C O M P U TE R S &

S TR U C TU R ES
IN C .

R Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

EXAMPLE 1-010
FRAME - END OFFSETS

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 end offsets. In
SAP2000, end offsets may be non-rigid, partially rigid, or fully rigid. The rigidity
of the offset is specified by a rigid zone factor. This factor specifies the fraction
of the end offset length, measured from the frame element end, that is assumed to
be infinitely rigid. The remainder of the end offset, if any, is assumed to have the
same flexibility as the beam.

Four models are created in this example. The first has no end offset, the second
through fourth have an end offset with 0%, 50% and 100% rigidity, respectively.
For each model the vertical displacement at the free end of the cantilever is
compared with independent hand calculated results.

Important Note: Bending and shear deformations are included in the analyses
for this example.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

12' 10k 12" Material Properties

a C E = 4,320 k/in2
= 0.2
18"

Z
G = 1,800 k/in2
End offset Section Properties
Y C Section C-C
X b = 12 in
d = 18 in
End Offsets A = 216 in2
Model A: a = 0, no end offset I = 5,832 in4
Model B: a = 6" end offset, 0% rigid Av = 180 in2 (shear area)
Model C: a = 6" end offset, 50% rigid
Model D: a = 6" end offset, 100% rigid

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 1
 C O M P U TE R S &
S TR U C TU R ES
IN C .

R Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAP2000 TESTED

The use of end offsets in frames, including
Non-rigid offsets
Partially rigid offsets
Fully rigid offsets
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis results

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.

Rigid
Zone Output Percent
Model Factor Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference

A N.A. Uz (free end) in -0.39951 -0.39951 0%

B 0.0 Uz (free end) in -0.39951 -0.39951 0%

C 0.5 Uz (free end) in -0.37523 -0.37523 0%

D 1.0 Uz (free end) in -0.35197 -0.35197 0%

COMPUTER FILE: Example 1-010a, Example 1-010b, Example 1-010c, Example 1-010d

CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results match exactly with the independent results.

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 2
 C O M P U TE R S &
S TR U C TU R ES
IN C .

R Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0

HAND CALCULATION

EXAMPLE 1-010 - 3