Aliran Multifase

HIDROLIKA II
 Flow Regimes In Horizontal Flow
1. Bubble flow .
2. Plug flow .
3. Stratified flow (layered, separated) .
4. Wavy flow (ripple flow, cresting) .
5. Slug flow .
6. Semi-annular flow .
7. Annular flow (ringed) .
8. Spray flow (mist, froth, dispersed) .
 Flow Regimes in Vertical Flow
Multiphase flow can be classified by the
following regimes:
1. Bubbly flow: Discrete gaseous or fluid
bubbles in a continuous fluid
2. Droplet flow: Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
3. Particle-laden flow: Discrete solid particles slug flow bubbly flow
in a continuous fluid droplet flow
4. Slug flow: Large bubbles (nearly filling particle-laden flow
cross-section) in a continuous fluid
5. Annular flow: Continuous fluid along
walls, gas in center
6. Stratified/free-surface flow: Immiscible
fluids separated by a clearly-defined annular flow free-surface flow
interface

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Slug Bubble Separated Annular
Flow regimes: vertical gas-liquid flow

Q(m 3 / s )
Superficial Velocity : vsg (m / s)
A(m 2 )

Q(m 3 / s )
Q(VVM ) 60
V (m 3 )
Evaporator
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 Sediment transport under unidirectional flows

I. Classification of sediment load

The sediment that is transported by a current.

Two main classes:

Wash load: silt and clay size material that remains in suspension even during low flow events in
a river.

Bed material load: sediment (sand and gravel size) that resides in the bed but goes into
transport during high flow events (e.g., floods).

Bed material load makes up many arenites and rudites in the geological record.
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Three main components of bed material load.
Contact load: particles that move in contact with the bed by sliding or rolling over it.

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Saltation load: movement as a series of hops along the
bed, each hop following a ballistic trajectory.

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When the ballistic trajectory is disturbed by turbulence the motion is referred to as Suspensive
saltation.

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Intermittent suspension load: carried in suspension by turbulence in the flow.

Intermittent because it is in suspension only during high flow events and otherwise resides in
the deposits of the bed.

Bursting is an important process in initiating suspension transport.

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Hydraulic interpretation of grain size distributions

In the section on grain size distributions we saw

that some sands are made up of several normally
distributed subpopulations.

These subpopulations can be interpreted in terms

of the modes of transport that they underwent
prior to deposition.

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The remainder of the distribution, normally making
up the largest proportion, is the intermittent
suspension load.

This interpretation of the subpopulations gives us

two bases for quantitatively determining the
strength of the currents that transported the
deposits.

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The grain size X is the coarsest sediment that
the currents could move on the bed.

In this case, X = -1.5 f or approximately

2.8 mm.

If the currents were weaker, that grain size

would not be present.

If the currents were stronger, coarser material

would be present.

This assumes that there were no limitations to

the size of grains available in the system.

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The grain size Y is the coarsest sediment that
the currents could take into suspension.

In this case, Y = 1.3 f or approximately

0.41 mm.

Therefore the currents must have been just

powerful enough to take the 0.41 mm particles
into suspension.

If the currents were stronger the coarsest grain

size would be larger.

This assumes that there were no limitations to

the size of grains available in the system.

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To quantitatively interpret X we need to know
the hydraulic conditions needed to just begin to
move of that size.

This condition is the threshold for sediment

movement.

To quantitatively interpret Y we need to know

the hydraulic conditions needed to just begin
carry that grain size in suspension.

This condition is the threshold for suspension.

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The threshold for grain movement on the bed.

Grain size X can be interpreted if we know what flow strength is required to just move a
particle of that size.

That flow strength will have transported sediment with that maximum grain size.

Several approaches have been taken to determine the critical flow strength to initiate motion
on the bed.

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Shields criterion for the initiation of motion

Based on a large number of experiments Shields criterion considers the problem in terms of the
forces that act to move a particle.

The criterion applies to beds of spherical particles of uniform grain size.

Forces that are important to initial motion:

1. The submerged weight of the particle ( ( s ) gd)3 which resists
motion. 6

2. to which causes a drag force that acts to move

the particle down current.

3. Lift force (L) that reduces the effective

submerged weight.

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Whats a Lift Force?

The flow velocity that is felt by the particle varies from approximately zero at its base to some
higher velocity at its highest point.

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This distribution of dynamic pressure results in a net pressure force that acts upwards.

Thus, the net pressure force (known as the Lift Force) acts oppose the weight of the particle
(reducing its effective weight).

This makes it easier for the flow to

roll the particle along the bed.

The lift force reduces the drag force

that is required to move the particle.

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A quick note on saltation

If the particle remains immobile to the flow and the velocity gradient is large enough so that the
Lift force exceeds the particles weight.it will jump straight upwards away from the bed.

Once off the bed, the pressure

difference from top to bottom of the
particle is lost and it is carried down
current as it falls back to the bed.

following the ballistic trajectory of

saltation.

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Aliran slurry (Contoh)

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 Sifat adesif partikel

Fenomena yang mungkin terjadi:

1. kristalisasi partikel akibat pengeringan
2. kristalisasi partikel akibat terbentuknya slurry
3. kristalisasi partikel akibat pendinginan setelah pelelehan
4. penyatuan partikel secara kimiawi
5. penyatuan partikel secara biologi
 Interaksi aliran padat
Interaksi Gaya Alir

K: 0,3 - 0,6
Poin Penting:
1. Pada kondisi rest, solid masih dapat bergerak
2. Perbedaan profil penampang akan memberikan
interaksi gaya yg berbeda
3. Interaksi gaya dapat digambarkan dengan Grafik
Mohr
4. K = Von Karman Coeff.
Kriteria Pengaliran
Rejim Aliran (Kondisi Turbulen)

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Rejim Aliran (Laminer)

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 Definisi dalam Analisis

Rejim aliran
1. Homogeneous
dominan terdiri dari fine particles (< 50 m)
berperilaku mengikuti matriks pembawanya.
2. Heterogeneous
ukuran dan bentuk terdistribusi pada rentang yang lebar.
berperilaku : densitas akan makin membesar pada dasar saluran.

Kecepatan kritis (vcrit)

batas kecepatan campuran padat dlm matriks, sehingga berpotensi ke pengendapan atau tidak.
< kec. Kritis : partikel akan cenderung mengendap
> kec. Kritis : partikel akan cenderung mengalir
Urutan Analisis Aliran Slurry
1. Menghitung besarnya flow rate (berdasarkan data densitas solid, fluid pembawa dan %
solids)
2. Hitung slurry velocity, gunakan hasil no. 1 dan diameter pipa atau persamaan empirik lain.
3. Hitung perbandingan kecepatan no.2 dengan kecepatan kriteria (vcrit) :
0,5
= 2. . . 1
4. Tentukan Rejim Aliran berdasarkan definisi Homogen atau Heterogen dengan
membandingkan slurry velocity dengan kecepatan transfer (vtrans):
= 1800. . . 1/3

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Apa efek keberadaan solids?
Headloss aliran berubah dengan adanya solids
Bagaimana urutan analisisnya?
1. Hitung headloss akibat friksi (dengan Pers. Darcy-Weisbach) Major Losses
2
=
2
2. Hitung headloss koreksi akibat solids
= 1 + 1 Newitt et.al. Equation
3. Hitung total headloss

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Latihan Soal
Aliran lumpur dari bak sedimentasi suatu WWTP dipompakan ke suatu sludge drying bed
sejauh 1 km melalui pipa polyethylene D10 cm. Pada lumpur ini terkandung 50% (wt)
solid dengan laju 50 ton solid/jam. Hasil pemeriksaan awal diketahui:
densitas 2,6
Kec. Mengendap 0,01 m/det
Coef. Drag 30
Diameter efektif 0,12 mm
Kecepatan kritis 2,15 m/det
a) Tentukan rejim aliran slurry ini
b) Berapa kebutuhan energy pompa yang diperlukan, jika efisiensinya diketahui 70%.

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