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1 First-Order ODEs
1720 EULERS METHOD
g(y) (2)
1.3 yrf
(x) Ontheleftwecanswitchtoyasthevariableofinteg
Separable by (3)
ODEs. pure
ly
Modeling alge
brai If f and g are continuous
c
functions, the integrals in (3)
man
Man exist,andbyevaluatingthemwe
ipul
y obtain a general solution of (1).
atio
prac ThismethodofsolvingODEsis
ns.
tical The calledthe methodof separating
ly n variables, and (1) is called a
usef we separable equation, because in
ul can (3) the variables are now
OD inte separated: x appearsonlyonthe
Es grat rightandyonlyontheleft.
can eon
be both E X A M P L E 1 Separable ODE
redu side
ced s
to with TheODEyr
2
1y isseparablebecau
the resp
form dy
ect 2
dx. Byintegr
to x, 1 y
obta Itisveryimportant tointroduceth
(1) inin Ifwewrotearctany x,theny
g isnotasolution(whenc0).Verifythis.
14
6C(made
SEC. 1.3 Separable ODEs. Modeling 13
dy 2
y 2xdx, lny x c, y ce x2.
0
Thisisthegeneralsolution.Fromitandtheinitialcondition,y(0) ce c1.8.HencetheIVPhasthe
x2
solutiony 1.8e .Thisisaparticularsolution,representingabellshapedcurve(Fig.10).
x
2 1 0 1 2
Fig. 10. Solution in Example 3 (bell-shaped curve)
Modeling
TheimportanceofmodelingwasemphasizedinSec.1.1,andseparableequationsyield
varioususefulmodels.Letusdiscussthisintermsofsometypicalexamples.
E X A M P L E 4 Radiocarbon Dating2
InSeptember1991thefamousIceman(Oetzi),amummyfromtheNeolithicperiodoftheStoneAge
foundintheiceoftheOetztalAlps(hencethenameOetzi)inSouthernTyrolianeartheAustrianItalian
14
border,causedascientificsensation.WhendidOetziapproximatelyliveanddieiftheratioofcarbon 6Ctocarbon
12
6Cin
thismummyis52.5%ofthatofalivingorganism?
PhysicalInformation.Intheatmosphereandinlivingorganisms,theratioofradioactivecarbon
12 14
radioactivebycosmicrays)toordinarycarbon 6Cisconstant.Whenanorganismdies,itsabsorptionof 6C
bybreathingandeatingterminates.Henceonecanestimatetheageofafossilbycomparingtheradioactive
14
carbonratiointhefossilwiththatintheatmosphere.Todothis,oneneedstoknowthehalflifeof 6C,which
is5715years(CRCHandbookofChemistryandPhysics,83rded.,BocaRaton:CRCPress,2002,page1152,
line9).
Solution.Modeling.RadioactivedecayisgovernedbytheODEyr ky
14 12
separationandintegration(wheretistimeandy0istheinitialratioof 6Cto 6C)
dy kt
kdt, lny ktc, y y0e
y
2
MethodbyWILLARDFRANKLIBBY(19081980),Americanchemist,whowasawardedforthiswork
the1960NobelPrizeinchemistry.
14 CHAP. 1 First-Order ODEs
NextweusethehalflifeH5715todeterminek.Whent H,halfoftheoriginalsubstanceisstillpresent.Thus,
kH kH ln0.5 0.693
y0e 0.5y0, e 0.5, k 5715 0.0001213.
H
Finally,weusetheratio52.5%fordeterminingthetimetwhenOetzidied(actually,waskilled),
Othermethodsshowthatradiocarbondatingvaluesareusuallytoosmall.Accordingtorecentresearch,thisis
duetoavariationinthatcarbonratiobecauseofindustrialpollutionandotherfactors,suchasnucleartesting.
E X A M P L E 5 Mixing Problem
Mixingproblemsoccurquitefrequentlyinchemicalindustry.Weexplainherehowtosolvethebasicmodel
involvingasingletank.ThetankinFig.11contains1000galofwaterinwhichinitially100lbofsaltisdissolved.
Brinerunsinatarateof10gal>min,andeachgalloncontains5lbofdissovedsalt.Themixtureinthetankis
keptuniformbystirring.Brinerunsoutat10gal>min.Findtheamountofsaltinthetankatanytimet.
Solution. Step1. Settingupamodel.Lety(t)denotetheamountofsaltinthetankattimet.Itstimerate
ofchangeis
y
Saltoutflowrate
5lbtimes10galgivesaninflowof50lbofsalt.Now,theoutflowis10galofbrine.This
(1%)ofthetotalbrinecontentinthetank,hence0.01ofthesaltcontenty(t),thatis,0.01y(t).ThusthemodelistheODE
Step2.Solutionofthemodel.TheODE(4)isseparable.Separation,integration,andtakingexponentsonbothsidesgives
dy
0.01dt, lny 5000 0.01tc*, y 5000 ce 0.01t.
y5000
Initiallythetankcontains100lbofsalt.Hencey(0) 100istheinitialconditionthatwillgivetheunique
0
solution.Substitutingy100andt 0inthelastequationgives100 5000 ce c.Hencec 4900.
Hencetheamountofsaltinthetankattimetis
0.01t
(5) y(t) 5000 4900e .
Thisfunctionshowsanexponentialapproachtothelimit5000lb;seeFig.11.Canyouexplainphysicallythaty(t)shouldincrease
withtime?Thatitslimitis5000lb?CanyouseethelimitdirectlyfromtheODE?
Themodeldiscussedbecomesmorerealisticinproblemsonpollutantsinlakes(seeProblemSet1.5,Prob.35)ordrugsinorgans.
Thesetypesofproblemsaremoredifficultbecausethemixingmaybeimperfectandtheflowrates(inandout)maybedifferentand
knownonlyveryroughly.
y
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
100
0 100 200 300 400 5
Tank Salt content y(t)
Fig. 11. Mixing problem in
Example 5
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