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ARTICLE D-2

SHELLS OF REVOLUTION UNDER


INTERNAL PRESSURE1

01 AD-200 SCOPE
The thicknesses of shells of revolution under internal
pressure shall be not less than that computed by the
formulas in AD-201 through AD-212, except for local
shell regions as defined in (a) and (b) below. In
addition, provision shall be made for the applicable
load combinations listed in AD-150 in establishing the
value of F as defined below.
(a) A reduction in vessel wall thickness is permitted
in local regions on a vessel, provided a detailed stress
analysis demonstrates the acceptability of the local
thin area.
(1) An elastic stress analysis may be used to
demonstrate that the requirements of 4-132 are satisfied.
For the purposes of evaluating a local thin wall region
of a cylindrical, spherical, or conical shell, a local
region is defined as the surface area within a circle
of a diameter of 1.0Rmt. The 2.5Rmt limitation, as
defined in 4-112(i), for the required distance between
adjacent local regions shall also be taken to apply in
all directions of the shell surface.
(2) Local thin regions that extend beyond the limits
of (1) above may be evaluated by the design rules FIG. AD-200.1 CIRCUMFERENTIAL BAND OF
given in 4-136. REDUCED THICKNESS
(b) A complete local circumferential band of reduced
thickness at a weld joint in a cylindrical shell as shown
in Fig. AD-200.1 is permitted providing all of the
following requirements are met. (3) The thickness of the reduced shell region shall
(1) The design of the local reduced thickness band not be less than 23 of the cylinder thickness determined
is evaluated by plastic analysis methods of 4-136.3 or by AD-201.
4-136.5. All other applicable requirements of Appendi- (4) The reduced thickness region shall be on the
ces 4 and 5 for stress analysis and fatigue analysis outside of the vessel shell with a minimum taper
shall be satisfied. transition of 3:1 in the base metal. The transition
(2) The cylinder shall have an Rm / t ratio greater between the base metal and weld shall be designed to
than 10. minimize stress concentrations.
(5) The total longitudinal length of each local thin
1
region shall not exceed RmT.
For formed heads under pressure on the convex side, this may be
either internal or external pressure, depending on the orientation of
(6) The minimum longitudinal distance from the
the head on the shell. thicker edge of the taper to an adjacent structural

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AD-200 PART AD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AD-202

discontinuity shall be the greater of 2.5Rmt or the p one-half of the apex angle of a cone-to-cylinder
distance required to assure no overlapping of areas junction
where the primary membrane stress intensity exceeds
1.1Sm.
AD-201 Cylindrical Shells
AD-200.1 Nomenclature. The symbols used in this The minimum required thickness of cylindrical shells
Article are defined below. Except for test conditions, shall be the greatest of the thicknesses determined by
dimensions used or calculated shall be in the corroded (a), (b), and (c) below.
condition (see AD-115).
Dp inside diameter of a head skirt, or inside length PR
of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head, or inside (a) tp
S 0.5P
diameter of a conical head at the point under
consideration measured perpendicular to the
If P > 0.4S, the following formula may be used:
axis of revolution, in. (mm)
Fp meridional membrane force in the shell wall
at the point under consideration resulting from (R + t) P
ln p
primary loadings other than internal pressure, R S
lb/in. (kN/m) length of circumference. If this
force is not uniform, as when resulting from ln is the natural log.
wind or earthquake moment loading, the loading (b) If F is positive and exceeds 0.5PR:
requiring the greatest shell thickness shall be
used (tensile load is positive). 0.5PR + F
Lp inside spherical or crown radius of torispherical tp
S 0.5P
and hemispherical heads, in. (mm)
Pp internal design pressure, plus any pressure due
(c) If F is negative, the condition of axial structural
to the static head of the fluid, at any point under
instability or buckling shall be considered separately
consideration, psi (kPa) (sum of columns 2 and (see AD-340).
3 in Table AD-120.1)
Qp a factor in the formulas for cone-to-cylinder
junctions depending on P/S and AD-202 Spherical Shells
Rp inside radius of the shell under consideration,
in. (mm). This radius is measured normal to the The minimum required thickness of spherical shells
surface from the axis of revolution. shall be the greatest of the thicknesses determined by
RLp inside radius of a cylinder at the large end of a (a), (b), and (c) below.
cone-to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
Rmp midsurface radius of the shell, in. (mm) 0.5PR
(a) tp
Rsp inside radius of a cylinder at the small end of S 0.25P
a cone-to-cylinder junction, in. (mm)
Sp membrane stress intensity limit from tables of If P > 0.4S, the following formula may be used:
design stress intensity values in Subpart 1 of
Section II, Part D multiplied by the stress inten- (R + t) 0.5P
sity factor in Table AD-150.1, psi (kPa) ln p
R S
Tp reduced shell thickness, in. (mm)
hp one-half the length of the minor axis of an ellip-
(b) If F is positive:
soidal head or the inside depth of an ellipsoidal
head, measured from the tangent line (head bend
line), in. (mm) 0.5PR + F
tp
rp inside knuckle radius of torispherical and torico- S 0.25P
nical heads, in. (mm)
tp minimum required thickness of shell, in. (mm) (c) If F is negative, the condition of instability shall
trp Q times the required thickness of a cylinder be considered. AD-340 for cylinders may be used for
calculated in accordance with AD-201, in. (mm) spheres, provided biaxial compression does not exist.

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AD-203 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 AD-205

AD-203 Conical Shells however, no extrapolation of the curves is permitted.


For designs where P/S > 0.08, which is above the
The minimum required thickness of conical shells
upper limit of Fig. AD-204.1, the thickness shall be
shall be determined by the same formulas as for cylindri-
set by the following formula:
cal shells in which R is the radius measured normal
to the wall surface at the point under consideration
D P /S
(see AD-211 and AD-212 for cone-to-cylinder junctions tp (e 1)
2
of the large and small end, respectively).
Where t /L < 0.002, which is below the lower limit of
PR
(a) tp Fig. AD-204.1, the head design must be analyzed
S 0.5P
according to Appendix 4, 5, or 6. Transition joints to
If P > 0.4S: thicker or thinner shells shall be in accordance with
AD-420 and Fig. AD-420.2.

ln
(R + t)
p
P AD-204.3 Ellipsoidal Heads.3,4 The minimum re-
R S quired thickness of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head shall be
established using the procedures given in AD-204.2
(b) If F is positive and exceeds 0.5PR: and the curve of Fig. AD-204.1 which is labelled 2:1
ellipsoidal head. Ellipsoidal head designs which have
0.5PR + F D / 2h values different from 2 shall be analyzed as
tp
S 0.5P equivalent torispherical heads or according to Appendix
4, 5, or 6. (Rules are in preparation for designs above
(c) If F is negative, the condition of axial structural and below those limits.) Transition joints to thicker or
instability or buckling must be considered separately. thinner shells shall be in accordance with AD-420 and
AD-340 for cylinders may be used for conical sections Fig. AD-420.2.
with R defined as in AD-200.1.
AD-204.4 Crown and Knuckle Radii. In connection
with the design procedures of AD-204.2 and Fig. AD-
AD-204 Formed Heads 204.1, the inside crown radius to which an unstayed
The minimum required thickness at the thinnest head is formed shall not be greater than the outside
point after forming of hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and diameter of the skirt of the head. The inside knuckle
torispherical heads under pressure on the concave side2 radius of a torispherical head shall not be less than:
shall be determined by the appropriate rule or formula (a) 6% of the outside diameter of the skirt; or
in the following subparagraphs. (b) three times the head thickness.
AD-204.1 Hemispherical Heads. For hemispherical AD-204.5 Integral Head Skirts. When an integral
heads, the minimum required thickness shall be as head skirt is provided, the minimum required thickness
required for spherical shells (AD-202). For the required of the skirt shall be not less than the minimum required
transition to cylindrical shells of different thickness, thickness of a seamless shell of the same diameter.
see AD-420 and Fig. AD-420.2. All transition joints shall be in accordance with AD-
420 and Fig. AD-420.2.
AD-204.2 Torispherical Heads.3 The minimum re-
quired thickness of a torispherical head having t /L
0.002 up to a t /L where P/S 0.08 (approximately AD-205 Composite Head Shapes
t /L p 0.04 to 0.05) shall be established by using the
A head for a cylindrical shell may be built up of
curves in Fig. AD-204.1. Interpolation may be used
several head shapes, the thicknesses of which satisfy
for r/D values which fall within the range of the curves;
the requirements of the appropriate formulas above.
The adjoining shapes must be so formed that they have
2
Pressure on the concave side may be caused by either internal or a common tangent transverse to the joint. Any taper
external pressure, depending upon the orientation of the head as it
is attached to the shell. at a joint shall be within the boundary of the shape
3
The head design curves of Fig. AD-204.1 have been developed having the thinner wall (see Fig. AD-420.1).
considering membrane stress requirements, plastic collapse, cyclic
load conditions, and the effects of maximum allowable tolerances
4
per AF-135. See Article 4-4 of Appendix 4 for the design formulas Heads having D /2h p 2 have equivalent torispherical properties
for the curves of Fig. AD-204.1. of a torisphere of L /D p 0.90 and r/ D p 0.17.

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PART AD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Fig. AD-204.1

FIG. AD-204.1 DESIGN CURVES FOR TORISPHERICAL HEADS AND 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL
HEADS FOR USE WITH AD-204.2 AND AD-204.3

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AD-206 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 AD-212

AD-206 Loadings on Heads Other Than ellipsoidal, hemispherical, toriconical, or torispherical


Pressure head. The thickness and other dimensions shall satisfy
the requirements of AD-204.
Provision shall be made for other loadings given in
AD-110. For torispherical and ellipsoidal heads the
effect of other loadings must be determined in accord-
ance with Appendix 4, 5, or 6. For the conical or AD-211 Cone-to-Cylinder Junction at Large
spherical portions of heads, the effect of composite End
loading may be treated as in AD-201, AD-202, and The rules of this paragraph apply provided:
AD-203.
(a) the two parts to be joined have the same rota-
tional axis;
(b) the load is internal pressure (see AD-206);
AD-210 TRANSITION SHELL SECTIONS
(c) the joint is a butt weld having its surfaces merge
AD-210.1 Rules for Concentric Reducers Trans- smoothly, both inside and outside, with the adjacent cone
mitting Entire Longitudinal Loading. The rules of and cylinder surfaces without reducing the thickness (see
this paragraph apply to concentric reducer sections AD-412.2);
wherein all the longitudinal loads are transmitted wholly (d) the weld at the junction is radiographed and
through the shell of the reducer. Where loads are meets the requirements of AI-510;
transmitted in part or as a whole by other elements, (e) the junction is not closer than 2.5 RL tr to
e.g., inner shells, stays, or tubes, the rules of this another gross structural discontinuity.
paragraph do not apply.
AD-211.1 Adequate Minimum Thickness Cone-to-
AD-210.2 Reducer Elements. The minimum required
Cylinder Junction (Large End). The thickness of the
thickness of each element of a reducer, as defined
cone and cylinder forming a junction at the large end
below, under internal pressure shall not be less than
for half apex angles not greater than 30 deg need
that computed by the applicable formula. In addition,
not be thicker than required by AD-203 or AD-201,
provisions shall be made for any of the other loadings
respectively, if the half apex angle does not exceed
listed in AD-110.
the value given in Fig. AD-211.1.
AD-210.3 Transition Section Reducers Joining
Two Cylindrical Shells. A transition section reducer AD-211.2 Cone-to-Cylinder Junction With Integral
consisting of one or more elements may be used to Reinforcement (Large End). When the half apex angle
join two cylindrical shell sections of different diameters exceeds the maximum permitted by Fig. AD-211.1, the
but with a common axis, provided the requirements of cone and cylinder must be reinforced in the area adjacent
this paragraph are met. to the junction. Figure AD-211.2 gives Q values for
ratios of design pressure P to S and values of not
AD-210.4 Conical Shell Sections. The minimum greater than 30 deg. The junction may be reinforced
required thickness of a conical shell shall be determined by making both the cylinder and cone thickness equal
by the formula given in AD-203. to tr and provided that:
AD-210.5 Combination of Elements to Form a (a) the increased cylinder thickness extends a mini-
Reducer. When elements having different thicknesses mum distance of 2.0RLtr from the junction, where RL
are combined to form a reducer, the joints including is the radius of the cylinder at the large end of the cone;
the plate taper shall lie entirely within the limits of (b) the increased cone thickness extends a minimum
the thinner element being joined. distance of 2.0RLtr /cos from the junction;
(c) in no case shall t be less than the thickness
AD-210.6 Combination of Shapes to Form a To-
required for the cone in accordance with AD-203.
riconical Reducer. A toriconical reducer may be shaped
as a portion of a toriconical head or a portion of an
ellipsoidal head plus a conical section, provided the
design of the small end of the reducer element satisfies AD-212 Cone-to-Cylinder Junction at Small
the requirements of Article D-5. End
AD-210.7 Knuckle Tangent to the Larger Cylinder. The rules of this paragraph apply provided:
When a knuckle is used at the large end of a reducer (a) the two parts to be joined have the same rota-
section, it shall have a shape that is a portion of an tional axis;

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AD-212 PART AD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AD-212.2

FIG. AD-211.1 INHERENT REINFORCEMENT FOR LARGE END OF CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION

(b) the load is internal pressure (see AD-206); ratios of design pressure P to S and values of not
(c) the joint is a butt weld having its surfaces merge greater than 30 deg. The junction may be reinforced
smoothly, both inside and outside, with the adjacent cone by making both the cylinder and cone thickness equal
and cylinder surfaces without reducing the thickness (see to tr and provided that:
AD-412.2); (a) the increased cylinder thickness tr extends a
(d) the weld at the junction is radiographed and minimum distance 1.4Rs tr from the junction;
meets the requirements of AI-510; (b) the increased cone thickness tr extends a minimum
(e) the junction is not closer than 2.5Rs tr to another distance
gross structural discontinuity.

cos
AD-212.1 Adequate Minimum Thickness Cone-to- R s tr
1.4
Cylinder Junction (Small End). The thickness of the
cone and cylinder forming a junction at the small end
for half apex angles not greater than 30 deg need not from the junction;
be thicker than required by AD-203 and AD-201, (c) in no case shall tr be less than the thickness
respectively, if the point representing the junction lies required for the cone in accordance with AD-203 at
in the Adequate region of Fig. AD-212.1. a distance
AD-212.2 Cone-to-Cylinder Junction With Integral

cos
Reinforcement (Small End). When the half apex angle R s tr
1.4
exceeds the maximum permitted by Fig. AD-212.1, the
cone and cylinder must be reinforced in the area adjacent
to the junction. Figure AD-212.2 gives Q values for from the junction.

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AD-212.3 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 2 AD-213

FIG. AD-211.2 VALUES OF Q FOR LARGE END OF CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION

2
AD-212.3 Cone-to-Cylinder Junctions at Small dt
0.5
End Treated as Openings. Cone-to-cylinder junctions
at the small ends of reducers may be treated as openings
in conical heads provided: measured along the cylinder and
(a) the diameter d of the small end is not more than

2 cos
one-half the diameter of the large end; dt
0.5
(b) the half apex angle is greater than 30 deg but 2

not greater than 60 deg;


(c) the reinforcement meets the requirements of AD- measured along the cone;
520 and AD-540.1, except the total cross-sectional area (d) reinforcement shall be integral with cone and /or
of reinforcement A required at the junction in any plane cylinder and all other applicable requirements of Article
for a vessel under internal pressure shall not be less than D-5 met.

dt tan AD-213 Head-to-Shell and Head-to-Head


Ap
2 Junctions
The rules of this paragraph apply to formed heads
and two-thirds of this area shall be provided within a attached to cylindrical shells and to formed heads
limit of attached to each other to form a vessel.

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PART AD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Fig. AD-212.1

FIG. AD-212.1 INHERENT REINFORCEMENT FOR SMALL END OF CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION

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Fig. AD-212.2 2001 SECTION VIII DIVISION 2

FIG. AD-212.2 VALUES OF Q FOR SMALL END OF CONE-TO-CYLINDER JUNCTION

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AD-213 PART AD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AD-213

FIG. AD-212.3

(a) When formed heads (hemispherical, torispherical, greater in thickness than the required head thickness
and ellipsoidal) are attached to other formed heads to for a distance, measured from the tangent line along
form a vessel, the rules of AD-420 shall be met. the cylinder, of not less than Rt. Transition joints to
(b) For the attachment of formed heads to cylindrical thinner shells shall not be located within this minimum
shells, see AD-420 and Fig. AD-420.1. distance. Transition joints to thicker shells may be
(c) The cylindrical shell to which torispherical or located within this minimum distance and shall be in
ellipsoidal heads are attached shall be equal to or accordance with AD-420 and Fig. AD-420.2.

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