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CE 134- Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Chapter 8
Design of Columns

Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD


Chapter 8 Outline
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Columns
8.3 ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
8.4 Axially Loaded Short Columns
8.5 Short Columns under Combined Axial Load
and Moment

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Columns

Pier

Column
3
Axially Loaded Columns

Columns are defined as members that carry


loads chiefly in compression.
Columns with a ratio of height-to-least lateral
dimension exceeding 3 are used primarily to
support axial compressive load.
Columns subjected to pure axial load rarely, if
ever, exists.

4
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Columns are subjected to some bending moment
which may be caused by unbalanced floor loads on
both exterior and interior columns.

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Giesel Library Building, UC San Diego
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial
buildings also cause moment.

Crane

RC corbel

Industrial Building
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Eccentically Loaded Columns
Lateral loading due to earthquake

Olive View Hospital,


1971 San Fernando EQ

http://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched
/geology/eq-CA-SanFernd.html
Collapsed parking structure,
California State University,
1994 Northridge EQ pubs.usgs.gov 7
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Lateral loading due to wind

http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_wind.php

Office Building Exterior and Curtain Wall,


2000 Forth Worth, USA Tornado 8
Types of RC Columns

structural
steel
shape
ties spirals
(c) composite column

steel
pipe
pitch

(a) Tied column (b) Spiral column (d) Lally column

9
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Tied Columns
1. Min. dimension = 200 mm
2. Min. gross area, Ag = 200 mm x 300 mm col.
= 60, 000 mm2
3. Min. main bars = 4 pcs 16 mm
4. Min. clear bar cover = 40 mm (same as beams)
5. Lateral tie diameter = same method of
determining stirrup diameter
6. Gross steel ratio: g = 1% min. to 8% max.
(use only up to 4% when designing) 10
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Tied Columns (Cont.)
7. Main bar spacing, sm
ties
s > 1.5 main bar
st
s > 40 mm
s > 1.5 max size of sm main bar
coarse aggregate
8. Lateral tie spacing, st
s = 16 main bar
s = 48 lateral tie Smallest value

s = least col. dimension


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ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns

1. Min. column diameter = 250 mm


2. Min. main bars = 6 pcs 16 mm
3. Min. clear bar cover = same as tied column
4. Spiral bar diameter = same as ties
5. Gross steel ratio: g = same as tied column
6. Main bar spacing = same as tied column

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ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)
7. Min. spiral steel percentage
Ag fc'
Minimum s = 0.45 1 (1)
Ac fy
where:
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
= D 2 ; D = column diameter
4
Ac = core-concrete cross-sectional area Gross area

= Dc2 ; Dc = concrete core diameter/ Core


4 concrete
outside diameter of spiral 13
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)

8. Actual/ required spiral steel ratio


40mm CC ~Dc
conc.
Ac core

D Mean Core Dia spiral


Dia, Ds Dc = D - 80

spiral pitch
40mm CC "s"

Core concrete 2
as = (pi/4)ds

Cover concrete
14
Rebar cage
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)

vol . of spiral in one (1) turn


req ' d s =
vol . of concrete core bounded
asDc 4as
req ' d s = = ;
2
Dc s Dc s
4
where : as = area of one spiral bar
s = spiral pitch

Note: To find the spiral pitch, equate reqd s to min s.


15
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)
9. Spiral pitch limits
s > 40 mm (minimum)
s < 75 mm (maximum)
s < Dc / 6

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Axially Loaded Short Columns

Capacity Pu = Pn (max ) (2)


= (0.80Po ) ; = 0.65 for tied column
= (0.85Po ) ; = 0.75 for spiral column

Po = 0.85fc' (Ag Ast ) + fy Ast (for analysis) (3)

where: Ast = g Ag

[ ]
Po = Ag 0.85fc' + g (fy 0.85fc ) (for design) (4)
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Axially Loaded Short Columns

where:
= strength reduction factor
Ag = gross area of section

Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement


fc = specified compressive strength of concrete

fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement

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Example 1

A 500 mm x 500 mm tied column is


reinforced with 8 - 28 mm bars. If fc = 21
MPa and fy = 414 MPa, find the ultimate
axial capacity of the column.

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Example 2

A 450mm round spiral column is reinforced


with 6-25mm bars having fy=276MPa.
Determine the ultimate strength if
fc=34MPa.

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Example 3
Design a short axially loaded square tied
column for a service dead load of 1080 KN
and a service live load of 990 KN. The
unsupported length is 2.60 m. Use fc = 34.5
MPa, fy = 414 MPa, g = 2 %, 25 mm main
bars, 10 mm ties, and 40 mm concrete
cover.

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Example 4
Design a round spiral column to support an
axial dead load of 800kN and an axial live
load of 1350kN. Assume that 2%
longitudinal steel is desired. Diameter of
main bars is 25mm and the diameter of
spiral ties is 10mm. Use fc=27.6 MPa and
fy=414 MPa.

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Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment

External Forces Strain Diagram Internal Forces on Columns

Equilibrium of external and internal axial forces


requires that

Pn = 0.85fc' ab + As' fs' As fs (5)


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Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)

External Forces Strain Diagram Internal Forces on Columns

Moment about section centerline of internal forces must


be equal and opposite the moment of external force Pn
h a ' 'h h
Mn = Pne = '
0.85fc ab + As fs d + As fs d
2 2 2 242
(6)
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)
where: Pn = nominal axial capacity
e = eccentricity
b = width of section
h = height of section
As = compression steel area
As = tension steel area
d = location of As from the compression face
d = location of As from the compression face
fs = stress in the compression steel
fs = stress in the tension steel 25

a = 1c
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)
If we know Neutral axis
(c, a)

Strain condition
(s, s)

Stress condition
(fs, fs)

Can determine Column Strength


(Mn, Pn) 26
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)
Strain in Tension Steel
d c
s = cu (6) fs = s Es fy (7)
c
where: cu = 0.003
Strain Diagram
Strain in Compression Steel
c d
s = cu (8) fs = s Es fy (9)
c
Concrete Stress Block
a = 1 c ; c h (10) 27
Internal Forces on Columns
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)

Jiravacharadet (2013)
External
Force on
Column

Stress
Diagram C
T

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Interaction Diagram for Combined
Bending and Axial Load
Pn For any eccentricity
emin Mn
Po e= e, there is a unique
Pn
pair of Pn and Mn .
Direct axial
failure
(Mn, Pn) Plotting a series of
e=0

Compression (Mn, Pn) pairs


e range
failure eb corresponding to
different e will result
Tension failure range
in an interaction
e= Mo Mn diagram.
Column Interaction Diagram
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Interaction Diagram for Combined
Bending and Axial Load
Pn Any combination of
emin
Po loading that falls
inside the curve is
Direct axial
failure
satisfactory
e=0

Compression
However, any
failure range eb combination falling
outside the curve
Tension failure range represents failure.
e= Mo Mn
Column Interaction Diagram
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Balanced Failure, eb
Concrete reaches the strain limit cu at the same
time that the tensile steel reaches the yield strain y
Dividing point between compression failure (small
eccentricities) and tension failure (large
eccentricities)
Strain Diagram cu
c = cb = d (11)
cu + y
where: cu = 0.003

a = ab = 1 cb (12)
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Balanced Failure, eb
Strain Diagram
Mb = eb Pb (15)

fs = s Es fy
cb d
where: s = cu
cb

Pb = 0.85 fc' ab b + As' fs' As fy (13)

h ab ' 'h h
Mb = '
0.85 fc ab b + As fs d + As fy d (14)
2 2 2 2 32
Short Columns Under Combined
Axial Load and Moment

A. Minimum Eccentricity Pn

emin = 0.10h (Tied) Po

emin = 0.05D (Spiral) (Mn, Pn)

e=0
e
B. Actual Eccentricity
Mu Mn e=
Mn
e= or Mo
Pu Pn
Column Interaction Diagram
33
Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M

Pn Region I: Negligible Moment


Po
e < emin
Direct axial failure
e=0

(Region I)
Capacity: See axially
loaded column
eb
Mn
e= Mo
Column Interaction Diagram 34
Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M

Pn Region II: Proportioned


Po Axial Load and Moment
emin < e < eb
e=0

Compression
failure range
Capacity: Pn > Pb
(Region II)
eb
Mn
e= Mo
Column Interaction Diagram 35
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region II)

1. From straight line relation on interaction curve

Po Mn
Pn = = Po (Po Pb ) (16)
Po e M
1+ 1 b
Pb eb

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Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region II)

2. Whitneys Formula

b h fc ' As ' fy Tied


Pn = + (17)
3he e Column
+1 + 0 .5
d 2 d d'

Ag fc ' As fy
Pn = + (18) Spiral
9 .6 D e 3e
+ 1.18 +1 Column
(0.8D + 0.67D s )2 Ds

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Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M

Pn Region III: Proportioned


Po Axial Load and Moment
e > eb
e=0

Capacity: Pn < Pb
eb
Tension failure range
(Region III)
e= Mo Mn
Column Interaction Diagram 38
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region III)
Approximate Whitneys Capacity Formulas (Tied Columns)

e' e'
2
d ' e'
Pn = 0.85fc ' bd 1 + 1 + 2 (m 1)(1 ) +
d d d d

As (19)
where: = ; As = bars in tension
bd
fy
m= '
0.85fc
h
e = e + d'
'
2 39
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region III)

Approximate Whitneys Capacity Formulas (Spiral Columns)

0.85e
2 mDs
g 0 . 85e
Pn = 0.85fc ' D 2 0.38 + 0.38
D 2.5D D
(20)

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Example 3 y
e
For the column shown As As

3-28mm

3-28mm
with fc = 28 MPa and fy =

300 mm
Pn
414 MPa, determine:
x
ultimate axial capacity
at balanced condition; 62.5 187.5 187.5 62.5
load eccentricity at 500 mm
balanced condition; Top View
ultimate axial capacity if e
e = 200 mm. Pn

Bending is about y-axis of


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the column. Elevation View
Biaxial Bending
Axial compression is
accompanied by simultaneous
bending about both principal
axes of the section.
Such is the case of corner nees-anchor.ceas.uwm.edu
columns of tier buildings
Beams and girders frame into
the columns in both directions
and transfer their end
moments into the columns in
two perpendicular planes nisee.berkeley.edu 42
Strength Interaction Diagram for
Biaxial Bending

Uniaxial bending
about Y axis

Uniaxial bending
about X axis

Biaxial bending

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Column Interaction Diagram
Reciprocal Load Method

A simple, approximate design method


developed by Bresler.
Acceptably accurate for design purposes
provided Pn 0.10P0

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Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers reciprocal load equation is given by
1 1 1 1
= + (21)
Pn Pnx 0 Pny 0 P0
where:
Pn = approximate value of nominal load in biaxial
bending with eccentricities ex and ey
Pny 0 = nominal load when only eccentricity ex is
present (ey = 0)
Pnx 0 = nominal load when only eccentricity ey is
present (ex = 0)
Po = load for concentrically loaded column 45
Example 4

Using Breslers equation,


y
determine the strength of
the column shown given

300 mm
the biaxial capacities Pnx =
8-20mm x
1880 KN, Pny = 1000 KN,
fc = 21 MPa, fy = 414
MPa. 200 mm 200 mm

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Use of Column Interaction
Diagram for Design
The preceding lectures have clearly shown that
the analysis and design of columns with
eccentricities, using static equations, is very
tedious and complicated.
Consequently, designers resort almost
completely to tables, computers, or diagrams
(e. g. column interaction diagram) for their
column calculations.
Interaction diagrams are useful for studying
strength of columns with varying proportions of
loads and moment. 47
Use of Column Interaction
Diagram for Design

engmechanics.blogspot.com
g e/h

Pn
Ag
(ksi)

Pn e Mn
= (ksi)
48

Ag h Ag h
How to Use Column Interaction
Diagram for Design
In order to correctly use the
column interaction diagram, it
is necessary to compute the
h
value of
h
h
=
h
b
where:
h = center to center distance
of bars on each side of
the column
h = column depth 49
Use of Column Interaction
Diagram
Note:
Both h and h should be taken in the direction of
bending.
In using the column interaction diagram, be sure
that the column picture at the upper right of the
diagram being used agrees with the column
being considered.
For example, are there bars on two faces of the
column or on all four faces?
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Example 5

Calculate the nominal e


axial capacity (in kN) of

4-25mm

4-25mm
the column shown if the

400 mm
eccentricity of the load Pn
is 200 mm. Use fc = 21
MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
Use the interaction
75 450 75
diagram.
600 mm

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Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)

1.2 ksi

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Example 6
Calculate the nominal
axial load (in kN) that

62.5
e
can be applied in the
column at an
eccentricity of 200

500 mm
375
mm. Use fc = 28 MPa Pn 8-22mm
and fy = 414 MPa.
Use the interaction
diagram.

62.5
53
Column Interaction Diagram
(Circular Section)

1.0 ksi

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Example 7
Calculate the nominal e
axial load (in kN) that can
be applied in the column

500 mm
at an eccentricity of 400 16-28mm Pn
mm. Use fc = 21 MPa and
fy = 414 MPa. Use the
interaction diagram.
70 360 70
500 mm

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Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)

0.65 ksi

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Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)

0.82 ksi

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References
Jiravacharadet, M. Lecture Notes in Reinforced
Concrete Columns. School of Civil Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.
Accessed June 10, 2013.
Nilson, A. H. 1997. Design of Concrete
Structures. 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill: Singapore.
McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J.K. 2005. Design
of Reinforced Concrete. 6th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc: New Jersey.
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