Oppression brought revolutions in the eighteenth century.

The Baroque city had unfolded its grand open spaces and they were overlapping up
on the people. Another change was taking place: machines were replacing handcraf
t methods for making goods for trade.
Baroque city
what is baroque
the objective of the baroque city
diagrams -examples - The rulers and the people and the builders
the French revoloution and the industrial revolution
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baroque planning (examples) paris - karlsruhe - london
baroque planning and the effect
french revoultion
rambuteau
napoleon
haussman
critics
the fall of napoleon
the completion of hausman uncompleted plans
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Victor Considerant wrote: "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where
misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely p
enetrate. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where,
of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year."
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Louis-Napolon Bonaparte first period
inspired b London Urbanisim , with its public parks, squares and spacious stree
ts
Louis-Napolon Bonaparte is the new head of paris at the time "Paris is the heart
of France. Let us apply our efforts to embellishing this great city. Let us open
new streets, make the working class quarters, which lack air and light, more he
althy, and let the beneficial sunlight reach everywhere within our walls"
Napoleon III's first term began with the process of reviving Paris, but due to t
he slow pace of implementation by the former governor Berger, and also because o
f the end of his term. After the rejection of his request to renew his term cont
rary to the provisions of the new Constitution, he staged a military coup and re
turned power to him, and as a first step sacked Governor Berger and asked the Mi
nister of the Interior at the time to appoint a new governor who in turn appoint
ed Husman, who showed his ability to solve problems and avoid Consequences
Under the emperor, Haussmann was more powerful than any of the previous prefects
. In 1851, the French Senate adopted the expropriation laws, giving it the power
to confiscate all land on either side of the new street. He did not have to rep
ort to parliament except to the emperor. The French parliament, controlled by Na
poleon III, offered fifty million francs, but that was hardly enough.
Napoleon agreed with bankers who set up a new investment bank. They also set up
a company with a budget of nearly 24 million francs to finance the massive Hauss
mann projects. In return, they had the right to develop and build new properties
on the outskirts of the street. This became the example of Napoleon's economic
plan to finance the construction of the Hausmann Boulevards.
The task entrusted to Hausmann was to ventilate Paris and provide it with open s
paces. Hausmann began his first phase by reviving Paris by completing the Grand
cross in the center of Paris, which offers the opportunity to travel easily from
east to west through the rue de Rivoli and rue Saint-Antoine, from north to sou
th by the new boulevards Strasbourg and Sbastopol.
rue de Rivoli had the higher priority to be done first, because Napoleon wanted
the street to include the most prestigious hotel in the City Grand Htel du Louvre and
he wanted the street to be finished before the paris universal Exposition of 1
855, so the time frame was less than 2 years

The maximum possible manpower was used to achieve the target within the specifie
d timeframe, and already, the road and the hotel were opened in 1855 in time to
welcome the visitors of Paris.
The intersection between "rue de Rivoli" and "rue Saint-Antoine" was done at the
same time Hausmann reorganized Place du Carrousel and constructed the new squar
e Place Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois in the other side of the colonnade of the Louv
re.
After the completion of the high-priority mission for Napoleon, Hausmann began i
mplementing the North-South axis, starting with the Boulevard Sbastopol and Boule
vard de Strasbourg, where roads were cut in the densely populated neighborhoods
where the Cholera epidemic was the worst . That was between the rue Saint-Martin
and rue Saint-Denis.