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1. Present participle
The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action. In
English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb.
2. Past participle
The past participle is often used when we want to express a passive action. In
English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs. We use the 3rd (or 5 th) column of
the table of the irregular verbs.
Perfect Tenses: He has forgotten the pencil. He had forgotten the pencil.
Having read the book the boy came out of the room.
1. Use
1. to shorten relative clauses
3. after verbs of perception (e.g. see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel)
4. after verbs of rest and movement (e.g. run, go, come, stay, stand, lie, sit)
2. Form
Present participle: an exciting race
3. Examples
1. The cars which are produced in Japan are nice.
The cars produced in Japan are nice.
The infinitive without the marker to (bare-infinitive) is used after the auxiliaries shall,
should, will, would, may, might, do, did, can, could, must, need and dare.
We must go now.
Notes
When dare and need are used as principal verbs, they are followed by the to-
infinitive.
The infinitive is used without to after some principal verbs like bid, watch, see, let,
make, help and hear.
The infinitive is used without to after rather, better and had better.