Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388

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Original article

Assessment of the decision-making process for re-use of a historical asset:

The example of Diyarbakir Hasan Pasha Khan, Turkey
Mcahit Yildirim
Dicle University, Architecture Faculty, Architecture Department, Diyarbakir, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The requirements of historical environments that are related to social and economical changes sometimes
Received 2 February 2011 necessitate the re-use of historical buildings that no longer serve their functions. Deciding how to re-
Accepted 27 January 2012 use historical buildings is a difcult problem when the concerns of decision makers are not aligned.
Available online 28 February 2012
This paper proposes a methodology for the appropriate re-use of historical patterns that have lost their
original functions and discusses the results of such re-use. Appropriate re-use can result in a sustainable
Keywords: preservation of both historical assets and the environment. Thus, the respectful conversion of structures
Adaptive re-use
for new uses based on economic and social needs ensures the authenticity of the structure and of the
Management
Sustainability
historical environment. In this study, the historical pattern of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha Khan was evaluated
Historical buildings through the application of the proposed method. Adaptation of the structure required knowledge of
Decision-making traditional construction techniques. The results reveal that the proposed methodology can be effectively
used for historical patterns to prioritise between various re-use criteria. This methodology can be applied
in the context of re-use problems and provides solutions for such problems in historical buildings.
2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In deciding how to re-use a historical asset, conicts can arise

Historical environments dene their characteristics when they
preserve their historical values. One way to prevent the loss of these
values is to re-use existing historical patterns. Re-use means histo-
rical values will be enlivened, history will be rediscovered and the
characteristics of the structure will be maintained. This approach
is primarily used for structures that have lost their functions due to
obsolescence. Re-use denes the function of the spaces by adapting
them to the requirements of contemporary life-styles. The selec-
tion of an appropriate approach to re-use can provide motivation
for sustaining the historical environment. To achieve a sustainable
culture, it is essential to consider the adaptive re-use of historical
pattern that no longer serve their original functions.
New uses should be found for structures that no longer serve
their original functions due to physical, economic, functional, tech-
nological or social obsolescence [1]. This requirement will limit
detrimental effects on a built environment and provide sustainabi-
lity for cultural and historical assets. Adaptive re-use of these types
of structures maintains the structures values through new use via
an assessment called function value, which is similar to aesthetic,
spiritual, social, historical and symbolic values. The function value
strengthens social relations and enhances the connection between
people and the historical environment.
Tel.: +90 0412 2488403; fax: +90 0412 2488405.
E-mail address: m.mucahityildirim@gmail.com
between professionals and the public. Furthermore, government
representatives, architects, architectural historians, developers and
owners often have different ideas regarding the re-use of a histori-
cal pattern. Government agencies and the architects whose respon-
sibility is to protect the historical fabric have an interest in seeing
that the standards of restoration are followed and that authenticity
is maintained. Contractors can be insensitive to the integrity and
authenticity of a historical building [2]. Some contractors thought
that time is money in the re-use process. To make an appropri-
ate decision among various proposals for re-use, multiple factors
should be considered [3]. A sustainable proposal for re-use should
pass the value of historical buildings on to the following gene-
rations, enrich the local culture and raise the economic level of the
community. Pearson and Sullivan [4] discussed two approaches of
adaptive re-use; compatible re-use and most appropriate re-use.
Compatible re-use is an approach that does not damage a site or
negatively affect its cultural signicance. On the other hand, most
appropriate re-use is not only a compatible use but will reinforce
and maximise the understanding of the cultural signicance. The
difference is retaining and enhancing the cultural signicance [5].
The re-use of a redundant building, to accommodate new activ-
ities while maintaining its character, represents an appropriate
and long-term sustainable approach to preservation [6]. Conserv-
ing a historical asset requires knowledge of traditional historical
building techniques.
Numerous decision-making methodologies for re-use have
been developed and previously reported. This paper proposes a

1296-2074/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.01.018
380 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
methodology for the re-use of historical patterns based on
managing the use and change model of Worthing and Bond [5]. The
proposed methodology is assessed through six steps that evaluate:
the condition of the historical pattern;
the condition of the environment;
the integrity of the place;
re-use alternatives and their advantages and disadvantages;
owners and users requirements;
an assessment of results to determine the best re-use of the struc-
ture.
The methodology is applied to the case of Hasan Pasha Khan
on Gazi Street in Diyarbakir, in the conservation area, in where
the author conducted the restoration project. In the conservation
areas, the grouping of all buildings makes a signicant contribution
to the townscape [7]. On Gazi Street, a rehabilitation project was
undertaken involving the repair of buildings, restoration of street
furniture and repaving of the street. The restoration of the Khan was
completed in 2008, and the structure is now used as a shopping and
dining area.
2. Literature review
This literature review presents solutions to problems related
to the re-use of historical patterns. The goal of this review is to
help decision makers when applying re-use approaches to these
structures.
Advances in industry and commerce together with the demand
for more sophisticated interior environments for both work and
leisure, have led to buildings becoming outdated, redundant
or obsolete, which has provided opportunity for rehabilitation
and re-use [8]. Cantacuzino mentioned that buildings have been
adapted to new uses because their structures tend to outlive
their function [9]. The most important aspect of the conservation
movement is the recycling of old buildings and their adaptation
for uses that differ from those for which they were originally
intended [10]. For the successful re-use of a historical pattern,
Worthing and Bond [5] suggested that effective management plays
a key role in protecting and enhancing the historical environment.
Conservation efforts will not be successful unless the crucial role of
management strategy is fully appreciated. To manage and protect a
place with cultural value, the signicance of the place must rst be
considered and the various elements of the place that contribute
to that signicance must then be identied and articulated.
Management responsibilities are quite different for individual
owners and corporate or governmental planners. Property mana-
gers must often take into account the inuence and expectations of
external stakeholders. It is not correct to suggest that one group or
another makes better management decisions or cares more about
a historical asset. Individual owners provide continuity in property
management and, conversely, are unlikely to perceive the use, care
and alteration of a historic building as the responsibility of manage-
ment; however, without a framework of management policies and
strategies, the actions of this individual can inict lasting damage
on vulnerable, yet signicant historical patterns [5]. The general
property manager might not manage the property in a way that
respects the cultural signicance of the historic site. An additional
consideration is frequent personnel changes that result in a loss of
understanding of the assets that are controlled by the management
company.
A general principle of conservation is that the original use of
a place is the most appropriate one; however, from a nancial
perspective, nding a new use may be the only effective way to
maintain the building. In some cases the original use may be more
intrusive than an adaptive re-use, but new uses that reduce the
building to its facade are rarely justiable in conservation [5].
If a site is to have a new use, it should be a compatible use [11].
Along this vein, compatibility could be judged by how the new
potential use has the least interference with the historical fabric
and be dened by any use that can full its function without dama-
ging the existing fabric of the building. Converting buildings to new
uses provides the challenge of using existing spaces as adaptable
for industrial or commercial applications [12]. Old buildings are a
potential resource, which if rehabilitated can often provide cheaper
and more appropriate premises for users. Physical surroundings are
continuously changing due to shifts in cultural values and techno-
logy. As a result, different building types are becoming redundant
due to limited building technology and lack of maintenance. Most
of these buildings exhibit high quality craftsmanship and a greater
appreciation of the original material. They are concerned with the
appropriate re-use of the building stock [13].
Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs, and it requires adaptation to particular circumstances and
local conditions. Delafons [11] argued that sustainability involves
the retention of present assets in such a way that, if performed
intelligently, can assist the adaptation of these assets to new uses.
Conservation also requires adaptation to particular circumstances
and local conditions to ensure that existing assets are used ratio-
nally to meet present needs. In a conservation approach, Ashworth
[14] asked how and for whom the existing asset should be used or
adapted.
To be effective, a conservation plan needs to be accompanied
by a management plan. The management plan is concerned with
determining what is required at a site by focusing on the signi-
cance of the location and thinking about how the site should be
developed. The development of integrated policies, strategies and
procedures that are focused on the protection and enhancement of
the cultural signicance of the site is an essential part of the process.
These guidelines need to be integrated with others, including the
needs and aspirations of the owners and those who occupy the site
[5]. All of these issues need to be considered before any policies are
developed. The following constraints should be identied in the
assessment of vulnerability:
cultural values around the site;
requirements and aspirations of the owner;
resources such as nancial skills and knowledge;
physical or environmental issues (e.g. overuse, vandalism and
pollution).
Pearson and Sullivan [4] suggested that the management plan
should articulate the implications of signicance. The plan must
consider the needs and desires of the community and the site.
Moreover, the plan must be nancially and technically feasible, pro-
vide a long-term management framework and be exible enough
to allow for review [4].
One approach to conservation is to take a preservationist per-
spective, in which pure conservation is sought for the products of
the past, and new development or change in the urban fabric is sel-
dom permitted, regardless of the creative value of those changes.
In this type of conservation, the inherited asset is regarded as a
resource due to its cultural, historic and aesthetic values. Another
approach is conservation as heritage, which seeks to conserve the
past as a commodity to be consumed by specic markets, mainly
tourism [15]. In this approach, the asset is considered as a heri-
tage to be conserved and managed in an effective way. Attractive
buildings are taken up by developers and renovated for re-use to
meet collective needs. The sustainable utilisation of the built heri-
tage lengthens the life of the asset. One of the requirements of
 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
sustainability is the adaptation to particular circumstances and
local conditions to ensure that existing assets are used to meet
the present needs [15]. The emphasis of converting buildings has
shifted from a reverential restoration to a more creative attitude,
from the building as an art object to the building as the product of a
whole socio-economic system [12]. On the other hand, the conver-
sion of old buildings may be approached in one of two ways. In some
cases, a building is considered to be worthy of preservation because
its original use is no longer viable. In other cases, the initiative will
come from a user who is looking for a building for a specic purpose
[16]. They may reect the requirements of an existing user, or the
needs that an individual or organisation searching for a building.
People may have a particular use in mind for a building or con-
versely have a particular building in mind and are in search of a
new use [17].
To successfully conserve and manage heritage building, a much
broader range of values should be taken into account. This range
involves the values of different communities, professionals from
other elds and special interest groups in the conservation eld that
hold their own opinions, which might differ from those of conser-
vation professionals [18]. At the heart of interdisciplinary critical
research on heritage is the notion that cultural heritage is a social
construction encompassing communities of interest, communities
of culture or religion, communities of practice, communities of
place and communities of resistance [19].
Various attempts have been made to characterise heritage
values [5]. Proposed characteristics include aesthetic, spiritual,
social, historical and symbolic values, in addition to authenticity.
Aesthetic value: according to the English Heritage Document [20],
an aesthetic value is dened using the term artless beauty and
is not the result of conscious design. It presents an urban land-
scape and the relationship between structures and materials in
an organic form.
Spiritual value: places of worship are likely to have spiritual value
to the members of society because they are important for their
artless beauty and their historical, associational, commemora-
tive, social and educational features.
Social value: social value is related to the meaning that a place
might have for individuals or groups because of associations they
have with it and refers to the benets of social cohesion and group
identity. Social value may be related to the events that occurred
in the past and are connected to the present.
Historical value: historical value encompasses the history of aes-
thetics, science and society. A site may have historical value
because of an important event that had occurred there. Historical
value is of primary importance in the notion of the built cultural
environment.
Symbolic value: the symbolism of places is widely referred to as a
kind of value. There can be benets in conserving places because,
for instance, they are reminders of past events.
Authenticity: authenticity is not an easy concept to grasp. Each
part of a patterns development is authentic as a reection of its
time. The authenticity of a structure is reected by its heritage,
which is materially original but may have changed over time.
3. Methodology for new re-use selection
The aims of this study are to analyse and evaluate re-use alter-
natives for historical patterns. In this study, a simple technique is
proposed to help decision makers who have difculties in deci-
ding on a new use for a historical pattern. The methodology for
identifying historical patterns for appropriate re-use was deve-
loped from managing the built heritage plan of Worthing and Bond
[5]. This decision-making technique pinpoints information about
381
a sites historical pattern and the aspirations of its users as well
as the experts. This methodology provides a generalised model
for decision-making and its practical application is easily trans-
ferable in any cultural context. In addition, the balance between
project feasibility, environmental impact and social benet can be
objectively evaluated.
To be effective, a conservation plan must be coordinated with
a management plan. To manage historical patterns that have lost
their functions, a new use must be adapted to the building. For
a new use, the condition of the historical pattern must rst be
assessed. The physical state of the structure must be detailed in
an architectural survey. The original uses of the structure, buil-
ding techniques, plan, architectural details and materials need to
be investigated. Second, the condition of the environment should
be evaluated. Types of settlement, approach roads, pedestrian and
vehicular accessibility, and environmental factors need to be sur-
veyed. Functional and structural analyses will provide the direction
towards the new use. Third, the integrity of the structure plays a
key role. Pearson and Marshall [4] have dened the integrity of a
historical pattern as a completeness that gives a place its cultural
signicance for example, the spiritual or emotional signicance of
the site, circulation and parking capacity, additions to and subtrac-
tions from the building and the appropriateness with regards to the
cultural signicance. Fourth, re-use alternatives must be proposed
by experts who have knowledge about the re-use of historical buil-
dings, including architects, architectural historians, governmental
workers, owners and contractors. They should dene the objectives
and the expectations for the re-use and identify the re-use criteria.
These criteria include cultural, economic, environmental, architec-
tural, authenticity and social parameters. Fifth, it is necessary to
consider the requirements and aspirations of the owners and users
of the site. For maintenance of the structure, it will be necessary
to determine its functional value. For non-heritage organisations,
a function that is not related to the cultural signicance can be
used. Finally, an assessment of the results should determine the
appropriate re-use of the historical pattern (Fig. 1).
4. The example of the Hasan Pasha Khan in Diyarbakir
(Turkey)
4.1. Study area
The term khan is broken down into two parts that are related to
the locations of the inner or outer city. The outer city khans, called
caravanserais differ in form and function from the inner city khans.
The role of the caravanserai was to support trade, and they were
constructed similar to castles along the trade routes with a dened
range for security. They were built to shelter men goods and ani-
mals along ancient caravan routes. The inner city khans consisted of
the structures that responded to the functional demands of both the
production-and selling of handicrafts and accommodation. Khans
were originally built attached to the most important trade routes,
one of which connected Aleppo (in Syria) to Diyarbakir (in Turkey),
Mosul (in Iraq) and China [21] (Fig. 2.).
The Khan of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha, which was on this trade
route, is on Gazi Street in the medieval part of town where the buil-
dings are dedicated to trade. The square on the opposite side of the
structure is surrounded by the Great Mosque, Mesudiye Madrasah
and Sipahi Bazaar, which is a traditional bazaar where handicrafts
are sold in one-storey shops (Fig. 3).
The activity in the district is very intensive in the day while it
is silent at night. The khan, square, mosque and bazaar are typical
components of a medieval town form with Ottoman architecture
[22]. Governor Vizier Hasan Pasha, son of Sokullu Mehmed Pasha,
constructed a jewellery bazaar in Diyarbakr in 1571 that was
382 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
Condion of the historical pattern
Condion of the environment
Integrity of the place
Re-use alternative list and advantages
Owners and users requirements
Assessment of the results
Fig. 1. Six steps for re-use assessment.
known for the quality of its handcrafted wares. The Khan was built
near the jewellery bazaar and completed in 1574 during the period
of the Governor Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha [23].
The Khan of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha is a two-storey structure
consisting of closed spaces in the rear of an arcade around a court-
yard. The main entrance to the Khan is on the west side, and the
other portals consist of passages to the jewellery bazaar, which are
adjacent to the Khan from the south and east. In the courtyard there
is a fountain constructed on columns with capitals. Four sets of stair
rise from the courtyard. The rooms on the rst-oor were divided
into two sections. A low entrance door leads to the rst section. A
window covered with a net faces the arcade. The second section
contains a replace and has a window that provides a view to the
outside. Three portals of the Khan that are elevated above the rst
oor, resulting in a level change between the portals and rst oor.
The windows of the east and south blocks opened over the jewellery
bazaar, which is adjacent to these sides. There is a stone console in
front of the arcade on the rst oor. The interior of the courtyard
slopes downward in the north block with symmetrical stairs that
lead downward to the entrance portal nearby. The basement oor
is lighted and ventilated with inlets.
Fig. 2. Location of Diyarbakir in Turkey map.
Analysing the historical patterns techniques, materials,
measured drawings, historical data, building
characteristics
Location of the traditional structure, type of settlement,
approach roads
Identification of the atmosphere of the structure
Creating a list of re-use alternative, identifying the
opportunities and barriers
Expectations of the owners and users of the traditional
structure
Assessment of the results
Brick vaults and domes form the covering of the structure. Along
the brick cylinder, blocks are used for isolation and attenuation. The
wedge-shaped arcade that faces the courtyard was constructed on
neutral capitals. In the rst section of the upper-oor the ceilings
are vaulted whereas the second sections of the ceilings are domed
with pendantives. The ceiling is approximately 3.50 m high. There
are attenuation arcs on the windows of the upper-oor. Khans
ground-oor rooms are generally covered with vaulted ceilings
[24]. Durable basalt stone [25] was originally used for paving and
with limestone for the facade walls.
The Khan was restored from 2005 to 2008 following the plan-
ning of restoration projects. The structure is the property of the
foundation board that entered into an agreement with a con-
tractor to restore and manage the structure with an adaptive
re-use. The building was rented by the contractor for a period
of time using the restore, operate and transfer model provided
by the foundation board. In this way, the restorative cost of
approximately US $600.000 was covered and the available nance
provided. Adapting buildings to meet new uses and modern stan-
dards involves making physical changes to the existing building
[8].
 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388 383

Fig. 3. Map of the old city of Diyarbakir and the location of the Khan.

In the Khan, the elevated ground level of the courtyard was taken
down to the original level. The basements of the pillars of the court-
yard fountain were discovered and the basement- oor windows
that looked into the courtyard were opened. The annexes closing
the arcades of the ground and rst oors were liberated and the
cement grouting on the walls of the rooms and arcades domes
were scraped. In the east block two damaged domes of the large
room were reconstructed. The windows that overlooked the jewel-
lery bazaar, which had been closed with briquette blocks, were
opened. The console in the rst oor was reintegrated with lead
connections due to a loss.
The soil lled basement oor was liberated. To prevent damage
of the historical structure by the ground water, drainpipes were
installed and designed to empty into a newly constructed drainage
well. Damaged cross vaults in the north block were reconstructed.
Stones covered with cover blasting and dust were changed. Dete-
rioration in the facade, especially where limestone was used with
basalt to form polychrome, was repaired. Several of the buttresses
were reconstructed and stone plaques were attached to the but-
tresses with lead. Prior to the restoration, the wooden entrance
doors which were covered with iron sheets in the directions of
west, east and south were no longer able to perform their function.
The hinges were non functional and the wood frames decomposed.
The missing banisters of the console in the rst oor were reinte-
grated using cast iron. The soil structure covering was removed and
treated with chemicals to inhibit plant growth.
The materials and techniques used in restoration were based
almost on the availability of local resources. The most outstanding
feature of the structure is the combination of basalt stone with an
easily workable limestone. Basalt is an igneous rock with a durabi-
lity that makes it suited to masonry construction, and it is fre-
quently used in the vicinity of the quarries around the Karacadag
volcano near Diyarbakir. A porous type of basalt was used for the
paving and a less porous type was used for the walls. Limestone is
generally carvable when freshly quarried and is then left to its nat-
ural process of developing a hard outer layer [25]. New stones from
a similar bed of the quarry were used for stone repairs at the Khan.
New bricks made to match the quality and colour of the existing
brick were used for brick repairs. The imitation bricks were manu-
factured alongside cubic bricks used for attenuation in pendantives
and domes (Fig. 4). The collapsed domes of the large room on the
east side of the Khan were reconstructed using the bricks.
Lime mortar was used as a rendering solution in stone masonry
of the Khan. The slaked lime was brought to the Khan from another
province and stored until it needed. Fat lime, which is lime mixed
with sand, was used in mortar for its easy of workability. This

Fig. 4. Paving in the courtyard and the attenuation bricks in the dome inside a room.
384 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
Fig. 5. Closed arcades in the courtyard before restoration.
mortar is used in masonry and plastering. Grouting with ne sand
and lime was a consolidation method used in places where the
masonry has lost its structural integrity. Plumbing was used on the
dome of the fountain in the courtyard.
4.2. Data used for the methodology
4.2.1. Condition of the historical pattern
The historical pattern must be understood such that the archi-
tect is able to convert the space in a manner appropriate for its
new use [17]. Therefore using a blueprint to analyse the historical
patterns techniques and materials is essential. Before the restora-
tion works began on the Khan in 2005, some of the shops on the
ground oor that faced the courtyard were occupied by vendors
such as old carpet dealers, a stationer, a key maker and handmade
silver ornament vendors. To this date only one of the three original
entrances of the Khan remains in service and the other two have
been closed. The entrances to the jewellery bazaar were converted
to shops. The stairs in the courtyard that lead to the rst oor have
been sealed for security and only two of the original four sets of
stairs still remain in use.
The north-east part of the arcade on the rst oor was closed
with a showcase as a way to gain additional space (Fig. 5). At one
time, the courtyard of the Khan was used as a wheat bazaar and
the rst oor was an atelier for handmade ornaments [26]. Since
then, the rst oor of the Khan has been completely abandoned
and trade is exclusively conducted on the ground oor. The shops
in the back of the arcade were extensions of the shops that faced the
street. The ground-oor shops that faced Gazi Street were devoted
Fig. 6. In the courtyard before restoration only the ground oor was in use.
to trade whereas the courtyard shops were in ruin. Most of the ori-
ginal windows had been covered up. Despite major threats nearby,
the Khan has been informally preserved (Fig. 6).
4.2.2. Condition of the environment
A survey of the site was conducted to examine the physical con-
dition of the structures. Located behind the jewellery bazaar are
carpenters who make chairs and the structures on the street are
primarily devoted to trade. The structures on the street were pre-
viously renovated through a rehabilitation project where they had
been previously in a state of deterioration, and a maze of electrical
wires ran through the site (Fig. 7).
Sipahi Bazaar is located in front of the Khan, whereas the Great
Mosque is located at the crossroads of the Khan and an underground
shopping district, which has always been a heavily congested area.
The court levels of the Khan and Great Mosque are below the level
of Gazi Street. The trade centre, which consists of Sipahi Bazaar to
the south of the Great Mosque, Hasan Pasha Khan next to the wheat
bazaar and the other khans in the area, was active throughout a long
historical period [22].
4.2.3. Integrity of the place
The integrity and cohesiveness of a place serve to protect and
enhance the cultural signicance of a structure. In the sixteenth
century, Ottoman khans also functioned as housing for traders.
Thus, the rst-oor rooms of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha Khan were
devoted to housing whereas the ground-oor rooms were devoted
to trade. The products that were brought by the caravans were
sold on the ground oor and visitors were housed in the rst-oor
 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388 385

Fig. 7. Functional analyses of the environment of Hasan Pasha Khan.

Table 1
Re-use alternatives for the Khan and the opportunities and barriers.

Re-use alternatives Advantages Disadvantages

1- Hotel Impact of tourism Detrimental effect on signicance

2- Restaurant Impact of tourism Vehicular access, wear and tear
3- Museum Signicance enhanced and protected vulnerability mitigated Location of the structure, nancially unfeasible
4- Shopping and dining area Financially and technically feasible, long-term management Unavoidable number of people use, vehicular access is a
provided, ability to be implemented, attention paid to the problem in an intensive use situation
desires of the community

rooms. The jewellery bazaar offered a great deal of handmade gold
and jewellery.
The Khan was built as a trust estate in front of the Great Mosque
and its re-use must respect this spiritual atmosphere. The impact
of vehicular access plays an important role in the ambience of the
place.
4.2.4. Re-use alternatives, owners and users requirements
Non-heritage organisations have proposed functions for the
Khan that are unrelated to its cultural signicance, such as con-
verting the structure into a hotel or restaurant. These types of
re-uses are new activities that would generate sufcient income to
cover the restoration and maintenance costs incurred if undertaken

Fig. 8. Courtyard of the Khan after restoration.

386 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388

Table 2
Analyses of plans of the Khan related to the re-use (restoration project, M. Yildirim).

Function
Cafeteria in the courtyard
Cafeteria in the northeast
Jewellery selling shops
Local wear selling shops
Antique sales and repair

Equipments
Bench
Tables and chairs
Tent for shadow
Shop window

Function
Brunch in the arcade
Preparation kitchen
Picture selling shops
Handicraft selling shops

Equipments
Bench for kitchen
Tables and chairs
Shop window

Function
Book selling
WC
Preparation kitchen
Eating

Equipments
Bench for kitchen
Tables and chairs
Shelf for books
 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
Table 3
Sections and elevations (restoration project, M. Yildirim).
AA Section elevation
BB section elevation
West elevation
North elevation
by private entrepreneurs. Public use does not generate sufcient
income to cover restoration and maintenance costs but does bring
social benets to the community. Frequently, the government is
responsible for supporting culture centre and museum types of
re-use. The customary solution of re-using a historical pattern as
a museum is not always viable [17].
A group consisting of owners, users, and architects proposed
re-use alternatives for the Khan, including: (1) a hotel, (2) restau-
rant, (3) museum and (4) shopping and dining area. There are
advantages and disadvantages for each of these re-uses as listed
in Table 1.
The balance between the existing building facility and the new
use varies depending on its characteristics, condition and the
requirements of the user. The aim is to achieve a harmonious balan-
ce that, celebrate both the history of the site and the potential
applicability of the site [27]. It is necessary to consider owners
387
and users requirements and what they envision for the site. The
rst test of any design approach in preservation is whether the
proposed program space requirements t the connes of the exis-
ting old building [28]. There will be many users of the building in
its new form. These could include the owner or developer, tenant,
visitor or customer even the passing public [17]. These require-
ments must be respected. The owners and the contractor of the
khan wanted to receive sufcient income from the structure by
converting it into a hotel or restaurant, which would have entailed
the construction of a large kitchen in the building. The prospective
tenants of rentable shops wanted to display their wares in a large
show window, which was impossible because of the preservation
rules. Instead of large show windows, the existing windows could
only accommodate small shop windows (Fig. 8).
The users desire was to offer spaces for trade and for leisure
activities. They wanted spacious dining areas but believed that
388 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
these would increase the vulnerability of the structure, especially
with cooking areas inside. Because of these considerations, ready-
to-serve dishes were deemed to be more suitable for the small area.
Adapting a building usually means installing modern heating,
cooling, electrical and plumbing systems [5]. In the Khan, water
drainage was installed and connected to main sewer. Mecha-
nical ventilation was provided to the WC and kitchen where the
layout does not allow natural ventilation on the basement oor.
Tenants provide heating using electrical heat-producing appli-
ances.
4.3. Assessment of the results
After the restoration, new shopping and dining uses were esta-
blished into the Diyarbakir Hasan Pasha Khan, which had origi-
nally been built for trade and lodging. The basement oor has been
adapted to provide facilities for dining and book selling. The ground
oor was restored for re-use as a jewellery sales area; however,
this changed to sell authentic regional costumes. The rst oor
was re-used as a cafe for visitors to rest in the historical pattern
(Tables 2 and 3).
According to the conditions of the structure and the envi-
ronment according to the desires of the owners and users, the
advantages and disadvantages of the re-use decisions are evaluated
below.
Advantages of the re-use decisions:
the users can easily reach the structure, and the location of the
structure is compatible with its re-use;
the re-use addresses the desires of the owners and the users, and
their space requirements are met by the structure;
the re-use allows for long-term use during the week and for the
entire day and night on weekends with the cafe in the courtyard.
The intensity of use shows that the structure has sustained an
active role;
the function of eating and drinking provides a use outside of
trading times. Bookselling on the basement oor also provides
a diversity of facilities. Because of their exibility of function, the
spaces in the upper-oor can be used for different activities;
the re-use is adapted with consideration of the spatial organisa-
tion. Common spaces in the courtyard and on the ground oor
provide ease of use;
Disadvantages of the re-use decisions:
vehicular access is a problem in an intensive use situation;
an unavoidable large number of people use the area, causing con-
gestion.
An ideal evaluation of the site will consider the advantages that
have been gained by planning for efcient access to goods. Sites
that consist of several buildings are normally characterised by a
mix of different building types. In the planning stage, the optimal
utilisation of a site addresses access for delivery vehicles and the
provision of car parking and future expansions [12]. When deve-
loping the site layout of the Khan, access must be taken into account.
Car parking areas have to be established for the users and tenants
of the site. The local planning authority is required to consider the
trafc implications.
After the shopping and dining re-use adaptation of the Hasan
Pasha Khan, the building has presented certain problems. Changes
of use called for an increased loading capacity of the struc-
ture. The domestic staircases are an inadequate response to
the large number of visitors from inside and outside of the
city.
5. Conclusions
Through functional obsolescence, many historical patterns have
lost their original use and have become subject to deterioration.
Evaluating the condition of a structure helps to provide documen-
tation of that structure. This evaluation can be accomplished by
taking measured drawings of the structure, analysing the materials
used therein and characterising the deterioration in the historical
pattern. A survey of environmental conditions will direct an ana-
lysis of the functions that are required to manage the constructed
historical area. The integrity of the place and possible re-use alter-
natives can determine the opportunities and barriers that should be
discussed. Construction must be assessed according to the desires
of the owner and user, and these desires might include the acces-
sibility and availability of services.
To prevent the loss of historical value, it is necessary to create
adaptive re-use for historical patterns. The suggested methodology
can be useful when deciding on a re-use approach for a historical
pattern, such as the Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha Khan.
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