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2 R r'
q1V shTH
1 sh
Teh = (3)
wsh R'
( R sTH + r ) 2 + (hw1 ) 2 ( L s1TH + L'rl ) 2
sh
Similarly, the fundamental (h=1) torque is
2 R r'
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit for induction motor starting. q1V shTH
1 sh
Te1 =
ws1 R r' 2
The voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) is ( R sTH + ) + ( w1 ) 2 ( L s1TH + L'rl ) 2
given by the equation: sh
ZM If the harmonics order varies from 3, 5, 7 and others and
V sag = E (1) is represented by h=3, 5 or 7, the torque of the induction
ZS + ZM
machine will vary and this will cause the unbalanced torque
where Z M is the impedance of the motor under study and
when the rotor is spinning during the starting period.
Z S is the source impedance. These calculations provide
approximations and an accurate result of voltage sag
phenomena so a power system analysis package was used
[3]. Motor starting causes high inrush currents. In IV. PREVIOUS RESEARCH
understanding of high inrush current due to the motor
starting is necessary required because the power quality
Previous researches in motor starting circuits in terms of
events may spoil the motor or affect the sensitive load at its
power quality are done. Bong-Seok Kang, Jae-Chul Kim,
surrounding [4].
Jong-Fil Moon, Sang-Yun Yun identified the various
For harmonics analysis, the equivalent circuit of the characteristics of voltage sags and temporary interruptions
three-phase induction motor with accurate frequency-based which can affect the functions of three-phase induction
linear model is shown in Fig. 2. The subscript 1 denotes the motors that are mostly used in the power distribution
fundamental frequency (h=1); 1 and s1 are the systems [6]. These assorted characteristics include the
fundamental angular frequency (or velocity) and the motor speed losses, voltage recovery, motor reacceleration,
fundamental slip of the rotor, respectively. Rfe is the core- and transient characteristics. They implemented an
loss resistance, Lm is the linear magnetizing inductance, experimental study on the induction motor behaviors to
Rs,Rr,Lsl,and Lrl are the stator and rotor (reflected to the confirm these impacts. In addition, sequential voltage sags
stator) resistances and leakage inductances, respectively. with short durations were considered and investigated. The
The value of Rfe is usually very large and can be neglected. results show that the occurrence of the second voltage sag
The simplified sinusoidal equivalent circuit of an induction after the first one may affects the induction motor
motor is shown below [5]; adversely. Andrea Leira [7] used the EMTP to investigate
the dynamic response of induction motors to voltage dips.
The machine response is related to the voltage dip
magnitude and duration. Dips represented include single
and multi phase dips as well as sequential dips due to re-
closing operations. The survivability of the motor operation
is assessed against typical induction machine protection
settings. It demonstrated that protection settings can be
adjusted to improve the motor operation survivability of
voltage dips without endangering the safety of the motor.
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V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS voltage recovers, the flux in the air gap builds up again
causing the large inrush current and slowing the voltage
recovery. The motor will re-accelerate until it reaches its
pre-event speed. During re-acceleration the motor again
takes a larger current with a smaller power factor causing
the post-fault voltage sag sometimes last for several seconds
[8,9].
The consequences of the high inrush current in the motor
starting, the voltage sag occurs as depicted in Fig. 5. These
events can be explained by applying Ohm's and Kirchoff's
Laws in equation (5).
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by the third harmonic resonance in the wiring circuit. After
the initial transient, the voltage again swells to nearly
150% for many cycles until the losses and load damp out
the oscillations.
4
software. This starting method is almost similar with the the real star-delta starting except for the contactor and
real starting circuit, where the breaker in this circuit will thermal overload relay. The former are used as the
act as the switch to turn ON and OFF the starting controlling circuit of the switching process in real
operation. application while in terms of software simulation, the
switching process is fully controlled by the control panel.
The simulation circuit also yields the same results in the
real starting process.
Fig. 10. The Inrush Current exists during the Direct-On-Line starting
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rating motors, this comparison may not be suitable. The
proposed method has been implemented for analysis and
categorization of power quality data collected. Results
illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed
method in power quality. More work is currently in
progress to validate the proposed tool, which will be
reported in the near future.
REFERENCES
[1] Dugan R.C., Mc Granaghan, Santoso S.,Beaty H.W., Electrical Power
System Quality, 2nd ed.,New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2002, pp. 1-185.
[2] J.Arrillaga, N.R. Watson. S.Chen, Power System Quality Assessment,
England: Wiley, 2000, pp. 1-62.
[3] Horvath, W.J. , Concepts, Configurations, & Benefits of Motor Starting
Fig. 16. Inrush Current in Autotransformer Starting and Operation with MV AC Adjustable Speed Drives, Cement Industry
Technical Conference Record, 2008, pp. 258-274.
[4] Bollen M. H. J., Understanding Power Quality Problems, IEEE
The inrush current as seen in Fig. 16 is caused by the Press,Inc. New York, 2000, pp. 139-248.
[5] Ewald F. Fuchs and Mohammad A.S. Masoum, Power Quality in
voltage drop during the transition from 240V to 415V. The Power Systems and Electrical Machines, California: Elsevier
significant drop in the voltage corresponds to the high Academic Press, 2008, pp. 109-153.
[6] Bong-Seok Kang, Jae-Chul Kim, Jong-Fil Moon, etc.al, A Study of the
inrush current. Impact of Voltage Sags and Temporary Interruptions on 3-Phase
Induction Motors, Soongsil University, Korea.
[7] Andreia Leiria, Pedro Nunes, Atef Morched, etc.al, Induction Motor
Response to Voltage Dips,IPST,2003, pp.1-4.
[8] M.S. Looi, H.H. Goh, and B.C. Kok, Comparison between Direct-On-
Line, Star-Delta and Autotransformer Induction Motor Starting Method
in terms of Power Quality, in IMECS, 2009, paper ICEE_56, p.1558.
[9] Chapman S.J., Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4th ed., Australia:
Mc Graw-Hill, 2005, pp. 380-472.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented practical and efficient methods for
power quality data analysis as well as some initial findings
of the most reliable method which yields the least power
quality issues on motor starting circuits. The Star-Delta
starting method yields the least power quality problem
compared with Direct-On-Line and Autotransformer
starting motors. This comparison is valid for the low power
rated motor which is less than 3hp or 2.2kW of the motor
output power rating. However, in the higher output power