ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Delta Modulation
&
Demodulation and its characteristics
Aim: To Study Delta Modulation & Demodulation and its characteristics.

Apparatus:

1. Fixed output DC regulated power supply of 5V.

2. Digital storage oscilloscope.

3. Delta modulation kit.

4. Signal generator to generate the carrier wave.

5. Patch cords.

6. MATLAB

Theory:

PCM transmits all the bits, which are used to code a sample. So signaling rate and
transmission channel bandwidth are quite large in PCM. To overcome this problem delta
modulation is used

Delta modulation transmits only one bit per sample. Here the present sample value is
compared with the previous sample value and this result whether the amplitude is increased
or decreased is transmitted. Input signal x(t) is approximated to step signal by the delta
modulator. This step size is kept fixed. The difference between the input signal x(t) and the
staircase approximation signal is confined to two levels. i.e. +or -Now if the difference is +ve
then approximated signal is increased by one step. Now if the difference is ve then
approximated signal is reduced by one step.When the step is reduced 0 is transmitted and if
the step is increased 1 is transmitted. Hence for each sample one by one bit is transmitted.

Generation of delta modulated signal

Fig 5.1 shows the transmitter. The summer in the accumulator adds quantize output with the
previous sample approximation this gives present sample approximation i.e.

u(nTS) = u(nTS-TS)+ b(nTS)

Fig5.1:delta modulation transmitter

The previous sample approximation u(nTS-TS) is restored by delaying one sample periods TS.
The sampled input signal x(nTS) and stair case approximated signal xo(nTS) are subtracted to
get error signal e(nTS), thus depending on the sign of e(nT S) one bit quantizer generates and
output of + and .If this step size is + then binary 1 is transmitted and if it is - then
binary 0 is transmitted.

In this analog input is given to the voltage comparator it compares present and previous
sample value and it generates a square wave signal this signal is applied to the D flip flop and
a clock is given to it. Its output is given to the unipolar bipolar convertor which sets the level.
Its output is given to the integrator. The integrated signal which is the previous sample value
is given to the comparator to compare with the present value.

Thus the principle of delta modulation can be explained with the help of few equation as
under:
The error between the sampled value of x(t) and last approximated sample is given as,
e(nTS) = x(TS)-x^(nTS)
Where,
e(nTS) = error at present sample
x(nTS) = sampled signal of x(t)
x^(nTS) = last sample approximation of staircase waveform
 Fig 5.2: Waveform
If we assume u(nTS) as the present sample approximation of staircase approximated output,
then

u[(n-1)TS] = x^(nTS) = last sample approximation of staircase waveform

Let us define a quantity b(nTS) in such a way that

b(nTS) = sgn[e(nTS)]

This means that depending on the sign of error e(nT S), the sign of step size is decided. In
other words we can write:

Also, if b(nTS) = +then a 1 is transmitted

And if b(nTS) = -then a 0 is transmitted

TS= sampling interval

Receiver of delta modulation

Fig 5.3 shows the receiver. In this the accumulator and low pass filters are used. The
accumulator generates the stair case approximated signal output and is delayed by one sample
period TS. It is then added to the input signal. If the input is binary 1 then adds + step to the
previous output. If the input is binary 0 then one step is subtracted from the delayed signal.
 Fig 5.3: Delta modulation receiver

Advantages of delta modulation

(1) Since the delta modulation transmits only one bit for one sample therefore the
signaling rate and transmission channel bandwidth is quite small.
(2) The transmitter and receiver implementation is very much simple for delta
modulation. There is no analog to digital converter required in delta modulation.

Disadvantages of delta modulation

(1) Slope overload distortion This distortion arises because of large dynamic
range of the input signal. As shown in fig. the rate of rise input signal is too high
that the staircase approximated it the step size becomes too small for staircase
signal u(t) to follow the step segment. Hence there is an error between the
staircase approximation and the original signal. To reduce the error the step size
must be increased when slope of signal x(t) is high.

Fig 5.4 : slope overload distortion

(2) Granular noise It occurs when the step size is too large compared to the
small variations in the input signal. This means that for small variations in the
input signal the staircase signal is changed by large amount because of large step
size. Fig. shows input signal is almost flat the staircase signal u(t) keeps on
 oscillating around the signal. The error between the input and approximated signal
is called granular noise. The solution to this problem is to make step size small.

Fig 5.5 : Granular noise

MATLAB CODE
t=[0:0.01:1] % t is the time input to the signal time period is 1 second

m=sinc(2*pi*t) % m genrates the sinc pulse with the time period of t

subplot(211) % opens the figure window and splits it into two parts horizontally

hold on % all the graphs drawn after this command will be plotted on first part
of the fig

plot(m,'*black') % plotting the sinc pulse with the *'s

title('sinc pulse') % putting the title for the graph drawn earlier

xlabel('time') % specifies the xlabel for our graph

ylabel('amplitude') % specifies the ylabel for our figure

d=2*pi/100 % d is the step size we are dividing the total time period into 100
parts of same size

% Logic to calculate the delta modulation signal

% We have total 100 samples over the time period of t

% When the delta modulation we consider error signal is same as the sampled
version of the incoming signal

% and we will quantize the error signal

for n=1:1:100

if n==1

e(n)=m(n)

eq(n)=d*sign(e(n))
 mq(n)=eq(n) % mq is the star case approximates signal and is is equal to the
time frame step approximation plus the quantized error signal for
previous for the current sample

else

e(n)=m(n)-mq(n-1)

eq(n)=d*sign(e(n))

mq(n)=mq(n-1)+eq(n)

end

end

% draw the quantized version of the signal on the graph of original signal

stairs(mq,'black')

hleg=legend('original signal','stair case approximated signal')

hold of

%Deltma Modulation of Sine wave

subplot(212)

hold on9-

m1=sin(2*pi*t)

plot(m1,'black')

title('sin wave')

xlabel('time')

ylabel('amplitude')

d=2*pi/100

for n=1:1:100

if n==1

e1(n)=m1(n)

eq1(n)=d*sign(e1(n))

mq1(n)=eq1(n)

else

e1(n)=m1(n)-mq1(n-1)
eq1(n)=d*sign(e1(n))

mq1(n)=mq1(n-1)+eq1(n)

end

end

stairs(mq1,'black')

hleg=legend('original signal','stair case approximated signal')

hold of

WAVEFORM:

Fig 5.6:Output Waveform using MATLAB

Applications
1. Delta modulation is extremely important for high-tech lives that humans live today.

2. Delta modulation is basically analog to digital and digital to analog signal providers,
allowing for radio communication devices such as TV remotes.

3. Contemporary applications of Delta Modulation includes, but is not limited to, recreating
legacy synthesizer waveforms. With the increasing availability of FPGAs and game-
related ASICs, sample rates are easily controlled so as to avoid slope overload and
granularity issues. For example, the C64DTV used a 32 MHz sample rate, providing
ample dynamic range to recreate the SID output to acceptable levels.

Result:- Delta modulation and demodulation waves have been generated successful and
granular noise and slope over distortion where studied.