P5 GEOLOGI FISIK Unsur & Mineral PDF

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Geologi Fisik
(Unsur & Mineral)
Oleh :
Irvani
Referensi :
Thomson, G. R. and Turk, J. 1991. Modern Physical Geology. Saunder
College Publishing, USA.
Lutgens, F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. and Tasa, D. 2012. Essentials of Geology,
11th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Freeman, T. 2004. Environmental Geology Laboratory. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., USA.
Monroe, J. S. and Wicander, R. 2009. The Changing Earth: Exploring
Geology and Evolution. 5th Edition. Pre-Press PMG, USA.
Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C. and Hammersley, L. 2011. Physical Geology
: Earth Revealed. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition.
American Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Williams, L. 2004. Earth Science Demystified. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Frisch, W., Meschede, M. And Blakey, R., 2011. Plate Tectonics :
Continental Drift and Mountain Building. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
German.
DLL
1
Materi :
- Pendahuluan (P.1)
- Sejarah, Struktur & Komposisi Bumi (P.2)
- Proses-Proses Geologi & Tektonik Lempeng (P.3-4)
- Pengenalan Unsur, Mineral & Batuan (P.5-8) :
- Unsur & Mineral
- Batuan Beku
- Batuan Sedimen
- Batuan Metamorf
- Prinsip Stratigrafi, Paleontologi & Umur Geologi (P.9)
- Pengenalan Struktur Geologi (P.10-11)
- Pengenalan Hidrogeologi & Geomorfologi (P.12)
- Pengenalan Kebencanaan Geologi (P.13)
- Pengenalan Peta, Kompas, Navigasi dan Peralatan
Geologi (P.14)
- Kuliah Lapangan (Situasional)
ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

Atoms are the smallest, electrically neutral assemblies of
energy and matter that we know exist in the universe.
Atoms consist of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud
of electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged
protons and neutrally charged neutrons. Surrounding the
nucleus is a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
The atomic mass number is the total number of
neutrons and protons in an atom.
Isotopes of an element are atoms containing different

numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
A group of the same kind of atoms is called an element.
Carlson, et al. 2011 Lutgens, et al. (2012)
2
Lutgens, et al. (2012)
Periodic table of the elements
3
Octet rule : Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share

electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence
electrons.
A chemical bond is the transfer or sharing of
electrons that allows each atom to attain a full
valence shell of electrons.
ionic bond : When the valence electrons are transferred
between the elements to form ions.
covalent bond : When the electrons are shared
between the atoms.
metallic bond : When the valence electrons are shared
among all the atoms in a substance.
4
5
MINERAL
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solid that has a specific chemical
composition.
Carlson, et al. 2011
6
Carlson, et al. 2011
7
Physical Properties of Minerals

Optical Properties
LUSTER : The appearance or quality of light reflected
from the surface of a mineral. Ex: metallic, submetallic
(galena), nonmetallic : vitreous or glassy, dull or earthy.
THE ABILITY TO TRANSMIT LIGHT : Ex : opaque,

translucent, transparent.
COLOR
STREAK : The color of the mineral in powdered form.
8
9
Crystal Shape or Habit
Crystal shape or habit to refer to the common or

characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of
crystals.
Ex : Equant (equidimensional), bladed, fibrous,
tabular, prismatic, platy, blocky, and botryoidal.
10
Monroe & Wicander (2009)
Mineral Strength
TENACITY. The term tenacity describes a minerals toughness,
or its resistance to breaking or deforming.
HARDNESS. One of the most useful diagnostic properties is
hardness, a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion
or scratching.
CLEAVAGE. Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break
(cleave) along planes of weak bonding.
FRACTURE. Minerals having chemical bonds that are equally,
or nearly equally, strong in all directions exhibit a property. Ex:
conchoidal, splintery and fibrous fracture
11
12
Common cleavage directions exhibited by minerals
13
Density and Specific Gravity

Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
Mineralogists often use a related measure called specific
gravity to describe the density of minerals. Specific
gravity is a number representing the ratio of a minerals
weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Most common rock-forming minerals have a

specific gravity of between 2 and 3.
14
Mineral Groups
Over 4000 minerals have been named
Silicate and nonsilicate group (Main group)

More than 800 silicate minerals are known, and they
account for more than 90 percent of Earths crust.
Only eight elements make up the vast majority of the
rock-forming minerals and represent more than 98
percent (by weight) of the continental crust. These
elements are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron
(Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and
magnesium (Mg).
The Silicates
Every silicate mineral contains the two most abundant
elements of Earths crust, oxygen and silicon.
15
Silicate Structures
16
Common silicate
minerals
17
Important
Nonsilicate
Minerals
18
Mineral Resources
Mineral resources are the endowment of useful

minerals ultimately available commercially. Resources
include already identified deposits from which minerals
can be extracted profitably, called reserves.
Ore is used to denote those useful metallic minerals that
can be mined at a profit.
Materials used for such purposes as building stone, road
aggregate, abrasives, ceramics, and fertilizers are not
usually called ores; rather, they are classified as
industrial rocks and minerals.
19
Terima Kasih
20

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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

ATOMS AND ELEMENTS

Isotopes of an element are atoms containing different

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Periodic table of the elements

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Octet rule : Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Carlson, et al. 2011

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Carlson, et al. 2011

Physical Properties of Minerals

THE ABILITY TO TRANSMIT LIGHT : Ex : opaque,

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Crystal Shape or Habit

Crystal shape or habit to refer to the common or

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Common cleavage directions exhibited by minerals

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Density and Specific Gravity

Most common rock-forming minerals have a

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Silicate and nonsilicate group (Main group)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Lutgens, et al. (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan