Temp-It's also a measure of how fast the atoms and molecules of a substance are moving.

Heat-In physics, heat is energy that spontaneously passes between a system and its
surroundings in some way other than through work or the transfer of matter. When a suitable
physical pathway exists, heat flows spontaneously from a hotter to a colder body.

Specific heat-The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and temperature change is
usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the specific heat.

Modes of heat transfer

Conduction-Conduction is at transfer through solids or stationery fluids. When you touch a

hot object, the heat you feel is transferred through your skin by conduction. Two
mechanisms explain how heat is transferred by conduction: lattice vibration and particle
collision. Conduction through solids occurs by a combination of the two mechanisms; heat is
conducted through stationery fluids primarily by molecular collisions.-

-Conduction is the mode of heat transfer occurs from one part of a substance to another part of
within the substance itself or with another substance which is placed in physical contact. In
conduction, there is no noticeable movement of molecules.

Convection-Convection uses the motion of fluids to transfer heat. In a typical convective

heat transfer, a hot surface heats the surrounding fluid, which is then carried away by fluid
movement such as wind. The warm fluid is replaced by cooler fluid, which can draw more
heat away from the surface. Since the heated fluid is constantly replaced by cooler fluid, the
rate of heat transfer is enhanced.

-In conduction, heat itself is moving; in convection, hot portions of a

fluid move through the body of the fluid. The hot fluid mixes with
the cold fluid, and heat is transferred more quickly than by
conduction.

-CONVECTION:

Conductive heat transfer occurs within a fluid itself and it is carried out by transfer of
one fraction of the fluid to the remaining portion. Hence unlike conduction, transfer of
molecules occurs during convection. Since movement of particles constitutes
convection, it is the macro form of heat transfer. Also convection is only [possible in
fluids where the particles can moved easily and the rate of convective heat transfer
depends on the rate of flow to a great extend. Convection can be of two types:

1. Natural convection: In this type of convection, the movement of

particles which constitutes convection occurs by the variation in densities of
 the fluids. As we already know, as temperature increases, the density
decreases and this variation in density will force the fluid to move through
the volume. This cause convection to occur.
2. Forced Convection: The difference between natural convection and
forced convection is that in forced convection, a work is done to make
movement in the fluid. This is done using a pump or blower.

Radiation-Radiative heat transfer does not require a medium to pass through; thus, it is the
only form of heat transfer present in vacuum. It uses electromagnetic radiation (photons),
which travels at the speed of light and is emitted by any matter with temperature above 0
degrees Kelvin (-273 C). Radiative heat transfer occurs when the emitted radiation strikes
another body and is absorbed. We all experience radiative heat transfer everyday; solar
radiation, absorbed by our skin, is why we feel warmer in the sun than in the shade.

-Radiation is the simplest means of heat transfer. Heat radiation is

carried not by moving atoms (as in conduction or convection) but by
electromagnetic waves. Radiation is the only way that heat can
move through a vacuum, and is the reason that even a closed
thermos bottle (which has a vacuum between the inner and outer
parts) will eventually come to the same temperature as its
surroundings.
Effects of heat on matter

Expansion

Coefficient of linear expansion

Coefficient of linear expansion

Coefficient of volume expansion