus of parabola. Then the normal
stress distribution around the notch tip (r = /2, = 0) becomes [10]
KI
y ,0 [3 Re (1 2 )] . (11.52)
2 2
It should be noted that the relationship (11.51) can be derived from more general
relationships (11.40) by expanding them into Maclaurin series in terms of parameter
and truncate all term of the series beyond two first ones. However, expressions (11.51)
and (11.52) involve significant errors when estimating stress concentrations near
narrow notches. One can easily check it using the elliptical hole as the example with
a known exact solution.
An orthotropic laminate with elastic moduli E1 = E2 = E and the same shear
modulus G and Poissons ratio in any direction and independent one of others is
referred as pseudo-isotropic [18] or quasi-isotropic [21]. Solutions of characteristic
equation (11.8) in such case will have the form
1,2 = i 1,2 ,

1 E E 1
1 = 2 + 2 + 2 2 , 2 = . (11.53)
2 G G 1
Figure 11.5a demonstrates the dimensionless normal stress distribution RI ( )

(11.46) along contour of parabolic notch in the pseudo-isotropic laminate. Under
symmetrical loading, normal stresses are highest in the notch tip, this maximum
growing with increase in parameter 1 . Its lowest magnitude is attained in the isotropic
plate (1 = 1).
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.5 Dimensionless normal stress distribution a RI () and b RII () along contour of parabolic
notch in pseudo-isotropic laminate for various values of parameter 1
11.2.2 Antisymmetrical Loading
Let us consider an anisotropic plane containing elliptical hole with stress-free contour

and subjected at infinity to shearing by stresses xy = q (Fig. 11.2). There is known
analytical solution to this problem [27]

q (a i2 b) (a 1 b) 1 z 1 ,
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) +
2 1 2 a2 + 21 b2 z1 (a + 21 b2 )
2 2
q 1
2 (z2 ) = 20 (z2 )
2 1 2

(a i1 b)(a i2 b) z2 , (11.54)
1
(a2 + 22 b2 ) z22 (a2 + 22 b2 )
where potentials 10 (z1 ) and 20 (z2 ) describe uniform stress state, i.e., y = 0,
x = 0, xy
= q, in stretched infinite plate without hole (11.16).
Similar to the case of symmetrical loading, let us make a translation of coordinate
system origin in (11.54) to the focus of ellipse (x = d) and then the limit transition
by letting the ellipse major semi-axis to go to infinity (a ) under the following
conditions:
lim q a = KII , lim b2 /a = = const, (11.55)
a a
where KII is stress intensity factor at the tip of respective semi-infinite crack ( = 0).
As a result, we get complex potentials
KII 1 1
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 1 2 2z (1 + 2 )
1 1
KII 1 1
1 (z2 ) = , (11.56)
2 1 2 2z (1 + 2 )
1 2
which yield solution to elasticity theory problem for anisotropic plane with unloaded
parabolic notch in the case when stress field asymptotics is given at infinity in the
form of potentials
KII
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 2 z1 (1 2 )
KII
2 (z2 ) = . (11.57)
2 2 z2 (1 2 )
Functions (11.57) describe the antisymmetrical singular stress distribution in

anisotropic plane with the semi-infinite crack [48]
Applying here relationships (11.11), we obtain stresses in anisotropic plane with
semi-infinite parabolic notch as presented below

KII 1 22 21
x = Re ,
1 2
2z2 (1 + 22 ) 2z1 (1 + 21 )

KII 1 1 1
y = Re ,
1 2
2z2 (1 + 22 ) 2z1 (1 + 21 )

KII 1
xy = Re 2

1 .
1 2
2z2 (1 + 22 ) 2z1 (1 + 21 )
(11.58)
In particular, stresses at parabolic notch contour in the orthotropic plane can be

presented in the form
2
KII 1 1 sin 1 22 sin 2
x =
1 2 1 2

KII 1 cos 1 cos 2
y = ,
1 2 1 2

KII 1 1 cos 1 2 cos 2
xy = , (11.59)
1 2 1 2
where parameters j , j are expressed by formulas (11.44).

Normal stresses s ( ) at notch contour are readily computable using formula

s ( ) = x ( ) + y ( ) = KII RII ( ) 2 , (11.60)
where 2
12 1 sin 1 2 1 sin 2
RII ( ) = 2 . (11.61)
1 ( ) (1 2 ) 2 ( ) (1 2 )
Dependence of dimensionless normal stress RII ( ) (11.61) on polar angle is

presented in Fig. 11.6 for various orthotropic materials (see Table 11.1). Under anti-
symmetrical loading, such stresses in the notch tip ( = 0) are equal to zero whereas
their maximal values are reached at some distance from the tip.
Again similar to the case of symmetrical loading, we come to distribution of the
dimensionless stress RII ( ) (Fig. 11.5b) along contour of parabolic notch in pseudo-
isotropic laminate (2 = 1/1 ), but now in the antisymmetrical case. It is seen that
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.6 Dimensionless normal stress RII () distribution along the parabolic notch contour ori-
ented along fibers (Ex = E1 ) (a) or across fibers (Ex = E2 ) (b), for different materials
these stresses are zero in the notch tip ( = 0) but attain maximal magnitude when
angle = /2 at any values of parameter 1 .
11.2.3 Antiplane Deformation
Let us consider an anisotropic body containing elliptical hole and loaded by lon-
gitudinal shear. Edge of the hole is free of applied loading whereas shear stresses
yz = are given at infinity. Solution to this antiplane elasticity theory problem is
determined by the complex potential [53]

3 (z3 ) = z32 (a2 + 23 b2 ). (11.62)
Using the relationships (11.28), we can find stress components

z3 3
xz = Re ,
z32 (a2 + 23 b2 )
z3
yz = Re . (11.63)
z32 (a2 + 23 b2 )
Let us make a parallel translation of coordinate system origin in (11.63) to the

focus of ellipse (x = d) and then the limit transition by letting the ellipse major
semi-axis to go to infinity (a ) under the following conditions:

lim a = KIII , lim b2 /a = = const, (11.64)
a a
where KIII is stress intensity factor at the tip of respective semi-infinite crack ( = 0).
As a result, we get singular stress components for anisotropic body with parabolic
notch
KIII 3
xz = Re ,
2z3 (1 + 23 )
KIII 1
yz = Re . (11.65)
2z3 (1 + 23 )

For orthotropic case (3 = i3 , 3 = G13 /G23 ), the relationships (11.65) take the
form
KIII 3
xz = Im ,
2z3 + (32 1)
KIII 1
yz = Re . (11.66)
2z3 + (32 1)
At the contour of parabolic notch (11.42), stress components (11.66) become as

follows:
KIII 3 sin 3
xz = ,
3
KIII cos 3
yz = , (11.67)
3
where parameters 3 , 3 can be expressed by formulas (11.44).

The relationships (11.35) determine stresses sz ( ) at notch contour
KIII
sz ( ) = RIII ( ), (11.68)
2
where
1
RIII ( ) = 3 sin sin 3 + cos cos 3 . (11.69)
3 2 2
In particular, at the vertex of the parabolic notch (3 (0) = 0, 3 (0) = 3 ), stresses

sz (11.69) are equal to

1 KIII
sz ( ) = . (11.70)
=0 3

Stresses atnotch vertex sz (0) (11.70) reach maximum when the parameter 3 < 2.
At 3 > 2, we have a local stress minimum at the vertex and maximum at some

shear stress distribution
RIII () along contour
of parabolic notch for
different materials
distance from the vertex, which follows from satisfaction of the condition sz (0) = 0
and relationship
d2 sz ( ) 32 2 KIII
= . (11.71)
d 2 =0 433
By putting in (11.67) and (11.68) parameter 3 = 1 (3 ( ) = /2, 3 ( ) =

1/ cos(/2)), we obtain the following expressions for Cartesian stress components:
KIII KIII
xz = sin , yz = cos2 , (11.72)
2 2
as well as stresses (11.70) sz ( ) at parabolic notch contour
KIII
sz ( ) = cos (11.73)
2
for the isotropic plane.

Figure 11.7 shows behavior of functionRIII ( ) (11.69) along the parabolic notch
contour. When the parameter 3 (3 < 2) diminishes, maximal stresses sz ( )
notch vertex ( = 0) sharply grow. On the contrary, when the parameter
at the
3 > 2, stresses reach the maximum at some distance from the vertex and have
a local minimum at the vertex itself, stress concentration in this case being much
lower than at small values of parameter 3 .
11.3 Singular Stress Distribution in Orthotropic Wedge
For studying deformation and fracture processes in anisotropic bodies with V-shaped
notches, it is necessary to know the stress state near notch tip. Singular stress distrib-
ution around such concentrators can be determined by solving the eigen problem of
11.3 Singular Stress Distribution in Orthotropic Wedge 421
theory of elasticity for a wedge. Characteristic equations for such problems had been
constructed for the orthotropic wedge with the bisecting line parallel to orthotropy
axis [5, 7, 16, 47, 57, 59]. Derived equations had various appearance. Studies had
been also orthotropic wedge with arbitrary orientation [6] as well as general case of
anisotropic wedge when characteristic equation could be written as a determinant
with complex elements [4, 11, 12, 58]. However, numerical solutions of such prob-
lems encounters severe mathematical complications. Moreover, solutions to prob-
lems concerning singular stress distribution in a wedge are useful in constructing
respective solutions for bodies with V-shaped rounded notches or other V-shaped
regions using the superposition method.
This section presents solutions to elasticity theory problems for orthotropic wedge
with the bisecting line parallel to orthotropy axis. Characteristic equations for eigen-
values are written in the explicit form. Numerical solutions of these equations are
compared with known results. Respective solutions for quasi-orthotropic wedge are
built up using the limit transition for the cases when the characteristic equation roots
are multiple.
11.3.1 Problem Statement and General Solution
Let us study the plane elasticity theory problem for eigenvalues of elastic orthotropic
wedge occupying the region S = {(r, ); r 0, }, where r, are polar
coordinates with pole in wedge tip and polar axis along wedge bisector. Cartesian
coordinate axes Ox and Oy are directed along symmetry axes of the orthotropic
elastic medium: z = x + iy = r exp(i ) (Fig. 11.8).
Then Hookes law for plane stress state (11.1) can be presented in the form
[5, 27]

1 2 + 22 232
x = x + 1 y ,
Ex 2
Fig. 11.8 Elastic orthotropic

wedge with vertex angle 2

1 12 + 22 232
y = 1 2 y +
2 2
x ,
Ex 2
2
xy = 3 xy , (11.74)
Ex
where 1 , 2 , 3 are dimensionless parameters

Ex Ex Ex
12 22 = , 12 + 22 = 2 xy , 32 = . (11.75)
Ey 2G 2G
Here Ex , Ey , G, xy are elastic constants of orthotropic material (11.3).

In the absence of body forces in an elastic orthotropic body, stress function F(x, y)
obeys the elliptic differential equation of the fourth order
4F 2 4F 4F
+ 1 + 22 + 12 22 4 = 0. (11.76)
y 4 x y
2 2 x
It corresponds to the characteristic equation

4 + 12 + 22 2 + 12 22 = 0, (11.77)
which comprises two pairs of complex conjugate roots k = ik (k > 0) and

k = ik (k = 1, 2), since coefficients in (11.77) are real.
When roots 1 and 2 are different, general solution of (11.76) can be expressed
in auxiliary complex planes zk = x + ik y (k = 1, 2) in terms of two analytical
functions 1 (z1 ) and 2 (z2 ) using the relation (11.10). Stress state in the wedge
can be formulated in terms of stress function in polar coordinate system F(r, ) as
follows [32]
1 F(r, ) 1 2 F(r, )
r = + 2 ,
r r r 2
2 F(r, )
= ,
r 2

1 F(r, ) 1 F(r, ) 1 2 F(r, )
r = = 2 . (11.78)
r r r r r
We shall assume that both normal ( ) and tangential (r ) stresses at wedge faces
are absent
+ ir = 0, = . (11.79)
The complex stress potentials are sought in the form
1 (z1 ) = A1 z12 , 2 (z2 ) = A2 z22 , (11.80)

where A1 , A2 are arbitrary complex constants. Parameter is assumed real [5, 57].
Complex variables z1 , z2 can be presented in the form

zk = r exp[ik ( )] cos2 + k2 sin2 , (11.81)
where function k ( ) obeys the equation
tan[k ( )] = k tan . (11.82)
Consequently, we have
zk2 = r 2 [Rk ( ) + iIk ( )] , (11.83)
where
1/2
Rk ( ) = cos2 + k2 sin2 cos(2 )k ( ),
2 1/2
Ik ( ) = cos + k2 sin2 sin(2 )k ( ). (11.84)
Now we get from relationships (11.10) and (11.80):

F(r, ) = 2 Re A1 z12 + A2 z22 =
= 2r 2 [AR1 ( ) + BR2 ( ) + CI1 ( ) + DI2 ( )] , (11.85)
where
A = Re A1 , B = Re A2 , C = Re (iA1 ) = Im A1 ,
D = Re (iA2 ) = Im A2 . (11.86)
Using (11.78), we can determine stresses
rr = 2r {(2 ) [AR1 ( ) + BR2 ( ) + CI1 ( ) + DI2 ( )] +

+AR1 ( ) + BR2 ( ) + CI1 ( ) + DI2 ( ) ,
= 2(2 )(1 ) r [AR1 ( ) + BR2 ( ) + CI1 ( ) + DI2 ( )] ,

r = 2(1 ) r AR1 ( ) + BR2 ( ) + CI1 ( ) + DI2 ( ) . (11.87)
Boundary conditions (11.79) yield us homogeneous systems of linear algebraic

equations for either symmetrical

AR1 () + BR2 () = 0,
(11.88)
AR1 () + BR2 () = 0,
or antisymmetrical

CI1 () + DI2 () = 0,
(11.89)
CI1 () + DI2 () = 0,
stress distributions with respect to wedge bisector (axis Ox).
11.3.2 Symmetrical Stress State
First, let us consider the symmetrical stress distribution with respect to wedge bisect-
ing line. Homogeneous equations system (11.88) has a nontrivial solution under the
condition that its determinant is equal to zero. This condition provides us the char-
acteristic equation for eigenvalues [43, 44]
(22 12 ) tan 2 (1 + 12 tan2 ) tan[(2 )2 ()] +

+1 (1 + 22 tan2 ) tan[(2 )1 ()] = 0, (11.90)
where k () = + arctan (k tan ) (/2 < < , k = 1, 2).

Equation (11.90) within the interval 0 < Re < 1 has no roots at angles 0 <
< /2, whereas at angles /2 < < it has a single real root I , which falls
into the interval (0, 1/2). At the angle = (semi-infinite crack) I = 1/2.
Making the limit transition by letting parameter 2 1 , we obtain the charac-
teristic equation for the quasi-orthotropic wedge (1 = 2 = ) [43]
2 tan cos [2(2 )1 ()] +

(1 2 tan2 ) sin [2(2 )1 ()] 2 (1 ) tan = 0.
(11.91)
Finally, putting here parameter = 1, we return to (2.11) for the isotropic wedge.
Numerical calculations were performed for the orthotropic wedge from red oak
wood with the following elastic characteristics [25]: E2 /E1 = 0.082, G/E1 = 0.081,
12 = 0.45, where E1 and E2 are elastic moduli along or across fibers of the wood,
respectively. Two wedge orientations were studied: along fibers (Ex = E1 , Ey = E2 ,
1 = 3.21, 2 = 1.09) or across them (Ex = E2 , Ey = E1 , 1 = 0.92, 2 =
0.31). Figure 11.9a demonstrates values of stress singularity exponent I at the tip
of orthotropic wedge with the bisecting line either parallel (curve 2) or perpendicular
(curve 3) to fibers of the material. For comparison, respective values for isotropic
wedge are presented as well (curve 1).
Similar curves were plotted for the quasi-orthotropic wedge in Fig. 11.10a at
various values of parameter , which depends on elastic moduli ratio for given
material ( 4 = Ex /Ey ). Figure 11.11a illustrates stress singularity exponents at the
tip of orthotropic (curve 1) versus quasi-orthotropic wedge (curve 2) at identical
elastic moduli ratios: Ey /Ex = 0.082. It is obvious that obtained plots of stress
singularity exponent at wedge tip as a function of vertex angle 2 for orthotropic or
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.9 Stress singularity exponents at the tip of orthotropic wedge I (a) and II (b) with respect
to vertex angle 2 for various material parameters: 1 1 = 2 = 1, 2 1 = 3.21, 2 = 1.09;
3 1 = 0.92, 2 = 0.31
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.10 Stress singularity exponents at the tip of quasi-orthotropic wedge I (a) and II (b) with
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.11 Comparison of stress singularity exponents I (a) and II (b) at the tips of orthotropic
(1 1 = 3.21, 2 = 1.09; Ey /Ex = 0.082) and quasi-orthotropic (2 = 1.869; Ey /Ex = 0.082)
wedges
quasi-orthotropic materials only slightly differ one from another, which indicates that
the elastic moduli ratio in orthotropic material is the primary mechanical parameter.
Let us define a stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch using expres-
sion (2.18). Then it follows from (11.87) that
2(2 I )(1 I ) (2 )I [A + B] = K IV . (11.92)
Supplementing this equation with the first of (11.88), we get a complete system to
find constants A and B
A B 1 (2 )I K IV
= = . (11.93)
R2 () R1 () R2 () R1 () 2(2 I )(1 I )
Complex potentials we can derive from (11.80)
1 (z1 ) = A(2 I )(1 I ) z1I ,

2 (z2 ) = B(2 I )(1 I ) z2I . (11.94)
Formulas (11.87) now give us the symmetrical stress distribution in orthotropic

wedge in the form
K IV R2 ()[(2 I )R1 ( ) + R1 ( )] R1 ()[(2 I )R2 ( ) + R2 ( )]

r = ,
(2 r)I (2 I )(1 I )[R2 () R1 ()]
K IV R2 ()R1 ( ) R1 ()R2 ( )
= ,
(2 r)I R2 () R1 ()
K IV R2 ()R1 ( ) R1 ()R2 ( )
r = . (11.95)
(2 r)I (2 I )[R2 () R1 ()]
Functions R1 ( ) and R2 ( ) here are expressible using formulas (11.84). The relation-
ships (11.95) determine singular stress components in an infinite orthotropic wedge
under symmetrical stress distribution. They also provide asymptotic singular stress
distribution near V-shaped notch tip in finite bodies with sharp V-shaped notches.
Applying now Von Mises plasticity criterion for plane stress state

r2 + 2 r + 3r2 = Y , (11.96)
where Y is plasticity limit of the material, we can delineate an approximate shape

of the plastic zone near notch tip, similar to that it was made in fracture mechan-
ics [31]. To do so, we only need to resolve (11.96) in respect to polar radius rp = r( )
of points laying on the plastic zone boundary. Figure 11.12a exemplifies results for
isotropic wedge (curve 1), orthotropic wedge oriented along fibers (curve 2), or
the same wedge oriented across fibers (curve 3). It is seen that orthotropic wedge
Fig. 11.12 Plastic zone near (a) (b)

tip of isotropic (1) or
orthotropic (2 1 = 3.21,
2 = 1.09; 3 1 = 0.92,
2 = 0.31) wedge with
vertex angle 2 = 60 under
symmetrical (a) or
antisymmetrical (b) stress
distribution in plane stress
state
possesses much larger plastic zone than isotropic wedge, and that zone in orthotropic
wedge is elongated in the direction of fibers.
11.3.3 Antisymmetrical Stress State
To formulate characteristic equation for antisymmetrical stress distribution with

respect to wedge bisector, it is enough to put determinant of the system (11.89)
equal to zero [43]
2
2 12 tan + 2 1 + 12 tan2 cot(2 )2 () +

1 1 + 22 tan2 cot(2 )1 () = 0. (11.97)
Note that characteristic equations for both symmetrical and antisymmetrical stress
distributions had been built up in past [5], but previously presented equations contains
errors (e.g., lack of multiplier tan2 in two expressions in parentheses). Numerical
values of stress singularity exponents I (see Fig. 11.10a) and II (see Fig. 11.10b)
at the tip of orthotropic wedge, which were calculated from characteristic equations
(11.90) and (11.97), are in good concordance with known results [7, 59].
Equation (11.97) within the interval 0 < Re < 1 has no roots at angles 0 < <
, whereas at angles < < it has a single real root II , which falls into the
interval (0, 1/2). At the angle = (semi-infinite crack) II = 1/2. Here angle
is root of equation that can be derived from (11.97) for 0

1 2 ( ) 1 + 22 tan2 2 1 ( ) 1 + 12 tan2 = 0. (11.98)
Let us perform the limit transition in Eq. (11.97) by putting the parameter 2 1 .
As a result, we come to the characteristic equation for quasi-orthotropic wedge under
antisymmetrical stress distribution [43]
21 tan cos [2(2 )1 ()] +

1 12 tan2 sin [2(2 )1 ()] + 21 (1 ) tan = 0. (11.99)
In the isotropic case (1 = 1), we again return to relation (2.12).

Using the similar limit transition, Eq. (11.98) can be transformed into respective
equation for quasi-orthotropic wedge

1 tan 1 ( ) 1 12 tan2 = 0. (11.100)
Finally, putting here parameter 1 = 1, we return to (2.13) for the isotropic wedge.
In this way, the dependence of parameter II on vertex angle 2 was computed for
various values of elastic moduli ratio (see Fig. 11.10b) and compared for orthotropic
and quasi-orthotropic wedges with identical elastic moduli ratio (see Fig. 11.11b).
Let us define a stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch K IIV using
expression (2.19). Then it follows from (11.87) that

2(2 II ) (2 )II 1 C + 2 D = K IIV . (11.101)
Supplementing this equation with the first of (11.88), we get a complete system to
find constants C and D
C D 1 (2 )II K IIV
= = . (11.102)
I2 () I1 () 1 I2 () 2 I1 () 2(2 II )
1 (z1 ) = iC (2 II )(1 II )z1II ,

2 (z2 ) = iD (2 II )(1 II )z2II . (11.103)
Formulas (11.87) now give us the antisymmetrical stress distribution in orthotropic

wedge in the form
% &
K IIV I2 () (2 II )I1 ( ) + I1 ( ) I1 () (2 II )I2 ( ) + I2 ( )
r =
(2r)II (2 II ) 1 I2 () 2 I1 ()

K IIV (1 II ) [I2 ()I1 ( ) I1 ()I2 ( )]
=
(2r)II 1 I2 () 2 I1 ()
% &
K II
V
(1 II ) I2 ()I1 ( ) I1 ()I2 ( )
r = . (11.104)
(2r)II (2 II ) 1 I2 () 2 I1 ()
Functions I1 ( ) and I2 ( ) here are expressible using formulas (11.84).

Based on (11.96) and (11.104), we have constructed (Fig. 11.12b) shapes of plastic
zones near V-shaped notch tips under antisymmetrical stress distribution for isotropic
(curve 1) and orthotropic wedges oriented either along fibers (curve 2) or across fibers
(curve 3). When the V-shaped notch in orthotropic material is oriented along fibers
of the material, the plastic zone appears significantly smaller than when the notch
oriented across fibers as well as zone in isotropic material.
The relationships (11.104) determine singular stress components in an infinite
orthotropic wedge under antisymmetrical stress distribution. They also provide
asymptotic singular stress distribution near wedge-shaped notch tip in finite bod-
ies with sharp V-shaped notches. Setting in (11.95) and (11.104) angle = , we
get formulas for singular stresses near crack tip in the orthotropic material [48].

to Problems for Anisotropic Body
Method of boundary integral equations [36] was used to analyze the stress state
of anisotropic plates with straight cracks [49]. For the case of straight collinear cracks
in an anisotropic plane, solution to the problem can be found in quadratures [24], just
as in the isotropic case. First who reduced the elasticity theory problem for anisotropic
plane containing the curvilinear cracks to an integral equation in auxiliary complex
plane was L.A. Fylshtynskyi [15]. Somewhat later integral equation of this problem
was constructed in some different form by Ioakimidis and Theocaris [19]. Further
development of these approaches we could find in the works [1, 14, 28]. Anisotropic
plates with curvilinear cracks had been studied also using the method of integral
equations defined at crack contours in the primary complex plane [8, 9, 29] or real
integral equations [34].
This section is devoted to establishing the relation between singular integral equa-
tions of first basic problem in elasticity theory for an anisotropic body containing
curvilinear cracks in auxiliary and primary complex planes. We have built up the inte-
gral equation of the problem for a degenerate anisotropic medium with curvilinear
cracks in the case when complex roots of characteristic equation are multiple.
11.4.1 Integral Representation of Complex Stress Potentials
Let us consider at first an auxiliary elasticity theory problem for an anisotropic

plane weakened by a smooth curvilinear cut L in plane z that originates in the point
l and ends in the point l+ (Fig. 11.13), such that stresses are continuous across
the cut while displacements are discontinuous and discontinuities in derivative of
displacement vector are given
[N(t) + iT (t)]+ [N(t) + iT (t)] = 0, t L, (11.105)

(d/dt) (ux + iuy )+ (ux + iuy ) = 4 i a11 g (t), t L, (11.106)
Fig. 11.13 Curvilinear

crack in anisotropic plane
the function g(t) at ends of the cut satisfying the condition g(l ) = g(l + ) = 0.
Here upper indexes + or indicate boundary values of corresponding variables
when z t L (z1 t1 L1 , z2 t2 L2 ) from the left (+) or from the right
() in relation to selected positive direction of tracing the contour L, respectively.
Stresses and rotation at infinity are considered null.
Writing the boundary conditions (11.105) and (11.106) in terms of complex stress
potentials 1 (z1 ) and 2 (z2 ) (11.11), we are coming to the problem of linear conju-
gation

Re (1 + 21 )[1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 )] + (1 + 22 )[2+ (t2 ) 2 (t2 )] +
dt
+ Re (1 21 )[1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 )] + (1 22 )[2+ (t2 ) 2 (t2 )] +
dt
+2i Re 1 [1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 )]+

+2 [2+ (t2 ) 2 (t2 )] = 0, t L,
dt1
(p1 + iq1 ) [1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 )] +
dt
dt 1
+(p1 + iq1 ) [1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 )] +
dt
dt2
+(p2 + iq2 ) [2+ (t2 ) 2 (t2 )] +
dt
dt 2
+(p2 + Iq2 ) [2+ (t2 ) 2 (t2 )] = i a11 g (t), t L. (11.107)
dt
Since functions 1 (z1 ) and 2 (z2 ) are piecewise analytic in whole plane excepting
for arcs L1 and L2 , respectively, they can be expressed in terms of Cauchy type
integrals [30]
11.4 Method of Singular Integral Equations in Application 431
' '
1 1 (1 ) 1 2 (2 )
1 (z1 ) = d1 , 2 (z2 ) = d2 , (11.108)
2 i 1 z1 2 i 2 z2
L1 L2
with boundary conditions at contours L1 and L2 being determined by Sokhotski

Plemelj formulas
k+ (tk ) k (tk ) = k (tk ),

'
+ 1 1 (k )
k (tk ) + k (tk ) = dk , tk Lk , k = 1, 2. (11.109)
i k tk
Lk
Now from relationships (11.107) we come to a system of two complex linear

algebraic equations to find unknown density of the Cauchy type integrals (11.108)
(or, more precisely, the product k (tk )dtk , k = 1, 2)
2

)* +

(p + iq )
(t ) dt + (p + iq )
(t ) dt = 4i a11 g (t) dt,
k k k k k k k k k k
k=1
2 * + (11.110)

)

(1 + ik )k (tk ) dtk + (1 + ik )k (tk ) dtk = 0.

k=1
In deriving this formula, we had taken into account the relationship
1
tk = (1 ik )t + (1 + ik )t ,
2
dtk 1 dt
= (1 ik ) + (1 + ik ) , k = 1, 2. (11.111)
dt 2 dt
Solution of the system (11.110) has the form
k (tk ) dtk = c1k g (t) dt + c2k g (t) dt, k = 1, 2, (11.112)
where coefficients cik were found by performing symbolic computations in Maxima,

a computer algebra system
2(1 i1 ) 2(1 + i1 )
c11 = , c21 = ,
1 1
2(1 i2 ) 2(1 + i2 )
c12 = , c22 = ,
2 2
1 = (1 1 )(2 1 )(2 1 ),
2 = (2 1 )(2 1 )(2 2 ). (11.113)
Now (11.112) give us potentials (11.108) in the form

'
1 c1k g ( ) d + c2k g ( ) d
k (zk ) = , k = 1, 2, (11.114)
2 i k zk
L
which conform with the published results [8, 9, 29].

The solution (11.114) of auxiliary boundary value problem (11.105), (11.106)
may be considered as integral representation of general solution to elasticity theory
problem for anisotropic plane in terms of jumps of displacement on the curvilinear
contour L, which is applicable to reduce the first boundary value problem of elasticity
theory for anisotropic region with cuts to integral equations, similar to that it was
made for isotropic material [38].
11.4.2 Integral Equation
Let us consider a boundary value problem for an infinite anisotropic plane weakened
by a cut (or crack) L, the cut edges being loaded by self-balancing stresses
N + (t) + iT + (t) = N (t) + iT (t) = p(t), t L, (11.115)
while stresses and rotation at infinity being absent. We assume that cut edges do
not touch one another. Integral equation of the problem can be constructed using
presentation (11.109) or (11.114) and satisfying the boundary condition (11.115).
Such construction may be accomplished using (11.14), but this way leads to integral
equation with complicated structure. Instead, using the relationship
(2 2 ) 2 (t2 ) dt2 = (1 2 ) 1 (t1 ) dt1 (1 2 ) 1 (t1 ) dt 1 , (11.116)
that results from the condition of stress continuity across the crack contour L, and
making certain transformations [19], we get much simpler singular integral equation
to determine the sought function 1 (1 )
' * +
1
K1 (1 , t1 )1 (1 ) d1 + L1 (1 , t1 )1 (1 ) d 1 = P1 (t1 ), t1 L1 ,

L1
(11.117)
where kernels K1 (1 , t1 ) and L1 (1 , t1 ) as well as right side P1 (t1 ) are defined by the
formulas

(1 2 ) 1 dt1 1 dt 2
K1 (1 , t1 ) = + ,
2 1 t1 dt 2 t 2 dt

(1 2 ) 1 dt 1 1 dt 2
L1 (1 , t1 ) = ,
2 1 t 1 dt 2 t 2 dt

1 dt
P1 (t1 ) = P(t) = (1 i2 )p(t) (1 + i2 )p(t) . (11.118)
2 dt
In slightly different form, the integral equation (11.117) had been derived ear-
lier [15, 19]. It has a single solution in class of functions, which have an integrable
singularity at the ends of integration contour L1 , provided that the additional condi-
tion is satisfied '
1 (1 ) d1 = 0, (11.119)
L1
which provides uniqueness of displacements during tracing the crack contour L.

With making use of (11.112), we come from the relationship (11.117) to a singular
integral equation in displacement vector discontinuity g (t) across crack contour L
' * +
1
K(, t)g ( ) d + L(, t)g ( ) d = P(t), t L, (11.120)

L
with kernels
K(, t) = c11 K1 (1 , t1 ) + c21 L1 (1 , t1 ),

L(, t) = c11 L1 (1 , t1 ) + c21 K1 (1 , t1 ). (11.121)
Then condition of uniqueness of displacements becomes

'
g ( ) d = 0. (11.122)
L
Thus, we have considered the problem for anisotropic plane with a crack in absence
of stresses at infinity. If instead nonzero stress components x , x , xy

are given
at infinity, such boundary value problem can be reduced to preceding one using the
superposition method. To do so, complex potential are sought in the form
'
1 1 (1 )
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) + d1 ,
2 i 1 z1
L1
'
1 2 (2 )
2 (z2 ) = 20 (z2 ) + d2 , (11.123)
2 i 2 z2
L2
where potentials 10 (z1 ) and 20 (z2 ) (11.16) describe the basic stress state. Then
function p(t) in right side P1 (t1 ) (11.118) of integral equation (11.117) must be
substituted by p(t) p0 (t), where the function p0 (t) is expressible in terms of stress
components at infinity (11.18).
Integral equations (11.117) and (11.120) are valid for systems of curvilinear cracks
in anisotropic plane as well. In such case L implies a set of crack contours, and
conditions (11.119) and (11.122) have to be satisfied for each crack individually.
In this way, we have established the relation between integral equations of first
basic problem in elasticity theory for an anisotropic region containing cracks in aux-
iliary (z1 ) and primary (z) complex planes. Note that previously derived [8, 9, 29]
integral equations in displacement vector discontinuity across crack contour (in the
complex plane z) have a notably complicated structure.
11.4.3 Limit Transition to Degenerate Material
When roots of characteristic equation 1 = 2 , such anisotropic material is referred

as degenerate material [17, 53]. Degenerate materials form a wide class covering
also isotropic materials (1 = 2 = i). Integral equations of first boundary value
problem for curvilinear crack in a plane from such material can be built up using
the limit transition. Let us transit in Eqs. (11.117) and (11.120) to the limit when
2 1 . Introducing a new sought function

1 (1 ) = lim (1 2 )1 (1 ) , 1 L1 (11.124)
2 1
subject to determining from (11.117), we get a singular integral equation

' * +
1
K 1 (1 , t1 ) 1 (1 ) d1 + L 1 (1 , t1 ) 1 (1 ) d 1 = P 1 (t1 ), t1 L1 ,

L1
(11.125)
where

1 1 dt1 1 dt 1
K 1 (1 , t1 ) = + ,
2 1 t1 dt 1 t1 dt

i (1 2 ) dt1 dt
L 1 (1 , t1 ) = [( t) ( t)] ( 1 t 1 ) 1 ,
4(1 t1 )2 dt dt

1 dt
P 1 (t1 ) = P(t)
= (1 i1 )p(t) (1 + i1 )p(t) . (11.126)
2 dt
Stresses in degenerate anisotropic medium are available from relationships

1 ' ( z) ( z)
y = Re 1 (1 ) d1 +
2 (1 z1 )2
L1
,&
2i 1 (1 ) d1 + 1 (1 ) d1
+ ,
1 1 1 z1

' (2i + )( z) + (2i )( z)
1 (1 ) d1 +
1 1 1
x = Re
2 (1 z1 )2
L1
,&
2i1 1 (1 ) d1 1 (1 ) d
+ ,
1 1 1 z1
-
1 ' 21 1 (1 ) d1
xy = Im +
2 1 1 1 z1
L1

(1 i21 )( z) + (1 + i21 )( z)
+ 1 (1 ) d1 ,
(1 1 )(1 z1 )2
(11.127)
which were derived using the limit transition from (11.11) at root 2 1 as well.
Equation (11.120) after the same limit transition acquires the form
' * +
1 t) g ( ) d = P(t),

K(, t) g ( ) d + L(, t L, (11.128)

L
where

(1 i1 ) 1 dt1 1 dt1
K(, t) = + ,
(1 1 )2 1 t1 dt 1 t1 dt

L(, t) = i(1 + i1 ) ( t) ( t) dt1 1 dt
1 +
2(1 1 ) (1 t1 )2 dt 1 t1 dt

1 + i1 1 dt1 1 dt1
+ .
(1 1 )2 1 t1 dt 1 t1 dt
(11.129)
To provide existence of a single solution, singular integral equations (11.125)

and (11.128) should be complemented with additional conditions (11.119) (substi-
tuting here the sought function 1 (1 ) for 1 (1 )) and (11.122).
Then stresses in degenerate material can be found from (11.127), taking into
account the relationship
2(1 i1 ) 2(1 + i1 )
1 (1 ) dt1 = g (t) dt + g (t)dt, (11.130)
(1 1 )2 (1 1 )2
which follows from relationships (11.112) and (11.124). At that, it is necessary to

pass in (11.127) to integration along the contour L.
Setting in (11.125), (11.126), (11.128), and (11.129) 1 = i, we get the integral
equation for isotropic plane with a curvilinear crack [38].
11.4.4 Stress Intensity Factors
Stress distribution near tip of crack along axis x is commonly estimated using
formulas [48]
1
ij = KI FIij ( ) + KII FIIij ( ) + O(r 0 ) (i, j = x, y), (11.131)
2 r
where KI , KII is stress intensity factor, r is distance from crack tip, and is angle
counted from the crack line,

1 2 2 1
FIxx ( ) = Re ,
1 2 2 ( ) 1 ( )

1 22 21
FIIxx ( ) = Re ,
1 2 2 ( ) 1 ( )

1 1 2
FIyy ( ) = Re ,
1 2 2 ( ) 1 ( )

1 1 1
FIIyy ( ) = Re ,
1 2 2 ( ) 1 ( )

1 2 1 1
FIxy ( ) = Re ,
1 2 1 ( ) 2 ( )

1 1 2
FIIxy ( ) = Re ,
1 2 1 ( ) 2 ( )

k ( ) = k ( ),
k ( ) = cos + k sin , k = 1, 2. (11.132)
Expressions (11.131) and (11.132) can also describe stress distribution around
curvilinear crack tip in a local coordinate system with origin in the crack tip. For
this, complex parameters 1 , 2 should be changed by new parameters [27]
k cos sin k ( )
k =
= ,
cos + k sin k ( )
k ( ) = sin k cos , (11.133)
which correspond to new coordinate systems with axis x tangential to contour L at

its ends. Here and + are angles between axes x and x (Fig. 11.13).
The complex potential near the crack tip 1 (z1 ) can be presented in the form [48]

1 2 1 1
1 (z1 ) = KI + KII + O(r 0 ), (11.134)
2 2 2 1 2
z 1 l1
where upper indexes and + indicate beginning (l1 ) or end (l1+ ) of the contour
L1 , respectively. Assume now that a straight crack forms the angle to axis x. Then
in new coordinate system with axis x along crack line, we have

1 2 1 1
1 (z1 ) = KI + KII + O(r 0 ), (11.135)
2 2 2 1 2
z1 l1

where quantities 1 , 2 , z1 , l1 correspond to respective parameters in the new coor-

dinate system. Taking into consideration formulas of complex potential transforma-
tion 1 (z1 ) due to transition between coordinate systems [26, 55] and making use
of (11.133), we have for the curvilinear crack L
2 ( ) KI + 2 ( ) KII 1
1 (z1 ) = + O(r 0 ), (11.136)
(2 1 ) 1 ( )
2 2(z1 l1 )
which conforms to the published results [8, 9] that had been derived in different way.
Near beginning l1 or end l1+ of contour L1 , the function 1 (t1 ) can be presented
in form [30]
(t1 )
1 (t1 ) = 1 , (11.137)
t1 l1
where function 1 (t1 ) is continuous near crack tip l1 . Then behavior of Cauchy type
integral (11.108) near ends of integration contour is governed by the formula
(l )
1 (z1 ) = 1 1 + O(r 0 ). (11.138)

2 z 1 l1
Comparing relationships (11.136) and (11.138), we get
2 ( ) KI + 2 ( ) KII
= 1 (l1 ). (11.139)
(2 1 ) 2 1 ( )

1 (l1 )(2 1 ) 2 1 ( ) 2 ( )
KI = 2Re ,
2 2

(l )(2 1 ) 2 1 ( ) 2 ( )
KII = 2Re 1 1 . (11.140)
2 2
Let us express stress intensity factor KI and KII (11.140) directly through numer-
ical solution of integral equation (11.117), which is reducible to canonical form using
the following parametrization procedure:
tk = k ( ) = x( ) + k y( ), k = 1, 2;
t = ( ) = x( ) + iy( ), 1 1. (11.141)
The unknown function 1 ( ) = 1 (t1 )1 ( ) after such transformation is sought

in the form
u1 ( )
1 ( ) = , (11.142)
1 2
where u1 ( ) is a continuous function. Applying formulas (11.137), (11.140), and

(11.142), we obtain
(2 1 ) u1 (1) 2 (1)
KI = 2 Im ,
(2 2 ) | (1)| | (1)|

(2 1 ) u1 (1) (1 + i2 ) (1) (1 i2 ) (1)
KII = Re ,
(2 2 ) | (1)| | (1)|
(11.143)
where parameters u1 (1) are subject to direct calculation by means of numerical

solution of integral equation (11.117) [38].
The relationships (11.143) yield stress intensity factor for a degenerate anisotropic
material through the limit transition when 2 1
u 1 (1) 1 (1)
KI = 2 Im ,
(1 1 ) | (1)| | (1)|
* +
u 1 (1) (1 + i1 ) (1) (1 i1 ) (1)
KII = Re , (11.144)
(1 1 )| (1)| | (1)|
where
u 1 (1) = lim [(1 2 )u1 (1)] ,

2 1
u 1 ( )
= 1 ( ) = 1 (t1 ) 1 ( ). (11.145)
1 2
In the present case, stress distribution around crack tip is given by (11.131), where
functions FIij ( ), FIIij ( ) (11.132) have the new form

21 (2 cos + 1 sin )
FIxx ( ) = Re ,
231 ( )

41 cos + 321 sin
FIIxx ( ) = Re ,
231 ( )

2 cos + 31 sin
FIyy ( ) = Re ,
231 ( )

sin
FIIyy ( ) = Re ,
231 ( )
2
1 sin
FIxy ( ) = Re ,
2 31 ( )

1 sin + 2 cos
FIIxy ( ) = Re . (11.146)
231 ( )
Using relationships (11.112) and (11.130), one can easily write the stress intensity
factor expressions (11.143) and (11.144) through values u(1) and u(1) of func-
tions u( ) = g ( ) 1 2 . Putting in relationships (11.144) and (11.146) 1 = i,
one returns to well-known results for isotropic material [38].
Let us consider an anisotropic plane containing the straight crack L with length
2l, inclined at angle to axis x, the crack edges being loaded by self-balancing
stresses (11.115). The parametric equation of contour L can be written in the form
= x + iy = ( ) = l ei , 1 1,
t = () = l e , i
1 1. (11.147)
Integral equation (11.117) will acquire the form
'1
1 1 ( ) d l ei
= P(), 1 < < 1, (11.148)
1 2
1
where function
1 i * +
P() = e (1 i2 ) ei p() (1 + i2 ) ei p() ,
2
p() = p(()). (11.149)
The solution of integral equation (11.148), in class of functions unrestricted at the

ends of integration interval, can be written using the additional condition
'1
1 ( ) d = 0 (11.150)
1
in the form [30, 38]
'1
1 l ei 1 1 2
1 () = P( ) d. (11.151)
1 2 1 2
1
'1
1 l ei 1 2
u1 () = 1 2 1 () = P( ) d,
1 2
1
'1
1 l ei 1
u1 (1) = P( ) d. (11.152)
1 2 1
1
Now
'1
l 1
KI iKII = p( ) d, (11.153)
1
1
that is, stress intensity factors in the tips of arbitrarily oriented straight cracks in an
anisotropic plane under self-balancing loads at the crack edges are independent of the
crack orientation angle as well as elastic constants of material and are identical to
the stress intensity factors for cracks in an isotropic medium [38].
11.4.6 Parabolic Crack in Orthotropic Plane
The singular integral equations of plane elasticity theory problems for an anisotropic
body with smooth curvilinear cracks are effectively resolvable using the numeri-
cal quadrature method. Below such approach is illustrated with the parabolic crack
in orthotropic plane as the example (1 = i1 , 2 = i2 ).
Let us consider a curvilinear crack laying along a parabolic arc with the symmetry
axis coinciding with the principal axis of materials orthotropy (axis Ox). Crack tips
are located on the axis Oy in points y = l, while vertex of parabola lays on the
axis Ox in the point x = d = l/(2), where = /l is relative radius of curvature
at the vertex of parabola. The region is subjected to all-around tension by stresses
x = y = p, while crack edges are free of loads (Fig. 11.14).
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem by taking the complex
stress potentials in the form (11.123). Then the problem becomes reducible to the
integral equation (11.117), where right side is

p dt
P1 (t1 ) = (1 + 2 ) (1 2 ) . (11.154)
2 dt

1
t = ( ) = l i + (1 2 ) , 1 1. (11.155)
2
The equations

1
tk = k ( ) = l i k + (1 ) ,
2
1 1 (k = 1, 2) (11.156)
2
describe contours Lk in auxiliary complex planes zk .
Fig. 11.14 Parabolic crack

in orthotropic plane
= ( ), t = (); k = k ( ), tk = k ();
u1 ()
1 (t1 ) 1 () = 1 () = (11.157)
1 2
we reduce the integral equation (11.117) with additional condition (11.119) to canon-
ical dimensionless form (1.145). Further, we have to solve this equation numerically
and find stress intensity factor using the formula

i(1 2 ) | (1)|
KI iKII =
22 (1)
* +
(1 + 2 )u1 (1) (1 2 )u1 (1) , (11.158)
which is written here for orthotropic material based on relationships (11.143).

If the parameter , parabolic crack approaches to the straight crack with
length 2l, and corresponding dimensionless stress intensity factors in the crack tip
are FI 1, FII 0 (Fig. 11.15). It should be noted that SIFs for parabolic crack
in orthotropic plane had been derived in past [8] for certain materials and some values
of parameter . Performed calculations have revealed a good accordance between
these results and results obtained using above approach.
Normal stresses at left (s+ ) and right (s ) crack edge were found from the
relationship
(a) (b)

Fig. 11.15 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI = KI /(p l) (a) and FII = KII /(p l) (b)
in the tip of parabolic crack with respect to parameter (Ex = E1 solid lines, Ex = E2 dashed lines)
s + N = x + y = x + y +

'
1 1 1 (1 )
+ 2 Re (1 12 ) 1 (t1 ) + d1 + (11.159)
2 2 i 1 t1
L1

'
1 1 ( )
+(1 22 ) 2 (t2 ) + d2 , t L.
2 2
2 2 i 2 t2
L1
Here stresses are x = y = p, N + = N = 0, since crack edges are free of loads.

Figure 11.16a demonstrates dependence of the stress s+ in the rounded tip of par-
abolic crack (on axis Ox) at left crack edge on parameter . When this parameter
, i.e., parabolic crack approaches the straight crack on axis Oy, stresses s+
in the point = 0 approach values [1 1/(1 2 )]p, which complies with solutions
to problems about all-around tension of plane containing the elliptical hole [26]. On
the contrary, when the parameter 0, crack contour elongates along axis Ox and
stresses in projected part of rounded wedge approach zero.
At the right crack edge, stresses s at vertex of parabola approach the same
values that take place at the left edge, when the parameter . On the contrary,
when the parameter approaches zero, the stresses go to infinity. Because in this case
the area segment from the right of crack approaches semi-infinite parabolic notch,

stresses s (0) have a 1/ type singularity, when 0. Therefore, at 0
function s /p (Fig. 11.16b) approaches certain constant values that are in good
concordance with the relationship
s (0) 1 + 2
lim = , (11.160)
0 p 21 2
which follows from (11.47) for parabolic notch.
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.16 Dimensionless stress s+ /p (a) and dimensionless product s /p (b) in the rounded
tip of parabolic crack with respect to parameter (Ex = E1 solid lines, Ex = E2 dashed lines)
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.17 Dimensionless stress distribution s ()/p along parabolic crack for = 0.01, when
Ex = E1 (a) or Ex = E2 (b)
Figure 11.17 shows the normal stress s ( ) distribution along right edge of elon-
gated parabolic crack ( = 0.01). Here is polar angle of polar coordinate system
with the pole in parabola focus and polar axis along the axis Ox
1 2
x=l + r cos , y = r sin .
2
It is readily seen that the stress distribution s ( ) in this case is very close to respec-
tive distribution for the parabolic notch (Fig. 11.4).
11.5 Rounded V-Notch in Orthotropic Plane
Publications on fracture mechanics of bodies with notches that concern either study-
ing stress distribution around notches or formulating fracture criteria for notched
bodies pay most attention to isotropic bodies [3, 35]. Much less publications are
devoted to studying stress concentration around notches in anisotropic structural ele-
ments. Overviews of these results are available in references [43, 60, 61]. In this
section, proposed by authors unified approach to problems of stress concentration in
isotropic bodies with sharp or rounded V-shaped notches [3941] is extended to cover
the respective problems for orthotropic media. Here the interrelation is established
between stress concentration factors and stress intensity factors for rounded or sharp
V-shaped notches with the same vertex angles under symmetrical stress distribution.
Implementation of these results to determining stress intensity factor in V-shaped tip
of two-sectional kinked crack in orthotropic plane is illustrated.
11.5 Rounded V-Notch in Orthotropic Plane 445
11.5.1 Problem Definition and Reduction to Singular

Integral Equation [22]
Let the elastic orthotropic plane contains sharp V-notch with the tip in coordinate
system origin and vertex angle 2 (0 < ). We shall assume that the elastic
wedge is loaded by symmetrically applied forces and occupies a region S = {(r, ) :
r 0, }, where = , r, are polar coordinates with pole in
wedge tip and polar axis along wedge bisector. Cartesian coordinate axes Ox and Oy
are directed along symmetry axes of the orthotropic elastic medium: z = x + iy =
r exp(i ) (Fig. 11.8).
Singular stress distribution in a wedge with unloaded faces can be described by
complex potentials (11.94), which are presented below
R2 () K IV
10 (z1 ) = ,
2[R2 () R1 ()] (2 z1 )I
R1 () K IV
20 (z2 ) = , (11.161)
2[R2 () R1 ()] (2 z2 )I
where K IV is stress intensity factor in the wedge tip (2.18), I is stress singularity
exponent being the least real root of the characteristic equation (11.90), R1 (), R2 ()
are functions determined by (11.84).
Stress components in the wedge are computable using formulas

x0 = 2 Re 12 10 (z1 ) + 22 20 (z2 ) ,

y0 = 2 Re 10 (z1 ) + 20 (z2 ) ,

xy
0
= 2 Im 1 10 (z1 ) + 2 20 (z2 ) . (11.162)
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.18 Rounded V-notch with contour L (a) and infinite cut along contour L (b) in orthotropic
plane
contour L in the orthotropic plane (Fig. 11.18a).
Let an asymptotic stress distribution is given at infinity, which is determined by
potentials 10 (z1 ), 20 (z2 ) (11.161). We shall apply a superposition technique to solve
this boundary value problem similar to that it was made above for isotropic plane with
the rounded V-notch. To do so, we shall seek complex potentials in the form (11.123),
where potentials 10 (z1 ) and 20 (z2 ) (11.161) describe the basic stress state in elastic
wedge while the second terms in (11.123) correspond to the disturbed stress state
induced by a rounded V-notch.
To find the disturbed stress state, we have to solve the boundary value problem for
elastic plane containing the rounded V-notch with a contour L, at which the boundary
condition
n + ins = p (t) , t L, (11.163)
is satisfied, and stresses vanish at infinity. Here

p(t) = Re (1 12 )10 (t1 ) + (1 22 )20 (t2 ) +
dt
Re (1 + 12 )10 (t1 ) + (1 + 22 )20 (t2 ) +
dt
dt
+ 2 i Im 1 10 (t1 ) + 2 20 (t2 ) , (11.164)
dt
where
1
tk = (1 + k )t + (1 k )t , k = 1, 2 .
2
Since stresses vanish at infinity, the disturbed stress state can be obtained also
in orthotropic plane with smooth symmetrical curvilinear cut L (Fig. 11.18b), if edges
of cut or crack are loaded by normal (n ) and tangential (ns ) stresses
n+ + ins
+
= n + ins

= p(t), t L, (11.165)
where upper indexes indicate limit values of respective parameters at contour L when
approaching it from the left (+) or from the right ().
Satisfying the boundary conditions (11.165), we come to integral equation
(11.117), which must be solved in combination with the additional condition (11.119).
Kernels and right side of (11.117) are determined by formulas (11.118), where para-
meters 1 = i1 , 2 = i2 , and function p(t) is given by the relationship (11.164).
The parametric equation of contour L can be written in the form

sin + ( + B ) cos +

i [cos ( + B ) sin ] , < < B ,

t = ( ) = cos + i sin , B B , (11.166)

sin ( B ) cos +

+i [cos + ( B ) sin ] , B < < ,
where
= /(1 2 )c , 1 < < 1, B = /2 ,
B is angular coordinate of circular arc end point; c arbitrary positive number, which
is chosen experimentally based on best convergence of numerical computations (here
c = 3/2). Note that parametric equation of the contour L can have various appear-
ance, in particular, one could select (2.90), which was previously used in the isotropic
case. However, such selection requires additional application of nonlinear transfor-
mation (2.94) to reach a satisfactory accuracy.
Let us consider now the hyperbolic notch with the same tip rounding radius in
orthotropic plane. The equation of crack contour LH can be written in the parametric
form [2]

ei cos 1 2 1
t = ( ) = + cot + , = ,
cos cos 2 2 2
1 < < 1.
(11.167)
Figure 11.19 compares contour shapes of these notches near their tips.
Fig. 11.19 Shapes

of rounded V-notch L and
hyperbolic notch LH with
identical tip rounding radii
The parametric equation of contour Lk can be written in the form
1* +
tk = k ( ) = (1 + k ) ( ) + (1 k ) ( ) , 1 < < 1, k = 1, 2.
2
(11.168)
Making change of variables (11.157), we reduce the integral equation (11.117)

with additional condition (11.119) to canonical dimensionless form (1.145). Then
we numerically solve it and determine stress components at the cut edges L using
formulas

x = x0 2 Re 12 1 (t1 ) + 22 2 (t2 ) ,

y = y0 + 2 Re 1 (t1 ) + 2 (t2 ) ,

xy = xy
0
+ 2 Im 1 1 (t1 ) + 2 2 (t2 ) , (11.169)
where stresses x0 , y0 , xy
0
at contour L are given by (11.162) at z1 = t1 , z2 = t2 ,
whereas boundary values of potentials k (zk ) are determined by SokhotskiPlemelj
formulas
'
1 1 k (k )
k (tk ) = k (tk ) + dk , tk Lk , k = 1, 2. (11.170)
2 2 i k tk
Lk
As a result, we have

1 u ( ) 1 )2n
u ( )
k (k (m )) = , (11.171)
k m k j
+
2 k (m ) 1 2 2n i j=1 k (j ) k (m )
where
m
m = cos , m = 1, . . . , 2n 1,
2n
(2j 1)
j = cos , j = 1, . . . , 2n. (11.172)
4n
Here values u1 (j ) present the solution of the linear algebraic equations system that
follows from the integral equation (11.117) if taking into account symmetry condi-
tions of the problem
u1 ( ) = u1 ( ). (11.173)
The values u2 (j ) result from the equation
1 * +
u2 ( ) = (1 + 2 ) u1 ( ) (1 2 ) u1 ( ) , (11.174)
22
which is derivable from (11.116) and (11.157) with respect to the relation
u2 ()
2 (t2 ) 2 () = 2 () = . (11.175)
1 2
Values of function uk () in arbitrary point = j are computable with the help

of interpolation formula (2.106).
Taking into consideration that the notch edge is free of applied loads (n = ns =0)
and that sum of normal stresses is invariant, or, in other words, n + s = x + y ,
we get
s () = s () = x () + y () = (2)I K IV RI (), (11.176)
where RI () is the dimensionless normal stress in point .

Stress = 0 in the tip of rounded notch is as follows:
s (0) = (2 )I K IV RI , (11.177)
where RI = RI (0) is the stress rounding factor [2, 39], which depends on notch
vertex angle, notch shape in a certain vicinity of its tip as well as elastic constants
of the anisotropic material. The relationship (11.177) for the semi-infinite rounded
V-shaped notch is exact, but for finite bodies it is only asymptotic and becomes the
more accurate, the less is relative radius of curvature in the notch tip. It can be applied
for either estimating normal stress in the notch tip or calculating stress intensity factor
in the sharp V-shaped notch tip using the relationship
1
K IV = lim (2 )I s (0) , (11.178)
RI 0
which is analogue of respective relationship (2.138) for isotropic material.
Numerical calculations were made for three orthotropic and one isotropic material
(see Table 11.1). Two orientations of V-shaped notch were chosen with Ex = E1
and Ex = E2 . Table 11.2 presents stress singularity exponent at the sharp notch tip I
calculated from (11.90) at various vertex angles 2. Normal stresses in notch tips are
calculated for vertex angles 1 2 175 . Figure 11.20 illustrates dependence
of wedged notch rounding effect factor (stress rounding factor) on vertex angle.
Numerical values are presented also for few selected angle values 2 in Table 11.3.
Results for isotropic material M0 were obtained at the parameter values 1 = 1.001,
2 = 0.999. These data are identical to published earlier [39, 42].
The calculated values for hyperbolic notch with vertex angle 2 = 1.0 very
well conform (relative difference below 0.1 %) with the analytical solution (11.47)
Table 11.2 Stress singularity exponent at the sharp notch tip I for isotropic (M0 ) or orthotropic
(M1 , M2 , M3 ) materials
2 M0 I (Ex = E1 ) I (Ex = E2 )
M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
1 0.5 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000
5 0.5000 0.5000 0.4999 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.4999
15 0.4998 0.4987 0.4984 0.4994 0.5000 0.5000 0.4999
30 0.4985 0.4914 0.4907 0.4960 0.4997 0.4997 0.4993
45 0.4950 0.4758 0.4768 0.4882 0.4991 0.4990 0.4976
60 0.4878 0.4527 0.4579 0.4757 0.4976 0.4975 0.4943
90 0.4555 0.3863 0.4048 0.4341 0.4898 0.4904 0.4795
120 0.3843 0.2942 0.3243 0.3611 0.4647 0.4707 0.4422
150 0.2480 0.1709 0.1996 0.2326 0.3761 0.4032 0.3389
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.20 Stress rounding factor RI at the rounded notch tip as a function of notch vertex angle 2
for selected materials: a Ex = E1 , b Ex = E2 ; rounded V-notch (11.166) solid lines, hyperbolic
notch (11.167) dashed lines
derived for the parabolic notch

1 + 2
RH ( = 0) = 2 . (11.179)
1 2
On the contrary, relative differences between dimensionless stress rounding fac-

tors in tips of hyperbolic and V-shaped rounded notches reach 10 % depending on
notch orientation and vertex angle.
Resulted data on stress rounding factor RI (Fig. 11.20) were compared with the
same data RI for isotropic material (Fig. 2.12). The dependence of ratio (RI 1)/
(RI 1) on vertex angle 2 is shown in Fig. 11.21 for various orthotropic materials.
Table 11.3 Stress rounding factors at the V-shaped notch tip (RI ) and at hyperbolic notch tip (RH )
for orthotropic materials (M1 , M2 , M3 )
2 RI RH
M1 M2 M3 M1 M2 M3
Ex = E 1
1 1.956 2.390 2.845 1.743 2.144 2.639
5 1.959 2.393 2.847 1.738 2.143 2.633
15 1.966 2.403 2.853 1.734 2.141 2.629
30 1.974 2.412 2.859 1.733 2.146 2.622
45 1.973 2.407 2.855 1.735 2.150 2.611
60 1.961 2.389 2.838 1.735 2.146 2.594
90 1.901 2.306 2.746 1.715 2.098 2.514
120 1.778 2.126 2.522 1.643 1.963 2.325
150 1.540 1.767 2.037 1.468 1.674 1.917
Ex = E 2
1 6.201 8.051 5.110 6.072 7.904 4.947
5 6.202 8.052 5.111 6.071 7.903 4.946
15 6.203 8.054 5.113 6.069 7.900 4.943
30 6.205 8.056 5.117 6.060 7.890 4.932
45 6.205 8.056 5.115 6.044 7.872 4.914
60 6.199 8.047 5.104 6.017 7.843 4.884
90 6.140 7.977 5.020 5.899 7.715 4.757
120 5.868 7.688 4.720 5.548 7.342 4.420
150 4.708 6.409 3.721 4.379 6.002 3.464
(a) (b)
Fig. 11.21 Comparison of stress rounding factors for orthotropic and isotropic materials as func-
tions of the notch vertex angle 2 for selected materials: a Ex = E1 , b Ex = E2 ; solid lines
rounded V-notch (11.166), dashed lines hyperbolic notch (11.167)
11.5.2 Orthotropic Plane with Two-Sectional Kinked

Crack [23]
The singular integral equations of plane elasticity theory problems for an anisotropic
body with smooth curvilinear cracks are effectively resolvable using the numerical
quadrature method. Solutions for non-smooth cracks are derivable using a limit tran-
sition from smooth to piecewise-smooth crack similar to that it was made in respec-
tive problems for an isotropic body. Below, such approach is illustrated with the
two-sectional kinked crack in orthotropic plane as the example. Problems of kinked
cracks in anisotropic plane had been already examined in past [33], but stress singu-
larity in the wedge-shaped crack tip was not considered in such works.
Solution to the problem for uniaxial tension at infinity of orthotropic plane (1 =
i1 , 2 = i2 ) containing the unloaded two-sectional kinked crack (chevron crack)
was obtained using the limit transition to zero tip rounding radius for respective
smooth curvilinear crack.
Let the orthotropic plane is weakened by a smoothed kinked crack. The crack tip
are positioned on axis Oy in points y = l. Straight section of the crack form angle
2 with respect to one another and connected by a circular arc with radius and
center on axis Ox in the point x = l(cos )/ sin , where = /l is relative
curvature radius. The region is subjected to uniaxial tension by stresses y = p,
while crack edges are free of loads (Fig. 11.22).
Similarly to parabolic crack, let us apply a superposition technique to solve this
problem by taking the sought complex potentials in the form (11.123). Right side
in the integral equation (11.117) has the form

p 2 dt
P1 (t1 ) = 1+ . (11.180)
2 dt
Fig. 11.22 Two-sectional

kinked crack with rounded
corner point in an orthotropic
plane under uniaxial tension

(1 cos ) cot + c( + B ) cos +

i[ cos c( + B ) sin ], 1 < B ,

(cos )csc + cos( c/)+
t = ( ) = l

+i sin( c/), B B ,

(1 cos ) cot c( B ) cos +

+i[ cos c( B ) sin ], B < 1,
(11.181)
where
= G( ) = sinh ( arsinh (1/)) , B = (/2 )/c,

c = (1 cos )csc + (/2 ). (11.182)
Here function = G( ) describes the nonlinear transformation that produces crowd-

ing of quadrature nodes in close vicinity of the point = 0 [20].
Figure 11.23 presents numerical results for dimensionless stress intensity factor
in crack tips as a function of relative curvature radius at vertex angle 2 = /2.
When parameter approaches zero, stress intensity factors approach the asymptotic
values that correspond to the kinked crack.
The dependence of dimensionless normal stress in the rounded crack corner
point (the point C) C /p on parameter is shown in Fig. 11.24. When the para-
meter decreases, stresses C go to infinity, but the product I C in such case
approach some finite values, which enables determining stress intensity factor in V-
shaped crack using (11.178). In this manner, we have determined the dependence
of dimensionless
stress intensity factor on crack corner angle 2 at the crack tips
KI,II /(p a) (Fig. 11.25) or in corner point K IV /p( a)I (Fig. 11.26). Presented here
data for isotropic material M0 are in good accordance with known results [52] that
had been derived in different way. Further comparison of these results is made in the
next chapter.
(a) (b)

Fig. 11.23 Dimensionless stress intensity factors KI /(p l) (a) and KII /(p l) (b) at the tips
of kinked crack as the function of relative radius of curvature for 2 = /2: Ex = E1 (solid
lines), Ex = E2 (dashed lines)
Fig. 11.24 Dimensionless stress concentration factor C /p at the corner point C of rounded V-
shaped crack as the function of relative curvature radius for 2 = /2: Ex = E1 (solid lines),
Ex = E2 (dashed lines)
(a) (b)

Fig. 11.25 Dimensionless stress intensity factors KI /(p a) (a) and KII /(p a) (b) at the tips
of V-shaped crack with respect to angle 2: Ex = E1 (solid lines), Ex = E2 (dashed lines)

K IV /[p( a)I ] at the corner
point of V-shaped crack with
respect to angle 2: Ex = E1
(solid lines), Ex = E2
(dashed lines)

Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI,II = KI,II /(p a) and F IV =
K IV /[p( a)I ] for all orthotropic materials M1 , M2 , M3 with respect to specific values
of the angle 2 were calculated and the results obtained are presented in Table 11.4.
The V-shaped crack bisector was oriented along (Ex = E1 ) or across (Ex = E2 )
fibers.
References 455

Table 11.4 Dimensionless stress intensity factors at the crack tip (FI,II = KI,II /(p a)) or in the
corner point (F I = K I /[p( a) ]) of V-shaped crack in orthotropic plane
V V I
2 E x = E1 Ex = E2
FI FII I F IV FI FII I F IV
M1 30 0.5389 0.1275 0.4914 0.789 0.4995 0.1063 0.4997 0.714
60 0.4460 0.2768 0.4527 0.902 0.4207 0.2292 0.4976 0.704
90 0.2981 0.3242 0.3863 0.996 0.2899 0.2862 0.4898 0.684
120 0.1485 0.2785 0.2942 1.047 0.1482 0.2608 0.4648 0.667
150 0.0397 0.1596 0.1709 1.048 0.0399 0.1565 0.3761 0.698
M2 30 0.5312 0.1210 0.4907 0.781 0.4943 0.1068 0.4997 0.712
60 0.4409 0.2664 0.4579 0.863 0.4142 0.2251 0.4975 0.699
90 0.2965 0.3174 0.4048 0.926 0.2849 0.2793 0.4904 0.672
120 0.1483 0.2761 0.3243 0.972 0.1460 0.2542 0.4707 0.634
150 0.0397 0.1593 0.1996 0.999 0.0397 0.1539 0.4033 0.620
M3 30 0.5255 0.1129 0.4960 0.754 0.5060 0.1058 0.4993 0.721
60 0.4395 0.2567 0.4757 0.812 0.4259 0.2343 0.4943 0.726
90 0.2969 0.3121 0.4341 0.865 0.2920 0.2922 0.4795 0.724
120 0.1486 0.2743 0.3611 0.913 0.1482 0.2644 0.4422 0.724
150 0.0397 0.1590 0.2326 0.959 0.0398 0.1572 0.3389 0.766
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Chapter 12
Stress Concentration Near Notches
in Quasi-Orthotropic Body
Abstract The twelfth chapter concerns with studying stress concentration near
notches in quasi-orthotropic bodies, that is bodies with the special type of orthotropy
when the characteristic equation has multiple roots. Basic relationships of plane
elasticity theory for such media are presented and singular integral equations of first
basic problem of theory of elasticity for a region containing curvilinear cracks are
stated. Solutions for eigenvalues of a quasi-orthotropic wedge were obtained. Corre-
sponding solutions for quasi-orthotropic plane with a rounded V-shaped notch were
constructed. The interrelation between stress concentration factor and stress intensity
factor in quasi-orthotropic plane with rounded or sharp V-shaped notches had been
established. On this basis, the authors had derived stress intensity factors in V-shaped
tip of two-sectional kinked crack using the superposition technique.
12.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory Plane

Problem for Quasi-Orthotropic Body
In the above chapter, we have considered plane problems of elasticity theory for
orthotropic bodies such that their characteristic equations had unequal roots. If, how-
ever, the orthotropic material is degenerate, i.e. its characteristic equation has multiple
equal roots [26, 32], this material is referred as quasi-orthotropic [6, 7, 20, 21, 28,
29]. The class of quasi-orthotropic materials includes all isotropic materials as well
as various fibre or layered composites, whose mechanical characteristics satisfy the
condition
Ex
G = . (12.1)
2 Ex /Ey + xy
In the terms of orthotropy parameters 1 , 2 this condition takes the form
12 + 22
= = 1.
21 2
There is rather hard to indicate real engineering orthotropic materials which satisfy
Eq. (12.1), but considering properties of unidirectional composites we can state
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44555-7_12
460 12 Stress Concentration Near Notches in Quasi-Orthotropic Body
that < 2 for nearly all species of wood [29]. Solutions to plane elasticity theory
problems for orthotropic ( < 2) and quasi-orthotropic body with identical elastic
moduli ratios nearly coincide, thereby justifying the name quasi-orthotropic body as
well as the actuality of this area of research.
Alternatively, some authors (e.g. [3]) refer to such bodies as pseudoisotropic ones,
while authors concerning with problems of orthotropic shell theory call them as the
specially orthotropic bodies [5, 10, 11, 31].
Linear relationships between components of stress tensor x , y , xy and strain
tensor x , y , xy (the Hookes law) under plane stress state in Cartesian coordi-
nate system Oxyz with axes Ox and Oy selected along principal axes of materials
orthotropy have the following form [13]
x = a11 x + a12 y , y = a12 x + a22 y , 2xy = a66 xy , (12.2)
where coefficients aij are expressible in terms of engineering constants of the material
(see formulas (11.3)).
In the case of plane strain, elastic constants aij in Hooke law should be replaced
by the expressions aij = aij (ai3 aj3 )/a33 , where a13 = 13 /E1 , a23 = 23 /E2 ,
and a33 = 1/E3 are respective elastic characteristics of material.
We shall accept that the elastic constants aij are related by the equation

a66 = 2 a11 a22 a12 , (12.3)
while elastic moduli are related as

E1
G= ,
2 E1 /E2 + 12
in the plane stress state or

1

G= 2 1/E2 32
2
/E3 1/E1 31
2
/E3 + 12 /E1 + 31 32 /E3 ,
in the plane strain state [36]. Such orthotropic material is called quasi-orthotropic [6].
It should be noted that the Eq. (12.3) could be used as a criterion of the quasi-
orthotropic body.
Let us introduce a stress function F(x, y) through the relationships [13]
2F 2F 2F
x = , y = , xy = . (12.4)
y2 x 2 x y
In absence of body forces in the quasi-orthotropic body, the stress function F(x, y)
obeys the elliptic differential equation of the fourth order
12.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory Plane 461
4F 2 F
4
4 F
4
+ 2 + = 0, (12.5)
y4 x 2 y2 x 4
which corresponds to the characteristic equation
4 + 2 2 2 + 4 = 0. (12.6)

Here = 4
a22 /a11 is orthotropy parameter, which is equal

= 4
Ex /Ey
in the plane stress state and

1/Ey 3y
2
/E3
=
4
1/Ex 3x
2
/E3
in the plane strain state [36]. Equation (12.6) has complex-conjugate double roots
1 = 2 = i , 1 = 2 = i . Putting the parameter = 1, we return to the
isotropic material.
A general solution of Eq. (12.5) for the quasi-orthotropic body can be represented
in terms of analytical functions 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) of complex argument z1 = x + i y
in the form [13]
F(x, y) = Re [z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 )] . (12.7)
Based on relationships (12.4) and (12.7), we can express stress components

in terms of complex potentials 1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 )
as follows

x = 2 Re z1 1 (z1 ) 21 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) ,

y = Re z1 1 (z1 ) + 21 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) ,

xy = Im z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) . (12.8)
These expressions can be also represented in the form of equations system [32, 36]

+ 2 = 4 Re (z ),
y x 1 1
2 + 2i 1 = 2 z (z ) + (z ) .
(12.9)
y x xy 1 1 1 1 1
Let us also express the components of displacement vector u and v in terms of

complex potentials 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ) [17]

i
2G u + v = 1 (z1 ) z1 1 (z1 ) 1 (z1 ), (12.10)

where
3 a22 /a11 + a12 /a22
=
a22 /a11 a12 /a22
or, in other terms,

(3 2 )/( 2 + ), plane stress,
xy xy
=
3 8G ( /E + /E ), plane strain.
12 1 31 32 3
Then Eq. (12.10) yields us [22]

d i dt 1
2G u + v = 1 (t1 ) 1 (t1 ) t1 1 (t1 ) + 1 (t1 ) , t1 L1 ,
dt1 dt1
(12.11)
where L1 is contour in an auxiliary plane z1 = x + i y that corresponds to the
curvilinear contour L in a complex plane z = x + iy.
Let Xn and Yn are Cartesian components of the stress vector acting from the side
of the positive normal n at the curvilinear contour L. They are related with normal
and tangential stress components N and T by the relationship [15]

dt d F F
Xn + iYn = i (N + iT ) = i , (12.12)
ds ds y x
where s is arc abscissa at the contour L corresponding to the point t = x + iy L.

Making use of presentation (12.7) and (12.12), we get

i ds dt1
Xn Yn = 1 (t1 ) + 1 (t1 ) + t1 1 (t1 ) + 1 (t1 ) , t1 L1 ,
dt1 dt1
(12.13)
Equations (12.11) and (12.13) enable to reduce basic problems of elasticity theory
to the boundary value problems of the theory of functions of a complex variable.
If an elastic quasi-orthotropic plane is loaded by biaxial tension at infinity by
applied normal stresses y = p, x = q and shear stress xy
= , then its
homogeneous stress state is described by the potentials
1 1 i
10 (z1 ) = p + 2 q , 10 (z1 ) = p 2 q + , (12.14)
4 2
which agree with (1.31) in the isotropic case ( = 1).

The vector of normal and tangential stresses at a curvilinear contour L in quasi-
orthotropic plane is defined by the relationship
12.1 Basic Relationships of Elasticity Theory Plane 463
1 1 dt
N(t)+iT (t) = p0 (t) = (p+q) (qp2i ) , t = x +iy L, (12.15)
2 2 dt
which is independent of materials elastic constants and stays the same as in the
isotropic plane.
12.2 Singular Stress Distribution in Quasi-Orthotropic

Wedge
12.2.1 Problem Statement and General Solution
Let us study the plane elasticity theory problem for eigenvalues of quasi-orthotropic
wedge occupying the region S = {(r, ) : r 0, }, where r,
are polar coordinates with pole in wedge tip and polar axis along wedge bisector:
z = x + iy = r exp(i ) (see Fig. 12.1).
Both normal ( ) and shear (r ) stresses at wedge faces are absent
+ ir = 0, = . (12.16)
The stress function for quasi-orthotropic wedge is expressible in terms of two ana-
lytical functions 10 (z1 ) and 10 (z1 ) in the form

F0 (x, y) = Re z1 10 (z1 ) + 10 (z1 ) . (12.17)
Stress state in the wedge can be formulated through the stress function in polar
coordinate system F0 (r, ) as follows [16]
Fig. 12.1 Quasi-orthotropic

wedge with vertex angle 2
1 F0 (r, ) 1 2 F0 (r, )
rr = + 2 ,
r r r 2
F0 (r, )
2
= ,
r 2

1 F0 (r, ) 1 F0 (r, ) 1 2 F0 (r, )
r = = 2 . (12.18)
r r r r r
The complex stress potentials are sought in the form
10 (z1 ) = A z11 , 10 (z1 ) = B z12 , (12.19)
where A, B are arbitrary complex constants. Parameter is assumed real [2, 35].
Complex variable z1 can be presented in the form
1/2
z1 = r cos2 + 2 sin2 exp[i1 ( )], (12.20)
where function 1 ( ) obeys the equation
tan[1 ( )] = tan . (12.21)
Consequently, we have
z1 = r [R0 ( ) + iI0 ( )] ,
z12 = r 2 [R1 ( ) + iI1 ( )] , (12.22)
where
/2
R0 ( ) = cos2 + 2 sin2 cos[1 ( )],
2 /2
I0 ( ) = cos + sin
2 2
sin[1 ( )],
2 1/2
R1 ( ) = cos + 2 sin2 cos(2 )1 ( )
2 1/2
I1 ( ) = cos + 2 sin2 sin(2 )1 ( ). (12.23)
Now we get from relationships (12.17) and (12.19):

F0 (r, ) = r 2 A1 R 0 ( ) A2 I0 ( ) + B1 R1 ( ) B2 I1 ( ) , (12.24)
where
A1 = Re A, A2 = Im A,
B1 = Re B, B2 = Im B,
2
R 0 ( ) = R0 ( ) cos + 2 sin2 ,
12.2 Singular Stress Distribution in Quasi-Orthotropic Wedge 465

I0 ( ) = I0 ( ) cos2 + 2 sin2 . (12.25)
Using (12.18), we can determine stresses

rr = r (2 ) A1 R 0 ( ) A2 I0 ( ) + B1 R1 ( ) B2 I1 ( ) +

+A1 R 0 ( ) A2 I0 ( ) + B1 R1 ( ) B2 I1 ( ) ,

= (2 )(1 ) r A1 R 0 ( ) A2 I0 ( ) + B1 R1 ( ) B2 I1 ( ) ,

r = (1 ) r A1 R 0 ( ) A2 I0 ( ) + B1 R1 ( ) B2 I1 ( ) . (12.26)
Boundary conditions (12.16) yield us homogeneous systems of linear algebraic

equations for either symmetrical

A R () cos2 + 2 sin2 + B R () = 0,
1 0 1 1
A R () cos2 + 2 sin2 + 2 1 R () sin 2 + B R () = 0
1 0 0 1 1
(12.27)
or antisymmetrical

A I () cos2 + 2 sin2 + B I () = 0,
2 0 2 1
A I () cos2 + 2 sin2 + 2 1 I () sin 2 + B I () = 0,
2 0 0 2 1
(12.28)
stress distributions with respect to wedge bisector (axis Ox).
12.2.2 Symmetrical Stress State
First of all, let us consider the symmetrical stress distribution with respect to wedge
bisecting line. Homogeneous equations system (12.27) has a nonzero solution under
the condition that its determinant is equal to zero. This condition provides us the
characteristic equation for eigenvalues
sin 2(1 )1 () + (1 ) sin 21 () = 0, (12.29)
where 1 () = + arctan( tan ) (/2 < < ). Setting here parameter = 1,

we obtain well-known [34] characteristic equation for isotropic wedge.
Equation (12.29) within the interval 0 < Re < 1 has no roots at angles 0 <
< /2, whereas at angles /2 < < it has a single real root I , which falls
into the interval (0, 1/2). For the angle = (semi-infinite crack) I = 1/2.
Equation (12.29) had been derived previously in somewhat another form [26] (see
also (11.91)) with the aid of limit transition from orthotropic to quasi-orthotropic
material. Identity of these equations can easily be proven using the relationships
2 tan 1 2 tan2
sin [21 ()] = , cos [21 ()] = . (12.30)
1 + 2 tan2 1 + 2 tan2
Numerical calculations were made for the dependence of stress singularity expo-
nent I (see Fig. 11.10a) in the tip of quasi-orthotropic wedge on the notch vertex
angle 2 = 2( ) at various values of parameter , for the cases when the
wedges bisecting line was either parallel ( = 2, = 4) or perpendicular ( = 1/2,
= 1/4) to fibres of the material. For comparison, respective values for isotropic
wedge are presented as well ( = 1).
Let us define a stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch using expres-
sion (2.18). Then it follows from Eq. (12.26) that
(2 I )(1 I )(2 )I [A1 + B1 ] = K I . (12.31)
Supplementing this equation with the first of Eq. (12.27), we get a complete system
to find constants AI and BI
A1 B1 (2 )I K I 1
= = . (12.32)
R1 () R 0 () (2 I )(1 I ) R 0 () R1 ()
Complex potentials are derivable from (12.19)
10 (z1 ) = AI (1 1 ) z11 , 10 (z1 ) = BI (2 1 )(1 1 ) z11 . (12.33)
Substitution of constants (12.32) here results in
K I R1 ()
10 (z1 ) = ,
(2 z1 )I (I 2)[R 0 () R1 ()]
K I R 0 ()
10 (z1 ) = . (12.34)

(2 z1 ) R0 () R1 ()
I
Formulas (12.26) now give us the symmetrical stress distribution in orthotropic

wedge in the form
K IV R 0 ()[(2 I )R1 ( ) + R1 ( )] R1 ()[(2 I )R 0 ( ) + R 0 ( )]

rr0 = ,
(2 r)I (2 I )(1 I )[R 0 () R1 ()]
K IV R 0 ()R1 ( ) R1 ()R 0 ( )
0
= ,
(2 r)I R 0 () R1 ()
K IV R 0 ()R1 ( ) R1 ()R 0 ( )
r0 = . (12.35)
(2 r)I (2 I )[R 0 () R1 ()]
Functions R 0 ( ) and R1 ( ) here are expressible using formulas (12.23) and (12.25).
The relationships (12.35) define singular stress components in a quasi-orthotropic
wedge under symmetrical stress distribution. They also provide asymptotic singular
stress distribution near V-shaped notch tip in finite bodies.
12.2.3 Antisymmetrical Stress State
To formulate characteristic equation for antisymmetrical stress distribution with

respect to wedge bisector, it is enough to put determinant of the system (12.28)
equal to zero
sin[2(1 )1 ()] (1 ) sin[21 ()] = 0. (12.36)
The Eq. (12.36) within the interval 0 < Re < 1 has no roots at angles 0 < < q ,
whereas at angles q < < it has a single real root II , which falls into the interval
(0, 1/2). At the angle = (semi-infinite crack), II = 1/2. Here angle q is root
of equation that can be derived from (12.36) by letting parameter to go to zero
tan[21 (q )] = 21 (q ). (12.37)
Above we have already computed the dependence of parameter II on vertex angle

2 at various values of elastic moduli ratio (see Fig. 11.10b) and compared for
orthotropic and quasi-orthotropic wedges with identical elastic moduli ratios (see
Fig. 11.11b).
Let us define a stress intensity factor in the tip of V-shaped notch K IIV using
expression (2.19). Then it follows from (12.26) that
(1 II )(2 )II [II A2 + (2 II )B2 ] = K IIV . (12.38)
Supplementing this equation with the first of Eq. (12.28), we get a complete system
to find constants A2 and B2
A2 B2 K V (2 )II 1
= = II . (12.39)
I1 () I0 () (1 II ) II I1 () (2 II )I0 ()
1 (z1 ) = iA2 (1 II ) z1II , 1 (z1 ) = iB2 (2 II )(1 II ) z1II . (12.40)
The Eq. (12.26) now give us the antisymmetrical stress distribution in quasi-
orthotropic wedge in the form
K IIV I0 ()[(2 II )I1 ( ) + I1 ( )] I1 ()[(2 II )I0 ( ) + I 0 ( )]

rr = ,
(2 r)II (1 II )[II I1 () (2 II )I0 ()]
K IIV (2 II )[I0 ()I1 ( ) I1 ()I0 ( )]
= ,
(2 r)II [II I1 () (2 II )I0 ()]
K IIV 1 I0 ()I1 ( ) I1 ()I 0 ( )
r = . (12.41)
(2 r)II (1 II ) II I1 () (2 II )I0 ()
Functions I0 ( ) and I1 ( ) here are expressible using formulas (12.23) and (12.25).
The relationships (12.41) determine singular stress components in an infinite
quasi-orthotropic wedge under antisymmetrical stress distribution. They also provide
asymptotic singular stress distribution near V-shaped notch tip in finite bodies with
sharp V-shaped notches. Setting in (12.35) and (12.41) angle = , we get formulas
for singular stresses near crack tip in the quasi-orthotropic material.
It should be noted that characteristic equations (12.29) and (12.36) as well as
Eq. (12.37) that enables to determine the critical angle of first stress field sin-
gularity form in the notch tip under antisymmetrical stress distribution, are similar
to respective equations for isotropic wedge. Namely, replacement of angle 1 () by
in these equations yields the corresponding equations for the isotropic case. We
can use this similarity to determine, for example, parameters I and II from fitting
formulas (2.14) and (2.15), which can be written as
I 1.247 cos 1.312 cos2 + 0.8532 cos3 0.2882 cos4 ,

0 /2, (12.42)
II 0.5 0.3134 tan 0.2479 tan2 + 0.1937 tan3 0.0410 tan4 ,

0 q ,

(12.43)
where = 1 (), q = 1 (q ). Maximal absolute error of these formulas

is below 0.001 in whole interval of the parameter .
As a numerical verification had shown, at any value of parameter used, the
dependencies of stress singularity exponents I and II on the notch vertex angle 2
derived from (12.42) and (12.43) virtually coincide with those presented in Fig. 11.10.
In much the same way, in order to solve the Eq. (12.37), we can use well-known
solution of Eq. (2.13)
tan 2( ) = 2( ) = 0.8945, (12.44)
that is,
1 (q ) = + arctan( tan q ) = . (12.45)
It follows from here,

1
q = arctan tan , (12.46)

Table 12.1 Values of angle q for various values of orthotropy parameter

1/4 1/2 1 2 4
q 1.3728 1.1892 0.8945 0.5571 0.30199

(78.66 ) (68.14 ) (51.25 ) (31.92 ) (17.30 )
where q = q ; q is a root of Eq. (12.37) for quasi-orthotropic wedge. Approx-

imate values of angle q are presented in Table 12.1. These data are in good concor-
dance with plots in Fig. 11.10b.
12.3 Stress Distribution in Elastic Quasi-Orthotropic

Plane with Elliptical Hole or Parabolic Notch
Let us investigate a plane problem of stress distribution in the infinite quasi-

orthotropic plane containing an elliptical hole such that its contour is free of loads
while a homogeneous stress state is given at infinity. This problem was solved using
a limit transition from a known analytical solution for elliptical hole in the orthotropic
plane when roots of characteristic equation approach one another. Using the limit
transition from these results, we have succeeded in solving the problem of stress dis-
tribution in the infinite quasi-orthotropic plane containing a parabolic notch under
two given loading modes: symmetrical tension or transverse shear at infinity.
12.3.1 Symmetrical Loading
Let us consider an orthotropic plane in Cartesian coordinate system xOy that contains
an elliptical hole with major and minor axes laying on axes Ox and Oy, respectively.
Edge of the hole is free of applied loading whereas external stresses y = p are
applied at infinity (Fig. 12.2).

in quasi-orthotropic plane
under tension and shear
in infinity
This problem has well-known analytical solution that can be presented in terms
of complex potentials in the form j (zj ) (j = 1, 2) [12, 13, 18]

1 (z1 ) =
p2 2 + a 1 z1 ,
2(1 2 ) 1 + 2 a 1 b z1 (a2 12 b2 )
2

p1 1 a 1 z 2 .
2 (z2 ) =
2(1 2 ) 1 + 2 a 2 b z (a b )
2 2 2 2
2 2
(12.47)
where a, b are major and minor semi-axes of ellipse, respectively.

Using the relationships

x = 2 Re 12 1 (z1 ) + 22 2 (z2 ) ,
y = 2 Re [1 (z1 ) + 2 (z2 )] ,

xy = 2 Im 1 1 (z1 ) + 2 2 (z2 ) , (12.48)
we can find stress components:

pa 2
z
Re 1 1 +
2 1
x =
1 2 a 1 b z1 (a 1 b )
2 2 2 2

1
2
z2 ,
2 1
a 2 b z2 (a2 22 b2 )
2

pa z
Re 1 +
2 1
y = p +
1 2 a 1 b z1 (a 1 b )
2 2 2 2

1 1 z2 ,

a 2 b z2 (a2 22 b2 )
2

pa i z
Re 1 +
1 2 1
xy =
1 2 a 1 b z1 (a 1 b )
2 2 2 2

i 2 1 z2 . (12.49)
1
a 2 b z2 (a2 2 b2 )
2 2
12.3 Stress Distribution in Elastic Quasi-Orthotropic Plane 471
It results from here that

1 z
x + 1 2 y = pa1 2 Re 1 +
1
a 1 b z1 (a 12 b2 )
2 2

1 1 z2 ,
+
a 2 b z2 (a2 22 b2 )
2

pa1 2 (1 + 2 ) 1 z
Re 1 +
1
x 1 2 y =
1 2 a 1 b z1 (a 1 b )
2 2 2 2

1 1 z2 . (12.50)
+
a 2 b z (a2 2 b2 )
2
2 2
In the limit case, when parameter 2 1 = , we get

2
2pa z
Re 1 ,
1
x + 2 y = 4 2 Re 1 (z1 ) = 2 p
a b z1 (a 1 b )
2 2 2 2

2pa 2 b
x y = 2 Re z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) = p
2 2 2
Re +
a b a b

z1 z 1 b 1
+ z1 +
2 a b z12 (a2 2 b2 )

z1 (z1 z1 )z1 + 2 b
2 2
+ ; (12.51)
2 [z2 (a2 2 b2 )]3
1
Now we can find complex stress potentials from (12.51) [8]

p pa 1 z1 ,
1 (z1 ) =
4 2(a b) z1 (a2 2 b2 )
2

p
1 (z1 ) = +
pa 2b a + b z1
+
2 2(a b) a b a b z2 (a2 2 b2 )
1

z1 (z12 + 2 2 b2 )
+ . (12.52)
[z12 (a2 2 b2 )]3
Setting here parameter b = a, we get complex potentials for the circular hole in quasi-
orthotropic plane

p p 1 z 1 ,
1 (z1 ) =
4 2(1 ) z12 a2 (1 2 )

p p 2
1 (z1 ) = + +
2 2(1 ) 1

z1 1+ z12 + 2 2 a2
2 , (12.53)
z2 a2 (1 2 ) 1
1
z a2 (1 2 )
1
and, by letting the parameter to go to unity, we obtain well-known solution for

isotropic case [15]

p 2a2 p a2 3a4
1 (z) = 1+ 2 , 1 (z) = 1+ 2 + 4 . (12.54)
4 z 2 z z
Making in (12.49) the limit transition 2 1 = , we get stress components

in the quasi-orthotropic plane weakened by the elliptical hole

pa 2 a 1 1
x = Re z1 + (z1 z1 )+
a b a b z12 (a2 2 b2 ) 2

b z1 z12 (z1 z1 )/2 + 2 b2 z1
+ ,
a b z12 (a2 2 b2 )

pa a 2b 1 1
y = p Re + (z1 + z1 )+
a b a b z2 (a2 2 b2 ) 2
1

bz1 z12 (z1 z1 )/2 + 2 b2 z1
+ ,
a b z12 (a2 2 b2 )

pa b 1 1
xy = Im + z1 + (z1 z1 )+
a b a b z1 (a2 2 b2 )
2 2

bz1 z12 (z1 z1 )/2 + 2 b2 z1
+ . (12.55)
a b z12 (a2 2 b2 )
In particular, a relationship follows from above

2 a 2 a
y (a, 0) = p 1 + =p 1+ , (12.56)
b
for normal stresses in the vertex of elliptical hole at the axis Ox.
Let us make a parallel translation of coordinate system xOy so that to place its
origin into focus of ellipse x = d (d = a /2, = b2 /a). As is clear from (12.9),

functions 1 (z1 ) and z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) are invariants at such translation. Let us
rewrite them in new coordinates and make the limit transition by letting major semi-
axis of the ellipse to go to infinity a under the following conditions

lim p a = KI , lim b2 /a = = const, (12.57)
a a
where is curvature radius of parabolic notch at the tip (Fig. 12.3), KI is stress
intensity factor in the tip of corresponding semi-infinite crack ( = 0).
As a result, we get complex potentials [8]
KI 1 KI z1 + 2 2
1 (z1 ) = , 1 (z1 ) = ,
2 2z1 (1 2 ) 2 2z1 (1 2 ) 3/2
(12.58)
which yield solution to elasticity theory problem for quasi-orthotropic plane with
unloaded parabolic notch (Fig. 12.3) in the case when stress field asymptotics is
given at infinity in the form of potentials
KI KI
1 (z1 ) = , 1 (z1 ) = . (12.59)
2 2 z1 4 2 z1
Functions (12.59) describe the symmetrical singular stress distribution in quasi-

orthotropic plane with the semi-infinite crack. Putting in relationships (12.58) para-
meter = 1, we come to the complex potentials (2.38) and (2.43) for the isotropic
case. Applying here relationships (12.8), we obtain stresses in quasi-orthotropic plane
with semi-infinite parabolic notch as shown below
! "
2 KI 1 (z1 z1 )/2 + 2
x = Re 1 ,
2z1 (1 2 ) 2z1 (1 2 )
! "
KI 1 (z1 z1 )/2 + 2
y = Re 1+ ,
2z1 (1 2 ) 2z1 (1 2 )
KI (z1 z1 )/2 + 2
xy = Im . (12.60)
[2z1 (1 2 )]3/2
In particular, stress components at parabolic notch contour in the quasi-orthotropic

plane can be presented in the form [8]
KI 2
x = a1 (2 2 b1 ) sin 1 (2b1 2 2b12 a12 ) cos 1 ,
215
KI 1
y = a1 (2 2 b1 ) sin 1 (2b1 2 + 2b12 + 3a12 ) cos 1 ,
215
KI
xy = (2b1 2 + a12 ) sin 1 + a1 (2 2 b1 ) cos 1 . (12.61)
215
Here

1 = 1 ( ) = 21 atan2 (a1 , b1 ) , 1 = 1 ( ) = 4
a12 + b12 ,
a1 = 2 tan(/2), b1 = 2 tan2 (/2), (12.62)
where is polar angle (Fig. 12.3), atan2(y, x) = Arg(x + iy) (, ].

The relationships (12.61) determine normal stresses at notch contour
KI RI ( )
s ( ) = x ( ) + y ( ) = , (12.63)
2
where
1
RI ( ) = 5 a1 ( 2 1)(2 2 b1 ) sin 1 +
21

(2b1 4 2b12 2 2b1 2 a12 2 2b12 3a12 ) cos 1 . (12.64)
It can be concluded from analysis of the function (12.63) that normal stress in the
notch tip
2 KI
s (0) = (12.65)

reaches maximum only under the condition 2 < 2. The relationships (12.61)
and (12.63) yield for isotropic material ( = 1, 1 ( ) = /2, 1 ( ) = 1/ cos )
stress components at parabolic notch contour [8]

KI cos(/2) 3
x ( ) = cos cos ,
2 2 2

KI cos(/2) 3
y ( ) = cos + 3 cos ,
2 2 2

KI cos(/2) 3
xy ( ) = sin + sin ,
2 2 2
KI
s ( ) = (1 + cos ). (12.66)

Distribution of dimensionless normal stress RI ( ) along the parabolic notch con-

tour is shown in Fig. 12.4a. In the case of isotropic material ( = 1) or another
material with < 2, stresses
reach maximum at the notch tip. On the contrary,
when the parameter > 2, stresses reach their maximums at some distance from
the tip and have a local minimums in the tip itself.
12.3.2 Antisymmetrical Loading
Let us consider an orthotropic plane that contains the elliptical hole. Edge of the hole

is free of applied loading whereas external stresses xy = are applied at infinity
(Fig. 12.2). This problem has well-known analytical solution that can be presented
in terms of complex potentials in the form j (zj ) (j = 1, 2) [12, 13, 18]
(a) (b)
Fig. 12.4 Dimensionless normal stress a RI () or b RII () with respect to polar angle along
contour of parabolic notch in quasi-orthotropic plane for various values of orthotropy parameter
a + 1 b a + 2 b
1 (z1 ) = R1 (z1 ),
2i 1 2 a2 12 b2
a + 1 b a + 2 b
2 (z2 ) = R2 (z2 ),
2i2 2i 1 2 a2 22 b2
zk
Rk (k ) = 1 , k = 1, 2 (12.67)
zk2 (a2 k2 b2 )
Using the relationships (12.48), we can find stress components

# $
(a + 1 b)(a + 2 b) 12 22
x = Im R (
1 1 ) R 2 2 ,
( )
(1 2 ) a2 12 b2 a2 22 b2
# $
(a + 1 b)(a + 2 b) 1 1
y = Im R1 (1 ) R2 (2 ) , (12.68)
(1 2 ) a2 12 b2 a2 22 b2
# $
(a + 1 b)(a + 2 b) 1 2
xy = Re R1 (1 ) R2 (2 ) .
(1 2 ) a 2 2 b2 a 2 2 b2
1 2
In the limit case, when parameter 2 1 = , we get
x + 2 y = 4 2 Re 1 (z1 ) =

a + b z
= 2 Re i 1 1 ,
a b
z12 (a2 2 b2 )

x 2 y = 2 2 Re z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) =

a 2 + 2 b2
a + b 3z1 z1
= 2 Re i +
(a b)2 a b z2 (a2 2 b2 ) 2
1

2 z1 b2 (z1 z1 )z12 /(2 ) + b2 z1
+ 2 . (12.69)
a 2 b2 z12 (a2 + 2 b2 )
Now we can find complex stress potentials from (12.69) [8]

i a + b z1 ,
1 (z1 ) = 1
2 a b z1 (a b )
2 2 2 2

i i a + b (a + b)
2 2 2
3z1
1 (z1 ) = +
(a b) a b z12 (a2 2 b2 ) 2

2 z1 b2 z13 /(2 ) + b2 z1
+ 2 2 . (12.70)
a 2 b2 z1 (a2 2 b2 )
Setting here parameter b = a, we get complex potentials for the circular hole in
quasi-orthotropic plane

i 1 + z1 ,
1 (z1 ) = 1
2 1 z12 a2 (1 2 )

i i 1 + 2 (1 + ) 3z1
1 (z1 ) = +
(1 ) 1 z2 a2 (1 2 ) 2
1

2 z1 z13 /(2 ) + a2 z1
+ . (12.71)
1 2 z12 a2 (1 2 )
By letting the parameter to go to unity, we obtain well-known solution for isotropic

case [15]
i a2 3a4
1 (z) = 2 , 1 (z1 ) = i 1 4 . (12.72)
z z
Making in (12.49) the limit transition 2 1 = , we get stress components

in the quasi-orthotropic plane with the elliptical hole [8]

2 a 2
a + b 2
2z
x = Im + L(z1 , z1 ) ,
1

(a b)2 a b z 2 a 2 + 2 b2
1

2 b 2
a + b 1
y = Im L(z1 , z1 ) , (12.73)
(a b)2 a b z 2 a 2 + 2 b2
1

a 2
+ b
2 2
a + b z
xy = Re + L(z1 , z1 ) ,
1

(a b)2 a b z2 (a2 2 b2 )
1
where
z1 z1 2 z1 b2 (z1 z1 )z12 /(2 ) + b2 z1

L(z1 , z1 ) = + 2 .
2 a 2 b2 z12 (a2 2 b2 )
Let us make a parallel translation of coordinate system xOy so that to place its
origin into focus of ellipse x = d (d = a /2, = b2 /a). Functions 1 (z1 )
and z1 1 (z1 ) + 1 (z1 ) are invariants at such translation. Let us rewrite them in new
coordinates and make the limit transition by letting major semi-axis of the ellipse to
go to infinity a under the following conditions

lim a = KII ,
a

lim b2 /a = = const, (12.74)
a
where is curvature radius of parabolic notch tip (Fig. 12.3), KII is stress intensity
factor in the tip of corresponding semi-infinite crack ( = 0).
As a result, we get complex potentials [8]
i KII 1
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 2z1 (1 2 )

i KII 1 z1 + 2 2
1 (z1 ) = 2 . (12.75)
2 2z1 (1 2 ) 2z1 + 2
which yield solution to elasticity theory problem for quasi-orthotropic plane with
unloaded parabolic notch (Fig. 11.3) in the case when stress field asymptotics is
given at infinity in the form of potentials
i KII 3i KII
1 (z1 ) = , 1 (z1 ) = . (12.76)
2 2 z1 4 2 z1
Functions (12.76) describe the antisymmetrical singular stress distribution in quasi-

orthotropic plane with the semi-infinite crack. Putting in relationships (12.75) para-
meter = 1, we come to the complex potentials (2.49) and (2.51) for the isotropic
case.
Applying here relationships (12.8), we obtain stresses in quasi-orthotropic plane
with semi-infinite parabolic notch as shown below
# $
KII z1 z1 + 2 2
x = Im 4 ,
2 2z1 (1 2 ) 2z1 + 2
KII z1 z1 + 2 2
y = Im ,
2 [2z1 + 2 ]3/2
# $
KII 1 z1 z1 + 2 2
xy = Re 2 . (12.77)
2 2z1 (1 2 ) 2z1 + 2
In particular, stresses at parabolic notch contour in the quasi-orthotropic plane can

be presented in the form
KII 2 4b2 3a2 ) sin + a (2 2 b ) cos ,

x = (2b1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5
1
KII 1 2 + a2 ) sin + a (2 2 b ) cos ,

y = (2b 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5
1
KII 1
2 b ) sin (2b 2 2b2 a2 ) cos , (12.78)
xy = a1 (2 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5
1
where parameters 1 , 1 , a1 , b1 can be expressed by formulas (12.62).

The relationships (12.77) are used to determine normal stresses at notch contour
KII RII ( )
s ( ) = x ( ) + y ( ) = . (12.79)
2
where
1
RII ( ) = (2b1 4 4b12 2 2b1 2 3a12 2 a12 ) sin 1 +
2 15

+a1 ( 2 1)(2 2 b1 ) cos 1 . (12.80)
The relationships (12.78) and (12.79) yield for isotropic material ( = 1, 1 ( ) =

/2, 1 ( ) = 1/ cos ) stress components at parabolic notch contour

KII cos(/2) 3
x ( ) = sin 3 sin ,
2 2 2

KII cos(/2) 3
y ( ) = sin + sin ,
2 2 2

KII cos(/2) 3
xy ( ) = cos sin ,
2 2 2
KI
s ( ) = sin . (12.81)

Distribution of dimensionless normal stress RII ( ) along the parabolic notch con-
tour is shown in Fig. 12.4b. If the function RII ( ) for isotropic material ( = 1) has
an extremum at angles = /2, then this function for a quasi-orthotropic material
with parameter < 1, ( > 1) will reach the extreme value in some another point
closer to (farer from) the notch tip ( = 0).

to Problems for Quasi-Orthotropic Body
12.4.1 Integral Equation of Plane Elasticity Theory Problem

for Quasi-Orthotropic Plane Containing Curvilinear
Cracks [21]
First of all, let us find solution of an auxiliary problem when stresses across the open
curvilinear contour L are continuous while displacements are discontinuous
+
i i
Xn Yn Xn Yn = 0, t L, (12.82)

+
i i 4i 2
u+ v u+ v = g(t), t L, (12.83)
Ex
stresses and rotation at infinity being absent. Here upper indexes + and indicate
boundary values of corresponding variables when z t L from the left (+) or
from the right () in relation to selected positive direction of tracing the contour L,
respectively.
Differentiation of Eq. (12.83) results in the following
# + $
d i i 4i 2
u+ v u+ v = g (t1 ), (12.84)
dt1 Ex 1
where g1 (t1 ) = g(t), t1 = x + i y L1 .

Using the relationships (12.11), (12.13), (12.82) and (12.84), we can formulate
the boundary value problem
1+ (t1 ) 1 (t1 ) = ig1 (t1 ),

+
t1 1 (t1 ) + 1 (t1 ) t1 1 (t1 ) + 1 (t1 ) =
dt
= i g1 (t1 ) g1 (t1 )
1
, t1 L1 , (12.85)
dt1
with well-known solution [19]

(
1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = ,
2 t1 z1
L1
( # $
1 g1 (t1 ) dt1 t1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = . (12.86)
2 t1 z1 (t1 z1 )2
L1
The relationship (12.86) can be considered as integral representation of complex

stress potentials 1 (z1 ) and 1 (z1 ) in terms of displacement vector discontinuity
derivative across the curvilinear contour L, where stresses stay continuous.
Based on this complex potential representation (12.86), one can solve diverse
boundary value problems for an elastic quasi-orthotropic body containing holes
and/or cracks [19]. Let the self-balancing loads are given at edges of cut along
contour L
N + + iT + = N + iT = p(t), t L, (12.87)
while stresses at infinity are absent.

The condition (12.87) can be rewritten also in the form

i ds
X Yn = P(t) = P 1 (t1 ) =
n dt1

1 dt dt
= (1 + )p(t) (1 )p(t) . (12.88)
2 dt dt1
Obeying the boundary condition (12.88) using potentials (12.86), we are reducing
above stated boundary value problem to the singular integral equation for unknown
function g1 (t1 ):
(
1
K1 (1 , t1 ) g1 (1 ) d1 + L1 (1 , t1 ) g1 (1 ) d1 = P 1 (t1 ), (12.89)

L1
where

1 1 1 dt1
K1 (1 , t1 ) = + ,
2 1 t1 1 t1 dt1

1 1 1 t1 dt1
L1 (1 , t1 ) = , (12.90)
2 1 t1 (1 t1 )2 dt1
Note that this integral equation agrees with the known equation for a degenerate
anisotropic material [26], which had been derived using the limit transition from the
general case of anisotropic plane with curvilinear cracks.
A solution of the Eq. (12.89) has to obey the condition
(
g1 (t1 ) dt1 = 0, (12.91)
L1
which provides uniqueness of displacements during tracing the crack contour L.

Above, we have considered the problem for quasi-orthotropic plane with a crack
in absence of stresses at infinity. If instead nonzero stress components x , x , xy

are given at infinity, such boundary value problem can be reduced to preceding one
using the superposition method. To do so, complex potential are sought in the form
(
1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) + ,
2 t1 z1
L1
( # $
1 g1 (t1 ) dt1 t1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = 1 (z1 ) +
0
, (12.92)
2 t1 z1 (t1 z1 )2
L1
where potentials 10 (z1 ) and 10 (z1 ) (12.14) describe the basic stress state. Then
function p(t) in right side P 1 (t1 ) (12.88) of integral equation (12.89) must be replaced
by p(t) p0 (t), where the function p0 (t) is expressible in terms of stress components
at infinity (12.15).
The complex stress potentials (12.86) and singular integral equation (12.89) are
valid for the curvilinear crack system in quasi-orthotropic plane as well, if symbol
L designates whole set of crack contours, but in this case the additional condition
of displacements uniqueness (12.91) has to be satisfied for each crack individually.
12.4.2 Stress Distribution Around Crack Tip
Asymptotic stress distribution near tip of crack along axis x in a quasi-orthotropic

two-dimensional body is described by relationships [6, 26]

KI 2 (2 cos i sin )
x Re +
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2

KII 4i cos 3 2 sin
Re ,
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2

KI 2 cos + 3i sin
y Re +
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2

KII sin
+ Re ,
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2

KI 2 sin
xy Re +
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2

KII 2 cos + i sin
+ Re , (12.93)
2 r 2(cos + i sin )3/2
where KI and KII are stress intensity factors in crack tips, r is distance from crack
tip, and is angle counted from the crack line. This asymptotic distribution allows
us to derive formulas for estimating stress intensity factor through stress at the crack
extension
KI iKII = lim 2 r y (r, 0) ixy (r, 0) . (12.94)
r0
The relationships (12.93) and (12.94) stay valid for arbitrarily oriented crack as well,
in particular, for a curvilinear crack, if variables x and y or r and are considered as
Cartesian or polar coordinates related to crack tip, respectively.
Involving the respective results for anisotropic body with cracks [26], we can get
corresponding expressions for stress intensity factor in the beginning (KI , KII ) or
end (KI+ , KII+ ) of crack in the quasi-orthotropic body through solution of the singular
integral equation
u1 (1)1 (1)
KI = Im ,
i | (1)| | (1)|

u (1) (1 + ) (1) (1 ) (1)
1
KII = Re , (12.95)
2i | (1)| | (1)|
where the notations are introduced:
t1 = 1 ( ) = x( ) + i y( ),
t = ( ) = x( ) + iy( ), 1 1,
u1 ( )
= g1 ( ) = g1 (t1 ) 1 ( ). (12.96)
1 2
Equation (12.95) can be rewritten in the form that is more compact:

(1) (1 + )u (1) + (1 )u (1)
1 1
KI + iKII = . (12.97)
2 | (1)|
3/2
Here quantities u1 (1) are computable from solution of integral equation (12.89).

in Quasi-Orthotropic Plane
Let us consider a quasi-orthotropic plane containing the straight crack L with length
2l, inclined at angle to axis x, the crack edges being loaded by self-balancing
stresses
N + + iT + = N + iT = p(t), t L, (12.98)
while stresses and rotation at infinity being absent. We assume that cut edges do not
touch one another.
Parametric equations of contours L and L1 can be written in the form
1
= ( ) = l ei , t = (), 1 = 1 ( ) = l, t1 = 1 (), (12.99)
2
where
= (1 + ) ei + (1 ) ei . (12.100)
Then kernels and right side of Eq. (12.89) take the following form
2 1
K1 (, ) = , L1 (, ) = 0, P 1 () = P1 (), (12.101)
( ) l
where
P 1 () = (1 + )p() (1 )p() e2i . (12.102)
Now the integral equation (12.89) becomes:
(1
1 u1 ( ) d 1
= P1 (), 1 1. (12.103)
1 2 ( ) 2
1
This equation can be solved under condition (12.91) using the formulas (see e.g. [19])
(1
1 1 2 P 1 () d
u1 ( ) = ,
2
1
(1
1 1
u1 (1) = P1 () d. (12.104)
2 1
1
Introducing here designations (12.95), we get:
(1
l 1
KI iKII = p() d. (12.105)
1
1
If crack edges are loaded by constant normal ( ) and tangential ( ) stresses

(p() = i ), we can write

KI iKII = ( i ) l. (12.106)
Instead, if an infinite plane containing the unloaded crack is subject to tension at

infinity by applied stresses y = p and x = q, we have
1
KI iKII = l(p + q (p q)e2i ). (12.107)
2
It can be concluded from above outlined results that stress intensity factors in
the tip of arbitrarily oriented straight crack in quasi-orthotropic body under self-
balancing loads at the crack edges are exactly same as in the isotropic body, although
stresses at the crack extension are different.
12.4.4 Crack Along a Parabolic Arc [22]
Let us examine the plane elasticity theory problem for quasi-orthotropic plane weak-
ened by the arbitrarily oriented parabolic crack. Assume that the crack edges are free
of loads and that the plane is subjected to biaxial tension by given stresses y = p,
x = q at infinity (Fig. 12.1). We are seeking complex stress potentials in the form
(
p + 2 q 1g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = + ,
4 2 t1 z1
L1
( # $
2
p q 1 g1 (t1 ) dt1 t1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = + . (12.108)
2 2 t1 z1 (t1 z1 )2
L1
Unknown density g1 (t1 ) can be found from the integral equation (12.89) with the
right side expressed by the function

1 dt
p(t) = p + q + (q p) , t = x + iy L. (12.109)
2 dt
The equation of crack contour L can be written in the parametric form:
t = ( ) = l[ + i( 2 1)] ei , 1 1,
1
t1 = 1 ( ) = [(1 + )( ) + (1 )( )], 1 1, (12.110)
2
where = /l is relative deflection of the crack contour, is its orientation angle
(Fig. 12.5).
Fig. 12.5 Parabolic crack

Table 12.2 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI and FII in parabolic crack tip in either quasi-
orthotropic or orthotropic plane (in parentheses)
Material CF2 Lu-1 EF
FI FII FI FII FI FII
0.5 0.86815 0.28717 0.72574 0.46623 0.80187 0.34519

(0.85873) (0.30618) (0.74313) (0.44546) (0.80097) (0.35669)
1.0 0.83099 0.27569 0.60567 0.54230 0.72076 0.40820

(0.80473) (0.32273) (0.64063) (0.47425) (0.71933) (0.40532)
1.5 0.86871 0.25195 0.60626 0.54631 0.73932 0.41821

(0.83451) (0.30581) (0.65577) (0.45868) (0.73921) (0.40659)
2.0 0.92626 0.24624 0.64320 0.54520 0.78529 0.42392

(0.88796) (0.29514) (0.70294) (0.44767) (0.78691) (0.40687)
2.5 0.98768 0.25112 0.69160 0.54570 0.83883 0.43064

(0.94710) (0.29173) (0.75875) (0.44016) (0.84203) (0.40967)
We solved the integral equation (12.89) numerically using the method of quadra-
tures [19]. In Table 12.2 one can see comparison
of dimensionless stress intensity
factors FI = KI+ /(p l) and FII = KII+ /(p l) at angle = 0 and stresses q = p
for quasi-orthotropic or orthotropic materials with identical elastic moduli ratios.
Numerical data are presented for the following orthotropic materials [19]: glass-
fibre-reinforced plastic CF2 (Ex = 15, Ey = 232, G xy = 5.02, xy = 0.28), carbon-
fibre-reinforced plastic Lu-1 (Ex = 96, Ey = 10.8, G xy = 2.61, xy = 0.21) and
carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic EF (Ex = 32.8, Ey = 21, G xy = 5.7, xy = 0.21).
It is seen that obtained stress intensity factor values for the quasi-orthotropic plane
are close to respective values for the orthotropic body at identical elastic moduli ratios
of these materials. The conclusion that elastic moduli ratio is the primary mechanical
parameter in the orthotropic material had been drawn earlier [27] from comparing
stress singularity exponents in tips of orthotropic and quasi-orthotropic wedges. This
conclusion substantiates adopted here term quasi-orthotropic material.
Dimensionless stress intensity factor values FI and FII were computed for arbi-
trarily oriented parabolic crack in the quasi-orthotropic plane under uniaxial tension
at infinity (q = 0) at various values of orthotropy parameter (Fig. 12.6). In the
figure, the dashed line shows stress intensity factors for an isotropic material for
comparison ( = 1).
12.5 Relationship Between Stress Concentration and Stress

Intensity Factors in Sharp or Rounded V-Notches
in Quasi-Orthotropic Plane
12.5.1 Rounded V-Notch [9]
Let us consider an elastic quasi-orthotropic plane containing the V-shaped rounded

notch with vertex angle 2 (Fig. 12.7a). We shall assume that boundary of the elastic
12.5 Relationship Between Stress Concentration and Stress Intensity Factors 487
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 12.6 Dimensionless stress intensity factor FI (a, c) and FII (b, d) for parabolic crack with
relative deflection = 0.25 (a, b) or 2.0 (c, d) with respect to angle for various values of orthotropy
parameter
region L is free of applied loads and that the stress field has an asymptotics (12.35) at
infinity, which is determined by complex potentials (12.34). So stated problem can
be interpreted also in somewhat another manner. Let an elastic wedge with boundary
contour L0 in a stress-strain state characterized by complex potentials (12.34) has
a cut along the contour L (Fig. 2.7b). We have to find the disturbed stress state induced
by a rounded wedged notch with boundary contour L in elastic plane (or wedge).
The symmetrical pattern will be considered below with stress state symmetrical with
respect to axis Ox.
Let us apply a superposition technique to solve this problem by taking complex
(
1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) + ,
2 t1 z1
L1
( #
$
1 g (t 1 ) dt 1 t 1 g (t 1 ) dt 1
1 (z1 ) = 10 (z1 ) + 1
1
, (12.111)
2 t1 z1 (t1 z1 )2
L1
(a) (b)
Fig. 12.7 a Rounded V-notch with contour L, b infinite cut along contour L in quasi-orthotropic
plane
where potentials 10 (z1 ) and 10 (z1 ) (12.34) describe the basic stress state in
orthotropic wedge.
To find the unknown function g1 (t1 ), we can build the singular integral equa-
tion (12.89) with the right side in the following form
*
dt1 )
P 1 (t1 ) = 10 (t1 ) + 10 (t1 ) +

t1 10 (t1 ) + 10 (t1 ) , t1 L1 .
dt1
(12.112)
Let us accept the parametric equation of the V-shaped rounded notch contour L
in the form (11.166). For comparison, let us consider the hyperbolic notch (11.167)
with the same tip-rounding radius in quasi-orthotropic plane. Fig. 11.19 compares
contour shapes of these notches near their tips.
Now let us write parametric equations for these contours in the plane z1
1
t1 = 1 ( ) = (1 + ) ( ) + (1 ) ( ) , 1 < < 1. (12.113)
2
= ( ), t = (), 1 = 1 ( ), t1 = 1 (),
g1 (1 ( ))1 ( ) = g1 ( ), (12.114)
we reduce the integral equation (12.89) with additional condition (12.91) to canonical
dimensionless form

(1

1

K1 (, ) g
( ) + L1 (, ) g
( ) d = P 1 (), 1 < < 1,

1 1
1
(12.115)

(1

g1 ( ) d = 0,

1
where
g1 ( ) = g1 (1 ( )) 1 ( ),
P 1 () = P 1 (1 ()) ,
K1 (, ) = K1 (1 ( ), 1 ()) ,
L1 (, ) = L1 (1 ( ), 1 ()) . (12.116)
We are seeking the unknown function g1 ( ) in the class of functions, which have
an integrable singularity at the ends of integration interval
u1 ( )
g1 ( ) = , (12.117)
1 2
where u1 ( ) is a function, which is continuous over the closed interval 1 1.

We shall solve the integral equation (12.115) numerically using the mechanical
quadrature method (see e.g. [4, 14, 19, 30] in the form of GaussChebyshev quadra-
tures. As a result, we come to the system of 2n linear algebraic equations for 2n
unknown functions u1 (k ) (k = 1, . . . , 2n)

1 ,
2n

2n K1 ( k , m ) u1 ( k ) + L1 ( k , m ) u1 ( k ) = P 1 (m ),
k=1
(12.118)

,
2n

u1 (k ) = 0,

k=1
where nodes of quadratures and collocation points are determined by formulas
(2k 1)
k = cos , k = 1, . . . , 2n,
4n
m
m = cos , m = 1, . . . , 2n 1. (12.119)
2n
The problem symmetry with respect to axis Ox imposes the condition
u1 ( ) = u1 ( ), (12.120)
which allows to halve order of the system (12.118). As a consequence, we get

-
n
2n k=1 M(k , m ) u1 (k ) + N(k , m ) u1 (k ) = P1 (m ), m = 1, . . . , n,
1

1 -n

2n k=1 u1 (k ) + u1 (k ) = 0,
(12.121)
where
M(k , m ) = K1 (k , m ) + L1 (k , m ),
N(k , m ) = L1 (k , m ) + K1 (k , m ). (12.122)
Stress components at the notch contour L are derivable using (12.8), where bound-
ary values of potentials (12.111) can be determined similarly to isotropic case [19].
Since notch contour is free of applied loads (n = ns = 0) and sum of normal
stresses is invariant, that is,
n + s = x + y ,
we have for the normal stress along the notch edge
s () = s () = x () + y () = (2 )I K IV RI (), (12.123)
where RI () is the dimensionless normal stress in a point .

In the notch vertex we have RI (0) = RI , where RI is the stress rounding fac-
tor [1, 23]. Values of this factor depend (for isotropic material) on notch vertex angle
and notch shape in a certain vicinity of its tip [23]. Taking into consideration this
approximation, we come to relationship
s (0) = (2 )I K IV RI , (12.124)
which is of asymptotic nature in relation to the notch tip curvature radius in finite
bodies. It can be applied to find stresses in tip of rounded notch with small curvature
radii [24, 25] through known stress intensity factor in the tip of sharp notch or,
on the contrary, to find SIF in the tip of sharp notch through known stress in tip
of corresponding rounded notch, if this relationship will be rewritten in the form
(2 )I
K IV = lim s (0) I . (12.125)
RI 0
Numerical calculations were made for the quasi-orthotropic plate with rounded
V-shaped or hyperbolic notch (plane stress state). Distribution of dimensionless
stresses RI ( ) = RI (), = Arg() (, ] along the V-shaped rounded notch
contour is shown in Fig. 12.8 at vertex angle 2 = 60 for either isotropic ( = 1) or
quasi-orthotropic ( = 1/4, 1/2 and = 2, = 4) materials. It can easily be seen

stress distribution RI ()
along contour of rounded
V-notch with vertex angle
2 = 60
from the figure that when the notch is oriented along the fibres (Ex = E1 , = 2,
= 4), stress RI ( ) in the notch tip passes only a local minimum while overall
maximum is reached at some distance from the tip. On the contrary, stress in the
notch tip reaches overall maximum in isotropic or quasi-orthotropic plate, when the
notch is oriented across the fibres (Ex = E2 , = 1/4, = 1/2).
Figure 12.9 demonstrates dependence of the factor RI on vertex angle 2 for
rounded V-shaped or hyperbolic notch at various values of the parameter . The
notch orientation along (Ex = E1 , > 1) or across (Ex = E2 , < 1) fibres
exerts essential influence on this factor as well. Curve = 1 here corresponds to an
isotropic material. At the same time, relative difference between values of the factor
RI for rounded V-shaped or hyperbolic rounded notch is insignificant over whole
interval of vertex angle variation 2. When vertex angle 2 0, hyperbolic notch
approaches the parabolic one, for which the following expression is valid

2 2
RI = . (12.126)

This expression follows from relationships (12.63) and (12.65).

We have plotted also factor RI for V-shaped rounded notch as a function of two vari-
ables: the parameter and vertex angle 2 (Fig. 12.10). The plotted two-dimensional
surface is more flat when the notch is oriented along fibres (Ex = E1 ) than when it
is oriented across fibres (Ex = E2 ).
To calculate stress intensity factor KIV in the tip of sharp V-shaped notch using
the relationship (12.125), it is necessary to know both stress singularity order I
and stress rounding factor RI for respective rounded notch. Such data are presented
in Table 12.3.
Convergence of numerical solution deteriorates as vertex angle 2 approaches
zero. The smallest angle 2, for which a reliable result (with relative error below
0.1 %) was obtained, equals to 2 = 1, 0 . For semi-infinite U-shaped notch
(2 = 0), values of factor RI in Table 12.3 were estimated by means of extrapolation.

factor RI with respect to
vertex angle 2 for V-shaped
(solid lines) or hyperbolic
(dashed lines) rounded notch

factor RI for rounded
V-shaped or hyperbolic
notch with respect to
material parameter and
vertex angle 2
Based on these data, we have built on the following fitting formula for the U-shaped
semi-infinite notch in a quasi-orthotropic body
2
2.741 0.102
RI 0.245 + + , (12.127)

which reveals the relative error below 0.2 % in whole interval 1/4 4.
12.5.2 Quasi-Orthotropic Plane with Two-Sectional Kinked

Crack [9]
Great mathematical difficulties often arise in constructing solutions of singular inte-

gral equations for non-smooth curvilinear cracks due to singularity in the contours
corner point. However, approximate solutions to such problems can be found using
a limit transition from smooth to piecewise-smooth crack. Below such approach is
Table 12.3 Stress singularity exponent I and stress rounding factor RI for rounded V-shaped notch
2 I = 1/4 I = 1/2 I = 2 I = 4
I RI I RI I RI I RI
0 0.5000 11.371 0.5000 5.770 0.5000 1.620 0.5000 0.932
10 0.5000 11.383 0.5000 5.770 0.4996 1.625 0.4969 0.944
20 0.5000 11.383 0.4999 5.771 0.4968 1.632 0.4798 0.962
30 0.5000 11.384 0.4998 5.772 0.4899 1.637 0.4488 0.982
40 0.4999 11.384 0.4995 5.773 0.4782 1.639 0.4110 1.004
50 0.4999 11.384 0.4990 5.772 0.4616 1.637 0.3720 1.027
60 0.4998 11.383 0.4982 5.768 0.4408 1.632 0.3345 1.050
70 0.4996 11.381 0.4969 5.761 0.4165 1.624 0.2993 1.071
80 0.4993 11.377 0.4948 5.747 0.3894 1.613 0.2666 1.089
90 0.4988 11.368 0.4916 5.722 0.3600 1.599 0.2362 1.105
100 0.4980 11.352 0.4867 5.678 0.3287 1.581 0.2075 1.119
110 0.4967 11.322 0.4792 5.602 0.2958 1.558 0.1803 1.129
120 0.4943 11.261 0.4674 5.474 0.2611 1.529 0.1541 1.135
130 0.4899 11.133 0.4487 5.260 0.2245 1.492 0.1286 1.137
140 0.4811 10.851 0.4191 4.905 0.1859 1.444 0.1035 1.134
150 0.4616 10.186 0.3719 4.340 0.1448 1.383 0.0785 1.124
160 0.4147 8.590 0.2971 3.496 0.1006 1.301 0.0531 1.105
170 0.2957 5.239 0.1802 2.360 0.0527 1.189 0.0271 1.072
180 0.0000 1.000 0.0000 1.000 0.0000 1.000 0.0000 1.000
illustrated with the two-sectional kinked crack (chevron crack) in quasi-orthotropic

plane as the example.
We shall seek a solution to the problem for uniaxial tension at infinity of quasi-
orthotropic plane containing the unloaded two-sectional kinked crack. First, let us
consider quasi-orthotropic plane weakened by a smoothed kinked crack. The crack
tip are positioned on axis Oy in points y = l. Straight section of the crack form
angle 2 with respect to one another and connected by a circular arc with radius
and center on axis Ox in the point x = l(cos ) csc , where = /l is relative
curvature radius. The region is subjected to uniaxial tension by stresses y = p,
while edges of smooth curvilinear crack are free of loads (Fig. 12.11).
By analogy with the parabolic crack, let us apply a superposition technique to
solve this problem by taking the sought complex potentials in the form
Fig. 12.11 Kinked crack

with the rounded tip in a
quasi-orthotropic plane
under unidirectional tension
(
p 1g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = + ,
4 2 t1 z1
L1
( # $
p 1 g1 (t1 ) dt1 t1 g1 (t1 ) dt1
1 (z1 ) = + . (12.128)
2 2 t1 z1 (t1 z1 )2
L1
Unknown density g1 (t1 ) can be found from the integral equation (12.89) with the
right side represented by the function

p dt
P 1 (t1 ) = 1+ . (12.129)
2 dt
The equation of crack contour L can be written in the parametric form (11.181).
Numerical results for stress intensity factor in the tips of smoothed kinked crack
and normal stresses in its rounded corner point were obtained for small relative
curvature radii = /l. When parameter approaches zero, SIFs approach the
asymptotic values that correspond to the kinked crack. Stress intensity factor in the
sharp corner point of kinked crack is derivable from (12.125). So obtained values
of dimensionless SIF are presented in Table 12.4 for two notch orientations, along
(Ex = E1 ) or across (Ex = E2 ) the fibres.
Dependence of dimensionless stress intensity factor in the corner point of
kinked crack on parameter is shown in Fig. 12.12 for vertex angles 2 =
{30 , 60 , 90 , 120 }. It is seen that at angles 2 0 SIF K IV strongly depends
on crack orientation with respect to fibres of a quasi-orthotropic material as well as
parameter
. However, when angle 2 0, stress intensity factor K IV KI =

( 2/2)p a, i.e. in the case of the straight line crack SIF is independent on con-
stants of material.

Table 12.4 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI,II = KI,II /(p a) in the crack ends and
F I = K I /[p( a) ] in tip V-crack in quasi-orthotropic plane for selected values of parameter
V V I
2 Ex = E1 Ex = E2
FI FII I F IV FI FII I F IV
= 1/4 =4
15 0.4956 0.0415 0.5000 0.709 0.5749 0.0559 0.4904 0.811
30 0.4829 0.1102 0.5000 0.704 0.5586 0.2025 0.4488 0.977
45 0.4513 0.1710 0.4999 0.693 0.5109 0.2754 0.3914 1.114
60 0.4043 0.2201 0.4998 0.677 0.4475 0.3168 0.3345 1.197
75 0.3452 0.2542 0.4995 0.655 0.3744 0.3370 0.2827 1.234
90 0.2790 0.2709 0.4988 0.628 0.2968 0.3376 0.2362 1.237
105 0.2105 0.2686 0.4975 0.596 0.2197 0.3190 0.1937 1.219
120 0.1446 0.2474 0.4943 0.560 0.1481 0.2816 0.1541 1.187
135 0.0862 0.2081 0.4863 0.526 0.0867 0.2276 0.1160 1.148
150 0.0400 0.1521 0.4616 0.507 0.0396 0.1599 0.0785 1.102
165 0.0102 0.0813 0.3689 0.565 0.0101 0.0824 0.0402 1.052
= 1/2 =2
15 0.5085 0.0284 0.5000 0.713 0.5505 0.0110 0.4986 0.746
30 0.5004 0.1066 0.4998 0.713 0.5462 0.1377 0.4899 0.804
45 0.4704 0.1750 0.4993 0.709 0.5086 0.2275 0.4705 0.879
60 0.4225 0.2304 0.4982 0.702 0.4493 0.2877 0.4408 0.956
75 0.3612 0.2690 0.4960 0.692 0.3769 0.3211 0.4032 1.022
90 0.2916 0.2883 0.4916 0.681 0.2988 0.3296 0.3600 1.071
105 0.2190 0.2864 0.4834 0.672 0.2208 0.3152 0.3125 1.102
120 0.1492 0.2630 0.4674 0.669 0.1486 0.2801 0.2611 1.111
135 0.0878 0.2192 0.4356 0.680 0.0869 0.2271 0.2055 1.103
150 0.0401 0.1573 0.3719 0.721 0.0397 0.1598 0.1448 1.080
165 0.0102 0.0821 0.2450 0.813 0.0101 0.0824 0.0772 1.044
In contrast, if the parameter = 1, we get stress intensity factor for kinked crack
in the isotropic body (see Table 12.5). Theocaris and Ioakimidis [33] had solved
this problem earlier using some other technique. They obtained a numerical solution
of the integral equation using quadrature method with GaussJacobi quadratures
that enable to treat stress singularity in the crack contours corner point. Derived by
them stress intensity factor values for angles 2 = {30 , 60 , 90 , 120 , 150 } are
in good concordance with data presented in Table 12.5.
Fig. 12.12 Stress intensity

factor in the corner point
of chevron crack as
a function of orthotropy
parameter

Table 12.5 Dimensionless stress intensity factors FI,II = KI,II /(p a), F IV = K IV /[p( a)I ] for
V-crack in isotropic plane (values in the first and the last rows are theoretical)
2 FI FII I F V
I
0 0.5 2/2

1 0.4897 0.1145 0.5000

5 0.5079 0.0659 0.5000 0.713

15 0.5268 0.0137 0.4998 0.723

30 0.5230 0.1101 0.4985 0.737

45 0.4923 0.1903 0.4950 0.754

60 0.4407 0.2526 0.4878 0.774

75 0.3742 0.2937 0.4753 0.799

90 0.2991 0.3112 0.4555 0.828

105 0.2221 0.3046 0.4261 0.860

120 0.1495 0.2750 0.3843 0.894

135 0.0874 0.2251 0.3264 0.927

150 0.0398 0.1592 0.2480 0.957

165 0.0101 0.0824 0.1427 0.981

180 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
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Stress Concentration at Notches

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Stress Concentration at Notches

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MykhayloP.

Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute

ISBN 978-3-319-44554-0 ISBN 978-3-319-44555-7 (eBook)

Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

Bialystok, Poland; Lviv, Ukraine Mykhaylo P. Savruk

1 Method of Singular Integral Equations in Application to

2.3 Semi-innite Curvilinear Notches in Elastic Plane . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.2 Oval Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

7.2.3 Edge Rectangular Notch with Crack Growing

9 Disc Specimens with Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 323

10.4 Longitudinal Shear of Elastoplastic Wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 380

12 Stress Concentration Near Notches in Quasi-Orthotropic Body . . . 459

arsinhx, arcoshx Inverse hyperbolic function

r Polar radius or distance from crack (notch, wedge) tip

The analyticalnumerical method of integral equations has found a wide application

Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 1

to be completed with regularized operators ensuring unconditional resolvability of

1.1 Basic Relationships of the Plane Theory of Elasticity

1.1.1 Basic Equations

Elastic equilibrium of solids can be described by equations of either elasticity theorys

and one strain consistency equation (in terms of stresses)

The components of stress tensor x , y , xy are connected with components of strain

for plane deformation. Here, E is Youngs modulus; G = E/[2(1 + )] is shear

Introducing Airy stress function U(x, y) as

Fig. 1.1 Components

These relationships in complex notation have the form

N + iT = (Xn + iYn )ei . (1.10)

Direction cosines of normal n can be represented as

Stress tensor components r , , r and displacement vector components ur ,

Fig. 1.2 Coordinate system

Fig. 1.3 Stress tensor

1.1.2 Complex Representation of General Solution

U(x, y) = Re [z(z) + (z)] , z = x iy. (1.15)

where = 3 4 for plane strain and = (3 )/(1 + ) for generalized plane

Solution to an elasticity theorys plane problem is reduced to determining two

(t) t (t) (t) = 2G [u(t) + iv(t)] , t L. (1.23)

Fig. 1.4 Multiply connected

Fig. 1.5 Homogeneous

presents components of external load principal vector applied to the boundary of

0 (z) = a1 /z2 + a2 /z3 + . . . ,

1.2 System of Curvilinear Cracks in Elastic Plane

1.2.1 Selected Information Concerning the Theory

1.2.1.1 Cauchy Type Integrals

|f (t2 ) f (t1 )| A |t2 t1 | , A > 0, 0 < 1, (1.33)

Fig. 1.6 Open curvilinear

Taking into account that the curve L is smooth contour, we have

Fig. 1.7 Closed contour L

1 f (t)dt 1 f (t) f (t0 ) 1

Now, let us consider L as the closed contour. If contour L is open, it can be

where f (z) is analytical in region S + and continuous in S + L function.

F + (t0 ) F (t0 ) = f (t0 ),

Similar formulas for integrals

1.2.1.2 Problem of Linear Conjugation

+ (t) (t) = (t), t L. (1.50)

This problem can be solved using SokhotskiPlemelj formulas as well (1.45)

If the condition () = 0 will be substituted by more general condition requiring

where Pk (z) is an arbitrary polynomial of not greater order then k; at k = 1, one

1.2.2 Single Curvilinear Crack

Fig. 1.8 Curvilinear crack

g(l ) = g(l + ) = 0. (1.55)

Hereinafter upper indexes + or indicate boundary values of corresponding

The relationship (1.56) can be considered as integral representation of complex stress