SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003
FAST AND SLOW SONIC VELOCITIES CREATED IN SOFT SANDS: CASE HISTORIES IN WEST
AFRICA WELLS
Ferdinanda Pampuri ENI-E&P Division
Fabio Ogliani Schlumberger DCS
Adeniji Adebiyi N. P. D.C.
Abstract
Sonic logging in shallow soft sands often shows
ambiguous response. In particular, the dipole source
provides two different shear slowness measurements
at the same level of reliability. No general consensus
has been found so far on the factors causing shear
wave double arrivals. The petrophysicist has to make
a difficult choice between two different values. This
often leads to uncertainties in sonic log applications
(AVO for instance) and to a bad use of the acquired
data. This problem has been investigated in vertical
wells from West Africa where double shear energy is
clearly visible in water-bearing sands adjacent to
hydrocarbon reservoirs. Sonic logging was performed
in all available modes, generated by monopole and
dipole source drives, and recorded by in-line and off-
line oriented receivers.
A systematic analysis of data acquired leads to the
following conclusions:
The dual character of shear waves is
associated to a similar dichotomy on
compressional waves.
The dual wave propagation is explained by a
radial velocity profile, i.e. the mechanical
properties of the sand layer vary in a
direction perpendicular to the well axis
The fast velocity belt is adjacent to the
borehole wall while the slow velocity belt is
located further away from the borehole axis.
In the studied wells, the velocity zoning appears to be
artificially created by drilling operations and by
invasive mud filtration in sands locally un-cemented.
The phenomenon would be triggered by formation
water quickly displaced and replaced by mud filtrate.
The process disrupts the original sand grain texture
and induces mechanical weakening of the formation
as a general effect. However, close to the borehole
wall, the solid particles of the mud filtrate work to
reinforce the local sand texture. The near/reinforced
zone and the far/weakened zone
generate respectively fast and slow sonic paths in
both compressional and shear waves.These case
histories contribute to a better understanding of soft
sand petrophysics in general sense. A conceptual
scheme is provided allowing for a consistent choice
of compressional/shear pairs.
In addition, the different zones of investigation (near
vs. far) are identified and optimally analyzed for the
final log application (formation evaluation,
AVO/seismic, geo-mechanics and drilling
management).
JJ
Introduction
Hydrocarbon exploration in shallow soft sands has
taken benefit from the use of Shear wave sonic
logging. Information on compressional/shear
properties of the subsurface are routinely used in
seismic AVO, petrophysical analysis and
geomechanical studies (Brie et A1. 1995). The results
of these applications are largely dependent on the
quality and reliability of the recorded data.
A case of ambiguity, however, is observed in shallow
soft sands displaying two shear slowness values at the
same depth level. This case is called as dual shear
arrival and has been described by Badri et A1. (1999)
in gas sands of the Nile Delta area, Mediterranean
Sea.
The occurrence of dual shear arrival has also been
detected in other areas and additional information is
required to achieve a full comprehension of this type
of sonic response.
The Niger delta is an area where the dual shear arrival
is frequently observed in a rather unpredictable way.
The question has been tackled by recording a
complete sonic log suite in key wells. From those
wells, two cases of interest have been extracted and
analyzed, as described below.
Input Data
Well A mainly consists of thick deltaic sands. In most
of the well, sand layers are stacked on top of each
other, creating 20-40 m thick sequences with a blocky
SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003
shape of the GR curve. Shaly intervals separate the
sand sequences and are usually much thinner (2 to 10
m) with frequent sand interbeds. However, in the
central part of the well profile, sand thickness is no
greater than 15 m and each sequence maintains its
individual coarsening/fining upward trend. It is in this
section of the well where dual shear sands occur. Fig
1 shows a detail example of shear slowness splitting
in two trends, gradually diverging from bottom to top
along the sand unit. At the sand top, the dual arrival is
sharply ceased by a shale layer separating another
sand sequence.
Contrary to the previous case, Well B is clay-
dominated in the section of interest. Sand bodies are 5
to 13 m thick and separated by 60-80 m thick sandy-
clay intervals. The sand content of the fine-grained
sections is revealed by relatively high sonic slowness
and low-density values. Dual shear slowness occurs
in intervals with high sand content. The divergence of
the two shear slowness trends is less pronounced than
in Well A, but extends over a similar interval and is
capped by a pure clay layer.
Common to both wells is the complete suite of sonic
log measurements, providing waveforms with a
variety of transmitter and receivers.
1. High frequency Monopole source (5-20
KHz), used for P (compressional) DT curves
in soft formations
2. Low frequency Monopole source (0.2-5
KHz), normally used for Stoneley wave
analysis. In these slow formations this source
also trigger compressional waves as
described by Hornby et A1. (2000).
3. Upper Dipole source drive, a horizontal
directional source is associated with non-
directional receivers (the response is
cumulative from receivers set at orthogonal
directions)
4. Lower Dipole source drive: horizontal and
oriented at 90 degrees from the previous
dipole; it associated with non-directional
receivers
5. Oriented Upper Dipole associated to
directional receivers in-line with the source.
6. Oriented Lower Dipole (at 90 degrees to the
previous) associated with receivers in-line
with this source.
7. Oriented Upper Dipole associated with
receivers orthogonal to the source itself
(cross-line receivers)
8. Oriented Lower Dipole associated with
cross-line receivers with the source itself.
The purpose of recording the last four datasets is the
determination of azimuth anisotropy in the shear
wave propagation. Results of this analysis are not
described here. It is however worth mentioning that
anisotropy processing provides additional waveforms
supporting the dual arrival study.
A wealth of observations is therefore available and a
number of questions arise:
How are the two shear arrivals related to
compressional properties?
Are the two arrivals related to the same
volume or do they investigate different
volumes of the formation? In the latter case,
how are these volumes distributed: along
azimuth or along radius?
Do the two arrivals reflect genuine physical
properties of the formation or drilling-
induced properties?
Which of the two detected DT-shear curves
should be used for other applications (AVO,
geomechanics, petrophysics)
The relation of the dual arrival to compressional
properties
Where the dipole transmitters generate dual shear
arrivals, the monopole transmitter produces a single
arrival of compressional waves. However, in sands of
Well A, the high-frequency monopole produces a
relatively fast compressional arrival, while the low-
frequency monopole generates a relatively slow
arrival. In other words, in Well A the compressional
dual arrival is observed in different waveforms
according to the frequency excitation of the source.
The critical frequency separating slow from fast
compressional wave is approximately 5 KHz. The
low-frequency-slow-compressional and the high-
frequency-fast-compressional DT curves exhibit a
shape in good correlation with the dual shear DT
curves.
In Well A (clean sands), one can talk of dual sonic
arrivals for both compressional and shear energy
types. Typical compressional/shear pairs are 110-210
us/ft for fast arrivals and 120-350 us/ft for slow
arrivals. The VP/VS ratio is approximately 1.9-2.5 for
the fast waves (as also found in single arrival sands)
and 2.2-3.2 for the slow waves.
It can also be observed that the dynamic range of
slow/fast slowness ratio is relative wide is shear
waves (up to 1.7) whereas is much smaller in
compressional arrivals (no grater than 1.1).
 SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003
In Well B (sandy clays) a single compressional
arrival is found regardless of the excitation frequency
of the monopole transmitter. A typical compressional
DT value in the dual shear zone is 160 us/ft, typical
values of shear slowness are 470 us/ft and 560 us/ft
for fast and slow arrivals. These numerical values
indicate conditions softer than those in the previous
well.
In both wells the high VP/VS ratio suggests that slow
sonic arrival describes zones of mechanical
weakening. The fast arrival zone, on the other hand,
has relatively compacted nature. The pairs of fast and
slow shear slowness do not run in parallel. Their ratio
is variable and may extend well beyond the usual
range limits of anisotropy factors. These factors
suggest that dual sonic waves investigate different
volumes of formation, traveling across different
textures of sand grain contacts.
Investigating the azimuth
Previous conclusions address the search for the
directions run by fast and slow waves. Azimuth
directions are investigated by oriented dipoles and
receivers mentioned previously. In a short interval of
10 m, the natural rotation of the tool around its long
axis is not fast enough to cover all azimuth angles.
However, this limitation is overcome by the various
orientations of the dipole transmitters to the
associated receivers. All recordings in both wells
maintain a double shear arrival in the same depth
intervals. The only exception is given by cross-dipole
waveforms, where the slow arrival is intrinsically
weak.
In this case, azimuthal changes can be caused by
various factors:
Azimuth anisotropy can be excluded by
numerical values of fast and slow shear
slowness.
Borehole ovalization is excluded in Well A
where two orthogonal caliper measurements
show similar values.
The trajectory of Well A is vertical and Well
B has a deviation of 10 degrees in the dual
shear zone. This leads to the exclusion of
geometrical effects created by well deviation
or TIV anisotropy related to horizontal
layering. Layer attitude is normally sub-
horizontal in both wells.
Finally, the presence of a fault intersecting
the borehole could explain an azimuth
change of physical properties. This
possibility cannot be ruled out but is unlikely
due to poor evidence from dipole sonic
waveforms and formation image logs.
All of these considerations suggest that radial
profiling (i.e. physical changes away form the well
axis) should be taken into account.
Investigating the radial proffie
While a direct measurement of azimuth properties is
possible with methods mentioned above, only indirect
clues of radial profiling are provided by frequency
content and transmitter-to-receiver travel times.
A. Frequency effects
The frequency content of acoustic waveforms is
essentially a function of:
Source excitation JJ
Dispersion/attenuation properties of the
traveled medium and
Receiver sensitivity
In a point-to-point transmission, the width of the
travel path is inversely proportional to the frequency
component of the traveling wave. In a sonic tool
experiment, a long-period low-frequency wave has a
greater depth of investigation into the formation than
a short-period high-frequency wave. This effect is
well described by Hornby et A1. (2000).
The speed of propagation and the frequency content
controls the wavelength, the depth of investigation
and hence the ability to distinguish between different
media. According to criteria usually adopted in
reflection seismic, the minimum resolution is about
1/2 of the wavelength.
In compressional waves of Well A, the critical
frequency of about 5 KHz, associated with an average
compressional slowness of 110 us/ft, produces a
critical wavelength of about 75 cm (i.e. 2.5 feet).
The analysis of shear wave is conducted in fig.5. No
clear critical frequency separates fast from slow shear
waves. However, the latter tend to concentrate in the
lowest part of the spectrum (below 1.5 KHz), thus
leading to a similar wavelength of about 75 cm.
In Well B the dual shear slowness is less pronounced
than in Well A. The frequency spectrum is rather
narrow. Tests of waveform filtering, however,
suggest that slow waves are more energetic below 1.2
KHz band. Given an average shear DT of 222 us/ft,
this leads to a critical wavelength of approximate 50
cm (1.7 feet).
SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003
Additionally in both wells, the very low-frequency
Stoneley wave (0.2-1.5 KHz) gives a slowness curve
very close to the slow shear curve.
These observations conclude that high frequency fast
components travel in a fast zone located in the
immediate vicinity of the borehole wall. On the other
hand, the slow wave travels in a farther zone with
softer physical properties.
Bit Finite difference modeling of arrival
transit times.
In the studied examples, fast and slow shear arrival
show distinct travel times in the wavetrain. In the
Slowness-Time Coherence planes, the fast slowness
is always shorter in time than the slow arrival and
located closer to the receiver-transmitter line (Bile et
A1. - 1997). This suggests that the fast wave follows a
rather linear path between the transmitter and the
receiver position, basically along the borehole. The
slow wave follows a longer wavepath at a distance
from the borehole. This conclusion has been verified
with wave equation modeling in a 2D finite difference
scheme.
The model is created assuming a 12.5-inch diameter
borehole filled with mud. A vertical band is adjacent
to the borehole wall. The velocity property of the
band gradually decreases away from the wall up to a
lateral distance of 75 cm (3.5 ft). The nearer a band is
from the well the faster the velocity. Subsequently,
the farther a band is from the well the slower the
velocity. At a greater lateral distance a homogeneous
slow velocity is assumed. The velocity properties are
gridded into 10 cm squared cells.
Within this scheme, a transmitter and eight receivers
are located within the well at the same geometrical
positions as the real DSI (* mark of Schlumberger)
sonic tool. The pulse emitted by tool dipole is
simulated by a force-like impulse with horizontal
orientation. The wavelet is a causal wavelet of Ricker
type having a central frequency of 1.4 KHz. Synthetic
waveforms are simulated assuming propagation under
elastic conditions. Despite some obvious limitations
(among others, 3D geometries and un-elastic effects
are neglected), this model is able to simulate the wave
propagation at the desired conditions.
The synthetic waveforms of the receiver array show a
remarkable similarity with the real waveforms,
showing well distinct arrivals of compressional, fast
shear, and slow shear types. The same results could
not be obtained with other models. A model with a
sharp boundary between the near/fast and the far/slow
zone does not allow a significant propagation in the
far/slow zone. An alternative model was also tested
where the near zone is slow and the far zone is fast. It
generates waveforms where slow and fast shear
arrivals are synchronous, or even where the former is
earlier than the latter, contrary to real observations.
On the causes originating dual arrivals.
The observed data and numerical modeling offer a
picture where the sonic wave propagation is split in
two different wave-paths guided by radial profiling.
The near/fast zone and the far/slow zone suggest that
dual sonic waves are related to circular zonation
around the well. As a fortunate circumstance, two
different recordings overlap in a short interval of Well
A. The first recording was made a few hours after
drilling with a limited sonic dataset (i.e. with the
monopole and a single dipole source drive). No dual
shear is visible in these data. The second recording
was made 16 days after the first one, with a complete
suite of monopole and dipole waveforms. The data of
the second recording display the dual arrival features
described in this paper.
This case testifies that the outer-slow zone is not a
genuine formation feature but is created by mud
invasion following drilling. As the mud invades the
sand layer, the formation water is pushed away. After
a short period of time and with high permeability
conditions, the water movement is not expected to
alter the physical texture of sand grains. In Well A,
the formation was exposed to drilling fluids for a
rather long time. In both wells, a pure clay layer that
can inhibit a free water circulation tops the sand
layers. These conditions may trigger local sand
fluidification, i.e. disruption of the sand grain texture
created by trapped water. The solid frame of the sand
is thus weakened by the interaction of drilling mud
with formation water. The main effect on sonic log is
on the high shear slowness and high VP/VS ratio. If
this is true, one can predict a virgin zone beyond the
fluidification annulus, at a distance greater than 1 - 2
m. This position is not accessible by current industry
sonic tool and the exact formation slowness may
remain unknown.
As opposed to this, the zone near the borehole wall is
re-compacted by the invasion of the dense
components of the mud and by the thick mud cake
panel. After re-compaction the shear slowness of
Well A is rather similar to the value measured in the
first run.
 SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003
Conclusions
Occurrence of fast and slow sonic slowness is
frequently observed in wells in the Niger delta. In two
wells, the complete recording of sonic waveforms
allows a description of the dual arrival occurrences:
The dual arrival in sonic slowness is
observed in soft clean sands (better
developed) and in sandy clays. In both cases
a pure clay layer tops the dual sonic sand
interval.
Dual arrival is evident in shear wave
slowness, but the case of clean sands also
shows a dual compressional arrival in the
same zones of dual shear. Slow arrivals are
associated with a high VP/VS ratio
indicative of local mechanical weakening.
Fast and slow shear arrivals are found at all
azimuths. Radial profiling is adequate to
explain the split into fast and slow sonic
waves.
Fast waves tend to have a higher frequency
content and a wavelength shorter than 0.5-
0.75m. On the contrary, slow waves bear
high frequencies and longer wavelengths.
Transit times of fast waves are relatively
short, while arrival time of slow waves is
longer than predicted by the transmitter-
receiver distance.
Frequency and transit time analysis suggests
that the fast zone is located in the vicinity of
the borehole wall, while slow waves occupy
a more distant wave path. This geometry is
corroborated by finite difference modeling
A case of time-lapse sonic waveform logging shows
that dual arrival is driven by mud invasion after
drilling. The fast sonic zone is the mud-cake and
mud-invaded zone at the borehole wall. The slow
sonic zone is a circular annulus where the sand
texture has been disrupted by trapped water. The
virgin zone would be located at further distance not
accessible by sonic wave. As a consequence, the real
formation slowness would be not measured on
rigorous terms. On empirical basis, the choice
between the fast and shear slowness can be made case
by case, evaluating the well log consistency over long
intervals.
The described analysis has been conducted at a
detailed scale and thus cannot be generalized with
confidence. Descriptions from different contexts and
additional modeling are necessary to establish a
predictive theory of dual sonic arrivals. However,
should the described conditions repeat in a similar
way, dual arrivals could take place in high-porosity
plastic sands associated with impermeable layers or at
the top of the logging interval where the formation
has been exposed for a long time to the invading
drilling mud.
Acknowledgement
We thanks N.P.D.C. for their permission to publish
the data-set used in this study.
References
Badri M., Brie A. and Hassan S." "Shear Wave
Velocities in Very Slow Gas-Bearing sands in the
Offshore Nile Delta, Egypt". SPWLA, 38 th Annual
logging Symposium Transactions; paper D, 1-13
(1997)
Brie A., Pampuri F., Marsala A.F. and O.Meazza:
"Shear Sonic interpretation in Gas-Beating Sands"; JJ
SPE 30595 (1995).
Brie A., Pabon J., Saik Y. and Kimball C." "Shear
Slowness Determination from Dipole
Measurements .... . SPWLA; 38 th Annual Symposium
Transactions; paper F, 1-14 (1997).
Hornby B. and Chang S.K. : "A Case Study of Shale
and Sandstone Alteration Using a Digital Sonic
Tool". SPWLA; 26 th Annual Logging Symposium
Transactions; paper H, 1-11 (1985).
Homby B. and Pastemack E. : "Analysis of Full-
waveform Sonic Data Acquired in Unconsolidated
Gas Sands". SPWLA; 39 th Annual Logging
Symposium Transactions; paper O, 1-14 (2000).
About the Authors
Ferdinanda Pampuri is senior petrophysicist, log
acoustic expert in the subsurface geology department
of ENI Exploration and Production Division from
1994. Previously, she worked for Schlumberger
starting as a log analyst (open hole and cased hole)
and afterwards as petrophysicist probing into acoustic
field matter. She holds an MS degree in geology from
the U.of Milan.
Fabio Ogliani is senior geophysicist with
Schlumberger Data and Consulting Services - Central
Europe Unit. He is working with Schlumberger since
1981. He holds an MS degree in geology from the U.
of Bologna.
Adeniji Ade Adebiyi completed a M.sc program in
Geology at the Leningrad Mining Institute, Leningrad
SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

(USSR) in 1983. Joined NNPC-NPDC in 1991 as a

senior geologist. Currently he works in Petroleum
Engineering Depatment as a Petrophyscist. He also
has some experience as reservoir Geologist
 SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

Table 1.
Summary table of dual slowness analysis conducted on Well A and Well B.

Type FAST SLOW Notes

Monopole 5-20 KHz Y n DTCO similar to Fast Shear DT
Monopole 0.2-3 KHz n Y Slow DTCO recorded
DTST similar to Slow Shear DT
UDP Upper Dipole 1.5-2.5 KHz Y poor
UDP 0.5-1.5 KHz poor Y
LDP LowerDipole 1.5-2.5 KHz Y Y
LDP 0.5-1.5 KHz Y n
UDP-In Y Y
LDP-In , ,,
Y Y
UDP-Cross n Y
LDP-Cross y/n Y
Rotated Fast-In Y Y
Rotated Slow-In Y Y
Rotated Fast-Cross n Y
Rotated Slow-Cross Y Y
JJ
S P W L A 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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 S P W L A 44 th A n n u a l L o g g i n g S y m p o s i u m , J u n e 22-25, 2003

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SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

700

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Fig.4 Well B. Example of slowness-time-coherence plane computed on Upper Dipole waveforms.

10
 S P W L A 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

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frequency amplitude spectra. Bottom left: waveforms with 1.3 KHz high cut filter. Bottom right: waveforms
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11
SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

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12
 SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

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different runs. Run 1 on central track, run 2 on right track. (Depth scale in meters).

13
SPWLA 44 th Annual Logging Symposium, June 22-25, 2003

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DT2R FAB T" RUN 2 DT2R B LOW' RUN 2 I DT2R" RUN 1 !ii
50 ( gA..P..l
) IEo 500 (us/ft) 100 500 (us/ft) 100 500
. . . . .
(uslft)
. . . . . . .
100

"-i-* _ ~ m,,,m,I $$ 4".i ~, = " t.

$,1,m' "14. $ , , A = " ~ ; , , # ~'* = i ~ , ~
" #ml~. - m 8' =l el Of 1~
. $ $".. -
. I. 6 I b e ~.*

-- "", ' o.,,- " "' , .", , , ; , ._

. ." ii | l m m m | l | | m m | u m m m l |

, , = , . . , = ,
L .
w . . . . . . ,
= = = , = = , = ,
, . . . . . .
, , . , , . = = .
* * . . . . . .

..:..

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ..i ..................

p
.: . . . . ... :

IIIIIIIIII
i 1

i
. .
:

i
:
..! .... : .... :.... ,... , .... , ...... ...... , ......... ,

Fig.8 Interpretation sketch of compressional/shear responses along a radial profile. On left track hole diameter
log with mud cake hole restriction. GR shows sand zones. Second track" depth in meter scale. Third track: DT
curves in the fast mud invaded zone. Forth track: DT curves in the slow annulus zone. Fifth track: DT curves in
the virgin zone The virgin zone measurement is recorded with run 1 sonic logging. (Depth scale in meters).

14