Different standard form of the equation of a straight b1c 2 b 2 c1 a 2 c1 a 1c 2
line : , General form : Ax + By + C = 0 a1 b 2 a 2 b1 a1 b 2 a 2 b1 where A, B, C are any real numbers not all zero. Angle between two lines : Gradient (Tangent) form : y = mx + c The angle between two lines whose slopes are m1 and m2 is given by It is the equation of a straight line which cuts off an intercept c on y-axis and makes an angle with the m1 m 2 tan = positive direction (anticlockwise) of x-axis such that 1 + m1m 2 tan = m. The number m is called slope or the If is angle between two lines then is also the gradient of this line. angle between them. Intercept form : The equation of any straight line parallel to a given x y line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0. + =1 a b The equation of any straight line perpendicular to a It is the equation of straight line which cuts off given line, ax + by + c = 0 is bx ay + k = 0. intercepts a and b on the axis of x and y respectively. The equation of any straight line passing through the Normal form (Perpendicular form) : point of intersection of two given lines l1 a1x + b1y x cos + y sin = p + c1 = 0 and l2 a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 is l1 + l 2 = 0 It is the equation of a straight line on which the where is any real number, which can be determined length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and by given additional condition in the question. is the angle which , this perpendicular makes with the The length of perpendicular from a given point (x1, positive direction of x-axis. y1) to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is One point form : ax 1 + by1 + c = p (say) y y1 = m(x x1) (a 2 + b 2 ) It is the equation of a straight line passing through a given point (x1, y1) and having slope m. In particular, the length of perpendicular from origin Parametric equation : c (0, 0) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is x x1 y y1 a 2 + b2 = =r cos sin Equation of Bisectors : It is the equation of a straight line passes through a The equations of the bisectors of the angles between given point A(x1, y1) and makes an angle with x- the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a 2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are axis. a 1 x + b1 y + c1 a 2x + b2 y + c 2 = Two points form : a 12 + b12 a 22 + b 22 y y1 y y1 = 2 (x x1) Distance between parallel lines : x 2 x1 Choose a convenient point on any of the lines (put x It is the equation of a straight line passing through = 0 and find the value of y or put y = 0 and find the y y1 value of x). Now the perpendicular distance from this two given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), where 2 point on the other line will give the required distance x 2 x1 between the given parallel lines. is its slope. Pair of straight lines : Point of intersection of two lines a1x + b 1y + c1 = 0 The equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents a pair and a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 is given by of straight lines passing through the origin.
XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 51 NOVEMBER 2009
Let the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 be If C 1, C2 are the centres and a1, a2 are the radii of two y m1x = 0 and y m2x = 0, then circles, then 2h a (i) The circles touch each other externally, if m1 + m2 = and m1m2 = b b C1C 2 = a1 + a2 General equation of second degree in x, y is (ii) The circles touch each other internally, if ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i) C1C 2 = |a1 a 2| This equation represents two straight lines, if (iii) The circles intersects at two points, if = abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0 |a1 a 2| < C 1C 2 < a1 + a2 a h g (iv) The circles neither intersect nor touch each other, if or h b f =0 C1C 2 > a1 + a2 or C1C2 < |a1 a2| g f c Equation of any circle through the point of and point of intersection of these lines is given by intersection of two given circles S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 is given by S 1 + S2 = 0 ( 1) and can be hf bg hg af , determined by an additional condition. ab h 2 ab h 2 Equation of the tangent to the given circle The angle between the two straight lines represented x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x1, y1) on it, by (i) is given by is xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0 2 h 2 ab The straight line y = mx + c touches the circle x2 + y2 tan = a +b = a2, if c2 = a2(1 + m2) and the point of contact of the If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a m ma a pair of parallel straight lines, then the distance tangent y = mx a 1 + m 2 , is , 2 between them is given by 1+ m 1 + m2 Length of tangent drawn from the point (x1, y1) to the g 2 ac f 2 bc 2 or 2 circle S = 0 is S1 , where a (a + b) b (a + b) 2 S1 = x1 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c Circle: The equation of pair of tangents drawn from point Different forms of the equations of a circle : (x1, y1) to the circle Centre radius form : the equation of a circle whose S = 0 i.e. x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, is SS1 = T2, centre is the point (h, k) and radius 'a' is where T xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c and S1 as (x h)2 + (y k)2 = a 2 mentioned above. General equation of a circle : It is given by Chord with a given Middle point : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ...(i) the equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 whose Equation (i) can also be written as mid-point is (x1, y1) is given by T = S1, where T and S1 as defined a above. |x (g)|2 + |y (f)|2 = | g 2 + f 2 c |2 If be the angle at which two circles of radii r1 and r2 which is in centre-radius form, so by comparing, we intersect, then get the coordinates of centre (g, f) and radius is r12 + r22 d 2 g2 + f 2 c . cos = 2 r1r2 Parametric Equations of a Circle : The parametric equations of a circle where d is distance between their centres. (x h)2 + (y k)2 = a 2 are x = h + a cos and Note Two circles are said to be intersect orthogonally if the angle between their tangents at y = k + a sin , where is a parameter. their point of intersection is a right angle i.e. Lengths of intercepts on the coordinate axes made by r12 + r22 = d2 or 2 2 the circle (i) are 2 g c and 2 f c 2g1g2 + 2f1f2 = c1 + c2 Equation of the circle on the line joining the points Radical axis : The equation of the radical axis of the A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) as diameter is given by two circle is S1 S2 = 0 i.e. y y1 y y 2 2x(g1 g2) + 2y(f1 f2) + c1 c2 = 0 = 1 x x1 x x 2