Physics Year 10 formulae 1 ~y (Hz) = ——————— frequency (H2) = Tre period (S) wave speed (mis) = frequency (Hz) * wavelength (m) sefuteneray output total energy input x 100% Efficiency = change in displacement(m) average velocity(m/s) = a change in velocity(m/s) time(s) acceleration(m/s?) = moment (newton metre, Nm) = force (newton, N) x perpendicular distance (metre, m) Principal of moments: Total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment Weight (N) = mass (kg) x 10 Force(N) = spring constant(N/m) x extension(m) mass (g) density (gem?) = _ force (N) pressure (Pa) = Tay pressure (Pa) = height(m) x density(kg/m?) x g(10) Charge (C) Current (A) = Fare ts p.d.across the component (V) Current through the component (A) Resistance (A) = energy transformed (joule,) = potential difference (volt, V) x charge (coulomb, C) power (W) = current (A) x voltage(V) Energy transferred (J) = voltage (V) x current (A) x time (s) Temperature in K = Temperature in °C + 273 initial pressure p, __new pressure p initial temperature T, new temperature T, initial pressure x initial volume = final pressure x final volume‘Pu S29 ap POPS pa [a RRian WoO SF aks AB 290 10309 Jndyno ABazua nasa ~ PS So susof Susnoyof my seafouaas ABuoua 2940899 CP ay Buppmous “Gouanbouf Bussoa.our yade ayauBowass2 2y1 fo 2p (aa pam Suro aF 9 28M Fp posrou_| puisiepun aapameany Ma Ge T puoosyanou ‘i anou (ey) 2104 smn ee oman 9 09 pmo» ona 2 me = — uae fo wojosgys fo ouanboafo4p 01 pus» fo yond 24 2m 16° Se aa pumos 0 Jo uanibag]>4F “ai 29 Jo wap [oa aupuusasap 0} adoasoqoso wo Sus nuousadeo uv 2qus3sop OE"S 250 pun ypBuajosion 241 wo Spuadap wopooafhip fo woe? ay) TOM aoa pune 3 Top PE ‘uw ‘so ySnosy poronslip 29 ua> Save 304s PUDSLOPUN 6 L aq uve swoydosopu pun adoosoos0 Wd. 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So]Moo[OUr EKA puERSIOpUN OTS ‘A100 aponund 303 20u9p1s9 Sumoddns pose ues=pUn, Sv AOL TPEP aS Ve -amyeieda) 1ueisu09 e 63 jo Seow pox, 2 Jo aummjon pur ainssaud ayp woawsog diysuonsyax oy 250 41'S umexoduoy u sea. Ue eK) TOPE SHISD PUP UMP Aw 01 9190 99 pur aurqesdina so apes wAyeyy 349 20ND {ys stood 5,uapss0yy pu 4990 J0 Sy nsa1 If 2qH259p ¢| ‘puooes “(ups ormua (4) anoy “(0) anauuan ‘(bg) jaxoNb39q pueisiepun snqeik BituE WODAN AOL “papa ag OS ‘ysem annoeoipe jo res0dsyExaminations will require the use of the following units: Section 1: Forces and motion 1.1 kilogram (kg), mere (rm), metre/second (m/s), metresecond av"), newton (N), second (6), newton per kilogram (N/kg), kilogram metre/second (kg m/s). Section 2: Electricity 2.1 ampere (A), coulomb (C), joule (J), ohm (12), second (s),volt(V), watt (W). Section 3: Waves 3.1 degree (°), hertz (Hz), metre (mm), metre/second (m/s), second (s), Section 4: Energy resources and energy transfer ‘41 lata joule tem), mereseond (ou), meteecond (al), newton (N), sean) watt (W). ‘Section : Solids, liquids and gases ‘1 degrees Celsius (oC), kelvin (K), joule (1), kilogram (kg), kilogran/metre?(kg/m?), metre (1m), metre? (at), metre® (nm), mtretsecond (ns), metrlseeond? (mvs’), newton (N), pascal (Pa). Section 6: Magnetism and electromagnetism 6.1 ampere (A), volt (V), watt (W). Section 7: Radioactivity and particles 7.1 becquerel (Ba), centimetre (cm), hour (h), minute (min), second (3). Physics formu for relationships (LEARN) ‘The relationships listed below will NOT be provided for IGCSE students either in the form given or in te arranged form. the relationship between average speed, distance and time: 4 distance eae tlme (i) the relationship between force, mass and acceleration: acceleration = angemesect, (i) the relationship between density, mess and volume: density mass volume (iv) the relationship between mass, weight and gravitational field strength: Sa ath (oe onp been mao as rhc nts eg prone (vi) the relationship between the moment ofa force and its distance from the pivot: moment = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot (vil) the relationships between charge, current, voltage, resistance and electrical power: surrent x time voltage = current x resistance electrical power = voltage x current charge = (vil) the relationship between speed, frequency and wavelength: wavespeed = frequency x wavelength (Gx) the relationship for pressure difference: pressure dif ference = height x density xFig. 6.1 shows the wavetorm of the note from a bell. A grid Is given to help you take ‘measurements, Fig. 6.1 (@) (i). State what, if anything, is happening to the loudness of the note. i) (b) () ww, (©) (How many oscillations does it take for the amplitude of the wave to decrease to halt its initial value? ~ 1 (ll) The wave has a frequency of S00Hz 1. What is meant by a frequency of 300Hz? 2. How long does 1 cycle of the wave take? 1 3. How long does it take for the amplitude to decrease to half its initial value? (2)(d) A student says that the sound waves, which travelled through the air from the bell, were longitudinal waves, and that the air molecules moved repeatedly closer together and. then further apart. ()_Is the student correct in saying that the sound waves are longitudinal? nm (li) Is the student correct about the movement of the air molecules? (ill) The student gives light as another example of longitudinal waves. Is this correct? . a @) (@_Amicrophone connected to an oscilloscope picks up the sound from a siren. The trace produced (on the oscilloscope sereen is shown below. { Describe how the wave changes as it goes across the screen from left to right (—*) To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words. (marks) (b) An Aftican bat produces a sound wave with a frequency of 212kHz and a wavelength of 0.0016m. (i) The sound made by the bat is above the limit of humman hearing. ‘What name is given to this type of sound? mark) Gi) Write down the equation that links frequency, wavelength and wave speed. (mark)(ii) Calculate the speed of this sound wave through the air, Show clearly how you work out your final answer. Wave speed = Asstudent warms her hands near a fire, Which waves carry most heat to her hands and are these waves electromagnetic? waves electromagnetic A infra-red no B infra-red yes C | visible light no D | _ visible tight yes Fig. 4.1 represents the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, with an enlargement of the Visible light part of the spectrum, micro infra visible X-rays rays waves -red M N Fig. 4.1 {a) Two of the regions have not been named in Fig. 4.1. 2] In the two boxes below the spectrum, write the names of these regions. 8@(b) Write “long wavelength’ next to the long wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum. a (6) State one use for the radiation of each of the following regions. microwaves Infrared coo AYE sssnseen (@) State the colour you would expect to find ()_atend M of the visible spectrum, (i) at end N of the visible spectrum. (a) The four words below can each be used to describe waves. Puta tick in each of the boxes alongside any words that can be applied to sound waves. longitudinal transverse electromagnetic mechanical @ (b) How does an echo occur? (c) Fig. 6.1 shows a boat steaming along a river. The river is in a wide gorge and there are high cliffs on each side. lif cliff Fig. 5.4‘The boat sounds its hooter once. Two clear echoes are heard by a person on the boat. ‘The first echo is 1.5s after the hooter sounds. The second echo is 2.68 after the hooter sounds, (i) Which cliff caused the first echo’ {1 (Wi) Sound travels at 330m/s in alr. Calculate the distance between the two cliffs. distance =... m [3) (ili) Further along the river, the clifs are the same distance apart but the river is midway between the clifis. The boat sounds its hooter again. Without further calculation, describe what is now heard and approximately when It is heard. Fig. 8.1 shows a student standing midway between a bell tower and a steep mountainside. a student ooo al oR bell tower | — and bell won Fig. 8.1 ‘mountainside ‘The bell rings once, but the student hears two rings separated by a short time interval. ®(a) Explain why the student hears two rings. (b) State which of the sounds Is loudest, and why. @ (©) Sound in that region travels at 330m/s. (1) Calculate the time interval between the bell ringing and the student hearing it for the first time, ‘the interval = si] (li) Calculate the time interval between the bell ringing and the student hearing it for time Interval = s(t] (ill) Calculate the time interval between the two sounds. time interval = sft] ©., The diagrams show four identical pieces of joe that are heated in test-tubes of water. Inwhich test-tube will the ice take the longest time to melt? A B ice water water | ice wrapped | in lead wire c D joe water water — ce wrapped in ead wire 8. A heater is placed in a room. Which diagram shows the movement of air as the room is heated? j=) pe(0, I. Electricity can be obtained from different energy resources. ‘Which energy resource is used to obtain electricity without producing heat to boil water? A B c D ‘The diagram shows water stored bel coal geothermal hydroelectric nuclear water turbine generator water ‘The water flows to a turbine and turns a generator. Which sequence for the conversion of energy is correct? A B c D gravitational energy > kinetic energy —> electrical energy kinetic energy -> gravitational energy -> electrical energy gravitational energy > electrical energy — kinetic energy kinetic energy > electrical eneray -> gravitational energy ‘A sample of a solid is heated for 12 minutes and its temperature noted every minute. ‘The results are shown in the table, time/min ofifte2/si/sisi/el7]e|s}olu| 2 temperature/°C | 11.5 | 16.1 | 22.1 | 31.0 | 31.1 | 31.1] 31.1 | 31.3 | 4500 | 652 | 682 | 663 | 68.3 How should the sample be described at the end of the 12 minutes? A B c D all solld in the process of melting all liquid in the process of boiling2 ‘The thermometer in the diagram has no scale, _bulb Where must the bulb be placed so that 0°C can be marked on the stem? A. in boiling water B in cold water © ina freezer D_ in melting ioe 13. Equal masses of two different liquids are heated using the same heater. The graph shows how the temperature of each liquid changes with time. temperature liquia 4 liquid 2 0. 0 time What does the graph tell us about the liquids? ‘A. Liquid 4 has a higher metting point than liquid 2. B Liquid 1 has a higher boiling point than liquid 2. Liquid 4 starts to melt sooner than liquid 2. D__Liquid 1 starts to boil sooner than liquid 2,|. An engineer wants to fix a steel washer on to a steel rod, The rod is just too big to fit into the hole of the washer. =“) How can the engineer fit the washer on to the rod? _ steel rod A Cool the washer and put it over the rod. B__Cool the washer and rod to the same temperature and push them together. © Heat the rod and then place it in the hole. D Heat the washer and then place it over the rod. 15. beaker contains water at room temperature, x water ¥. How could a convection current be set up in the water? coo! the water at X cool the water at Y stir the water at X stir the water at Y coup \b. ‘The bar chart shows how the UK’s electricity demands in 2007 were met. Bought from other countries| ‘Nuclear Fossil fuels: 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Electricity supply in billions of kilowatt-hours(@)_ What proportion of electricity was generated using renewable energy sources? Show clearly how you work out your answer. () By 2020, most of the UK’s nuclear reactors and one-third of coal-fired power stations are due to close, yet the demand for electricity is expected to increase. Four students, A, B, C and D, were asked how a demand of 380 billion kilowatt-hours could be met. They made the suggestions given in the table. Student | Fossil fuels | Nuclear | Renewable oath foe A 200 100 40 40 B 80 240 40 20 c | 160 80 100 40 D 280 o 100 0 (6) @_ Which student has made the suggestion most likely to result in the lowest carbon dioxide emissions? Give a reason for your answer. (2 marks) (b) Gi) Suggest one realistic way in which a householder could help to reduce the annual electricity demand.(©) To increase the amount of electricity generated using renewable energy resources ‘would probably involve erecting many new wind turbines. ‘The graph shows the power curve of a wind turbine, 600 - — 500 Power 1 output 300) | inkW 200} f+ 100 0 0 5 1 15 2 25 30 Wind speed in m/s (©) (i Deseribe, in detail, how the power output of the turbine varies with the wind speed. @ marks) (©) ii) Give one disadvantage of using wind turbines to generate a high proportion of the electricity required in the UK,(3. ‘A vacuum flask is designed to reduce the rate of heat transfer. Plastic cap Silvered surfaces 1 Vacuum (@ @_ Complete the table to show which methods of heat transfer are reduced by each of the features labelled in the diagram. ‘The first row has been done for you. Feature Conduction | Convection | Radiation vacuum v v silvered surfaces plastic cap (2 marks) (®) Gi) Explain why the vacuum between the glass walls of the flask reduces heat transfer by conduction and convection. (2'marks)(b) The diagram shows a gas flame patio heater. Top surface of the reflecting hood —~Gas flames Gas bottle (6) @ _ Explain why the top surface of the reflecting hood should be a light, shiny surface rather than a dark, matt surface. (2 marks) (©) ii) Most of the chemical energy in the gas is transformed into heat. A small amount of chemical energy is transformed into light. Draw and label a Sankey diagram for the patio heater. (2 marks) (b) (iii) State why the total energy supplied to the patio heater must always equal the total ‘energy transferred by the patio heater.4. ‘The table gles information about some ways of reducing the energy consumption in @ house. Method of reducing energy | Installation | Annual saving on | ‘consumption cost iné | energy bills in& Cavity wall insulation 250 115 Jacket for hot water tank 2 35 ‘Upgraded central heating controls | 310 80 ‘Show that over 5 years, the most cost-effective method of reducing energy consumption is to install cavity wall insulation. 7 (2 marks) ‘Any device that transforms energy will waste energy. ‘Why must the total energy input to such a device always equal the total energy output from the device? (1 mark) 1D, (a) The diagram shows the position of a radiator inside @ room. The radiator is made from metal and is painted white.(a) (i) Heat is transferred from the hot water inside the metal radiator to the air touching the outside surface of the radiator. What name Is given to this method of heat transfer? “(i mark) (2) (ll) Explain, n terms of the particles in the metal, how heat is transferred through the radiator, “"@ marks) {a) (lll) What name is given to the main method by which heat is transferred from the radiator to the people on the other side of the room? (1 mark) (b) A student investigated the effect of shape and colour on heat transfer. ‘The student used metal containers with the same volume but with different shapes and outside colour. The containers were each filled with water at 100°C. After 20 minutes the temperature of the water inside each container was measured. ‘Thermometer Lid : | A B c ‘The results from the investigation are given in the table. Container | Colour Temperature aftr Temperature a | wate | 86 14 B Black 6 4 c White 3 asi D Black 60 40(b) (I) The student uses the results in the table to see if shape has affected heat transfer. Which containers should the student compare to do this? Give a reason for your answer. (b) (il) Explain why the temperature of the water in both containers A and B fell by the same amount. (2 marks) (b) (lil) A central heating system has several radiators joined together. The hot water goes from the boiler, through each radiator in tur and then back to the boiler for reheating. Give one reason, other than appearance, why it might not be a good idea to paint radiators black. (1 mark) 111. (a) The diagram shows a solar powered device being used to recharge a mobile phone. Mobile phone On average, the solar cells produce 0.6 joules of electrical energy each second. The solar cells have an efficiency of 0.15. ((2) (I)__Use the following equation to calculate the average energy Input each second to the device. useful energy transferred by the device efficiency = ” total energy supplied to the device ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. ‘Average energy input each second = (a) (ii) Draw a labelled Sankey diagram for the solar cells. ‘The diagram does not need to be drawn to scale. (1: mark) 11, © Trediagram shows the ways in wich heat energy canbe transferred from an old house. Roof 25% Floor 10% ®(Calculate the percentage of energy transferred by draughts. ‘Ye energy transferred by draughts = m0 (i) Complete the following sentence using one of the words from the box. conduction convection radiation Draughts transfer heat energy BY nnn mark) (ii) State one way of reducing the heat transfer by draughts. (b) The diagram shows a section through the walls of a house builtin 1930. Outside - ae Inside brick wall cavity brick wall — 6 Foundations \ Explain how the air cavity between the two walls reduces the heat transfer from the house. (2 marks) (©) The table shows the installation costs and yearly savings on energy bills for different methods of insulating a house. finsulation ‘Yearly saving on Method of insulation | Tnstatiation costin£ | eoergy bis in 2 Double glazing 4000 65 Loft insulation 240 Co ‘Cavity wall insulation 600 80(Give one reason why loft insulation is often fited to an old house before double glazing ‘or cavity wall insulation. (mark) i) The time it takes forthe saving on energy bills to equal the cos of installing the insulation is called the pay-back time. Calculate the pay-back time for loft insulation. Pay-back time TB, a The diagram shows a copper hot water tank. ‘Hot water out —= Heater [— Copper wall of tank Explain, in terms of the particles in the copper, how heat energy is transferred through the wail of the hot water tank,(b) The table gives information about some ways of reducing the energy used in a house. Method of reducing energy used | stallation cot [Money saved cach 32a Hot water tank jacket 30 20 Draught proofing 50 1s Under floor insulation 1S 20 Upgraded central heating controls 350 80 Which of the methods in the table would be most cost-effective over 5 years? ‘To gain full marks you must support your answer with calculations. The pictures show three different types of electric heater. l ! | 400 W oil-filled panel heater 1800 W ceramic heater (wall mounted) 3kW fan heater © 2heat settings © 3 heat settings © 2 heat settings 8hour timer « Efficient background heat || © Power indicator light || © Power indicator light © Safety overheat cut-out || ¢ Cool air fan setting © Safety overheat cut-out @(a) The ceramic heater is run on full power for 5 hours, Use the following equation to calculate, in kilowatt-hours, the amount of energy transferred from the mains to the heater. ergy transferred = power x Show clearly how you work out your answer. kilowatt-hours. 2 marks) Energy transferred = .. (&) Which heater will be the most expensive to run on its highest heat setting? (©) Aheater is needed for a small office. Comparing each type of heater with the other two, give one advantage of using each type of heater in the office, oil-filled panel heater. Which property of an object cannot be changed by a force? A its mass B its motion its shape D its size16, (2). Explain, in terms of molecules, how thermal expansion takes place in a sold and in a gas. solid .. - 4) (b) Complete Table 5.1 to show the relative expansion of equal volumes of liquids, gases and solids. Choose words from much less, slightly less, slightly more and much more. 2 state of matter | expansion compared to solids, for the sme temperature rise liquids Table 5.1 (€) Alcohol is often used in thermometers. State one property of alcohol that makes it suitable for use in thermometers. a. ‘A car travels 100 km. The highest speed of the car is 90 kmih, and the lowest speed is ‘30km/h, The journey takes two hours. ‘What Is the average speed for the journey? A 30km/h B 50km/h © 6Okm/h D s0km/h ®@ (b) ‘An electrician climbs up to the platform ‘of a special tower, in order to reach a high-level spotlight, as shown in Fig. 4.1 Which form of energy, possessed by the electrician's body, (i) Is greater at the top of the tower than it was at the bottom, wo {M] (Il) is less at the top of the tower than it was at the bottom? 1U) One of the electrician’s assistants also climbs up to the platform, The assistant weighs less than the electrician. Which of the two people does the most work climbing up to the platform, and why? ‘Which person? .. Why? wn (c) The electrician wishes to know what power he develops as he climbs the tower. Which quantities does he need to know in order to do this? 19. which statement about the masses and weights of objects on the Earth Is correct? A Abalance can only be used to compare weights, not masses. Heavy objects always have more mass than light ones. B © Large objects always have more mass than small ones. D Mass is a force but weight is not. @40, A stopwatch is used to time an athlete running 100m. The timekeeper forgets to reset the watch to zero before using It to time another athlete running 100m. stopwatch at stopwatch at ‘end of first end of second athlete's run athlote's run How long does the second athlete take to run 100m? A 1128 B 114s © 1248 D 238s The graph represents the movement of a body. 107— 5 me 8{—— iA | | 6 + | J | | 4 2 j—t— 0 t ae o 42 3 4 8 time/s How far has the body moved after 58? A 2m B 10m © 25m D 50m‘The speed-time graph shown is for a bus travelling between stops. 32. where on the graph i the acceleration ofthe bus the greatost? speed The circuit of a motor racing track is 3 km in length. In a race, a car goes 25 times round the circuit in 30 minutes. What is the average speed of the car? A 75km/hour B 90km/hour © 150km/hour D 750km/hour ‘Acar travels at various speeds during a short journey. ‘The table shows the distances travelled and the time taken during each of four stages P,Q,Rands. stage Pp a R s distance travelled /km 18 36 27 27 time taken/minutes 2 2 4 3 During which two stages is the car travelling at the same speed? A PandQ B PandS Cc QandR D RandS4s. Which statement about mass and welght is correct? ‘A. Mass and weight are both forces. B Neither mass nor weight is a force. Only mass is a force. D Only weight is a force. . ‘The diagram shows the velocity-time graph for an object over a 10 second period. ol i 8 } phe 7 | 6 Se Velocity in 5 metres/second Tt 3 i ‘ ofa | ' | L 0 t+ oo4 2 3 4 5 6 10 Time in seconds (a) Use the graph to calculate the distance travelled by the object in 10 seconds. ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. soo (2 marks){b) Complete the distance-time graph for the object over the same 10 seconds. 60,——-— ee 45 t aot = += 30 | —}— — Distance 95 || inmetres 75] | | 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time in seconds (2 marks) ot. (a) Fig.3.1 shows a skier descending a hillside. Fig. 3.2 shows the speeditime graph of his. mation, “i Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 (1) How can you tell that the acceleration of the skier Is constant during the 8s shown on the graph? ~ fi(il) Calculate the acceleration of the skier. acceleration = (b) Another skier starts from rest at the top of the slope. As his speed increases the friction force on the skier increases. ())_ State the effect of this increasing friction force on the acceleration. (1 (ll) Eventually the speed of the skier becomes constant. ‘What can be said about the friction force when the speed is constant? (li) 1, Onthe axes of Fig. 3.3, sketch a possible speeditime graph for the motion of the second skier. speed time Fig. 3.3 2. On your graph, mark with the letter A a region where the acceleration is not constant. Mark with the letter B the region where the speed is constant. [4] ‘A motoreyciist is travelling along a country road, as shown in Fig. 2.1. 38.a. ‘The statements below describe the moton of the motorcycle from point A to point B. 4, ‘The motorcycle accelerates uniformly from rest at point A, increasing its speed to 25ms in 108. 2. Itthen travels at a constant speed of 25m/s for 40s. 3. It then decelerates uniformly to rest at point B, 70s after leaving point A. 35 30 speed 95, 20: 15: 10 time/s Fig. 2.2 (@) For the motorcycle moving from point A to point B, draw on Fig. 2.2, ()) asultable time scale, (li) the graph of the motion of the motorcycle. (b) The distance from A to Bis 1375m. 1 (5) Calculate the average speed of the motorcycle between A and B. Give your answer to the nearest m/s. avorage speed = ams 4] ‘When two blocks X and Y are placed on a uniform beam, the When twa Mocks eam, the beam balances on a pivot at its y — pivot What does this show about X and Y? A 8 c D They have the same mass and the same density. They have the same mass and the same welght. They have the same volume and the same density. ‘They have the same volume and the same weight. ®@he. ‘A student investigated the stretching of a spring by hanging various weights from It and measuring the corresponding extensions. The results are shown below. weight/N olif2}3]4]5 extension/mm | 0 | 21 | 40 | 1 | 82 | 103 (a) On Fig. 3.1, plot the points from these results. Do not draw a line through the points yet a extension /mm weight/N Fig. 3.1 (b) The student appears to have made an error in recording one of the results. ‘Which result is this? (©) Ignoring the incorrect result, draw the best straight line through the remaining points. 1) 6)(d)_ State and explain whether this spring is obeying Hooke's Law. (2 {e) Describe how the graph might be shaped if the student continued to add several more weights to the spring. (f) The student estimates that if he hangs a 45N load on the spring, the extension will be 920mm. Explain why this estimate may be unrealistic. A, The weight of an object is to be found using the beam balance shown in the diagram. object ‘The object is put in the left-hand pan and various standard weights are put in the right-hand pan, with the following results. ‘weights in the right hand pan effect 0.1N, 0.1N, 0.05N, 0.02N _| balance tips down slightly on the left-hand side 0.2N, 0.1N, 0.01N balance tips down slightly on the right-hand side What is the best estimate of the weight of the object? A 0.27N B 0.20N © 0.31N D 0.58N ®ya. is. Objects with different masses are hung on a spring. The diagram shows how much the spring stretches. The extension of the spring is directly proportional to the mass hung on it. What is the mass of object M? A 110g B 150g © 200g D 300g ‘The diagram shows a balance being used to find the weight of a baby. The weight of the basket can be Ignored. ‘At equllibrium, the pivot is nearer to the weight W than fo the baby. centre of mass of beam, phot ~{) Ww baby CY sy —~ basket ‘What is the weight of the baby? A. less than W B_ more than W cw D__impossibie to tell(©) (Write down the equation that is used to calculate the turning effect, or moment, of a force. Gi) State a unit of moment. . Gif) The diagram shows a screwdriver being used to lever off the lid of @ paint tin. 9mm | f 225 mm =__ id Resistance force, R Downward push ‘The resistance force, R, of the lid is SOON. Calculate the minimum downward push which is needed to lever off the lid. ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the (4) Complete the sentence. If-an object is not turning then the total moments of forces trying to turn it in _ direction must be equal to the total moments of forces trying to tum it in an direction. (1 mark)5. Fig. 4.2 shows a car transporter, frst unloaded and then loaded with two cars on the upper deck. Fig. 42 (i) What happens to the centre of mass of the transporter and its load when the cars are loaded? Tick one box. rises stays at the same height falls 10) (ll) How do the two loaded cars affect the stabilty of the transporter? Tick one box. more stable no effect less stable 1 Go toma measuring cylinders containing diferent liquids are placed on a simple balance. ‘They balance as shown. volume = 100m? How does the density of X compare with the density of Y? A. density of X= } x density of Y B density of X = density of Y © density of X = 2 x density of Y D_ density of X = 4 x density of Y ®a. ‘A beam is pivoted at its centre. Three forces, F,, Fp and Fy, act on the beam as shown in Fig. 3.1. b c J } = ¥ FL fe Fy Fig. 3.1 (2) Which of the forces exert(s) a clockwise moment, an anticlockwise moment? ... 3) (b) When the beam is released, the right-hand side of the beam starts to go down. Which of the three distances, a, b or c, should be decreased in order to balance the beam? Explain your answer, Which distance? ..., Explanation (©) Fig. 3.2 represents a simple beam-balance with the pivot accurately at its centre. Fig. 3.2 ‘The person using the beam-balance puts the object to be welghed in the left-hand pan. He has a selection of standard masses to put In the right-hand pan, but he finds he cannot exactly balance the beam. His best attempts are masses used otfect 109, 10g, 5g, 2g, 2g | beam tips down slightly on the left-hand side 204, 10g beam tips down slightly on the right-hand side Estimate the mass of the object. mass =... 9 (1 ®4B ay The diagram shows atifebel, Is hanging ely fom hook Y. @ On the diagram, mark with an X the point where you think the centre of mass of the lifebelt will be. . (1 mark) (i)Explain why you have chosen this point. (b) The drawing shows Susan on a diving board. She is 1.5 metres from point P and she weighs SOON. sm P soon Pie rercirmsnsenmee Calculate her moment (turning effect) about point P. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. Moment about P=... ®i (@) The drawing shows a toy balanced on the end of someone’s finger. The toy is made of . wire with a metal ball at the bottom end. (@ On the drawing, mark with an X, the point where you think the toy’s centre of mass is. (1 mark) (i) Explain why you have chosen this point, (2 marks) () The drawing shows a mobile crane and its heavy load. (On the drawing, mark with an X, the point where you think the centre of mass of the crane and its heavy load is. (1 mark) (i) Explain why you have chosen this point.gp, (2) Aman squoszes a pin between his thumb and finger, as shown in Fig. 6.1. —tinger pinhead pin thumb Fig. 6.1 ‘The finger exerts a force of 84N on the pinhead. ‘The pinhead has an area of 6.0 x 10m? (Calculate the pressure exerted by the finger on the pinhead. 2] pressure (Wl). State the value of the force exerted by the pin on the thumb. ~ (1) (lil) Explain why the pin causes more pain in the man’s thumb than in his finger. vo (21 {b) The density of the water in a swimming pool is 1000kg/m®. The pool is Sr deep. () Calculate the pressure of the water at the bottom of the pool. 2) pressure = (li) Another poo! has the same depth of water, but has twice the area. State the pressure of the water at the bottom of this pool.a. (a) The table below describes the conditions of the molecules of a substance in each of the throe states of matter, solid, liquid and gas. In the right-hand column, write the state of the substance that is described in the left- hand column. state In which the condition of the molecules ‘siteisnee eriste ‘The molecules are a great distance apart, moving very rapidly, with negligible interaction. The substance occupies all the space available. ‘The molecules are only able to vibrate rapidly about fixed positions. The substance does not need a container to maintain Its shape. The molecules move about amongst each other, with attractive forces between them. The substance does not necessarily fil its container. (b) (1) What is the state of matter just before a substance bolls? (Wl) Describe what happens to the molecules during boiling. (itl) State two differences between boiling and evaporating. 1 2. (2) (c) (1) What is the state of matter just before a substance melts? soft] (1) Aluminium melts at 660°C. At what temperature does it freeze? ~[G2, A brick with rectangular sides rests on a table. brick table ‘The brick is now turned so that it rests on the table on its smallest face, How has this change affected the force and the pressure exerted by the brick on the table? force pressure A | unchanged unchanged B increased unchanged c | unchanged increased D increased increased 5. The diagrams show a rectangular box with inside measurements of 5cm x 6cm x 4cm, 4cm| ‘em Sem) mass = 409 total mass = 220g The box has a mass of 40g when empty. When filed with a liquid, it has a total mass of 2209. What is the density of the liquid? 220 gyem? Broxay om (220 ~ 40) (ex6xa 00 c Bx6x4) g)cm? (5x64) «jem (220-40) @ D‘The pressure of a fixed mass of gas in a cylinder is measured. The volume of the gas in the Bj, _ ‘vind ie then showy decroased Which graph could show the change of pressure of the gas during this process? A B 4 pressure pressure 0- time 0 time c D 4 pressure pressure ——— 0: time 0 time Gg, student fis two containers with water (density 1.0g/em*) and two with ol density 0.8/cm"), + as shown in the diagrams. In which container is the pressure on the base the greatest? A B c D In an experiment, some of a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The temperature of the remaining liquid changes because of this. ‘What is the name for this change of state and how doss the temperature change? change of state how temperature changes A condensation decreases B condensation Increases c evaporation decreases D evaporation increases @Fig. 6.1 shows two mercury barometers standing side by side. The right-hand diagram is Tf. incomplete, The space labelled X is a vacuum. glass tube mercury dish Fig. 6.1 (@) On the left-hand barometer, carefully mark the distance that would have to be measured in order to find the value of the atmospheric pressure. @ (b) Assmall quantity of air is introduced into X. (State what happens to the mercury level in the tube. wins [1] (i) In terms of the behaviour of the air molecules, explain your answer to (b)I). (6) The space above the mercury in the right-hand barometer is a vacuum. On Fig. 6.1, mark the level of the mercury surface in the tube. i 54, (@) Some water Is poured onto a plastic table-top, forming a puddle. The same volume of * """ wateris poured into a plastic dish, which is placed alongside the puddle. This is ustrated in Fig. 7.1 water in water in Puddle dish Fig. 7.1 Both lots of water begin to evaporate. @