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Gabriella Karanikos

Adrienne Nardone
Emily Crilley
8/31/16

Before 1982:

Grou Mas Heig Diame Radiu Volume Volume Densi Density


ps s ht ter s (water) (formula) ty
(Wate (Formu
r) la)
1 15.6 . 1.9 cm .95 1.5 ml 2.13 ml 5.2 10.4
g 75c cm cubed cubed
m
2 15.4 . 1.9 cm .95 2 ml 2.13 ml 7.7 7.7
g 75c cm cubed cubed
m
3 15.5 .7cm 1.9 cm .95 2 ml 1.98 ml 7.75 7.75
g cm cubed cubed
4 15.4 .7 1.85 .925 2 ml 1.88 cubed 7.7 7.7
g cm cm cm cubed
5 15.5 .8 1.85 .925 1.5 ml 2.15 cubed 7.75 10.33
g cm cm cm cubed

After 1982:

Grou Ma Heig Diame Radiu Volume Volume Densit Density


ps ss ht ter s (water) (formul y (Formu
a) (Water la)
)
1 12. .7cm 1.85 .925 3 ml 1.88 4.167 6.65
5g cm cm cubed
2 12. .7cm 1.9 cm .95 cm 2 ml 1.98 6.25 6.31
5g cubed
3 12. . 1.85 .925 2.5 ml 1.75 5 7.14
5g 65c cm cm cubed
m
4 12. . 1.85 .925 2 ml 1.75 6.25 7.14
5g 65c cm cm cubed
m
5 12. .7cm 1.8 cm .9 cm 2ml cubed 1.78 6.3 7.07
6g
1.) Comparing the density of the pre-1982 penny, the best match for it would be
either iron or copper. The Iron best matches groups two, three and four. Where as
the Copper best matches groups one and five.
2.) When finding the density of objects, different measurements must take place
first. During these measurements it is hard to find an exact, precise measurement.
Mistakes could be made when finding the mass, height, diameter and radius,
resulting in slightly different densities.
3.) It is mostly consistent with the data. Groups one and two have slightly lower
densities, however groups three, four and five have densities very close to the
mixture of the two metals. The numbers of the first two groups could be different
because they could've been a few of the first pennies minted with the new mixture,
resulting in different densities.
4.) By filling the graduated cylinder with a predetermined amount of water, we were
able to drop the pennies in the water and determine the volume. We did this by
subtracting the waters volume from after the pennies were dropped by the waters
volume before the pennies had been placed in the water. This is a process known as
water displacement, as we discussed in class.
5.) The calculated volume was more accurate. The numbers calculated from the
density using the water were often smaller than that of the formula. The water was
a less precise method of determining the volume, as it took more estimation.
6.) I think we could have collected more accurate results if we could have somehow
glued or connected the groups of five pennies together. During the experiment, the
pennies were hard to keep together while measuring. We could have better
collected data by finding a more efficient way to measure the height and diameter
rather than trying to hold all the pennies together and measure them with a ruler.
7.) The material of a penny was changed 1982 because the amount of a penny
made of copper began to rise above one cent. Pennies made before 1982 used
97.5% zinc composition. Some pennies used 95% copper composition.

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