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Transmission Line-2

Instructed By: Mr. B.Bernard Perera


Name : H.M.S.L.G.Bandara
Index No : 050036J
Field : EE
Date of sub: 2007.06.19
CALCULATON

Properties of the given Transmission Line

Transmission line model

R = 0.316 Ω/km
L = 2.0 mH/km
C = 0.26 µF/km
G = 0 (negligible)

Total resistance of the transmission line R

R T = 0.316 × 75Ω
= 23.7 Ω

Total induction of the transmission line L


LT = 2.0×75 mH
= 150 mH

Total capacitance of the transmission line C

CT = 0.256×75 µF
= 19.2 µF

Theoretical calculations of transmission line parameters

Let’s assume that the transmission line has an equivalent π model.

I1 I2

Yc

V1 V2
Ya Yb
Zc = 23.7 + j (2π×50)×0.15
= 23.7 + j 47.124 Ω

Yc = 1/ ZC
= 1/ (23.7 + j 47.124)
= (0.00852 - j 0.0169) S

Za = Zb = 1/ j (2π×50)×(19.2×10-6)×(1/2)
= (-j 331.565) Ω
Ya = Yb = 1/ (-j 331.565)
= j 0.003016 S

Yb + Yc
A=
Yc
A = [ j 0.003016 + ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 ) ] ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 )
A = 0.85787 + j 0.07148
A = 0.861∠4.763°

1
B=
Yc
B = [1 ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169) ]
B = 52.748∠63.3°

Ya Yb + Yb Yc + Yc Ya
C=
Yc

C = [ ( Ya ⋅ Ya ) + ( Ya + Ya ) ⋅ Yc] ÷ Yc
C = [ ( Ya. ⋅ Ya ÷ Yc) + 2 ⋅ Ya]

But , Ya = Yb = j 0.003016,
C = [ ( 0.003016 j ) ⋅ ( 0.003016 j ) ÷ ( 0.00852 − j 0.0169 ) ] + 2 × ( 0.003016 j )
C = 0.0056 − 0.0002156 j
C = 0.00561∠92.20

And also due to the symmetry of the system,


A=D
∴ D = 0.861∠4.763°

To check the circuit is a passive one.


A ⋅ D − B ⋅ C = ( 0.861∠4.763°) ⋅ ( 0.861∠4.763°) − ( 52.748∠63.3°) ⋅ ( 0.00561∠92.20°)
A ⋅ D − B ⋅ C = 1.00037
∴ A⋅ D − B ⋅C ≈1

There fore the given circuit is a passive circuit.


Theoretical values of the parameters,
A = 0.861∠4.763°
B = 52.748∠63.3°
C = 0.00561∠92.20°
D = 0.861∠4.763°

Transmission line parameters calculated practically

From open circuit test


VS
Z O/C =
IS I R =0

71 × 1000
= ∠ − 90°
1.4 × 200
= 253.57∠ − 90°

From short circuit test

P = VICosφ
15 = 15 × 1 × Cosφ
1 = Cosφ
φ = 0°

VS
ZS/C =
IS VR =0

15 × 1000
= ∠0°
1 × 200
= 75∠0°

A B
Zo / c − Zs / c = −
C D
A⋅ D − B ⋅C
Zo / c − Zs / c =
C⋅D
1
Zo / c − Zs / c =
( A ÷ Zo / c ) ⋅ D
Zo / c
Zo / c − Zs / c =
A⋅ D
Zo / c
A⋅ A =
Zo / c − Zs / c
Zo / c
A=
Zo / c − Zs / c

Substituting values for ZO/C and ZS/C


253.57∠ − 90°
A=
253.57∠ − 90° − 75∠0°
A = 0.9589∠16.476°
A = 0.9793∠0°

Also A = D due to the symmetry of the system,


A = D = 0.8785∠0°

From short circuit test


V B
ZS/C = S =
I S V =0 D
R

B = D × ZS/C
B = 0.8785∠0° × 75∠90°
B = 65.887∠90°

From open circuit test


V A
Z O/C = S =
I S I =0 C
R

A
C=
Zo / c
0.8785∠0°
C=
253.57∠ − 90°
C = 0.00346∠90°

To check the circuit is a passive one.


A ⋅ D − B ⋅ C = [ ( 0.8785∠0°) × ( 0.8785∠0°) − ( 65.887∠90°) × ( 0.00346∠90°) ]
A ⋅ D − B ⋅ C = 0.99973
A⋅ D − B ⋅C ≈1
There fore the given circuit is passive one.

Practical values of the parameters,


A = 0.8785∠0°
B = 65.887∠90°
C = 0.00346∠90°
D = 0.8785∠0°

Compare Practical A B C D parameters with theoretical values

Parameter Theoretically Practically


A 0.861∠4.763° 0.8785∠0°
B 52.748∠63.3° 65.887∠90°
C 0.00561∠92.20° 0.00346∠90°
D 0.861∠4.763° 0.8785∠0°
Receiving end circle diagram of a Resistive Load

Vs = AVr + BIr − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)


 Vr 
Equarion(1) ×  ;
B

VrVs AVrVr
∠(θ − β ) = ∠( α − β ) + VrIr ∠( − ϕ )
B B
Vr Vs A Vr Vr
∠(θ − β ) = ∠( α − β ) + Vr Ir ∠( − ϕ )
B B

Now,

A = 0.8785∠0°
B = 65.887∠90°
Vr = 76.00∠0°
Vs = Vs ∠θ

Vr Vs A Vr Vr  Pr 
Vr Vs Ir Vr Ir Pr ϕ = Cos −1  
B B  Vr ⋅ Ir 
76.00 118 5.00 136.1118 380.00 77.0139 370 13.17
76.00 95 2.20 109.5816 167.20 77.0139 160 16.86
76.00 78 0.80 89.9722 60.80 77.0139 60 9.30
76.00 75 0.48 86.5118 36.48 77.0139 40

Pr Theoretical Vs Practical Vs
370
160
60
40
DISCUSSION:

 Reasons for variations of theoretical values with practical values.


There is a difference between observed values and the theoretical values. Some of the
reasons for those deviations as follow,
1) Human errors can be caused during the practical or during the calculations. That is either
due to the invalid calculations or due to the invalid readings. There fore we must take
readings during the practical with high accuracy and must do the calculations correctly.
2) For easier calculations we change the appearance of the transmission line in to a π -
model. So there will be some significant errors due to this lumping of the transmission line.
3) We did the practical using ammeters, voltmeters and wattmeter. But sometimes these
instruments are not ideal or not sensitive enough to take measurements. We did open circuit
test and short circuit test to calculate the transmission line parameters practically. Due to
the errors in the instruments, the calculated values of ZS/C and Z O/C can have some errors.
And also we used those two terms to calculate A, B, C, D parameters. Calculating the
parameters with values which are having errors may increase the value of the error.
4) There were small resistances in the wires which are used for this practical. Sometimes in
the open circuit test the receiving end may not be open circuited well by voltmeter. And in
the short circuit test the receiving end may not be short circuited by the ammeter due to
small amount of voltage drop across the ammeter. Due to those reasons there is a different
between the transmission line parameters calculated theoretically and practically.
5) We must do these kind of practical as much as quickly. Because if we consumed
considerable time to take readings, resistance values might be changed due to the increase
in the temperature as the current passing through it.
6) And also we assumed the frequency is 50 Hz. But it can be vary between the (50 ± 1%) Hz.
so this also introduced some errors.

 Reasons for not giving identical diagram for the theoretical and observed.
For the receiving end,
1) Due to the variations of the values of A, B, C, D parameters. Because we plot the circle
diagrams using these A, B, C, D parameters.
2) Resistances at the connections and wires are neglected and also we use a 1.5 Ω resistor as
the average resistance. For the high accuracy we must consider the resistances of wires and
connecting points.
3) Some of the values we calculate approximately to the first decimal point. There fore
accuracy is reduced when we are plotting the diagrams.

 Importance of Circle Diagrams

There are three types of power circle diagrams. Their names are “Receiving end circle
diagram”, “Sending end circle diagram” and “Universal circle diagram”. Importance of these diagrams
as follow,
1) Power circle diagrams are used to analyze what happen to the power delivered with
variation of various parameters of the transmission line.
2) To determine active and reactive power at the receiving end for any load angle from the
receiving end circle diagram.
3) We can get the power at either receiving end or sending end for any given values of
transmission line parameters and voltages and currents at the sending and the receiving end.
4) The power flow at any point along transmission line can always be found if the voltage,
current and power factor are known or can be calculated.

REFERENCE: Principles of power system by V.K Mehta & Rohit Mehta.


Through the internet www.wikipedia.com, www.stakeholder.com

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