CourseCode:SMJP1602(L)

MaterialsScience

201617.2

Prof.Dr.NoriyukiKuwano

MPE,MJIIT,UTM
Introduction
Prof. Dr. Noriyuki Kuwano Tel: Ext. 1323 Rm#= 05.28.01
(noriyuki.kuwano.577@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp)

Mechanical Precision Engineering (MPE)

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT)
University of Technology Malaysia (UTM)

Research Laboratory for High Voltage Electron Microscopy,

Kyushu University
Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research,
Kyushu University
Advanced Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research,
Kyushu University
Dept. Applied Sciences for Electronics and Materials,
Kyushu University
Dept. Materials Science and Technology,
Kyushu University
Dept. Iron and Steel Metallurgy, Kyushu University
Dept. Metallurgy, Kyushu University
 MaterialsScience&Engineering2016.2

TextbooksandReferences
MainTextbook
*MaterialsScienceandEngineeringAnIntroduction
WilliamD.Callister,Jr.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,
5thEd.(2000)ISBN;0471320137
7thEd.(2007)ISBN;9780471736967

Otherreferences
*PrinciplesofMaterialsScienceandEngineering
W.F.Smith(2004)McGrawHill

*IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceforEngineers
J.F.Shackelford(2005)PrenticeHall

*IntroductiontoSolidStatePhysicsWiley
C.Kittel
 GRADING

No. Assessment Number %each %total

1 Assignment 2 10 20

2 Tests 2 15 30

3 Final Exam 1 50 50

overall 100
 WEEKLY SCHEDULE (before Semester Break)
Week 1 : 1. Introduction
13 Feb 1.1 Historical perspective of Materials Science
1.2 Why study properties of materials?
1.3 Classification of materials
1.4 Advanced materials
1.5 Future materials

Week 2 : 2. Atomic Structure, Inter-atomic Bonding and Structure of Crystalline Solids

20 Feb 2.1 Atomic structure
2.2 Atomic bonding.
Week 3 : 2.3 Lattice structure and Crystal system
27 Feb 2.4 Non-crystalline materials
Week 4 : 3. Imperfection and Diffusion
06 Mar 3.1 Crystal imperfections : point, linear, plane and volume.
Week 5 : 3.2 Mechanism of diffusion.
13 Mar
Week 6 : Review & Exercise
20 Mar . TEST 1 (Chapter 2 and 3)

Week 7 : 4. Mechanical Properties of Metal

27 Mar 4.1 Mechanical properties and their terminologies
4.2 Concept of stress and strain
4.3 Material testing
SEMESTER BREAK (1 WEEK)
 MaterialsScience

Synopsis:
Materials science is an important subject that relates the structures of
materials and their properties. The basic knowledge is necessary for
every engineer who is involved in designing certain components and
products so that the most suitable materials are utilized.

Abstract:
Materials are classified in terms of their properties such as electrical
conductivity and strength. The properties come from the bonding of
atoms. Since most of the solid materials are crystalline, we learn how to
describe "crystals".
Mechanical properties depend upon microstructures, and therefore
we study crystal imperfections as well as phase stability.
 MaterialsScience&Engineering2015.2

Contents

1.Introduction

2.Atomicstructure,Interatomicbonding,Structuresofcrystallinesolids

3.CrystalimperfectionsandDiffusion

4.MechanicalpropertiesofMetals

5.DislocationsandMetalstrengtheningmechanism

6.Phasetransformation

7.CarbonsteelandCastiron

8.Nonferrousmetalsandalloys
 MaterialsScience&Engineering2015.2

1.Introduction

1.1Perspectiveofmaterials

1.2Whystudypropertiesofmaterials

1.3Classificationofmaterials
 MaterialsScience&Engineering2013.2

Whatare"Materials"
Whatare"Materials"
Whatisthedifferencebetween"Substances"and"Materials"
Whenparticular"substances" areconsidered
withtheintentionofusingthemforsomepurpose,
theyare"materials".

Example:
Diamond:
Component:carbon,Crystallinematterwiththe"diamondstructure",
Veryhighhardness,Veryhighindexofrefraction,
Veryhighthermalconductivity,...

"Diamond"isnot"material".
Oncediamondisconsideredascanbeusedas
atipofcutterorbites/saws,jewelstones,opticaldevices,heatsink,etc.,
itiscalled"material".
 Iron:elementFewhitishgrayincolor,metal,
26protonsandelectronsperanatom,magneticatRT,
usuallyobtainedbyreductionfromitsoxide,
Otherelementssuchascarbon,nitrogen,aluminum,nickel,
chromiumcanbedissolvedormixedinironwithchangesin
physicalproperties.
Ironisstillamatteror"substance", whichcanbeanobjectofstudies
Ifyouconsiderthat"ironcanbeusedforsomething",
itiscalled"material".
milk:liquid,whiteincolor,containingprotein,fatetc.,obtainedfromcows,....
sugar:solid,usuallywhiteincolor,sweetintaste,dissolvesinwater
mango:fruit,soft,deliciousintaste,yellowincolor,smellinggood,

Theyarejustsubstances.

Ifyouconsiderthaticecreamcanbemadefromthese,
theyare"materials".
 MaterialsScience&Engineering

Whatis"ScienceandEngineering"
Whatare"Science"and"Engineering"
Whatdifferencebetween"Science"and"Engineering"

Science Engineering
purescience science technology engineering
matter substances materials devices products
discover invention design assembly operation
academic application improvement
factory company
school
knowledge skill leadership business
manage
 Sciencewithouttheconsciousofengineering:purescience
Theobjectofpurescience:substancesNOTmaterials

"MaterialsScience"shouldbeconsciousofEngineering
EngineeringorientedScience

Inordertodevelopengineering,knowledgeinScienceisnecessary
SciencebasedEngineering

"ScienceandEngineering"isasubjectofwiderange
from"EngineeringorientedScience"
to"SciencebasedEngineering
thatarecorrelatedwitheachother
Study/Researchof"MaterialsScienceandEngineering

Study/Researchof"MaterialsScience"
Weshouldstudy"EngineeringorientatedScience"onMaterials,
beingconsciousofapplicationofknowledgeacquiredbythestudyto
practicaluses
Weshouldresearch"EngineeringorientatedScience"onMaterials,
sothattheresultsofresearchcanbeappliedtopracticaluses.

Study/Researchof"MaterialsEngineering"

Weshouldstudy"SciencebasedEngineering"onMaterials,
withbasesonknowledges obtainedfromscience.

Weshouldresearch"SciencebasedEngineering"onMaterials,
withapplicationofknowledgeobtainedfromscience.
1.1Perspectiveofmaterials

1.2Whystudypropertiesofmaterials

1.3Classificationofmaterials
 Materials Materialsareusedforsomething.

Performance ofdevises/productsdependsupontheproperties ofmaterials

Materialsshouldhave"Goodproperties".

Wehavetoknow:

Howthepropertiesofmaterialsaregiven.
Basicphysicalpropertiesofsubstances.
Therelationshipbetweenthestructureandtheproperties
Metalphysics,Solidstatephysics

Howwecanimprovethepropertiesofmaterials
Howwecanchangeandcontrolthestructureinmaterials
Howwecanobserveaccuratelythestructureofmaterials
Characterization,Structurecontrol,Processing
 Changeinpropertieswithprocessing
Al2O3
(a)singlecrystal
(transparent)

(b) (c)
(b)polycrystalline (a)
(translucent)

(c)polycrystalline
with5%porosity
(opaque) FromMater.Sci.&Eng.,Introduction(W.D.Callister)

Whythepropertyisdifferent;
Whatgovernsthetransmittance
Howthemicrostructureinsideis.
Howabouttherelationshipbetweenthestructureandtransmittance

Whatstructureisgoodfortheproperties.
Howwecanobtainsuchastructureforbetterperformance
MaterialsScienceandEngineering
 Structure, Processing, & Properties
Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs. structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.30(a)
400 (b) and 10.32 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.14 and associated
4 m discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.19; (b) Fig. 9.30;(c) Fig. 10.33;
30 m
30 m and (d) Fig. 10.21, Callister &
200 Rethwisch 8e.

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
Processing can change microstructure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
1.1Perspectiveofmaterials

1.2Whystudypropertiesofmaterials

1.3Classificationofmaterials
 Substances
Avarioustypesofsubstancesasmaterials
Stones/Gems,Woods,Water,Fur/Skins,Metals,Glass,Ceramics,
Shell/Bones/Teeth,Plastics,etc.

Inorganicsubstances Organicsubstances

Polymers
Metals/Alloys Ceramics
Glass Shells Teeth Woods
Semimetals/ Bones
Plastics
Semiconductors

Dividedintermsof
Origin;HowaretheyObtained?
Properties;Hardorsoft,rigidorflexible,heavyorlight,shiningordull

Classificationofmaterialsintosomegroups
 ClassificationofMaterials
Uses

Metals Structuralmaterials
Properties/origins

Semiconductor Electronicdevices
Optoelectronics
Ceramics
Glasses Optics

Structuralmaterials
Composites
Polymers Complexpurposedmaterials
Artificialbones
Biomaterials
 PropertiesofClassifiedSubstances
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers Composites

strength high highmiddle low highlow

stiffness high high low high

high low
toughness middlelow highlow
(ductile) (brittle)
density highmiddle middle low low
electrical
high low low middle
conductivity
thermal
high low low middle
conductivity

Eachsubstancehasitsowncharacteristicproperties
 Metals
Ceramics
CharacteristicsofMaterials

Density
Polymers Composites
inPhysicalProperties

Metals

FractureToughness
Metals Composites
Ceramics Composites
Strength

Polymers Ceramics Polymers

Metals

ElectricConductivity
Metals Ceramics Composites Composites
Stiffness

Polymers

Ceramics Polymers

FromMater.Sci.&Eng.Introduction(W.D.Callister)
MechanicalPropertiesofClassifiedSubstances
Property Metals Ceramics Polymers Composites
organic metal+
Aluminum diamond
compounds ceramics
Iron Al2O3
substances/ (C,N,O) Ceramics+
Steel Si3N4
Objects PE,PC, polymers
Brass Glass
Silicone fiberglass
Ni3Al Porcelain
Rubber CFRP
stiff stiff stiff/mass stiff
strong strong strong/mass strong
mechanical
tough tough tough/mass tough
properties
ductile brittle pliable pliable
middle hard soft soft
CFRP:carbonfiberreinforcedpolymer

Eachsubstancehasitsowncharacteristicproperties
 Whatshouldwestudy?

Howcomedothesubstanceshavesuchcharacteristicproperties?
Wehavetoknowaboutthesubstances
theconstituentatoms,atomicbonds,crystalstructure
microstructure,defectsetc.
Whatgovernstheproperties?
Therelationshipbetweenthestateandtheproperties
Howabouteachsubstance?
SolidStatePhysics,MetalPhysics

Howcanweimprovetheproperties?
Whatstates/microstructurescangivethedesirableproperties?
Howcanweachievesuchstates/microstructures?
phasetransformation,structureevolution
kinetics/dynamics,reaction
Howcanwecontrolthemicrostructure?
nanocharacterization
MaterialsScienceandEngineering
 Homework1

1)Howdoyoudefine"Materials"

2)Whatisthereasonwhyweshouldstudy"Engineeringoriented
science"in"MaterialsScience"ratherthan"PureScience".
 MaterialsScience&Engineering

Contents

1.Introduction

2.Atomicstructure,Interatomicbonding,Structuresofcrystallinesolids

3.CrystalimperfectionsandDiffusion
2.1Atomicstructure
2.2Atomicbondings
4.MechanicalpropertiesofMetals
2.3LatticestructuresandCrystalsystem
2.4Noncrystalline materials
5.DislocationsandMetalstrengtheningmechanism

6.Phasetransformation

7.CarbonsteelandCastiron

8.Nonferrousmetalsandalloys
 WhyshouldwestudyAtomicstructure,Interatomic
bonding,Structuresofcrystallinesolids
Physicalpropertiesaredifferentfromonesubstancetoanother.
Thatisbecause,theatomswhichthesubstanceismadeofand/or
thebondingbetweentheatomsaredifferent.

Al,Cu,Ag,Auareallmetals,butdifferentincolour,massetc.Why?

AlandAl2O3 arebothsubstancescontainingAl,butquitedifferentindensity,
hardness,transparency,electricconductivity,etc.Why?

Diamond,Graphiteandcharcoalareallmadeofcarbon,butquitedifferentin
density,hardness,transparency,electricconductivity,etc.Why?

Tounderstandtheoriginandmechanismofcharacteristic
propertiesofsubstances
 HistoricalOutlookofMatters
Whatis"matter"? ViewoftheWorld,Nature,Universe
Philosophy
"Everythingcomesfromandreturnsbacktothesingleorigin"
Thales(~BC600) Water
Herakleitos (~BC500) Fire Universe
"Everythingismadeofsomeelements earth
Empedokles (~BC450) Fire,Air,Water,Earth water
Aether air
(heat,gas,liquid,solid) fire
Aristoteles (~BC500) Fire,Air,Water,Earth,Aether
hot hot coldcold
drywetwet dry

lightness weight holder,binder

AncientChina Fire,Water,Wood,Metal,Earth+ Sun,Moon

Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,FridaySaturday,Sunday,Monday
 Atomictheory
Leukippos (Leukippus)
Demokritos (~BC400)
"Thematterismadeofatomsmovingandclustering
invarioustemporarycombinationinvacuum
atom:invisiblesmallparticlesthatcannotbetornfurther;atomos

A.LaurentdeLavoisier17431794
air(A+B)+Metal=Metal*A+B
lawofconservationofmass,Positivemass
JohnDalton17661844
>Elementsaremadeofextremelysmallparticlescalledatoms.
>Atomsofagivenelementareidenticalinsize,mass,andother
properties
>Atomscannotbesubdivided,created,ordestroyed.
>Atomsofdifferentelementscombineinsimplewholenumber
ratiostoformchemicalcompounds.
>Inchemicalreactions,atomsarecombined,separated,or
rearranged.
 Dalton'sModels
of
AtomsandMolecules
(BilliardBallModel)

Variousatomsandmoleculesas
depictedinJohnDalton's ANew
SystemofChemicalPhilosophy
(1808).

Wikipedia;atomic
 Atomicstructure
SirJosephJohnThomson,(18561940)
plumpuddingmodel (1905)
Negative charged particles "corpuscles" are
arranged nonrandomly, in rotating rings.
An atom is like a cloud of homogeneous
positive charge plumpuddingmodel foratom

JeanBaptistePerrin (18701942) planetarymodel(1901)

Hantaro Nagaoka ,(18651950) Saturnian model(1904)

Electrons revolving around a very massive nucleus

Electrons and the nucleus are bound by electrostatic forces.

EarnestRutherford(18711937) Rutherford(planetary)model(1909)
Electrons revolving around a small compact and nucleus.
Positive charge and most mass of the atom are concentrated to the nucleus.
Niels Henrik DavidBohr(18851992) Bohrmodel(1913)
An electron can only orbit the nucleus in particular circular orbits
with fixed angularmomentum and energy.
 Atomicstructuremodels

+
Thomson'splumpuddingmodel foratom Nagaoka's Saturnian model

+ Ze+

Rutherford'splanetarymodel Bohrmodelforhydrogenlikeatom
 Atomic Structure Timeline

Year Discovery/LandmarkEventinAtomicStructure
Daltonsdiscoverythatallmattersconsistsofsmall
1805
indivisibleparticlescalledatom.
1889 J. J. Thompsons plum pudding model
1896 97 J.J.Thompsonsdiscoveryofelectrons.
1900 Goldsteinsdiscoveryofprotons.
1909 Rutherfordsmodelforanuclearofatom
1913 Moseleysdeterminationofatomicnumber.
1913 Bohrsatom
1921 Bohr Buryschemeofelectronicarrangement.
1932 Chadwicksdiscoveryofneutrons.
Wikipedia
 Subjectsfortutorials

Derivatetheelectronicstructureofinertgas(noblegas)atomsby
usingtheformulasfor4quantumnumbersinanatom.
ExplainthereasonswhythecompoundsofZnS andGaAscanhavethe
electronicpropertieswhichresemblethoseofSi.
Whatisthedefinitionofmetal
Explainthereasonswhyordinalmetalshavealargeelectric
conductivity,alargethermalconductivityandahighductility.
Explainthereasonwhydiamondhasahighhardnessandalow
ductility.
Explainthereasonswhydiamondandgraphitehasdifferentphysical
propertiesfromeachotheralthoughtheyarebothmadeofcarbon
atoms.
 AtomicStructure
Fundamentals

Atom=electrons+anucleus
protons
Nucleus= neutrons atomicnucleus
otherelementaryparticles
electroncloud

atomicnumber(Z)=thenumberofprotonsinthenucleus
atomicmass(A)=thesumofthemassofprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus
atomicweight=weightedaverageoftheatomicmassofthenaturallyoccurring
isotopes
atomicmassunit(amu)=relativemassdefinedasA(12C)/12A Z+N
Thenumberofelectronsinaneutralatom=Z
 quantumnumber
M(n=3)

n : principle quantum number L(n=2)

n= 1, 2, 3....
l : second (azumuthal) q. n. K(n=1)
l= 0, 1, ...n-1
= s, p, d, f
ml : third (magnetic) q. n.
ml= -l, -l+1, 0, l-1, l
ms : spin (spin projection) q. n.
ms= 1/2 -1/2

BohrmodelofNaatom
Occupationnumberofelectronsontheshellsandsubshells
Principal Numberofelectrons
quantum Subshell Numberofstate
number Subshell Shell
n=1 K l=0 s 1 ml=0 2 2
l=0 s 1 ml=0 2
n=2 L 8
l=1 p 3 ml=1,0, 1 6
l=0 s 1 ml=0 2
n=3 M l=1 p 3 ml=1,0, 1 6 18
l=2 d 5 ml= 2.... 2 10
l=0 s 1 ml=0 2
l=1 p 3 ml=1,0, 1 6
n=4 N 32
l=2 d 5 ml =2.... 2 10
l=3 f 7 ml =3.... 3 14
n ( 2n 1) 1 {(2n 1) 2}
n
2n 1
4 n 2
n n

4n( n 1) / 2 2n 2n 2
NameSymbolAtomicnumberElectronicstructure
RelativeEnergyofElectronsforSubshells inBohr'sModel

86Rn

54Xe

36Kr

18Ar

10Ne

2He

FromMater.Sci.&Eng.Introduction(W.D.Callister)
Occupationofelectronsoneachenergylevel(Na).
Therecanbetwoelectronsatmostoneachlevel(n,l, ml)because
electronsareFermions thatcanbejustoneatmostwiththeidentical
energystateortheidenticalquantumnumber(n,l,ml,ms)

FromMater.Sci.&Eng.Introduction(W.D.Callister)
Electronicstructuresofneutralatomandions (Bohrmodel)
M(n=3)

L(n=2)
K(n=1)

9F 10Ne 11Na

F Na+
Electronicstructuresofneutralatomsandions
(Bohrmodel)

M
L
K

8O 9F 10Ne 11Na 12Mg

O2 F Na+ Mg2+
Electronicstructuresofneutralatoms
(Bohrmodel) 1H

K L

1H 2He
3 4Be

M
L
K

8O 9F 10Ne 11Na 12Mg

N
M
L
K

16S 17Cl 18Ar 19K 20Ca

 ThePeriodicityinPropertiesofElements
Atomswithasimilarelectronicstructure,oratomsofsimilarproperties,appear
periodically.

Attemptstodivideelementsintosomegroupsbytheirsimilarityinproperties
weredone:
AntoineLavoisier(1789),J.W.Dbererner (1829),JuliusLothar Meyer(1864)

Theabovearejustgrouping,orarranginginaspiraltoshowtheperiodic
appearanceofsimilarproperties.

DmitriMendeleev(1869),JuliusLothar Meyer(1870)
Tablemadeofrowsandcolumns

D,Mendeleev:
ThelargegapswereleftasvacantsitesintheTable.
=Missingelementswerepredicted
Theorderofappearancewasswitchedfromatomicweighttochemical
properties.
 Alkalineearthmetals
ThePeriodicTable

Alkalimetals

Inertgases
Halogens
transitionmetals

FromMater.Sci.&Eng.Introduction(W.D.Callister)
 Silicon and Germanium

[Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2

Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6 Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
 Atomic Structure
In order to understand bonding between atoms, we have to first
understand the internal structure of atom.
Atomic number (Z) = number of proton in nucleus
Atomic weight (A) = number of proton + number of neutron.
Number of proton = number of electron.
Ex:- Aluminum (Al)

Atomic weight 26.98 13 Atomic Number

27

Al Chemical symbol
Aluminum Full Name
Electronic
[Ne] 3s23p1
configuration

Number of Neutron = Atomic weight Atomic number

= 27 13
= 14