EXPERIMENT 3

Diode Detector

Objective: You will construct on AM generator and a diode detector then observe its
operation under various conditions.

Material Required

1. ET-3100 Experimenter
1. DC voltmeter
1. Oscilloscope
1. XR 2206 (#442-710)
1. 1N4149 diode (#56-56)
2. 0.001 µ F capacitors
2. 0.01 µ F capacitors
1. 22 µ F capacitors
1. 10 µ F capacitor
3. 1 µ F capacitor
1. 100 kΩ resistors
1. 6.8 kΩ resistors
1. 4.7 kΩ resistors
1. 1 kΩ resistors

Introduction

In this experiment, you will construct and test an AM generator using an XR-2206
function generator IC. You will then use a diode detector to demodulate the generator
AM output.
Procedure

1. wire the AM generator shown in Figure 4. use the 100 Ω potentiometer on the
experimenter as R.

2. recheck your wiring and then turn on the ET – 3100 experimenter. Use your
voltmeter to set the positive power supply to +15V.
3. set your oscilloscope for 2 V/cm and 2 ms/cm. adjust the experimenter audio
generator for 200 Hz output on the low range connect your oscilloscope to pin 2
of the XR-2206. Use the triggering controls to obtain a stable display or use the
experimenter’s square wave output as an external trigger source for the
oscilloscope.
4. use potentiometer R adjust the output wave forms percent of modulation. Note
the severe distortion that occurs when the wave is over modulated. Now set the
modulation to approximately 50%.
5. Turn off your experimenter and construct the circuit of figure.5 connect your
oscilloscope to the output of the diode detector circutit. If you have a dual-trace
oscilloscope, you can monitor the AM signal on one channel and the detected
output on the other.

6. turn on your experimenter. You should see the demodulated signal on yhour
oscilloscope. Now use R to vary the percent of modulation. What happens to the
detected signal ? ___________________________________________________
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7. Turn R clockwise until the AM waveform is over modulated. What happens to

the detected output?
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Discussion

In step 1, you constructed an AM generator using the XR-2206 function generator IC. In
step 4, you saw that R varied the percent of modulation. In step 5, you constructed a
diode detector circuit. Then you verified its operation and the fact that as the percent of
modulation changes, so too does the detected output amplitude. In step7, you proved that
over modulation causes severe distortion of the output wave.
EXPERIMENT 4

Frequency Modulation

Objective: You will construct an FM generator and

Observe its output waveform. You will construct
a phase-locked Loop demodulator and observe its operation.

Material Required

1: ET-3100 Experimenter
1: Voltmeter
1: Oscilloscope
1: 565 integrated circuit (#442-654)
1: XR-2206 CP integrated circuit (#442-710)
1: 100 kΩ resistor
1: 10 kΩ resistors
1: 47 kΩ resistors
2: 4.7 kΩ resistors
2: 560 Ω resistors
1: 150 Ω resistors
1: 10 kΩ potentiometer (#10-386)
1: 22 µ F Capacitor
1: 10 µ F Capacitor
1: 1 µ F Capacitor
1: 0.1 µ F Capacitor
1: 0.01 µ F Capacitor
2: 0.001 µ F Capacitor
1: 470 pF capacitor
1: soldering iron and solder
PROCEDURE

1. Turn on the experimenter and adjust the positive power supply to +15 V as
measured on the voltmeter. Turn off the experimenter.
2. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 6. use the experimenter’s 100 kΩ
potential meter for R. set the experimenter’s generator control fully
counterclockwise and the range switch to low. Turn potentiometer R fully
counterclockwise.
3. Connect your oscilloscope to pin 2 of the XR-2206 IC (output) and set the
oscilloscope time/cm control to 2 µs/cm and the vertical input to 1 V/cm.
turn on the experimenter. Your oscilloscope should display a sine wave
output. If not check your circuit for wiring errors.
4. Turn potentiometer R to mid-range. Your oscilloscope should show a
slightly blurred sine wave such as that shown in figure7. this wave
graphically illustrates the frequency deviation of the FM output. It occurs
because the oscilloscope triggers each wave at the same point on the
display. However, since each cycle has a slightly different frequency, the
blurred display results. By varying the setting of potentiometer R you can
observe the change in deviation. What quantity is R changing in order to
vary the frequency deviation? ___________________

5. Return potentiometer R to its mid range setting. Now slowly in-crease the
generator frequency from minimum to maximum. What happens to output
frequency deviation? __________________. Is the output of the XR-2206
IC frequency or phase modulation? ______________________________.
6. Turn of your experimenter and read the following discussion.
Discussion
In step4, you saw a visual display of the generator’s frequency deviation. R was used to
change the amount of deviation. This was possible because R controls the amnplitude of
the audio input signal. As the audio amplitude increases so does the frequency deviation.
In step5, you increased the audio modulatingfrequency. The frequency deviation should
have remained constant. Any slight deviation changes were due to brief generator output
amplitude changes. Since the deviation remained constant regardless of the modulatin
frequency, the XR-2206 IC generates a true FM output.

Procedure (continued)

7. Cut three 5cm lengths of wire. Remove 5mm of insulation from each end.
Now solder a prepared wire to each of the three terminals on the kΩ
potentiometer.
8. Add the circuit of figure 8 to the FM generator already on the
experimenter. Be sure to double check your wiring.
 9. Set deviation control R fully clockwise, for maximum deviation. Also set
the generator frequency control fully counterclockwise and the range
switch to low.
10. connect your oscilloscope to pin 7 (audio output) of the 565 phase locked
loop. Set the time / cm control to 2 ms/cm and the vertical input to 0.5
V/cm. turn on the experimenter and adjust the positive power supply for
+12V output and the negative supply for 12V output. At this point, your
may or may not have an audio ouput signal displayed on the oscilloscope.
You must adjust the 565 PLL to the correct operating frequency. To do
this adjust R2 until you obtain a sine wave output on the oscilloscope. At
this point, the VCO operating frequency is the same as the input
frequency. The sine wave output is the error voltage required to keep the
VCO locked onto the input FM signal.
11. Using the generator frequency control and R1 the deviation control verify
that the output of the phase locked loop is directly proportional to the
modulation signal.
12. Turn off your experimenter and disconnect your circuit.

Discussion

In this part the experiment, you constructed a phase locked loop FM demodulator. In step
10, you adjusted the VCO to the input frequency and from there, the PLL locked onto the
incoming signal. In step 11, you verified that it was indeed demodulating the FM wave.