Ancient Churches of Dytynets

Some believe the city was named after its

founder, the warrior Cherniga. Locals
prefer the romantic legend about a girl
who threw herself out a window rather
than be forced to marry against her will.
Her father, Prince Chornyy, was allegedly
the founder of the town and was buried
there in the Chorna Grave.Most of
Chernigiv’s architectural sites are found in
Dytynets, an historical area in the centre
of town. The earliest settlements appeared at the beginning of the first
millennium, and in the 8th-12th centuries, the town’s fortifications came into
being. On the east, Dytynets borders the Desna beside what is known as the
Ramparts, where there are still twelve old cannons once used for the city’s
defense. The city’s historical treasure is the 11 th-century Church of the
Transfiguration of Our Saviour. One of the oldest cathedrals of the Kyivan Rus,
it was built by the legendary Prince Mstislav the Brave, whose remains were
laid to rest there, along with the remains of Prince Igor and Prince Svyatoslav.
The weapons of the Kyiv princes and the battle colours of Chernigiv’s Cossack
regiments are also preserved there. The Cathedral of St Boris and St Glib, also
in Dytynets, was built in the 12th century on the foundations of an even earlier
building. The Tsars’ Gates, built at the beginning of the 18 th century by the
order of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, still stand there, and the cathedral itself houses
an architectural exposition. The 18th-century St Katherine’s Church near
Dytynets is considered the symbol of Chernigiv. It houses the oblast’s Museum
of Folk and Decorative Art (tel.: 0462-43-236).
The Chernigiv area is a prize catch for researchers, since the Mezinska
excavation site is unrivalled in the world. About 20 thousand
years ago, people of the late Palaeolithic period lived in
the few primitive shelters there. Tools made from the local
chalky flint along with interesting works of ancient art,
such as a bracelet made from mammoth ivory, female
figurines and pendants were found at the site. These
artefacts are on display in the Chernigiv V.V. Tarnovsky
Historical Museum (4 Gorky St., tel.: 0462-17-66-50, 17-67-
93). But the most interesting exhibits are a “noisy bracelet”
similar to a castanet and six mammoth bones decorated
with patterns that represent the world’s only remnants of a
Palaeolithic percussion orchestra! By analysing the impact patterns on the
bones, experts have even been able to reconstruct the music composed in those
prehistoric times.

Secrets of the Chernigiv Caves

The most mystic and visited place in Chernigiv are the legendary St Anthony’s
Caves at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery (92 Tolstoy St.), one of the oldest
remnants from the times of the Kyivan Rus. In 1069 the founder of the Kyiv-
Pechersk Lavra, St Anthony of the Kyiv Caves, visited Chernigiv. Later a
monastery was built there, and the famous St Elias’ Church appeared in the
12th century.For many centuries the monks dug catacombs until an underground
complex appeared. These catacombs have been the site of many phenomena
for which there is no scientific explanation. In the 1960s, members of
archaeological expeditions claimed to hear strange sounds and to smell the
aroma of burning incense, and they often reported feeling that someone was
breathing down the backs of their necks. In 1970, the famous Black Monk, an
apparition in a long black robe, made his first appearance …Most visitors to the
caves experience increased vitality, a feeling of euphoria and the correction of
abnormal heart rhythms, so from time immemorial, people from all over
Ukraine have travelled there to be cured of various ailments.Besides the caves,
the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery boasts the Holy Trinity Cathedral (1679),
where the relics of St Feodosy and St Lavrenty are kept, the Church of the
Presentation with a refectory (1677) and a 58-metre bell tower that offers a
fascinating view of the city. No wonder these picturesque places have inspired
many Ukrainian writers! From 1898 to 1913, the great writer Mikhailo
Kotsyubinsky lived and worked in Chernigiv. A museum now occupies his house
on the street named after him. The author of Shades of Forgotten Ancestors is
buried near St Anthony’s Caves. Another prominent Ukrainian writer, Leonid
Glibov, is buried at the Holy Trinity-St Elias Monastery.

From 1669 to 1708 and again from 1750 to 1764, the city of Baturin was the
residence of Hetmans Samoilovych and Mazepa and
the last Ukrainian hetman, Kyryl Rozumovsky. The
classical palace (1799-1803) is dilapidated but
fascinating. The museum of local lore and history
(tel.: 04635-48-437) is also worth a visit, and you can
pay for a guided tour of the Rozumovsky family burial
vault, the Church of the Resurrection.
The Kachanivka History and Culture Reserve (tel.:
04633-24-193) is open from March to September. A
unique collection that belonged to the Tarnovskys,
an aristocratic family, was created at the end of the
18th century and was completely restored in 1980.
The museum has fragments of V. Tarnovsky Jr’s
collection, dedicated to Taras Shevchenko, who was a
frequent guest of the family.
The Monastery of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour is
the point of greatest interest in Novgorod-Siversky, capital of the Siversky
principality in the mid 11th century. According to one account, it was founded in
1033 by Prince Mstislav Vladymyrovych to thank God for victory over Kyiv’s
Prince Yaroslav; according to another version, it was founded by Yaroslav the
Wise in 1036. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of Our Saviour (1785-1787)
has a museum exposition called A Word Concerning Igor’s Regiment (Pushkin
St., tel.: 04658-21-521).The partially preserved, 10th-century Yuriev’s House of
Prayer is the second most important monument of the Kyivan Rus period, after
St Sophia’s Cathedral, and draws visitors to the city of Oster in the Kozelets
district.
The first historical reference to the town of Nizhyn appeared in 1147. It was
once the site of trade fairs, a Cossack community and a former Greek colony in
Ukraine. It is also home to the famous Nizhyn Teachers Training University,
founded in 1820, where the great writer Mykola Gogol studied.

In the village of Sosnytsa in the Mensky district, visitors can see the log
cabin where the great Ukrainian screenwriter and film producer
Alexander Dovzhenko was born, as well as an exhibit about him in
the Literature and Memorial Museum (2 Dovzhenko St.; tel.: 04655-
21-590).

The best way is by car along the Kyiv-Chernigiv road or by public transport van
from the Lisova metro station. The two-hour trip costs UAH10.Ukraine
International Airlines offers convenient, daily flights to Kyiv from almost each
capital of Western Europe.For more information on flights schedules and
ticket reservations, please contact the UIA office in Kyiv at (+380 44) 581-
5050, or visit the UIA website: www.flyUIA.com

Places to Stay and Relax

Slovyansky Hotel Complex
Just 200 metres from the city’s main square with deluxe and semi-deluxe
suites, single and double rooms with all amenities, a café/bar, sauna, pool and
parking.
Address: Chernigiv, 33 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 74-604
Gradetsky Hotel
Chernigiv’s biggest hotel is a 10-minute walk from the centre and has deluxe
and semi-deluxe suites, single and double rooms and probably the best cuisine
in town.
Address: Chernigiv, 68 Myra Ave., Tel.: (04622) 45-025
Etoile Cafe
Located on the Ramparts and very
popular with the locals, it offers the
Courage disco, billiards, the Traffic Light
bowling alley and delicious, inexpensive
meals.
Address: Chernigiv, 50 Pyatnitska St.,
Tel.: (0462) 18-57-30
Old Town Tavern
Situated on the town’s main street, it
has a quiet atmosphere and offers a variety of reasonably priced Ukrainian
dishes.
Address: Chernigiv, 32 Myra Ave., Tel: (04622) 7-41-65

Chernihiv caves
Chernihiv caves. From generation to generation people retell
true stories and even legends about them, sometimes keen and
romantic. Even nowadays some believe in the legend about an
underground way from Chernihiv to Kyiv. But it’s only a beautiful
legend…Pechers’k monastery. In ancient times there was a monastery
which consisted of small underground buildings. They are caves,
which were used by monks for religious ceremonials and living, cave
necropolises (kymityrii) and underground churches. By the way even
nowadays they impress visitors and researches by their sizes and
architectural shapes. Thus, the height of Rev. Theodosius Totems’kyi
church reaches 8 m 40 cm which is nearly like three-storey building
(and this is under the ground!). An apartment has a form of
octahedron, walls are decorated with semi-circular and square niches,
there is a multi-profiled cornice above them and a dome completes
church building. Today the underground complex of caves, 350
meters of total length, consists of two layers. Lower – it the
underground cemetery in a way. The burial places are found
everywhere here: in walls, in the floor of gallery, in monastic cells
But the most mysterious phenomenon of Anthony caves is ghosts.
They as if go out from the walls of caves and in a few minutes…
dissolve midair or appear in total darkness. Mostly ghosts rise up near
the monastic cell of Anthony Pecherskyi. Possibly, the founder of
caves comes to examine underground buildings created by him.Many
articles can be written about Anthony caves, but it’s better to see them.
Visit Boldyn Hills and mysterious caves. “Anthony caves” museum
works daily, without a break and days off, from 10.00 am till 6.00 pm.
Pachomius, Archbishop And Hieromartyr Of Chernigov

Archbishop Pachomius, in the world Peter Petrovich Kedrov, was born on

July 30, 1876 (according to another source, 1877) in Yaransk, Vyatka
province, in the family of a priest (according to another source, his father was
a psalm-reader). He was the elder brother of the holy hieroconfessor
Abercius, bishop of Zhitomir. Another brother, Michael, taught theology at the
Kremenetz and Vilna seminaries in Poland between the wars. After the
Second World War he became a monk and was consecrated Bishop of
Wraclaw, where he soon died.
By nature Peter was serious, humble and meek, pensive and church-
oriented. After preparatory theological training, he entered the Kazan
Theological Academy when Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) was rector. He
was given the office of candle-lighter. Being a little too zealous in his
religiousness, Peter decided to fulfil literally the Lord's command: 'If thy right
eye offend thee, pluck it out' (Matthew 5.29), and one night he attempted to
burn out his right eye with a candle. His roommate at this time was Basil
Maximenko, the future confessor and archbishop of Jordanville. He was
awakened in the middle of the night by the grinding of teeth of his roommate,
who was trying in this way to endure the pain. Seeing what had happened, he
put up a cry and saved his friend's eye. However, the burns were so serious
that it required surgery on the eyelid and eyebrow, and the scar remained for
the rest of his life.
In 1898 he was tonsured into monasticism by Bishop Anthony, who took him
with him on his transfer to Volhynia. There Fr. Pachomius did missionary
work while residing in the Derman Monastery near the Pochayev Lavra. In
1899 he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1900 graduated from the
Kazan Academy with the degree of candidate of theology. In 1905 he was
raised to the rank of archimandrite. In 1906 he became superior of the
Derman monastery. On August 30, 1911 he was consecrated Bishop of
Novgorod-Seversky. In 1916 he became Bishop of Starodub, a vicariate of
the Chernigov diocese. In 1917 he became Bishop of Chernigov.
In 1917-18 Vladyka Pachomius took part in the Local Council of the Russian
Orthodox Church, and on October 30, 1917 delivered a report concerning the
procedure of electing the patriarch.
When the White Army retreated and the Red Army took full control of Russia,
the country was in total collapse, with transportation paralyzed. But this did
not stop Bishop Pachomius, who with his bishop's staff visited all the
churches of his diocese on foot! Since the left bank of the Dnieper River,
according to the new administrative division, belonged to the Chernigov
diocese, he also had to visit the outskirts of Kiev, and so he visited the Kiev
Caves Lavra also. Bishop Pachomius was also the abbot of a local
monastery, where he resided.
At that time there lived in Chernigov the fool-for-Christ Michael the Blessed.
In the world he had been a highly respected civil engineer. Once he was
commissioned to build a large bridge. The bridge was constructed according
to his specifications. One day the bridge collapsed killing several people. So
profoundly was the engineer struck by the news of this tragedy that he took
off his expensive business suit and, putting on a long shirt, left his home
never to return. He became a fool-for-Christ's sake. He ate very little, had
almost no place to sleep, knelt whole nights in prayer, and spoke very little,
saying only: "Repent." The blessed Michael achieved great sanctity and
frequently visited Bishop Pachomius. When he died in 1922, the whole city
lamented his righteous death and took part in the burial, which was
performed by Bishop Pachomius with tears in his eyes.
The same year the communist authorities made many attempts to arrest him.
One day they stormed into the cathedral while the Divine Liturgy was being
celebrated in order to arrest him on the spot. The crowd of believers,
however, thronged straight to the altar and prevented the arrest of their
beloved archpastor for a time. But the GPU was not easily dissuaded from its
plan. The bishop had the habit of remaining for a long time in the altar after
the service, and once, when only he and his cell-attendant remained, the
GPU agents burst into the sanctuary and captured their holy victim. This was
the first of many arrests of Bishop Pachomius. He was arrested and released
time and again. This continuous nightmare finally began to undermine the
bishop's peace of soul.
At about the same time, the communist authorities throughout the whole of
Russia began a blasphemous "investigation" of holy relics, opening the
shrines of many saints in an attempt to prove "scientifically" to the public the
alleged falsity of the saints' incorruption. This movement produced frightful
spectacles of sacrilege, evoking enormous protests and resistance by the
people, many of whom suffered imprisonment and banishment. But the
"scientific investigators" were themselves put to shame, for they themselves
had to admit the incorruption of the relics, which they could not explain
scientifically, and this was printed in all the newspapers. The believing
Orthodox rejoiced at the outcome, but the authorities nevertheless did their
work - they placed the saints' relics in anti-religious museums as "mummies".
This campaign caused some conscientious bishops even to die from
desperate sorrow at the mockery of the saints, as happened with Archbishop
Anatolius of Irkutsk.
Bishop Pachomius also had to suffer in this campaign. It was demanded that
the relics of St. Theodosius of Chernigov be stripped and exposed to the
public. Usually the atheistic commission of "scientists" would shake and toss
the relics, but Bishop Pachomius stood his ground, and, having put on
epitrachelion and cuffs, did the unwrapping of the relics himself, shedding
painful tears in the presence of a large crowd of believers, who also wept and
sobbed, seeing the communists would not leave even the dead alone. The
later Archbishop Leontius of Chile, a close friend of Bishop Pachomius, has
preserved for us a rare photograph of the opening of the relics of St.
Theodosius of Chernigov, showing the grieving Bishop Pachomius holding
the relics and surrounded by his grief-stricken flock.
After this the relics were confiscated, brought to Petrograd and exposed in an
anti-religious museum together with dead rats and fossilized bones. But the
believers, having bribed the guards, secretly served catacomb services
before the relics in the middle of the night. Evidently in connection with this,
Bishop Pachomius was arrested.
After his release in 1923 he could not return to his diocese, but found shelter
in the St. Daniel Monastery in Moscow, whose abbot was the future martyr,
Archbishop Theodore of Volokolamsk. On November 29, 1923 (according to
other source: 1927 or 1929) he was raised to the rank of archbishop.
According to one source, Vladyka Pachomius was in Kiev from 1923 to 1924
without right of departure, and from 1924 to November, 1925 - in Moscow
without right of departure. On December 10, 1925 he was arrested in
Moscow in connection with the affair of Metropolitan Peter of Krutitsa, was
imprisoned in Butyrki prison in Moscow and was sentenced to three years'
exile in the camps.
According to one source, he was then (from June, 1926 to 1928) exiled to the
Zyryansk region. But according to another source he was exiled to Solovki,
transferred to Mai-Gub on the Baltic-White Sea canal in 1928 and transferred
again to Zyryansk from 1928 to 1930.
In 1927, Archbishop Pachomius and his brother, Archbishop Abercius, wrote
an epistle attacking Metropolitan Sergius' traitrous "declaration". They wrote:
"There can be no union between Church and State, when it has to do with
our Orthodox Church and the Soviet Union, by reason of the fundamental
difference in the basic views of the two sides. The only thing that is possible
is a conditional agreement as to practical mutual relationships, solely on the
foundation of the principle of the separation of Church and State.
"In actual fact, can one even conceive of the Soviet State in union with the
Church? A State religion in an anti-religious State! A government Church in
an atheist government! This is an absurdity; it contradicts the nature of the
Church and the Soviet State; this is unacceptable both for a sincerely
religious person and for an honest atheist."
Professor Nesterov relates that Archbishop Pachomius arrived at the camp
almost an invalid, with paralysis of the facial nerves. Because of his physical
weakness he could not be used in the building and was therefore sent in
1932 to a camp for invalids at Kuzema. But even here he was sent out to
physical labour which was very difficult for him: carrying water, baking bread,
etc.
Professor Nesterov relates an incident from this period which is very
characteristic of the archbishop. One of the imprisoned professors was
working in the office of the Kuzema camp as a scribe. He had to compile a
list in quick order of those who had been sent to a different work point in the
Kuzema camp and had to work all night. The professor was tormented and
irritable. In the morning Archbishop Pachomius came into the office and
asked the professor whether he knew where and when they were being sent.
The professor replied sharply:
"You bother me, Vladyka!" -
and added a crude comment.
Archbishop Pachomius humbly bowed down to his feet, asking forgiveness
for irritating him by his question. The professor became upset and in his turn
asked forgiveness of the archbishop for his crudeness.
In personal conversation with Professor Nesterov, Archbishop Pachomius
often condemned the church policy of Metropolitan Sergius even more
sharply and categorically than he had done in his epistle. By this time the
results of Metropolitan Sergius' policy had become clear, both with regard to
the fate of the Church herself in general, and with regard to the banished
bishops in particular. In place of the promised legalization, the liquidation of
churches and clergy was proceeding at an increasing tempo. Bishops and
priests languished in prison without any hope of liberation. Exiles and arrests
not only did not cease, but even increased.
In the absence of Archbishop Pachomius, all the churches in the Chernigov
diocese commemorated Metropolitan Sergius until 1930, and so the True
Orthodox who refused to accept "legalization" had to go to Kiev, to the
community of Abbess Sophia, to receive the Holy Mysteries.
On his arrival in Chernigov from prison, there was a meeting between
Vladyka Pachomius and the "antisergianist" clergy. During this meeting
Igumen Laurence (Proskura), Hieromonk Smaragdus (Chernetsky) and
Hieromonk Michael (Tyshkevich) expressed themselves strongly against the
declaration of Metropolitan Sergius. (When Igumen Laurence heard the name
of Metropolitan Sergius commemorated he would put his hands over his ears!
But he later joined the sergianists, and is now considered to be a saint by
them.) Also strongly against the declaration were Igumen Alypius
(Yakovenko) and Hieromonk Michael (Korma), who said that they would
break communion with Vladyka Pachomius if he accepted the declaration.
Vladyka accepted the point of view of these priests, although, according to
Bishop Damascene of Glukhov, a vicar of Archbishop Pachomius, he did not
openly and actively oppose the declaration. However, it is evident from the
"affair" of the "counter-revolutionary activity" of a group of Chernigov clergy in
1936, that in the middle of the 1930s Metropolitan Sergius' name was not
commemorated in the churches of Chernigov, but only the names of the
Orthodox Patriarchs and Metropolitan Peter.
On October 3/16, 1930 (according to another source, 1932) Archbishop
Pachomius was arrested in Chernigov for the last time. He was charged
according to article 54 (10) of the Ukrainian criminal code of "counter-
revolutionary activity" and "inciting the priests to organize resistance to Soviet
power by joining forces, and his flat was searched. He was also accused of
having continued his religious activity during his exile in Zyryansk region in
1925-28, by serving in the local church, corresponding with Chernigov clergy,
and "corrupting" children by giving them sweets and crosses and not blessing
them to enter the pioneer organization. On November 4 he was sentenced to
five years in the camps, which he spent in Kotelnich, Vyatka district.
According to one source, Archbishop Pachomius was killed on May 15, 1937
(old style), according to another - on November 11, 1937 in Kotelnich.
According to Protopresbyter Michael Polsky, he served his last sentence in
his homeland in the city of Yaransk, living under house arrest in the home of
his brother, the protopriest. Once when the GPU came to arrest his brother,
Vladyka Pachomius could not stand it, had a nervous breakdown and died
soon after in hospital.
According to some oral witnesses, on sensing the approach of death,
Vladyka took upon himself the podvig of foolishness for Christ...
(Sources: M.E. Gubonin, Akty Svyateishego Patriarkha Tikhona, Moscow: St.
Tikhon's Theological Institute, 1994, pp. 877-78; Russkiye Pravoslavnye
Ierarkhi, Paris: YMCA Press, 1986, p. 58; Ivan Andreyev, Russia's Catacomb
Saints, Platina, Ca.: St. Herman of Alaska Press, 1982, ch. 12; Lev
Regelson, Tragediya Russkoj Tserkvi, 1917-1945, Paris: YMCA Press, 1977,
pp. 543, 550; Ikh Stradaniyami Ochistitsa Rus', Moscow, 1996, p. 73; G.
Stankevich, "Budyet zhe Vam dlya Vsidetel'stva", Troic'kij Visnik (Chernigov),
N 9 (18), 1995, p. 4; Bishop Ambrose (von Sievers), "Episkopat Istinno-
Pravoslavnoj Katakombnoj Tserkvi 1922-1997g.", Russkoye Pravoslaviye, N
4(8), 1997, p. 5; I.I. Osipova, "Svoz' Ogn' i Vody Slyoz", Moscow:
Serebryanniye Niti, 1998, p. 263)

The Mother of God of Chernigov

While Lazar Baranovich was Archbishop of Chernigov and Zosima was

Abbot of the Ilinsk Monastery, tears poured forth from this icon from
the 16th to the 24th of April, 1662. In that same year, the Tatars attacked
Chernigov and devastated all of the surrounding villages. However, the
monks of the monastery knew nothing of the imminent danger. In the
night, they received the news. After rushing to the church, and
earnestly, tearfully, praying to their Heavenly Intercessor, they hid in a
cave. At midnight the Tatars broke into the monastery and looted the
church, but the miraculous icon and all of its precious decorations
remained untouched. An unseen power did not permit the barbarians to
touch the Holy Icon. That same unseen force kept them from entering
the cave where the monks were hiding. Suddenly, terrified by a vision,
the barbarians fled. Her feast is celebrated on April 16th (O.S.).
 Magnetic Earth Field.

Magnetic Exploration Abnormal magnetic

field
Abnormal magnetic field. Regional magnetic anomalies

During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been
successfully used for the construction of non-uniformly scaled
solid models, the geological environment, which is also an integral
part of the estimation of perspectivity of geological structures on
different minerals.
The magnetic or geomagnetic field, is a force field caused by
electromagnetic processes in a kernel of the Earth (main, or a normal
field), in the top layers of the ionosphere (a variation of a geomagnetic
field) and magnetisation of earth crust materials. The former factor
forms an abnormal magnetic field which displays presence of materials
with different concentration of magnetic minerals in earth crust. The
most abnormal magnetic field on the territory of Ukraine is represented
on NAU map "the Abnormal magnetic field". It is received by an
exception of the variations connected with ionospheric processes, and,
a so-called, normal field from intensity of the general geomagnetic field.
The normal field has no exact analytical image and consequently has
several approximating models, one of which is represented on NAU
map "the Normal magnetic field".
The abnormal magnetic field, which is found on the territory of Ukraine
is differentiated greatly and consists of the regional and local
components, which differ in the lateral dimensions of anomalies and the
depth of their sources. Regional field component, represented on the
map "Regional magnetic anomalies" is conditioned by the heterogeneity
of structure of the lower part of earth crust and a relief of the
magnetoactive layer bottom, which can be identified with an earth crust
bottom (Мохоровічич section) or with an isothermal surface of Curie
temperature magnetite as the main carrier of materials' magnetism. It
displays regional features of the big geostructures, and particularly of
separate blocks of the Ukrainian sheet and the imposed trenches of a
platform part of territory, border of the East European platform and
heterogeneity of earth crust within Mountainous Crimea and
Carpathians. Local component of an abnormal magnetic field is
influence of magnetised materials of the top part of the crust and
displays its composition and a structure. Use of local magnetic
anomalies in the search purposes has begun in Ukraine more than 100
years ago with opening and the further research of Krivorozhsky iron-
ore deposit. Now this component of a magnetic field is used as one of
the reliable information sources during geological mapping of materials,
studying of fold and explosive tectonics, tectonic zoning, and together
with the regional component and other geophysical data - for studying
of correlations between near-surface and deep lithospheric structures.
The former is an important factor in the development of searching
criteria for the different types of minerals, including oil-and-gas. From
this point of view special value acquires tracing according to abnormal
magnetic field data of the so-called through faults and a trance of
regional tectonic zones, which are often enough zones of activization
and concentration of minerals.
During the last years the abnormal magnetic field has been successfully
used for the construction of non-uniformly scaled solid models, the
geological environment, which is also an integral part of the estimation
of perspectivity of geological structures on different minerals.

Conclusions

General conclusions concerning conducted research.

1. The construction technique of the maps, displaying

abnormal magnetic field (ΔТ)а, its regional (ΔТ)а.reg and local
(ΔТ)а.loc. components and module T was developed.
2. The new estimation criterion of the terrestrial magnetic
field storminess was offered, which can be used in the study of
the geomagnetic field's secular course and its ecological
aspect.
 3. Maps of abnormal magnetic field (ΔТ)а, its regional
(ΔТ)а.reg and local (ΔТ)а.loc. components, module T,
storminess ΔD and ecological storminess ΔDecol foer the
territory of Ukrain were worked out.
4. Maps of the geomagnetic field’s regional component
(ΔТ)а.reg., storminess ΔD and ecological storminess ΔDecol for
the East-European platform were created.

Natural conditions and natural resources. Geophysical fields

Physical fields that were caused or changed with planet natural

environment called geophysical fields (GF). GF change and distribution
in time and space depend on resources availability and power and on
natural environment characteristics structure and its dynamics under the
influence of natural and anthropogenic factors as well. It is important to
know the present condition and change nature of GF for understanding
of natural processes, that influence the people’s life and country
economics, for long-timed socio-economic planning, rational earth
usage, task-oriented minerals seeking and dangerous processes
prediction.
Gravitational field of the Earth or field of gravity force is the field caused
by gravity force and centrifugal force, that was entailed Earth axial
rotation. It is conventionally divided into abnormal and normal.
Abnormal gravitational field (AGF) represents Earth form and its subsoil
structure characteristics. AGF changes in the wide range on the territory
of Ukraine, thatia connected with characteristics of Earth crust material
and upper mantle thickness. On the atlas map the AGF distribution is
showed with the lines of the similar values of its quantity, that is called
isoanomaly.
On the base of gravitational modeling of the schistose inhomogeneous
three dimensional deep structures with the usage of data about
abnormal gravitational field, deep seismic sounding data (DSS),
experimental correlate dependences between specific thickness and
seismic-wave propagation under the conditions of different
temperatures and tenses considering material constitution amendments
was created a map of abnormal Earth crust and upper mantle thickness.
Due to the tendency to isostatic equilibrium of separate blocks and its
complexes the bottom of the Earth crust immerses under heavier blocks
and rises under lighter ones.
Thermal field also gives the important information about structure and
dynamics of our planet. Thermal condition of the Earth crust is
characterized by thermal flow thickness that comes from the Earth
subsoil and dissipates from its surface and by temperature change
depending on depth.
The main part in formation of the thermal flow plays: the long-living
radioelements’ (uranium, thorium, potassium) break-up energy, the
maximal concentration of which is observed in the Earth crust materials,
primary Earth energy and the energy of the physicochemical processes
that take place in its subsoil. The important part in positive geothermal
anomalies formation plays also thermal conduction conditions that
significantly change depending on depth and according to lateral. The
leading part in positive geothermal anomalies formation plays active
tectonic and magmatic processes that is attended by release of the
great amount of heat.
Thermal flow thickness – is a quantity of heat that is released from
subsoil to surface per time unit on area unit. It is measured in mW/m2
and is defined as the result of multiplication of the geothermal gradient
in the definite depth interval and the material thermal conductivity of this
interval. On the territory of Ukraine the thermal flow thickness changes
from 25-30 mW/m2 to 100-110 mW/m2. Temperatures on the depth of 1
km changes from 20 to 70oC, and on the depth of 3 km – from 40 to
135oС. Thermal flow distribution is closely connected with geological
development characteristics or the regions and its tectonics.
Deep thermal flow (DTF) is defined as observed thermal flow corrected
considering numerous nearsurface influences: paleoclimate,
groundwater move with vertical component, geological structures, that
cause out-of-level bedding of the distribution surfaces with different
thermal conductivity, young overthrusts, conglomeration of young
sediments etc. DTF map shows the distribution of its background (35-50
mW/m2) and abnormal (60-130mW/m2) values on the territory of
Ukraine.
Earth thermal energy is a geoenergy resource. The map given in the
atlas (map of geoenergy resources thickness in tones of conditional fuel
on square meter that can be mined with water geocirculate system with
the carrier temperature not less than 60oC and its returning to the
subsoil with T ~ 20oC) was made on the base of DTF data. General
geoenergy resources of Ukraine (present time defined) approximately
20 times exceed all the reserves of fuel minerals on its territory. They
reach 10 t c.f/m2 on some areas, that exceeds reserves that can be
mined from the big oil or gas field. Geoenergy resources suitable for
practical usage by steam getting (electric power) without additional
heating are investigated only in Transcarpathia and not very limited
territories of Crimea.
Magnetic or geomagnetic field is geophysical force field caused by
electromagnetic processes in the Earth core (main or normal field), in
upper ionosphere (geomagnetic field variation) and Earth crust material
magnetization. Last factor forms abnormal magnetic field that shows
availability of the materials with different concentration of magnetic
minerals in the Earth crust. It is defined by excluding normal field
intensity and its variations from general geomagnetic field intensity.
Normal field does not have exact analytical image. Several approximate
models are used for its description, one of which is in the atlas.
Abnormal magnetic field of the territory of Ukraine is very differentiated
and consist of regional and local components which differ by diametrical
anomaly sizes and source placing depth.
Regional field component showed on the map “Long waved magnetic
anomalies” is provided by inhomogeneous structure of the Earth crust
lower part and the relief of magnetoactive layer bottom, that can be
equaled to Earth crust bottom (Mokhorovichich discontinuity) or to
isothermal surface Curie temperature magnetite – the main carrier of
materials’ magnetism. It reflects regional characteristics of the big
geostructure.
Local abnormal field component is formed under the influence of
magnetized materials of upper Earth crust part and represents its
structure. This magnetic field component is used as one of the
important information sources for geological material mapping, fold and
disjunctive tectonics, tectonic zoning study and in complex with regional
component and other geophysical data – for studying surface and deep
lithosphere structure correlations, for making non-uniformly scaled
three-dimensional models of geological environment, that are used
when geologize geological structures to find different materials.
Magnetotelluric Earth field is a natural electromagnetic field, caused
current system. This field is one of the important source of knowledge
about present geological structure, tectonic processes, geodynamics
and fluid rate of Earth crust and mantle. Material electrical properties
are closely connected with temperature and fluid subsoil rates, mineral
chemical composition, consisting of C, S, Fe and other metals, juvenile
waters mineralization level, available melt of crust and mantle materials
etc. On the base of observed magnetotelluric field analysis using the
methods of film and two-dimensional finite difference electromagnetic
fields modeling the given in atlas maps “Earth crust electroconductivity”
and “Upper mantle electroconducivity” in the siemens (S) – units of
conductivity were made. Electroconductivity anomalies are
distinguished above “normal” generalized Eastern Europe geoelectrical
section, that characterized by specific electric resistance (in ohm.m):
1000, 600, 250, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1 – in the geological
environment layers with power (in km): 160, 40, 50, 70, 80, 100, 100,
160, 200, ∞. Value of longitudinal electroconductivity of the environment
film was taken as 10cm.
For studying deep Earth structure: geometry and main tectonic bounder
location, physical parameters distribution of geological environment etc
– another type of GF is used widely – seismic field. It is observed in the
form of mechanical oscillations on the soil surface or in mines, caves,
adits, boreholes. Oscillations are generated by seismic waves
(longitudinal, diametrical, surface, channel), that propagate from the
source fading, reflecting, refracting and reradiating in other types on
geological environment inhomogeneities. Depending on source seismic
field can be natural or anthropogenic.
Studying of anthropogenic seismic fields that were by special
explosions or by Vibroseis generated and observed along geologic
profiles, allowed getting unique data about Earth structure, that are
used for minerals searching and solving other geological-geophysical
problems. There are Earth crust and lithosphere sections through the
main tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine in the atlas.

1. Observations on the deep seismic sounding (DSS)

geotraverse “Holovanivs’k – Kirovohrad - Taganrog”, that
crosses in latitudinal way Eastern and Central parts of
Ukrainian board, were made according to the uninterrupted
profiling method using the mutually connected travel- time
curves of the main waves. This model shows velocity properties
and deep structure of the Archean-Proterozoic parts of the
board.
2. Geotraverse “Black Sea – Baltic Sea” on the territory of
Ukraine has the 900 km length. It crosses Paleozoic Skythian
plate and Precambrian Ukrainian board. Velocity model was
made on the base of two-dimensional figure wave field
modeling, that was taken by DSS method.
3. DSS profile “Poltava- Sverdlovsk” goes along Dnipro-
Donets’k avlakogen. DSS results was taken and interpreted by
the big staff of Ukrainian geologists and geophysicians.
4. Deep seismic researches on the profile “Berehovo –
Dolyna – Vyshnevets’ – Shepetivka - Chernigiv” showed the
 tectonic structure of different age and genesis: Transcarpathian
Mesozoic – Palaeogene bending, Carpathia, that are one of the
main European Alpine orogenes and Archean-earlyProterozoic
Ukrainian board.
5. DSS profile “Putyvl’-Kryvyi Rih” join the ultradeep well
UDW-8 and 9. In its Southern part it goes along Kryvoriz’ko-
Kremenchutc’ka submedidianal early protherozoic
protogeosyncline, and in the Northern – obliquely crosses
Dnipro-Donets’k late proterozoic- Devon paleorift north-western
extent.
6. On the territory of Ukraine great amount of seismic
profiling were done (over 10 th km) for studying Earth crust and
lithosphere structure. A map of Mokhorovichich surface was
made in the atlas according to these data. The word “surface” is
conventional, as actually it is powerful transition zone, that
divide Earth crust from the upper mantle, that is characterized
by complicated structure, alternation of thin layers with higher
and lower seismic waves velocities.

On the territory of Ukraine Earth crust thickness changes in wide ranges

from 25 to 65 km. Maximal crust thickness fixes under the Carpathia (65
km), Mountain Crimea (up to 60 km), jn the Ukrainian board (Odessa-
Yadliv, Kryvyi Rih-Krupets’k, Orikhovo-Pavlohrad early Protherozoic
geosyncline zones – 50-60 km). Minimal Earth crust thickness is
observed in the Transcarpathian bending region (25 km), under Dnipro-
Donets’k avlacogene (30-35 km), on the Ukrainian board, in the
Zaporizhzhya middle massif region (25-30 km), Kirovohrad
protoplatform block region (35 km) and on the water area of Black Sea
depression (25-30 km).
Natural seismic fields caused by the local and strong distant earthquake
foci, must be taken into account because of their dangerousness when
accommodations, important buildings, objects at ecological and
anthropogeneous risk are built. The cause of earthquakes is the present
geological structure tectonic activity. Distribution of different magnitude
earthquakes on the given territory in time and dimension is called
seismicity.
On the territory of Ukraine the high seismicity level is observed mainly
on the territory or Carpathia and Crimea-black Sea region.
Seismicity of the Carpathia region depends on the earthquakes with
epicenters in Transcarpathia, Carpathia and on the adjacent territory of
Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania. The most active is
Transcarpathia.
On the Western regions territory (from 18th century and to the present
time) earthquakes are characterized mainly by foci depth (h) 2-10 km
and magnitudes (M)< 5,5. due to the small depth these earthquakes
caused local effects on the soil surface with intensity up to 7-8 points on
the MSK-64 scale. Similar fluctuations are felt on the Transcarpathia
from deeper (h=35 km) and bigger (M=6.8) earthquakes with epicenters
in Romania at the ~60 km from Ukrainian bounder. the biggest at the
adjacent territories of the Precarpathia earthquake was in the 1875 year
in the Lvivs’ka region. It has magnitude M=5.3, focus depth h=19 km
and was felt in the epicenter with the intensity 6 points. In Chernivtsi
intensity reached 3 points.
The territory of Ukraine is influenced by the subcutaneous earthquakes
from Vrancea zone in Romania. Earthquake foci are placed in the
mantle on the depths from 80 to 190 km. Maximal magnitudes reached
7.6. Due to big depths of the foci and magnitudes earthquakes from the
Vrancea are felt on the huge territory: from Greece on the south to
Finland on the north. There are earthquake foci from the Vrancea zone
from 11th century with magnitudes higher than 3.5 on the epicenter
map. For the last two centuries isoseims for the strongest earthquakes
were defined.
Seismicity of the Crimea-Black sea region is defined by the earthquake
epicenters, placed in the Black Sea water area near the Southern Coast
of Crimea. They are characterized by the highest in the Ukraine
magnitudes (M=6.8). On the epicenter map earthquake are represented
with M>2 from the first century to the present time. On the lower part of
Crimea and Sea of Azov waters area earthquake foci with M>1 are
shown.
On the platform part of Ukraine only several local earthquakes are
known. Their foci were in the Earth crust range, and to it, seismic effect
had local character. Seismic swing intensity in the epicenter reached 6-
7 point. Earthquake with intensity of 6 points on the MSK-64 scale that
took place on January 3, 2002, near the village Mykulyntsi Ternopils’ka
region and aftershock trail are the evidence of seismic activity
availability of the platform tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine.
Danger level, which can be caused by earthquakes, is displayed on the
maps of general seismic zoning (GSZ) in the numbers of MSK-64
macroseismic scale. These maps are used in long-term social-
economic planning, rational land use, acceptance of administrative and
technical decisions concerning maintenance of existing constructions'
stable operation and placing of the new ones (HPS, APS, pipelines,
etc.). In Ukrainian seismic areas design-survey and construction works
are regulated through three probabilistic ЗСР-2004 maps, marked as A,
B and C. They represent intensity values of seismic shakings, which
can become evident once in 500, 1000 and 5000 years accordingly, or,
in other words, may be exceeded with probability of 10 %, 5 % and 1 %
in the next 50 years.
Maps of seismic zoning (SZ) display a predicted increase in seismic
numbers on different territory lots, according to the one, presented on
GSZ map. Increases may be positive or negative, depending on the
local soil conditions, relief and presence of tectonic failures.
Engineering-geological researches data, macroseismic inspections of
earthquakes consequences data, tool observation over the
earthquakes' seismic fields, explosions, natural and technogenic
microseisms are used while creating SZ maps. SZ maps are used for
planning of population aggregates' development, maintenance of
existing constructions' stable operation and designing of the new ones.
The maps of geophysical fields represented in the atlas and the maps
and schemes, created on the basis of their interpretation, which display
depth of the lithosphere structure, dynamics of tectonic structures, the
danger, connected with earthquakes, creep movements, shifts,
subsidences, etc., is an important tool for the preception of a deep
planet structure, purposeful search of minerals, protection of the
population, habitation and important constructions from dangerous
endogenous processes and the secondary engineering-geological
phenomena, connected with them.

Data of geomagnetic measurements of the Arctic and

Antarctic

These geomagnetic measurements on the site of

Geophysics Center RAN: the importance of the
components of magnetic fields, catalogs and maps
of measured values of isolines of the geomagnetic
field.

• Arctic
• Antarctic

Data of National Antarctic Research Center is

available by arrangement with the NASC.

• Description of geological and geophysical researches.

• Contacts NASC

Geomagnetic data of Antarctic

Geomagnetic data

• The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour

and minute).
 • Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of the
geomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Antarctic

Coordinates

Name Code
Latitude
Longitude

Leningradskaya LEN 69.50°S 159.40°E

Mirny MIR 66.55°S 93.02°E

Molodezhnaya MOL 67.67°S 45.85°E

Novolazarevskaya NVL 70.77°S 11.83°E

Pionerskaya PIO 69.73°S 95.50°E

Vostok VOS 78.45°S 106.87°E

Geomagnetic data of Arctic

Geomagnetic data

• The value of the components of geomagnetic field (hour

and minute).
• Catalogs measured values and maps isolines of the
geomagnetic field (publishing).

Geomagnetic observatories in Arctic.

Coordinates
Name Code
Latitude Longitude
Amderma AMD 69.47°N 61.42°E

Arkhangelsk ARK 64.60°N 40.50°E

Beliy Island BEY 73.30°N 70.00°E

Cape Chelyuskin CCS 77.72°N 104.28°E

Cape Kamenniy CKA 68.50°N 73.60°E

Cape Schmidt CPS 68.92°N 179.48°W

Cape Wellen CWE 66.16°N 169.83°W

Chokurdakh CHD 70.62°N 147.89°E

Dixon Island DIK 73.54°N 80.56°E

Heiss Island HIS 80.62°N 58.05°E

Kharasavey KHS 71.13°N 66.83°E

Kotelny Island KTN 75.94°N 137.71°E

Leningrad LNN 59.95°N 30.71°E

Magadan MGD 60.12°N 151.02°E

Murmansk MMK 68.95°N 33.05°E

Pevek PBK 70.83°N 170.90°E

Podkam. Tunguska POD 61.60°N 90.00°E

Seykha SEY 70.10°N 72.50°E

Srednikan SRE 62.44°N 152.31°E

Tanbey TMB 71.50°N 71.80°E

Tixie Bay TIK 71.58°N 129.00°E

Ugut UGT 61.00°N 74.00°E

Vise Island VIZ 79.48°N 79.98°E

Yakutsk YAK 62.02°N 129.72°E

Zyrjanka ZYK 65.75°N 150.78°E

Floating stations:

North Pole 8 NP08

North Pole 12 NP12

North Pole 13 NP13

Geomagnetical ecology

Earth magnetic field environmental

storminess in 1950 – ΔDecol.1950
(height 0 km). Favourable areas for
human living on the Earth are marked
with yellow colour
Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.
Earth magnetic field environmental
storminess in 2000 г – ΔDecol.2000
(height 0 km)
Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. O. Romenets.

Environmental storminess Comparison table of Earth magnetic

field storminess and disease quantity
on acute respiratoral viral infection for
administrative regions of Ukraine
Authors: M.I. Orlyuk, A. F. Frolov
 (corresponding member of NASU of
medical sciences of Ukraine, Doctor of
Medicine, professor, director of
influenza centre)

Time dependence of average annual Dependence of infectious diseases

values quantity

Information of magnetic observatories of Ukraine

2005

01APR2005LVV 01AUG2005LVV 01DEC2005LVV

01JUL2005L
01FEB2005LVV
01JAN2005LVV

01JUN2005LVV 01MAR2005LVV 01MAY2005

01OCT2005LVV 01SEP2005L
01NOV2005LVV

02APR2005LVV 02AUG2005LVV

2006
01APR2006LVV 01AUG2006LVV 01DEC2006LVV

Magnetic Field of Ukrainian Shield

Taktonichne division of Ukrainian abnormal Regional magnetic

the Ukrainian shield magnetic field shield and anomalies of Ukrainian
related shield

Deep magnetic
The magnetic model of Magnetic model along
heterogeneity and depth
the earth's crust along geotraverse
of insulation to the
geotraverse II EUROBRIDGE
surface
The magnetic model of The magnetic model of The magnetic model of
the earth's crust along the earth's crust along the earth's crust along
geotraverse VI geotraverse VIII geotraverse DOBRE

New maps of the magnetic fields of Ukraine

Comparison between the magnetic

heterogeneity of Ukrainian board
The scheme of the Ukrainian board
earth crust and distribution areas of
magnetic heterogeneities
magmatic and metamorphic rocks of
the basic structure

Local anomalies of the geomagnetic

field
Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with the
Nodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactive
zones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association with
section knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.
Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with section
knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproite
magmatism.
Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magnetic
field of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.
On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magnetic
anomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic
deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gas
providing channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbons
migration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithosphere

structure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.
The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which are
characterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,
are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas of
primordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones of
oceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues of
such structures.
Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magnetic
sources is considered to date back to early stages of the large
tectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with the
periods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or its
maximum turns.
Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal and
pegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures together
with corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical data

in connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisation
and minerals prognostication were analysed.
Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-
platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on
the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (or
their edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;
Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basic
and ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation age
is discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms of
archaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovsky
megablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in the
Volynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of the
platform activization areas is connected with it.
DIFERENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD
BETWEEN 1950 and 2000

THE RIVERS OF PETROL

MAGNETIC FIELD UKRANIAN SHIELD
UKRANIAN UBNORMAL SHIELD
REGIONAL MAGNETIC ANOMALITIES
Deep magnetic heterogeneity and depth of insulation to the
surface
The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverse II

The magnetic model of the earth's crust along geotraverse

DOBRE
Magnetic model along geotraverse EUROBRIDGE
Comparison between the magnetic heterogeneity of Ukrainian board earth
crust and distribution areas of magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the basic
structure
The scheme of the Ukrainian board magnetic heterogeneities
Local anomalies of the geomagnetic field
Nonmagnetic Deep Blocks of Earth Crust in connection with the
Nodes of Traversal of Transemegablock Crustmantle Magmoactive
zones

Edges of the deep magnetic blocks of the earth crust in association with
section knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite magmatism.
Non-magnetic deep blocks of the earth crust in association with section
knots of transmegablock crust-mantle structurally-deformational
(magmoactive) zones are perspective in kimberlite-lamproite
magmatism.
Genetic and structural-genetic connections between abnormal magnetic
field of the earth and its oil-and-gas content are substantiated.
On the basis of the developed maps of regional and local magnetic
anomalies of the oil-and-gas basins of Ukraine, locations of the basic
deep oil-and-gas monitoring fractures and fractures and oil-and-gas
providing channels are substantiated, and the ways of hydrocarbons
migration can be connected with it.

Petromagnetic Types of Earth Crust

By the magmatism type, size of magnetisation and yhe lithosphere

structure, four petromagnetic earth crust types are singled out.
The most widespread mafic and sialmafic types, which are
characterised by the basic magmatism and high magnetisation values,
are considered to be the structures of extension modes. Areas of
primordial continental crust consolidations, rifts (paleorifts) and zones of
oceanic and continental lithosphere articulation can be analogues of
such structures.
Initial magmatism of the basic structure and formation of the magnetic
sources is considered to date back to early stages of the large
tectonomagmatic cycles, which coincide in the time relation with the
periods of maximum dislocations of the Ukrainian board in width or its
maximum turns.
Regions' perspectivity in minerals of magmatic, hydrothermal and
pegmatite types is defined by the through lithospere structures together
with corresponding conditions in earth crust.

Results of 3D Analysis of Magnetic Model of Earth Crust

3D Earth crust magnetic models with other geological-geophysical data

in connection with tectonics, magmatism, metallogenic specialisation
and minerals prognostication were analysed.
Magmatic formations of the basic and ultrabasic structure of pre-
platform development stage of Ukrainian board, which are drawn off on
 the surface of crystal base, are situated mainly over deep blocks (or
their edges) of the Earth crust with the raised magnetisation values;
Reduction of average magnetisation value of the materials with basic
and ultrabasic structure along with the reduction of their formation age
is discovered, and the maximum magnetisation of crust bottoms of
archaic Podolsky, Buzhsky, and partially Serednyoprydniprovsky
megablocks and the West Priazovsky block, its smaller intensity in the
Volynsky megablock and practically not magnetic bottom crust of the
platform activization areas is connected with it.

Friday, 19th day of July, 1051

Veritor asks for a meeting of the magi of the covenant that evening. He has a
proposal to put before the magi. The proposal is for Marya's men to occupy
the five-walls that the Varangians will be vacating at the death of the sun, and
for the horses to be brought in to some temporary stables that are to be built.
Also, Father Mark will hold services in an acceptable location, but will not
establish a chapel.
Quintus has problems with the idea of a foreign "army" being inside the holly.
There is much discussion of what would be acceptable to Quintus;
eventually, there is agreement that if Marya were to form an alliance with the
covenant for mutual defense and support, this would be acceptable.
Veritor talks to Marya, and she thinks that she can agree to this, but wants to
consult with Nikolai, her guard captain, before giving a final answer. Veritor
relays this to the other magi, and arranges for a meeting after dinner the next
day for the agreement to be finalized.

Saturday, 20th day of July, 1051

In the morning, Veritor takes Marya to where the guard captain is, and brings
both of them back to the covenant.
That evening, there is yet another meeting. Marya and Nikolai are brought in
to attend, and Simon and Demetrios are brought in to write out two copies of
the alliance agreement. The agreement is written down in two copies, and
signed by the magi and Marya.

Friday, 26th day of July, 1051

26 July (Friday)
Veritor visits the pool with the reflection and collects it in a bucket. Then he
goes to sleep in a patch of daisies.

Saturday, 27th day of July, 1051

Dusk leaves.
Veritor gets 1 pawn of Imaginem from the reflection, and 3 pawns of Mentem
from the daisies. He gives 2 pawns of Mentem to the covenant.

Sunday, 28th day of July, 1051

There are storms with a lot of lightning outside the holly, but not inside. Is this
a coincidence with Dusk's exit from the holly?

Wednesday, 31th day of July, 1051

Grösschen answers the bell, and finds Vilus outside the holly. Vilus needs to
talk, but is in a hurry and asks Grösschen to come outside. The guards
spread out in the woods.
Vilus just came from Novgorod. The grain shipment from Chernigov hasn't
made it here yet, and it should be by now. Vsevolod thinks that the shipment
may have been "taken." He was hoping that the magi could check down the
river to see if there is any sign of the shipment, but Vsevolod wasn't sure
whether the covenant would want to help.
Vilus asks for news, and Grösschen tells about Dusk coming here with three
apprentice candidates.
Vilus says that there is some sort of boundary around Novgorod that prevents
his means of magical travel there; someone seems to be trying to seal in the
Church's influence, and has walked a path around the city.
Vilus also asks if Veritor's wife got here safely, and that Vsevolod said that he
would try to protect her if she made it to Novgorod.
Vilus decides to leave, and Grösschen goes back inside the holly with the
guards. Grösschen calls magi of the covenant to a meeting; they don't ask
Magus Frederick to leave the library, since he won't be paying any attention
to it anyway.
The magi discuss whom to send out. Lochlan is a possibility. Veritor was also
planning on a trip down to Chernigov, and can take a few people with him. So
Veritor will take a few people with him, Lochlan will check out the magical
properties of the protection of Novgorod, and Brigitte will be asked to scout
along the rivers for a couple of days' travel.
Acernus tells Veritor that if he runs into Vilus, he wants to talk to Vilus about
transporting grain.
Acernus "borrows" Veritor's "lodya" for an experiment. He shrinks it, along
with some grain, and lets it expand again.

Thursday, 1st day of August, 1051

Acernus realizes that his lab has started feeling good recently; unexpected
things don't happen as often.
Demetrios is teaching Latin to the three boys. Nikolai sits in on the lessons.
Marya sits in when she can.
Veritor sets off on the trip to Chernigov. He takes a Gunther, a Varangian,
and Grigorii, Marya's tiun. Paulo also goes along. He also takes 5 of Marya's
guards.

Saturday, 3rd day of August, 1051

Veritor's flying circus is at the junction of two rivers in the late morning when
they find evidence of some recent funeral pyres. He sets down to let the
guards have a look, and it looks like a battle within the last few weeks. It
looks like the caravan was ambushed from the bank and from the second
branch of the fork. The funeral arrangements argue against the attackers
being Christians.
Veritor collects 3 pawns of Corpus from the funeral pyres while the guards
are looking at the tracks and such.
Veritor decides to scout down the branch of the river that doesn't lead to
Chernigov for the rest of the day. He eventually finds a series of villages
along the river, but no clear indication of the fate of the grain. He heads back
toward Holly Hill.

Sunday, 4th day of August, 1051

Veritor gets back to Holly Hill. He gives the information about the site of the
attack to the magi, and asks that they find a way to get it to the prince.

Monday, 5th day of August, 1051

Veritor leaves to go toward Chernigov again.

Wednesday, 7th day of August, 1051

Veritor gets to Cliff Side. There are two villages, one on either side of the
river.
Vilus comes out to greet Veritor. Veritor says that he is here to do some
shopping, and introduces his passengers. Veritor and the others are invited
into the caves.
After they start eating, they see a harried-looking Johan go up to the cook.
Veritor learns that Vilus moved Julka and her village here earlier in the
summer. Julka now has a lab in Cliff Side.
After a bit, Ilsa comes out to say hello.
Vilus offers to have Rurik recommend a small clearing nearer Chernigov so
that Veritor's people don't have to walk so far.
Vilus and Veritor exchange news. There was an attempt to burn a church in
Chernigov, but no other trouble so far. Vilus does not go into Chernigov
much.
Vilus offers some French wine to his guests.

Thursday, 8th day of August, 1051

Vilus' men show Veritor the clearing near Chernigov. Actually, Veritor
borrows Vilus' arcane connection to the place so that he can find it. Rurik
goes along to accompany Veritor on the way back to Cliff Side. A few other
people are sent along as well to do some shopping for Cliff Side.
The people who are going into Chernigov are given a lecture on how the city
is neutral, and anybody who starts trouble will be dealt with severely.
Once in the city, Paulo and Grigorii go off to place orders for things.
Paulo and the others hear some taunting between opposing sides (Church
and volkhvy). Those who burned the church are being forced to rebuild it.
Veritor, Gunther, and Rurik's men are back at Cliff Side before sunset.
Rotblitz is there for supper. Veritor asks for news from the Tribunal. The
March on Octavia is set aside for the moment, and a senior Quaesitor named
Lanista will be coming to investigate the circumstances of the incident.
Northern Dawn's charter was accepted, and Romagrad was declared to no
longer exist. Veritor asks for new Peripheral Code rulings, and Rotblitz says
that there were some small ones.
Rotblitz says that the members of Romagrad who survived the fall were ruled
to share in the resources that belonged to Romagrad. If Octavia is Marched,
her portion will be divided among the others.
Magus Lanista will be coming north with Alexei. There is one other magus
coming with them with the intent of settling there, a Tytalus, Rotblitz thinks.
That evening, Julka and Johan come out of the lab carrying all sorts of little
things. They move purposefully across the hall and toward Vilus' Sanctum.
There are no sounds of explosions, though. About half an hour later, Julka
and Johan come back the other way; some of the containers are full now,
and one might contain blood. Julka is grumbling to herself.

Friday, 9th day of August, 1051 (New Moon)

Shortly before dawn, Gunther notices Julka and Johan come through the hall
again; Julka is more upset this time.

Saturday, 10th day of August, 1051

Tonsa emerges from Vilus' Sanctum in the afternoon. Vilus and Veritor
discuss the political situation. Vilus mentions that Vsevolod has said that it
might be advantageous if the magi of Northern Dawn were to help any new
bishop get to Novgorod. Veritor allows that such aid might be arranged if
Northern Dawn were notified in time to be of any help.

Sunday, 11th day of August, 1051

Rotblitz leaves in the morning.

Tuesday, 13th day of August, 1051

Rotblitz arrives at Northern Dawn. Grösschen has fun talking about the
"other" Quaesitor who is coming for a visit to investigate the investigation. He
advises that we work on having a fit place for her to stay.
Acernus and Rotblitz talk about a lot of topics that would horrify Veritor if he
heard them.
Near Chernigov, Veritor meets the shoppers at the lodya. He flies them all
back to Cliff Side.

Wednesday, 14th day of August, 1051

Veritor leaves Cliff Side for Northern Dawn.

Friday, 16th day of August, 1051

Veritor and the rest get back to Holly Hill.

Saturday, 17th day of August, 1051 (First Quarter Moon)

Magus meeting. Rotblitz joins the covenant. He brings up the issue of
Octavia's status as a member of the covenant. After much discussion, the
magi of Northern Dawn vote to offer membership to Magus Octavia.
The construction plans are discussed. Rotblitz wants the entire bottom floor
of the new wing for his lab (and a spare). Grösschen will be on the second
floor, and Veritor and Parcus will be on the third floor, with an empty lab on
the second floor.
Over the next several days, the new addition to the keep grows.

Saturday, 24th day of August, 1051 (Full Moon)

Veritor asks Acernus, Parcus, and Grösschen (and Heidi) if they want to see
if they can collect their reflections for vis that evening. They all agree to go,
and Parcus plans to bring Feral and Bran along. Parcus plans to fly Feral and
Bran himself using his Wizard's Boost to make Wings of Soaring Wind work
on a group.
Veritor takes off first with everyone except Parcus, Feral, and Bran. Then
Parcus uses his own magic to take off with his guards. They all fly off to the
pool.
At midnight, they all peer into the pool. Feral and Bran do not see their own
reflections, Gunther sees "Karl's" face instead of his own, and draws his
sword. Heidi's reflection is a fire, and Heidi is gone. The magi other than
Grösschen have their priorities: they scoop out their reflections. Grösschen
calls out Heidi's name.
Grösschen asks if that is Heidi in the water, and the flame wavers some.
Gunther hits the water with his sword, and it sounds like a sword hitting flesh
and cloth. The ripples spread out, and the reflections of Grösschen and Heidi
disappear.
Gunther hits the water again, but it just splashes. Heidi is nowhere to be
seen. Acernus says that maybe Heidi will be back in the morning, or maybe
he should come back next month without Heidi.
Elsewhere, Sebastian is having fun.
Back at the pool, Grösschen is looking around. Veritor decides to catch some
sleep.

Sunday, 25th day of August, 1051

Heidi is still gone at dawn. Veritor flies everyone, including Grösschen and
his guards, back to the covenant. The buckets do contain processable vis.
We get back to the covenant to find Rotblitz sitting in the hall. Lochlan is
there, too.
Rotblitz has news from Novgorod. He just happened to be flying in the area,
and heard a rumor about a possible gathering of the Perun worshippers
around the statue. He was flying at high altitude, and had to go north of the
city to get away from the gathering storm. Lightning hit the statue, then the
city gates. Then the people from the hill stormed the gates, and the statue
came along behind them. He saw the statue go into the square in front of the
palace and the cathedral. As of dawn, the statue was facing south. The
cathedral was being battered by something big, but he couldn't see exactly
what happened.
Rotblitz is heading south to tell Vilus what happened last night. After some
talk, though, he agrees to take Acernus, Lochlan, and Cormac into the city so
he will have more concrete news to tell Vilus.
Rotblitz sets them down on the edge of the woods. They walk toward the
town through the fields of crops. The statue is gone, and can be made out
over the city walls. The gate is destroyed, and the buildings just past them
have been smashed. Some cleanup efforts are ongoing. There are no guards
around.
They approach the bridge, where there are some guards stationed. The
guards challenge us, and ask who we are. "Foreign wizards," says Acernus.
He says that we are here to see the prince who rules Novgorod. The guards
give them an escort to the other end of the bridge, and hand them off to the
guards there. The statue is standing in front of the palace, facing southwards.
They go in to see Prince Sevaschek. The hall is a little messed up, but there
is Sebastian near the throne wearing unevenly dyed red boots. Acernus
greets him as "Prince Sevaschek."
Acernus explains that he heard about some excitement last night. Sebastian
says that "we won," and Rotblitz wants to know if he intends to hold the city.
Sebastian says that he plans to get things organized. Acernus asks if he
plans to rule the city. Sebastian evades the question, but says that he will be
moving on. Not according to his own ambition, though. Presumably, that will
be Perun's ambition.
Acernus asks what he plans to do with the Christians in Novgorod. Sebastian
says that he plans to get rid of the Church and have everyone follow Perun.
Those who don't wish to follow Perun may leave. Acernus asks Sebastian's
policy on foreign wizards. Sebastian says that Perun will leave them alone if
they do not try to hinder Perun's forces. Sebastian beat the previous prince in
battle, but Sebastian hasn't seen the corpse.
Acernus requests that we be allowed to take the books from the library.
Sebastian doesn't give an answer. Acernus asks to be allowed to treat the
wounded. "Which side?" Sebastian asks. "Both," is the answer. Sebastian
wants to know if he intends to use "the food thing." Acernus mainly plans to
keep wounds from going bad, not heal them quickly. Sebastian has no
objections to his healing those on Perun's side, or innocents. He's not sure
how Perun would feel about Acernus healing the wounded enemy.
Sebastian allows the healing of his people, and the city guard, and any of the
city folk who got injured in the course of the fighting.
Rotblitz returns to Holly Hill with Lochlan.

Tuesday, 27th day of August, 1051

That evening, Acernus asks Cormac to go to the covenant in the morning to
tell them that he wants transportation back to Holly Hill. Then he goes to tell
Sebastian that he plans on going back to Holly Hill the next day, and asks if
Sebastian has made any decision regarding the books. Acernus points out
that some of them are Christian books.
Sebastian says that the books are safe where they are, and he doesn't plan
on destroying the books. He says that he will decide later.
Acernus says that he can take anyone who is "inconvenient" out of the city.
Nobody comes to mind.
Acernus gives Sebastian some advice, saying that he might give some
thought to saying "no" to Perun in some cases. When asked for messages,
Sebastian says to tell Sadko that he knows how Sadko feels.
Acernus asks whether it is all right to purchase things in the city, and send
guards on leave. Sebastian says that this is fine.
At Holly Hill, the bells rings, and Veritor sees a tired-looking, vaguely familiar
man. It turns out to be a messenger from Vsevolod. Vsevolod is wounded,
and is being taken to a place of safety. He asks for healing. Veritor invites the
man in for food and drink. Veritor starts making arrangements to go to
Vsevolod's aid.

Everything happens around Holly Hill. The secret is there. The Stone
Grave, discovered in the 1820s, contains caves and grottoes with
petroglyphs of animals and other motifs. Shilov is convinced that these
glyphs constitute a primitive script; on the basis of this conviction, he
declared that the world’s first writing system was developed in the lower
Dnieper basin at least two millennia before the Sumerians invented
cuneiform.

The Russian linguist Anatoly Kifishyn claimed to have deciphered the

mysterious script and confirmed Shilov’s discovery. Kifishyn’s findings were
published in Ukraine with the financial support of Shilov, Polischuk, and
Mykola Senchenko, director of the Book Chamber of Ukraine, a state
organization that supports publishing. Senchenko is well known for his
numerous nationalistic, anti-Semitic publications.

Kifishyn, 63, is a hardy character who lived for a period in a shelter he

fashioned from tree branches in a village near Moscow while he spent his
days doing research in the Lenin Library. His 850-page volume is his first
published book. According to the biographical note, he has always been
obsessed with arcane subjects that are ignored by “normal researchers” and
as a result has been persecuted by other scholars. Until the 1990s virtually
the only venue that would publish his writings was a magazine called Useful
Technology.
Professional archeologists believe that the Stone Grave glyphs have nothing
to do with any script. Kifishyn, however, concluded his book with an even
more astonishing statement. He asserted that the linear markings painted
with red ochre on mammoth bones, which have been found at several
Paleolithic sites in Ukraine, are also primitive texts. Thus he has extended the
history of writing back 44,000 years.

Historians have dismissed Kifishyn’s theory as nonsense, but a number of

nationalistic politicians who are happy to consider themselves descendants of
proto-Sumerians have treated his book very seriously. It was formally
presented in Parliament. Kiev’s then mayor, Oleksandr Omelchenko,
bestowed the city’s highest honors on the author, and a group of Ukrainian
writers petitioned the Nobel Committee in Stockholm to nominate Kifishyn for
the Nobel Prize. The proto-Sumerian migration from Ukraine to Mesopotamia
even made its way into a textbook.

Yushchenko also made a contribution. A museum was constructed at Stone

Grave with funds provided by a local company. The president himself opened
the museum in October 2005, a much-publicized event that was described on
Yushchenko’s official Web site as one of his first “steps toward the people.”

This high-level attention paid to the subject of the extremely distant past
provoked a veritable frenzy of well-publicized archeological discoveries that
supported Ukraine’s claim to be the cradle of civilization. Thus there were
reports on a burial site of “pure Ukrainians” unearthed in Kiev; on the remains
of a Varangian (Norse) warrior found near the city of Chernigov, described as
evidence of “Ukraine’s European past”; on the alleged invention of
hamburgers by the Scythians; on Polischuk’s museum as proof that Ukraine
was the birthplace of the “white race”; on the settlement of Kharkov 6,000
years ago (the city was founded in the 17th century); and many other
interesting facts. All of these reports appeared in a single month, reflecting
the intensity of the mythmaking.

But the most fascinating was the discovery of “pre-Egyptian pyramids” near
the city of Lugansk in southeastern Ukraine, hailed as the greatest find in
recent history. The truth is that although the site is an important one, there
are no pyramids, according to Klochko, who led the excavation. “We don’t
have pyramids in Ukraine,” he says.
ARE THESE CHURCHES IN
KIEV CONNECTED
UNDERGROUND?

WHY?

WHO MADE THE PLAN?

WHO USE THESE PASAGE?

Pechersk Lavra
Have you ever dreamed about
travelling back in time?
If you'd like to know what it was
like in the Kiev Rus of the 11th
to 18th centuries, then visit the
Pechersk Lavra monastery.
The remarkable complex was
founded in the 11th century by
a monk named Antoniy, and it
is still an active monastery.
When you visit it, you can see
that the atmosphere is still like
it was in medieval times.
The first magnificent building of
the complex, which you can
see even before entering, is the
Troitskaya (Nadvratnaya)
Church, which towers above
the main gates. The church
was built in the 12th century,
but most of it was reconstructed
in 1718 after a disastrous fire.
The beautiful paintings that
hang on the church's walls
were also done in the 18th
century. A medieval legend
says: When you pass through
the Saint gates under the
Nadvratnaya Church, you get
rid of 50 percent of your sins.
So come on in. It certainly won't
do you any harm, will it?
The centre of the complex and
the main temple of the
monastery is Uspenskiy
Cathedral. The original
structure was the first building
in the complex, built in 1078. It
was reconstructed in the 18th
century in Ukrainian baroque
style but destroyed during
World War II. Happily, it was
rebuilt in 2000.
Unless you are really fit, you
shouldn't try to make your way
to the top of the church's Bell
Tower. At 96 meters high, the
graceful, refined creature of the
18th century was the tallest
building in the country at the
time. If you can make it to the
top, you will find an
unbelievable view of Kiev
downtown, the River Dniper, its
bridges and the districts of the
low left bank. The big clock on
the tower's fourth floor has
seven bells, which strike every
15 minutes.
The Lavra complex includes
other wonderful churches as
well as the two largest. The
high, proud white buildings
have dark-blue and green
capes and gilded stars. Their
marvellous interiors include
paintings and carved gilded
icons of Ukrainian and Russian
artists of the 18th century.
The most mysterious and holy
feature of the complex is the
Lavra caves. Originally, the
monks lived there. Later, the
caves became a burial places
for Lavra's saints. The caves
have many branches, making
them a labyrinth of
underground corridors, niches
and even small underground
churches. So far about 600
meters of the caves have been
discovered. Many people
believe that much more has yet
to be found.
The monastery grounds include
unique exhibitions and
museums. Visitors can see
historical jewellery, ancient
book printing, Ukrainian
decorative art and other
interesting artefacts.

St. Sofia's Cathedral

St. Sofia's is a historic part of
Ancient Kiev Ruse that has
survived intact since it was built in
1037.
The builder was one of the most
capable Kiev Ruse princes -
Yaroslav the Wise. In the 10th
century the temple was a cultural
center of the whole Kiev Ruse
state.
Lots of scientific societies and
schools were established at the
facility. Their members wrote,
translated and commented on
scientific and religious books.
Yaroslav the Wise established an
enormous library in the cathedral.
It disappeared sometime during
the medieval centuries -- an
occurrence that is still a mystery to
historians.
In the 17th and 18th centuries,
other stone buildings were built
around the cathedral, transforming
the complex into a monastery.
The interior of the cathedral has
been left unchanged since the
11th century! The most impressive
part of the interior is about 3,000
square meters of ancient Ruse
frescoes. The shining mosaic
background contains at least 177
 colors. In the center you can see
the figure of Maria Oranta with her
arms up.
A medieval legend says Kiev will
last as long as St. Sofia does.

St. Michael's Cathedral

Together with St. Sophia, St.
Michael's Cathedral gives you
a unique portrait of ancient
Kiev.
The building was built in 1113
by Prince Svyatopolk. Other
buildings were added later to
create the St. Michael's
monastery complex. The
cathedral was partially
destroyed during the time of
Tatar-Mongol rule, but it was
reconstructed in the 17th
century.
During that century,
St.Michael's became one of
the most important
monasteries of Kiev Rus. The
monastery complex itself was
enlarged, a bell tower to the
cathedral and gates built. The
Ukrainian getman
Skoropadskiy added
wonderful icons to the
cathedral during that time.
It is hard to believe it now, but
in 1934 the government of
Soviet Ukraine decided to put
the headquarters of the
Central Committee of the
Ukrainian Communist Party
on the St. Michael's grounds.
To make for that building, the
government ordered the
cathedral razed.
When Ukraine became
independent in recent years, it
decided to rectify the
situation. It rebuilt the
cathedral between 1997 and
2000. It even used copies of
the frescos and mosaics of
the 12th century to
reconstruct those
masterpieces.
Visitors enjoy the gloomy
charm of the ancient
Orthodox cathedral. It is
always dark and cool inside.
The only light comes from the
candles of visitors. By
candlelight, the icons glimmer
and the religious paintings
look very mysterious. Light a
second candle and ask God
to wipe away your sins.

St. Vladimir Cathedral

This cathedral is devoted to
the Ruse christener, the great
Prince Vladimir. It was built for
20 years, the architects
Beretty, Berngard, Nikolaev,
took part in the project. The
building itself as well as the
interior decoration was
finished in 1896.
The building is implemented in
the traditions of the Russian-
Byzantine architecture and it
keeps the old Ruse history
and traditions. It is built in the
cross shape and pyramid
composition. The main dome
height is 49 meters.
The interior of the Cathedral is
created by the group of the
famous painters, which
included Vasnetsov, Vrubel
and others. The most colorful
and emotionally expressing
are the Vasnetsov's paintings.
The monumental figure of the
Godmother (the height is 10,5
meters) in the altar part of the
 Cathedral is the compositional
center of the building.

St. Andrew's Street

The most romantic place in Kiev, this
narrow road slopes down from the
Starokievskaya and Anreevskaya
hills to where it levels off in the Podol
district.
The district, which dates to the times
of the Kiev Ruse empire, is now the
center of Kiev's cultural life. The
buildings that went up there in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries
and the overall bohemian
atmosphere give a unique charm to
the place. Each building is a piece of
art in itself. There are painters'
studio, theaters, museums, exhibition
halls, galleries and souvenir shops.
Those working in these
establishments are as colorful as the
buildings themselves.
Tourists often say this street reminds
them of the Monmartre Hills. St.
Andrew's may be more vibrant,
however. When the weather is good,
artists place their works right in the
street. You can find everything here -
from modern paintings to a Kazak's
hat (papaha) from the Russian civil
war of 1918.
The centerpiece of St. Anrew's
Street is St. Andrew's Church. It is
one of the best examples in the
country of the Ukrainian baroque
style architecture. Russia's Queen
Elizabeth ordered it built in the 18th
century. The famed architect
Rastrelli personally supervised the
project.
The other impressive building in the
area is the Castle of Richard the Lion
Heart. The structure actually has
nothing to do with Richard the First
of England It was built in the late
19th century. But it does look like a
real Western medieval castle.
Another popular place in the area is
St. Andrew's 13, the house of the
famous Russian writer Michael
Bulgakov who is the author of well-
known "Master and Margarita."

Podol
Where the St. Andrew's Street slope levels off is Podol, a district that
from ancient times has been a centre of handicrafts, portrait painting,
education and of course beautiful churches and monasteries.
 St. Kirill Monastery
This monastery was founded in
1139 by the Chernigov prince,
Vsevolod Olgovich. The first
building on the complex was the
St. Kirill Church.
The Mongols and Tatars badly
damaged the church in the 13th
century. Restoration work on the
facility was done during both the
17th and 18th centuries.
In 1786 Russia's Queen Ekaterina
II ordered the monastery closed
and a mental hospital set up
there.
In 1860 some priceless 12th
century frescoes were discovered
under a layer of plaster. The
plaster was taken off to reclaim
the art. The famous Russian
painter Vrubel restored the parts
of the frescoes that were
damaged when the plaster was
removed.

Brotherhood
Bogoyavlenskiy
Monastery
The Kiev Brotherhood
founded the monastery
and the academy in 1615.
In the 17th century the
complex was a cultural
and spiritual centre of Kiev
Rus. Thus it had a
significant impact on
European cultural life.
Famed Ukrainian educator
Peter Mogila was the force
behind the founding of the
academy. He modelled it
on the principles of the
best European schools of
the times. The school and
a university that grew out
of it prepared generations
of Ukrainian scientists,
artists and teachers.
The main temple of the
monastery/academy
complex, the
Bogoyavlenskiy Cathedral,
became a victim of political
repression in 1935: Stalin's
government blew it up.
The most important
building that still stands is
the Old Academic building,
which along with
Blagoveschenskaya
Church was built in 1703.

Flora and Lavra

Monastery
This is one of the
oldest women's
monasteries in
the world.
The complex,
situated right at
the foot of Mount
Zamkovaya, was
built between the
17th and 20th
centuries. It was
a wealthy
institution
because the nuns
were mostly from
aristocratic
families - and
those families
poured money
into the complex
and its programs.
The nuns made
beautiful
embroidery,
carpets and
decorations that
gained fame in
Kiev and beyond.
 The monastery
was closed in
1929. Some
buildings were
destroyed while
others were
reconstructed.
The complex
reopened in
1941.
The most
beautiful old
buildings that
continue to stand
today are the
Trapeznaya
Church of Flor
and Lavr, the
Voznesenskiy
Cathedral and the
Nadvratnaya bell
tower.

Pokrovskiy Monastery
This women's monastery was
founded in 1889 by Russia's
Princess Alexandra Romanova. It
has achieved fame for its medical
and educational facilities.
For example, the monastery
hospital was the first in Kiev to
have X-ray equipment. Lots of
well-known scientists and doctors
worked in the monastery complex.
The famed Ukrainian entrepreneur
Nikolay Tereschenko financed the
complex's administration building
on the foothills of Mount
Voznesenskaya.
The complex's architectural style is
known as Moscow-Jaroslavl - for
the two Russian cities. The
complex includes the biggest
church in Kiev - Nikolaevskiy
Cathedral - which seats 3,000
people. It also includes Pokrov
Church, a hotel, and surgery and
therapy facilities.

Pirogoscha Church
Kiev's Prince Mstislaw
started the church in 1131.
After the Mongol-Tatar
invasion, the church became
a centre of Kiev social life.
Many important celebrations
were held there, many
notables were buried on the
church grounds, and the city
archive was kept there.
The original building was
destroyed in 1935 by
Stalinists.
The people of Kiev decided
to rebuild the church after
Soviet rule ended. The
restoration was completed in
1998.

St. Ilea Church

This church was
built not far from
the River Dnieper
in 1692. The one-
story building,
while only
modestly
decorated, is a
great example of
Ukrainian Baroque
architecture. The
building was
rebuilt in the 18th
century, and
repainted in the
19th century.
Some of the 18th
century painting
has been kept
 inside the building.
The complex also
includes a bell
tower that was
built in the early
18th century.

Chernigiv Branch
Shchorsa Str., 8, 14000 Chernigiv
tel. +380-46-224-10-46
fax +380-46-224-32-86
e-mail: ukrggri@golsi.net
DC "CHERNIGIVNAFTOGAZGEOLOGIYA" Tel.: +38 (04622) 7-70-81,
Ουκρανία, 14000, Chernigiv, 16, st Shevchenka. fax: +38 (04622) 10-14-65

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αερίου γεωλογία
So finally which is the secret of the caves?
These caves are underground ways to escape, desidned throw the
movement of telurian rivers. Set over that places ab ancient greek
church and later a christian one to mark the point where valuable
materials are. So the priests was sure that none will destroy these
places as these are monuments of the history of each place. The names
of the saints inform these who knew the code what valuable metals has
the ground there. The entrance top these ancioent mines are in the
center of the church or under the holly table, usualy a square stone by
marble or granite. Also these pasages designed to move the governors
and their army from one monastery to the other in secret
These tunels used by Ilia Murovets to move fast from one place to
another. The same did the Greek epic Heroe Hercules
LIAPIC PANAGIOTIC