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H3C O CH3
N H
N O
N
N
H3C S O
N
O
N
H3C
Nomenclature rules
1. Parent - root derived from number of carbon in longest unbranched chain
.containing functional group
CH3 CH3
OH
H3C 4 2
H3C CH3 5 3 1
4-methylheptane 2-propyl-1-pentanol
2. Suffix - basic name derived by adding ending of major functional group (FG)
O CH3 O
H3C CH3
2-pentanone
pentan-2-one
NOT 4-pentanone
gjr-- 5
Nomenclature rules II
4. Prefix - substituents are designated by prefix & Arabic number indicating
....position (lowest possible numbering)
CH3 Cl CH3
H3C CH3
H3C CH3
H3C CH3 CH3
2,2,5-trimethylheptane 8-chloro-2,3-dimethylnonane
NOT 3,6,6-trimethylheptane NOT 2-chloro-7,8-dimethylnonane
5. FG - if more than one FG name & number based on principle FG. List of
....priorities given in course notes. Multiple bonds are added to parent (end),
....all others are prefixes
O O CH3
H3C OH
HO OH
H3C CH3 O
5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid 2-methyl-4-oxohex-2-enoic acid
6. Minor FG - halo-, nitro- (-NO2), nitroso- (-NO) & azo- (-N2-) are considered
....substituents & not FG for nomenclature only
Step 1: root
Step 7: complete
OH O OH O
OH O OH O
OH
H3C H3C
H C H
H
methane propane pentane cyclopentane
CH4 C3H8 C5H12 C5H10
CH4
isooctane
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
C8H18
H H
ethene
CH3
H3C CH3
H3C
1-butene 2-butenecis-2-butene
trans-2-butene 2-methylpropene cyclobutane
C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8
H3C CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
H3C
(1R,5R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene
-pinene
gjr-- 11
H H OH O
O
H3C OME
ethyne pent-3-yn-1-ol O O
C2H2 NOT pent-2-yn-5-ol
H3C O
OH O
MeHN
Ethyne is an explosive gas HO
O
Triple bond makes molecular linear (cylinder) OH
CH3
H3C CH3
cyclopropane 1,3-dimethylcyclohexane cyclohexene benzene
Cyclic hydrocarbons are common - note that most are not flat
gjr-- 12
CH3 H CH3
H H H3C
(8R,9S,10S,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-(6-
methylheptan-2-yl)-hexadecahydro-1H-
cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene
cholestane - steroid
H H
(R)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2- (S)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-
yl)cyclohex-1-ene yl)cyclohex-1-ene
(R)-limonene (S)-limonene
smells of oranges smells of lemons
gjr-- 13
HO O
OH HO
HO OH
HO
1,2-ethandiol 6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-
ethylene glycol 2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetraol
antifreeze glucose
sugar I guess!
gjr-- 14
Cl Cl
phenol 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
carbolic acid TCP
antiseptic
Thiols are the sulfur analogue of alcohols - and they smell, bad...
Humans can detect 2x105 ppb of the second compound (1 drop in a lake)
One of the last two compounds is the smelliest known - but no one is
...prepared to make them again to find out which!
gjr-- 16
H3C N NH2
H2N OH
H2N H
CH3
triethylamine butane-1,4-diamine (S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
smells of fish putrescine phenylalanine
smells of decay amino acid
CH3 O
N
CH3
O
N
H O
CH3
N
O
(S)-3-(1- methyl 3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-
methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-
pyridine carboxylate
nicotine cocaine
gjr-- 17
H H3C N CH
H N H H3C NH2 N 3
H H3C CH3 H3C
ammonia methylamine dimethylamine trimethylamine
1 amine 2 amine 3 amine
primary
valine If add four groups
amine everything changes!
(1)
gjr-- 18
Ketones
CH3 CH3
O O
O
Reaction of a carboxylic acid with a base (eg. NaOH) gives carboxylate ion
Derivatives
O O
O
H3C CH3
O Cl
H3C O CH3
CH3
ethyl ethanoate 2-methylpropyl propanoate benzoyl chloride
ethyl acetate isobutyl propionate acid chloride
solvent smell of rum
ester ester
NH2 O
H
HO2C N
OMe O O
O
H3C O CH3
aspartame ethanoic anhydride
sweetener acetic anhydride
amide acid anhydride
gjr-- 21
alkanes
(removal of hydrogen)
alkyl
alcohols ethers amines thiols
halides
aldehydes ketones
Overview
What's next?
To looking at the bonding in molecules in detail
To understand how bonding effects the shape of molecules