LibroPbRyRv2 PDF

Juan Jos Murillo Fuentes
PROBLEMAS DE
RADIOCOMUNICACIN 2 PROBLEMAS DE
En este texto el lector encontrar problemas que
versan entre otros aspectos sobre el anlisis de
antenas, aspectos de ruido e intermodulacin en re-
RADIOCOMUNICACIN
ceptores y transmisores de radiocomunicaciones,
Juan Jos Murillo Fuentes

clculo de prdidas de propagacin, diseo de ra-
Ttulos publicados de la coleccin Monografas
dioenlaces del servicio fijo, dimensionamiento de
de la Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera de
sistemas de comunicaciones mviles privados y pbli-
la Universidad de Sevilla
cos, y clculos de enlaces y apuntamiento en sistemas
de comunicaciones por satlite. En estos problemas
Introduccin a la representacin grfica
por ordenador
se ha tratado tanto de proponer ejemplos pedag-
CARLOS COBOS GUTIRREZ, FRANCISCO VALDERRAMA GUAL gicos como situaciones reales, donde los niveles y
Y CRISTINA TORRECILLAS LOZANO unidades de las magnitudes involucradas se corres-
pondan con la prctica.
Mecnica de la fractura aplicada al hormign
FERNANDO MEDINA ENCINA Y HCTOR CIFUENTES BULT
Problemas de radiocomunicacin
JUAN JOS MURILLO FUENTES
PROBLEMAS DE RADIOCOMUNICACIN
Juan Jos Murillo Fuentes es, desde
1996, ingeniero de telecomunicacin
por la Universidad de Sevilla. Desde el
ao 2001 es doctor ingeniero de teleco-
municacin por la Universidad Carlos III
de Madrid y profesor en la Escuela Tc-
nica Superior de Ingeniera (ETSI) de la
Universidad de Sevilla. Ha impartido, entre otras asignatu-
ras, Radiacin y radiocomunicacin y Comunicaciones
mviles. Adems, lleva ms de una dcada participando
en el curso Vodafone de la ETSI y colaborando en el desa-
rrollo de proyectos y cursos de formacin para empresas
relevantes en el sector de las radiocomunicaciones, como
Vodafone, MDU, Motorola, Teledesic o IZAR.
Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera
Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera

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n k &YQPOFOUF Z DPOTUBOUF EF QSEJEBT l b = kd n

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FO BOUFOBT &O HFOFSBM TF BEBQUB BM OJWFM EF DPOPDJNJFOUPT OFDFTBSJPT QBSB BCPSEBS MPT
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" DPOUJOVBDJO TF JOUSPEVDFO BMHVOBT FYQSFTJPOFT CTJDBT FO SBEJBDJO RVF EFSJWBO
FO MB GSNVMB EF 'SJJT VTBEB EF GPSNB SFDVSSFOUF FO FTUF UFYUP &TUBT FYQSFTJPOFT TPO
MB CBTF EF MB SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJO RVF UJFOF DPNP PCKFUJWP MUJNP IBDFS RVF MB QPUFODJB
SFDJCJEB P FM DBNQP FO MBT JONFEJBDJPOFT EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FTU QPS FODJNB EFM WBMPS
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NT SFMFWBOUF &O MB 'JHVSB MB OPUBDJO FT MB NJTNB RVF MB VUJMJ[BEB FO <> TBMWP QPS FM
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(BOBODJB EJSFDUJWB Z HBOBODJB EF QPUFODJB
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EF 1PZOUJOH QSPNFEJP JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJO
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EF MB BOUFOB JTUSPQB DVBOEP B BNCBT TF MF FOUSFHB MB NJTNB QPUFODJB
max , S
G(E#J E#) = log = log(gg i so ) = {g i so = } = log(g).
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HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB TF FYQSFTB FO E#J EFOPUBOEP HBOBODJB SFTQFDUP B MB BOUFOB JTUSPQB
1FSP FO OJOHO DBTP MB AAJ EFOPUB NBHOJUVE BMHVOB
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FO GVODJO EF MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB D t D r FO MBT NJTNBT VOJEBEFT DPNP
G t = D t L at
G r = D r L ar ,
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L at = log t
L ar = log r
TPO MBT QSEJEBT QPS EJTJQBDJO EFTBEBQUBDJO V PUSP UJQP FO MB BOUFOB Z
t = p t pt
r = p r pr .
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FO NVDIBT PDBTJPOFT MBT QSEJEBT TPO NVZ QFRVFBT Z HBOBODJB EF QPUFODJB Z HBOBODJB
EJSFDUJWB TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT FOUFOEJOEPTF QPS AAHBOBODJB DVBMRVJFSB EF MBT
EPT
(BOBODJB EF BOUFOB FO E#E
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1BSB SFMBDJPOBSMP DPO FM WBMPS BOUFSJPS CBTUB SFTUBS FM WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB EF
SFGFSFODJB SFTQFDUP B MB BOUFOB JTUSPQB 7FBNPT FM DBTP FO FM RVF MB BOUFOB EF SFGFSFODJB
$BQUVMP *OUSPEVDDJO
FT MB BOUFOB EJQPMP
G(E#J) = G E#E
+ G d i p (E#J)
G E#E
= G(E#J) G d i p (E#J) = G(E#J) .,
EPOEF E#E JOEJDB E# SFTQFDUP B MB BOUFOB EJQPMP
1*3&
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HBOBODJB 4J MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB TF EFOF DPNP MB HBOBODJB SFTQFDUP B VOB BOUFOB
JEFBM JTUSPQB FOUPODFT FTUF QSPEVDUP TF EFOPNJOB QPUFODJB JTUSPQB SBEJBEB FRVJWBMFOUF
FRVJWBMFOU JTPUSPQJDBMMZ SBEJBUFE QPXFS P UBNCJO FFDUJWF JTPUSPQJDBMMZ SBEJBUFE QPXFS
&*31
1*3&

pire = p t d t
PIRE = Pt + D t (E#J).
$PNP MB QPUFODJB RVF TF TVNJOJTUSB B MB BOUFOB FT MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM USBOTNJTPS

p e t NFOPT MBT QSEJEBT EF MB TFDDJO EF BMJNFOUBDJO P DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP L tt RVFEB
PIRE = Pt + G t = Pe t L tt + G t .
4F SFDVFSEB BRV RVF
PIRE = Pt (E#N) + G t (E#) = Pt (E#N) + G t (E#E) + G d i p (E#) = PRA + G d i p (E#),

EPOEF G t E#
FT MB HBOBODJB SFTQFDUP EF VOB BOUFOB JTUSPQB G d i p FT MB HBOBODJB EF VO
EJQPMP . E# G t (E#E) FT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB SFTQFDUP B MB HBOBODJB
EF VO EJQPMP FO Z OBMNFOUF UFOFNPT MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF FFDUJWF SBEJBUFE
QPXFS &31
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$BNQP FO VO QVOUP FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
-B EFOTJEBE EF VKP EF QPUFODJB FO VO QVOUP EBEP <> QSPEVDJEB QPS MB SBEJBDJO EF VOB
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e p g t pire
S = = t = .
d d
%F FTUB JHVBMEBE TF EFTQFKB FM DBNQP
e p g
= t t ,

d

pt g t pire
e= = .
d d
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E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#8) log d(LN),
E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#L) log d(LN),
E(E# 7N) = . + PRA(E#L) log d(LN).
1PUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJO EFM DBNQP SFDJCJEP
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB QPS VOB BOUFOB EF HBOBODJB JTUSPQB g r FO FTF QVOUP WJFOF EBEB QPS
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e e
pr = Se q = g .
r
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Pr (E#8) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r
FO E#N <>
Pr (E#N) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r .
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FO

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g ,

eq
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d
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Lb f = . + log f (()[) + log d(LN).
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4J TF JODMVZFO WFS 'JHVSB

MBT QSEJEBT FO DJSDVJUPT EF BDPQMP P BMJNFOUBDJO L tt Z L tr Z
EF SFOEJNJFOUP EF BOUFOBT L at Z L ar Z TJ p e t FT MB AAQPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BM BMJNFOUBEPS EF
MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB Z p dr FT MB AAQPUFODJB EJTQPOJCMF B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS FOUSFHBEB
QPS FM BMJNFOUBEPS EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB MB FDVBDJO EF 'SJJT TF SFGPSNVMB DPNP
Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) L tt L at + D t L b f + D r L tr L ar =
= Pe t (E#N) L tt G t L b f + G r L tr .
$BNQP FO VO QVOUP FO DVBMRVJFS NFEJP
4VTUJUVZFOEP MB FDVBDJO EF 'SJJT FO

FO MB FDVBDJO
TF MMFHB B SFMBDJPOBS FM
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E(E# 7N) = Pt (E#8) + G t L b + log f (.)[) + .
E(E# 7N) = PIRE L b + log f (.)[) +
E(E# 7N) = PRA L b + log f (.)[) + ..
$BNQP SFTVMUBOUF BOUF VO JODSFNFOUP EF QPUFODJB

&O BMHVOPT TJTUFNBT TF USBCBKB DPO DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO WF[ EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB "VORVF FT
NT P NFOPT JONFEJBUP FO WBSJBEBT PDBTJPOFT IBZ RVF QSFHVOUBSTF RV QBTB DPO FM DBNQP
SFDJCJEP BOUF VO JODSFNFOUP EF QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB %BEBT VOB QPUFODJB EF USBOTNJTJO
Pt Z FM DBNQP FO VO QVOUP DSFBEP QPS FTUB QPUFODJB E TJ BVNFOUP MB QPUFODJB B Pt EF

E (E# 7N) = . + PIRE t (E#L) log d(LN)
E (E# 7N) = . + PIRE t (E#L) log d(LN).
%F EPOEF
E (E# 7N) E (E# 7N) = PIRE t (E#L) PIRE t (E#L).
: TJ QPS FKFNQMP PIRE t (E#L) =
E (E# 7N) E (E# 7N) = PIRE t (E#L).
'SNVMB EF 'SJJT FO PUSP NFEJP DVBMRVJFSB
-BT QSEJEBT FO VO TF EFOFO FO HFOFSBM DPNP l b = p p 1BSB DVBMRVJFS NFEJP

Z IBDJFOEP VTP EF
TF EFOF MB BUFOVBDJO EF DBNQP SFTQFDUP BM FTQBDJP MJCSF
a e = (e o e)
Eo
L e = log
= E o (E# 7N) E(E# 7N).
E
3FUPNBOEP MB EFOJDJO EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB

e e e e o
pr = Se q = o Se q = S .
e o l e e q
*OUSPEVDJFOEP MB EFOJDJO EF S e q RVFEB
pt g t
pr = g .
l e lb f r
$PNQBSBOEP
DPO MB NJTNB GSNVMB FO FM DBTP EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
TF EFEVDF RVF
l b = l b f l e 'JOBMNFOUF
Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) L tt L at + D t L b + D r L ar L tr

= Pe t (E#N) L tt + G t L b + G r L tr .
4JTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT
*OUSPEVDDJO
&O MPT QSJNFSPT QSPCMFNBT QMBOUFBEPT FO FTUF DBQUVMP TF SFBMJ[B FM DMDVMP EF MPT QBS
NFUSPT EF VOB BOUFOB 1SPCMFNB 1 Z 1SPCMFNB 1 QPS TJNQMJDJEBE QBSB BOUFOBT
MJOFBMFT SFDUBT &M PCKFUJWP QSJODJQBM EF FTUPT QSPCMFNBT FT EPCMF 1PS VO MBEP FOGBUJ[BS
RVF FM WBMPS EF MB JOUFOTJEBE EF DPSSJFOUF B MP MBSHP EFM DPOEVDUPS EFUFSNJOB MB GPSNB
FO MB RVF BOUFOB SBEJB 1PS PUSP NPTUSBS DNP B QBSUJS EF FTUF DPOPDJNJFOUP TF QVFEFO
EFSJWBS UPEPT MPT QBSNFUSPT EF MB BOUFOB -PT QBSNFUSPT EF VOB BOUFOB EFQFOEFO EF MBT
DBSBDUFSTUJDBT EF MB NJTNB EF TV GPSNB Z EF MB JOUFOTJEBE RVF MB SFDPSSB 1BSB DBMDVMBSMPT
TF QVFEF QSPDFEFS EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
B
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C
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E
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$BMDMFTF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB Z MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO
$BMDMFTF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE Z MB HBOBODJB
0USPT QBSNFUSPT B DBMDVMBS TFSBO FM BODIP EF IB[ P MB SFTQVFTUB FO GSFDVFODJB %F FOUSF
UPEPT FTUPT QBSNFUSPT FM EF NBZPS JNQPSUBODJB FT MB HBOBODJB EF MB NJTNB
&O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 Z FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF QSPQPOF DBMDVMBS VOB BOUFOB RVF QVFEF TFS
EFTDPNQVFTUB FO VO DPOKVOUP EF BOUFOBT EPOEF FO FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF USBCBKB DPO FM
QSJODJQJP EF NVMUJQMJDBDJO EF BOUFOBT &M 1SPCMFNB 1 JODMVZF VO FKFNQMP EF DMDVMP
FO FM RVF IBZ QMBOPT DPOEVDUPSFT SFFDUPSFT

4F UFSNJOB DPO VO QBS EF QSPCMFNBT FO MPT RVF TF FTUVEJB FM WBMPS EF DBNQP P QPUFODJB
SFDJCJEP EFTEF VOB BOUFOB JODMVZFOEP MB QSPQBHBDJO FO DPOEJDJPOFT EJTUJOUBT B MB EF
FTQBDJP MJCSF &O FM QSJNFSP EF FMMPT 1SPCMFNB 1 TF VUJMJ[B VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJO
EF UJFSSB QMBOB Z FO FM TFHVOEP 1SPCMFNB 1 TF FNQMFB VOB HVSB QBSB EFTDSJCJS MBT
QSEJEBT FO POEB TF TVQFSDJF .T BEFMBOUF FO TJHVJFOUFT DBQUVMPT QVFEF DPOTVMUBS

$BQUVMP 4JTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT
QSPCMFNBT DPO PUSPT DMDVMPT EF QSEJEBT DPNP QPS FKFNQMP TJHVJFOEP MB SFDPNFOEBDJO
*5631 FO FM 1SPCMFNB 1 FM NPEFMP EF 0LVNVSB)BUB 1SPCMFNB 1 FO MPT
RVF TF UFOHB FO DVFOUB MB EJGSBDDJO 1SPCMFNB 1 B GSFDVFODJBT NVZ FMFWBEBT 1SPCMF
NB 1 &M QSJNFS BQBSUBEP EFM 1SPCMFNB 1 UBNCJO FT EF JOUFST QBSB QSPGVOEJ[BS
FO FM FTUVEJP EF MB QSPQBHBDJO
" DPOUJOVBDJO TF JODMVZF VOB CSFWF JOUSPEVDDJO UFSJDB JODMVZFOEP MB OPUBDJO NT
JNQPSUBOUF RVF UBNCJO TF JODMVZF BM DPNJFO[P EF FTUF UFYUP &O < > QVFEF FODPOUSBS
JOGPSNBDJO EFUBMMBEB
1 %JQPMP JEFBM
1BSB MB BOUFOB EJQPMP EF MPOHJUVE UPUBM Z EJTUSJCVDJO EF DPSSJFOUF JEFBM DPOTUBOUF F

JHVBM B I FO MB 'JHVSB DVZB QPUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO FT . I DBMDVMF QBSB DBNQPT
MFKBOPT
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B
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D
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4PMVDJO
B
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO OPT IBDF GBMUB MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB 1BSB DBMDVMBS
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" TV WF[ QBSB DBMDVMBS FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH FT OFDFTBSJP DBMDVMBS MPT DBNQPT FMDUSJDP
Z NBHOUJDP 1BSB FTUP TF QVFEF SFDVSSJS B DBMDVMBS FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS )BDFNPT FTUPT
DMDVMPT
1 %JQPMP JEFBM
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J(r ) jk (rrr )
A = Ad dV = J(r )e jk rr dV ,

V
V r
e dV = e jk r
r V

EPOEF V JOEJDB WPMVNFO Ad FT FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS DSFBEP QPS VO EJGFSFODJBM EF

WPMVNFO FO FM QVOUP r J (r ) FT FM VKP EF DPSSJFOUF FO FM QVOUP r MB QFSNFBCJMJEBE
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VUJMJ[B r QBSB JOEJDBS FM WFDUPS RVF VOF FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT DPO FM
QVOUP EPOEF TF RVJFSF DBMDVMBS FM FGFDUP EF MB BOUFB Z r QBSB JOEJDBS FM WFDUPS RVF VOF
FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT DPO VO QVOUP P FMFNFOUP EJGFSFODJBM EF MB BOUFOB
&M DBTP EF VOB BOUFOB MJOFBM FTUB FYQSFTJO TF DPODSFUB FO
I(r )e jk r r

A = dr .
l r r
&O OVFTUSP DBTP MB JOUFOTJEBE EF DPSSJFOUF FT DPOTUBOUF I(z) = I cos(k z) I l z l

%POEF TF IB UPNBEP DPNP SFGFSFODJB RVF FM EJQPMP WB EF l B l "T
A = e jk r
l jk r
r l
I(r )e jk rr dr =

r
e N(r ),

RVFEBOEP EFOJEP FM WFDUPS EF SBEJBDJO N
&O FM DBTP QBSUJDVMBS EF MB BOUFOB RVF OPT PDVQB
=
l l
N l
Ie jk rr dr z = z I

l
e jk z cos dz
= {e jk x cos = cos(k x cos ) + j sen(k x cos )} =

l sen(k l cos )
= z I
cos(k z cos )dz = z I
k cos

FT FM WFDUPS EF SBEJBDJO Z OBMNFOUF
A = z e jk r I
sen(k l cos )
.
r k cos
&M DBNQP NBHOUJDP FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS VUJMJ[BOEP MB FYQSFTJO
= H = sen A z ,
H
RVF FT WMJEB QBSB DVBMRVJFS BOUFOB MJOFBM SFDUB BMJOFBEB FO FM FKF z DPNP FM EJQPMP
FMFNFOUBM P FM EJQPMP
3FBMJ[BOEP MPT DMDVMPT QFSUJOFOUFT
= I sen e jk r sen(k l cos )

H
r r k cos
I jk sen(k l cos )
= sen e jk r e jk r .
r r k cos
&O DBNQPT MFKBOPT
I sen jk e jk r sen(k l cos )

H
r k cos
I jk sen(k l cos )
= sen e jk r
r k cos
I jk r
= j e sen(k l cos ) tan().
&M WFDUPS DBNQP FMDUSJDP UBNCJO FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM PSUPHPOBM
EF GPSNB RVF FM QSPEVDUP WFDUPSJBM EFM DBNQP FMDUSJDP Z NBHOUJDP TFB FM WFDUPS EF
1PZOUJOH FO MB EJSFDDJO r "EFNT MPT NEVMPT FTUO SFMBDJPOBEPT QPS MB JNQFEBODJB
DBSBDUFSTUJDB EFM NFEJP
E = E = H ,
Z FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
I
S = E H = E = sen (k l cos ) tan ()r.
-B QPUFODJB SBEJBEB

p t = S d S =
I
S

r
sen (k l cos ) tan ()r sen dd
I
=

sen (k l cos ) tan () sen()d = {l = } = .I ,
EPOEF TF IBO VUJMJ[BEP NUPEPT OVNSJDPT QBSB DBMDVMBS MB JOUFHSBM -B SFTJTUFODJB EF

SBEJBDJO R a

p t = I R a = .I R a = . = . .
C
"DVEJNPT B MB EFOJDJO EF JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJO
I
u(, ) = S r = sen (k l cos ) tan ().

: DPNP QBSB VOB BOUFOB JTUSPQB
p t .I
u i sotro pa (, ) = = ,

MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB RVFEB
sen (k l cos ) tan ()

I
u(, )
d(, ) = =
u i sotro pa .I

= . sen (k l cos ) tan ().
D
4F SFQSFTFOUB FO MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB FO 'JHVSB B NPEP EF EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO
-B EJSFDUJWJEBE FT FM NYJNP WBMPS TUF TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS CJFO PCTFSWBOEP FO FM
EJBHSBNB RVF FM NYJNP FTU FO = P CJFO EFSJWBOEP FO DVZP DBTP BQBSFDF VOB
JOEFUFSNJOBDJO RVF QVFEF SFTPMWFSTF BQMJDBOEP -)PQJUBM -B EJSFDUJWJEBE RVFEB
d = max d(, ) = .(k l) = . = . E#.
1BSB BQMJDBS -)PQJUBM EFOJNPT
d
a() = sen(k l cos ) = cos((k l cos ))k l sen
d
d sen()
b() = =
d cos() cos
RVFEB
lm a()
k l
= = k l .

lm b()


$POTJEFSF VOB BOUFOB DPOTUSVJEB NFEJBOUF VOB MOFB EF USBOTNJTJO WFS 'JHVSB EF
MPOHJUVE l TJO QSEJEBT RVF UFSNJOB FO VOB DBSHB BEBQUBEB 4J TF IBDF DJSDVMBS QPS FMMB
VOB DPSSJFOUF EF BNQMJUVE I TJFOEP MB DPOTUBOUF EF GBTF
I(z) = I e jz .
B
%FUFSNJOF MB FYQSFTJO EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FO [POB MFKBOB FO GVODJO EFM OHVMP
C
$BMDVMF FM DBNQP FMDUSJDP Z FM DBNQP NBHOUJDP
D
$BMDVMF FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH Z MB JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJO QBSB = k Z l =
y Plano H Plano E
z
z 1.75
Problema 2. Final Jun.05
os: Nombre: 1 Plan: N ! A!
1.75 x
e todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar lasy,x
siguientes.
x Escriba su
y
a en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
1.75
ma 2. Considerex una antena construida mediante una lnea de transmisin, de longitud l sin prdida
rmina en una carga adaptada. Si se hace circular por ella una corriente de amplitud Io, siendo
nte de fase, 'JHVSB %JBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO SFTVMUBOUF QBSB FM EJQPMP EF JOUFOTJEBE JEFBM DPOT
UBOUF " MB J[RVJFSEB TF JODMVZF FO EJNFOTJPOFT FO FM DFOUSP FM DPSUF FO FM
I ( z )FO
QMBOP IPSJ[POUBM Z FM DPSUF e jzWFSUJDBM B MB EFSFDIB 4F JODMVZF FM
= IFMoQMBOP
rmine la expresin delEJBHSBNB
potencialEF SBEJBDJO
vector enEFzona
MB BOUFOB JTUSPQB
lejana, MOFB QVOUFBEB

en funcin del ngulo .
ule el campo elctrico y el campo magntico.
ule el vectorE
de3FQSFTFOUF
poyintingMByGPSNB
la intensidad de EF
EFM EJBHSBNB radiacin
SBEJBDJOpara =kNVMUJQMJDBEP
&TUP FT 0 y l= . QPS DVBMRVJFS
esente la formaDPOTUBOUF
del diagrama de radiacin. Esto es, multiplicado por cualquier constante.
/PUB %FTQSFDJF MPT FGFDUPT EFM TVFMP JODMVJEP FO MB HVSB

Desprecie los efectos del suelo incluido en la figura.
Io
ZC,
ZC
'JHVSB "OUFOB SFBMJ[BEB DPO MOFB EF USBOTNJTJO

Fig. P4: Antena de onda viajera
ce a resolver el problema a continuacin y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
s inmediato es poner el eje de referencia en el punto medio. La intensidad queda

I (z ) = I 0e! j b ( z +l /2 )
lcula el potencial vector, recurrimos al potencial vector generado por una antena lineal en distancias
4PMVDJO
B
-P NT JONFEJBUP FT QPOFS FM DFOUSP EFM TJTUFNB EF SFGFSFODJB FO FM QVOUP NFEJP -B
JOUFOTJEBE RVFEB
I(z) = I e j(z+l ) .
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS SFDVSSJNPT BM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS HFOFSBEP QPS VOB
BOUFOB MJOFBM FO EJTUBODJBT MFKBOBT DBMDVMBEP FO

A = e jk r

r I(r )e
l
r d
jk r r
DPO dr = dzz Z r = zz EF GPSNB RVF I(r ) = I e j(z+l ) Z k r r = k z cos -B

JOUFHSBM RVFEB
l
A = e jk r

r Ie
j(z+l )+ jk z cos d
r =
l
l
I
= e jk r e j l
r e jk z(k cos ) dz z
l
I sen [k l (k cos )]
= e jk r e j l z.
r k (k cos )
C
1BSB FM DBNQP NBHOUJDP VUJMJ[BNPT MB BQSPYJNBDJO FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT QBSB VOB
BOUFOB MJOFBM SFDUB FO FTUF DBTP FO FM FKF z
= H = sen A z = { >> r}
H
r
I sen [k l (k cos )]
= j e jk r e j l sen .
r (k cos )
&M DBNQP FMDUSJDP TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM PSUPHPOBM EF GPSNB RVF FM QSPEVDUP WFDUPSJBM
EFM DBNQP FMDUSJDP Z NBHOUJDP TFB FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
sen [k l (k cos )]
E = H = j e jk r e j l sen
I
.
r (k cos )
D
&M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH QSPNFEJP
= I sen sen [k l (k cos )] .

S = E H

r (k cos )
&O FM DBTP = k RVFEB
= I sen sen [k l sen ()]

S = E H

I jk0 r jl /2 ( / k 0 cos )] sen ()

sen[k 0 l / 2r
E = H = j 0 e e sen
2r ( / k 0 cos )
Z QBSB l =
El vector de poyinting promedio
2
1 & I0 sen[k 0l / 2( / k 0 cos )] #
P = E H = $$ sen !!
k 0 [ ) ()]
S = E H
= sen
2 2r I ( /sen cossen
.
% "

En el caso = k0 queda r sen ()

2
1 & I
P = E H = $ 0 sen
sen k 0l / 2sen 2 ( / 2) #![ ]
-B JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJO
2 BDVEJFOEP
$ 2r
% sen 2 ( / 2)
B MB EFOJDJO !
"
y para l=
sen [ sen2()]

I
u(, )1 = S
r &=I0 sen [
sen 2 ( / 2) #! .]
sen ()
sen
P = EH $
=
$ 2r
sen
2 !
2 % sen ( / 2) "
La intensidad de radiacin
E
3FQSFTFOUBNPT 2
u( , ) = P
&I
r 2 = $ 0 sen
sen sen [
( / 2)]#! 2
sen [ sensen
()]
2
$ 2 ( / 2) !"
sen ,
%

sen ()
2
&
Representamos $ sen
[
sen sen 2 ( / 2) #! ]
$
PCUFOJFOEP
% sen 2 ( / 2)FO MB
FM EJBHSBNB
!
" 'JHVSB
90 8
120 60
6
150 4 30
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
'JHVSB "OUFOB SFBMJ[BEB DPO MOFB EF USBOTNJTJO

1 %JQPMPT FO DSV[
Plan: N ! A!
a dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. Escriba su
nte al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
1 %JQPMPT FO DSV[
4FB VOB BOUFOB JEFBM GPSNBEB QPS EPT EJQPMPT FMFNFOUBMFT EPT EJQPMPT EF MPOHJUVE JOOJ
UFTJNBM DSV[BEPT TFHO MB 'JHVSB $BEB EJQPMP UJFOF MPOHJUVE dl Z FTU SFDPSSJEP QPS
ados segn laMB NJTNB
figuraDPSSJFOUF I
adjunta. Cada dipolo tiene
z
jko r

y
s A = Idl e ,
o
4r
x
Fig. P1. Antena
en cualquier 'JHVSB
punto. %PT EJQPMPT EJTQVFTUPT PSUPHPOBMNFOUF Z DSV[BEPT FO FM QVOUP NFEJP
ambos dipolos elementales

B
4J FM NEVMP EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF VO EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM FT
e jk r
A = Idl ,
r
DBMDVMF FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FO DPPSEFSOBEBT FTGSJDBT (r, , ) FO DVBMRVJFS QVOUP
C
%FNVFTUSF RVF FM DBNQP MFKBOP TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP
E = jA( sen + cos ) jA (cos [cos + sen]) .

D
$BMDVMF FM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
E
$BMDVMF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO
F
$BMDVMF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE
=jA(sen + cos )1BSB

/PUB jDBNQPT [ cos + sen])
A( cosMFKBOPT
Er = Hr =
E = jA E H =
E = jA E H =
Z

IRe [E H ] = E + E .
Vectores de la base de coordenadas esfricas.

/PUB -PT WFDUPSFT EF MB CBTF EF DPPSEFOBEBT FTGSJDBT TPO
r = sen cos x + sen sen y + cos z

= sen x + cos y
= cos cos x + cos sen y sen z.
4PMVDJO
B
&M QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FT MB TVNB EF MPT QPUFODJBMFT WFDUPSFT EF BNCPT EJQPMPT FMFNFOUBMFT
A = A(x + y )
&O FTGSJDBT IBDJFOEP VTP EF MB /PUB
A r = A r = A(x + y )(sen cos x + sen sen y + cos z) =

= A(sen cos + sen sen )
A = A = A(x + y )( sen x + cos y) =

= A( sen + cos )
A = A = A(x + y )(cos cos x + cos sen y sen z) =

= A(cos cos + cos sen ).
C
&O DBNQPT MFKBOPT IBDJFOEP VTP EF MB /PUB
Er =
E = jA = jA( sen + cos )
E = jA = jA(cos (cos + sen )).
D
&M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH FT IBDJFOEP EF OVFWP VTP EF MB /PUB

S = IRe [E H ] = E + E

= A (( sen()) + cos ( + sen())) =

o Idl
= (( sen()) + cos ( + sen()))
r
k o I dl
= (( sen()) + cos ( + sen())).
E
%JSFDUBNFOUF TJ FO VO EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM EF
UFOHP VOB UFOTJO V F JOUFOTJEBE I
SFMBDJPOBEPT B USBWT EF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO R a d .e . BIPSB UFOFNPT EJQPMPT
FO TFSJF DPO NEVMP EFM DBNQP SFTVMUBOUF E = E d .e . -B QPUFODJB UPUBM SBEJBEB FT
FM EPCMF EF MB EFM EF Z MB JNQFEBODJB UBNCJO R a = R a d .e .
1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM
&O UPEP DBTP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS

PT = R a I = PT = S dS =

s
S r

sen dd =

k o I dl
=
(( sen()) + cos ( + sen())) sen dd =

k o I dl k o I dl
=

sen ( + cos )d =

( + )
k o I dl k o I dl
= = .

$PNP PT = R a I
k o I dl k o dl
= Ra I Ra = = k o dl = dl

dl
= = Rad .e .
FOUSFHP FM EPCMF EF QPUFODJB PT = V I QBSB PCUFOFS VO DBNQP

F
%F JHVBM GPSNB
EF NPEVMP E EPOEF E FT FM DBNQP QSPQPSDJPOBEP QPS VO TPMP EJQPMP FMFNFOUBM
1PS MP UBOUP UFOHP VO WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH NYJNP DPO NEVMP FM EPCMF EFM RVF UFOB
QFSP B DPTUB EFM EPCMF EF QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB -B EJSFDUJWJEBE RVFEB JHVBM
"UFOEJFOEP B MB EFOJDJO
U max (, )

PT
D= = = = . = . E#,
PT PT
EPOEF EBEP RVF U(, ) = S r
k o I dl
Pmax r = { = } = = PT = P .
1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM

4F QJEF FTUVEJBS VOB BOUFOB NVZ VUJMJ[BEB FO SBEJPEJGVTJO 4F USBUB EF VOB BOUFOB GPSNBEB
QPS EPT EJQPMPT FO MOFB TFQBSBEPT VOB EJTUBODJB d EF BI RVF FTUB BOUFOB SFDJCB FM
OPNCSF EF DPMJOFBM WFS 'JHVSB "NCPT FMFNFOUPT FTUO BMJNFOUBEPT DPO MB NJTNB
JOUFOTJEBE I 4F QJEF
B
0CUFOFS FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO TMP MB GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB QBSB FM QMBOP IPSJ[POUBM
Z FM WFSUJDBM TJ d =
C
1SPQPSDJPOBS VOB FYQSFTJO BVORVF JODMVZB VOB JOUFHSBM TJO SFTPMWFS QBSB MB QPUFODJB
SBEJBEB FO GVODJO EF MB EJTUBODJB d

D
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS EF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB
Z MB EJSFDUJWJEBE QBSB d =
E
$POUFTUBS B MB TJHVJFOUF QSFHVOUB {4F NBOUFOESO FTUPT NJTNPT WBMPSFT QBSB PUSBT
EJTUBODJBT d 3B[POF TV SFTQVFTUB
z
!

!

! r
d"
!
!
y
!
x
!
!
'JHVSB &TRVFNB BOUFOBT DPMJOFBM EF EPT EJQPMPT
!
/PUB "MHVOB EF MBT TJHVJFOUFT JOUFHSBMFT QVFEF TFSMF EF VUJMJEBE
!
! cos ( cos )( + cos( cos ))
sen
d .
cos ( cos )( + cos( cos ))
sen
d .
cos ( cos )
sen
r0 d .
r1
cos ( cos )(cos ( cos ))
dcos sen
d .
cos ( cos )(cos( cos ))
!
sen
d z !
Antena 0 d Antena 1
!
1 "OUFOB DPMJOFBM
4PMVDJO
B
&O MB 'JHVSB TF QVFEF BQSFDJBS RVF d FT MB EJTUBODJB RVF TFQBSB MBT BOUFOBT Z FT FM
OHVMP EF MB EJSFDDJO FO MB RVF TF DBMDVMB FM WBMPS EFM QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO SFTQFDUP
BM FKF WFSUJDBM $PNP TF IB BMJOFBEP FM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT EF GPSNB RVF z TF
z FTUF OHVMP DPJODJEF DPO FM
DPSSFTQPOEF DPO FM QSPQJP QPTUF RVF TVTUFOUB MBT BOUFOBT
! WBMPS EFM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT FTGSJDBT 4J TF DFOUSB FM TJTUFNB EF DPPSEFOBEBT
FO FM QVOUP NFEJP FOUSF MBT BOUFOBT FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO FT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBM FO

! EFCJEP B MB TJNFUSB SFTQFDUP BM FKF z "T TMP IBZ EFQFOEFODJB FO RVF WFOES
EBEB QPS MB EJGFSFODJB EF GBTF FOUSF MPT DBNQPT MFKBOPT RVF TF SFDJCFO EF BNCBT
BOUFOBT RVF EBS MVHBS BM QBUSO EF HSVQP
Z MB QPUFODJB RVF MMFHBSB
! r TJ TMP IVCJFTF VO
FMFNFOUP SBEJBOEP QBUSO VOJUBSJP

d" $PNP SFTVMUBEP FM DPSUF EFM QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO
QPS DVBMRVJFS QMBOP RVF DPOUFOHB B z TF QVFEF PCUFOFS QPS NVMUJQMJDBDJO EF QBUSPOFT
! P BQMJDBOEP MB GSNVMB QBSB VO DPOKVOUP EF EPT BOUFOBT
! 1BSB EPT BOUFOBT JTUSPQBT TFQBSBEBT VOB EJTUBODJB d FM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO FO VO

QMBOP RVF MBT DPOUFOHB UBM DPNP TF EFTDSJCF FO MB 'JHVSB WJFOF EBEP QPSy <>
! d cos
E = E cos = x
E
cos ,

!
EPOEF FT FM EFTGBTF DPO FM RVF MMFHB FM DBNQP EF VOB BOUFOB SFTQFDUP EF MB PUSB
! = k o d cos .
!
4MP IBZ RVF NVMUJQMJDBS FM QBUSO EF HSVQP FO MB FYQSFTJO BOUFSJPS
QPS FM
EJBHSBNB WFSUJDBM EF VO EJQPMP UBM DPNP TF NVFTUSB FO MB 'JHVSB /UFTF RVF FM
! EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO VOJUBSJP FT FM DPSUF EF VO QMBOP WFSUJDBM BM EJBHSBNB EF SBEJBDJO
r0
r1
dcos
!
z!
Antena 0 d Antena 1
!
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF BOUFOBT DPMJOFBMFT Z DBNQPT MFKBOPT
EF VO EJQPMP EJTQVFTUP WFSUJDBMNFOUF Z FM SFTVMUBEP FT VO QBUSO DPO GPSNB EF AAPDIP

UVNCBEP
C
)BZ RVF SFDBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB QBSB FM EJQPMP QFSP UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB FM QBUSO
EF HSVQP 0 EJDIP EF PUSB GPSNB FO QVOUPT MFKBOPT FM NEVMP EFM WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH
FT FM NEVMP EFM DBNQP FMDUSJDP BM DVBESBEP QBSUJEP QPS MB JNQFEBODJB DBSBDUFSTUJDB
: FM DBNQP FMDUSJDP FT FM EF MB FYQSFTJO EFM "QBSUBEP B
EPOEF E FT FM DBNQP EF VO
EJQPMP 4VTUJUVZFOEP E QPS FM DBNQP SBEJBEP QPS VO EJQPMP F JOUFHSBOEP FO
VOB FTGFSB DFSSBEB

p t = S d S
S
I cos ( cos )

d cos
= cos r sen dd
r sen
I cos ( cos ) cos d cos

=

sen

d.
D
)BDJFOEP d = RVFEB
I cos ( cos ) cos ( cos )

pt =

sen
d.
6UJMJ[BOEP MB DVBSUB FYQSFTJO JOUFHSBM QSPQPSDJPOBEB FO FM FOVODJBEP
I
pt = . = . I .

&T EFDJS FM EPCMF EF MB EF VO EJQPMP &WJEFOUFNFOUF MB SFTJTUFODJB EF SBEJBDJO RVFEB
FM EPCMF

p t = I R a = .I R a = . = . = R a .
x =
b) Hay que recalcular la potencia radiada para el dipolo pero teniendo en cuenta el patrn de grupo. O dicho de otra
'JHVSB 1BUSO EF BOUFOB DPMJOFBM QPS NVMUJQMJDBDJO EF QBUSPOFT QBUSO EF HSVQP
forma, el vector de poyting es el mdulo del campo elctrico al cuadrado. El campo elctrico es el de la expresin del
QPSE0QBUSO
apartado a), donde VOJUBSJP
es el campo JHVBM
de un dipolo /2.BAs,
QBUSO SFTVMUBOUF
en la expresin de la potencia radiada de un dipolo slo hay que
incluir el mdulo del patrn de grupo al cuadrado,
2 "
! ! ! I 2 cos ( 2 cos# )
2" " " " d cos# %
pt = !
( P ! dS = ( 0 ( 0 8" 2r 2 sen 2# 4 cos2 $# $ '& r 2 sen# d# d% =
S
" " " d cos# %

cos2 ( cos# )4 cos2 $ '
!I 2 " 2 # $ &
3FTQFDUP B MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB QSJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT MB JOUFOTJEBE EF SBEJBDJO
I cos ( cos )

u(, ) = S r = cos ( cos ),
sen
Z MB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB B QBSUJS EF TUB
u(, ) cos ( cos )

d(, ) = = cos ( cos )
p t . sen
cos ( cos )
= . cos ( cos ).
sen
&TUB FYQSFTJO OP FT TJOP MB FYQSFTJO NBUFNUJDB EFM DVBESBEP EF MP SFQSFTFOUBEP FO

FM "QBSUBEP B
-B EJSFDUJWJEBE FT FM NYJNP RVF UBM DPNP TF WJP FO FM "QBSUBEP B
TF
EB QBSB = d = . Z FO E# + . = . E#
E
1BSB PUSBT EJTUBODJBT OP TF DVNQMJS RVF
cos ( cos )(cos ( cos ))

sen
d .
FO
Z OP TF EBS FO HFOFSBM RVF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB TFB EPT WFDFT MB SBEJBEB QPS
VO EJQPMP OJ RVF MB JNQFEBODJB UPUBM TFB MB TVNB EF MBT JNQFEBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT FO
FTUF DBTP FM EPCMF BM TFS JHVBMFT &TUP FT MB JNQFEBODJB EF SBEJBDJO OP FT MB TVNB EF
MBT JNQFEBODJBT EF MPT EJQPMPT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF

B
4FB VOB BOUFOB DVBMRVJFSB FO FM PSJHFO EF DPPSEFOBEBT DBSUFTJBOP 4VQOHBTF RVF
FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF FTUB BOUFOB FO VO QVOUP MFKBOP DVBMRVJFSB EFM FTQBDJP FT A
%FNVFTUSF RVF TJ TF EFTQMB[B TJO SPUBDJO
MB BOUFOB B VO QVOUP DFSDBOP
EFM FKF x B
VOB EJTUBODJB a EFM DFOUSP FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS SFTVMUBOUF TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP
Ax = A e jk x a
EPOEF k x = k sen cos =

sen cos : RVF QBSB VO EFTQMB[BNJFOUP TJNJMBS FO FM
FKF y Z FO FM FKF z TF UJFOF
A y = A e jk y a
Az = A e jk z a
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS EF k y Z k z 4VHFSFODJB FM WBMPS k z TF TVFMF VUJMJ[BS FO FM DMDVMP EFM

QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EF VO FMFNFOUP EF DPSSJFOUF FO FM FKF z B VOB QFRVFB EJTUBODJB EFM
DFOUSP
C
4VQPOHB VO EJQPMP EJTQVFTUP WFSUJDBMNFOUF FO FM QVOUP (x, y, z) = (a, , ) Z DPO
! !
!!
!! !
'JHVSB %JQPMP DPO QMBOP SFFDUPS
VO QMBOP DPOEVDUPS QFSGFDUP DPO WFDUPS TVQFSDJF Y RVF QBTB QPS FM QVOUP (x, y, z) =
(, , ) $BMDVMF FM DBNQP FMDUSJDP FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT 0CUFOHB VOB FYQSFTJO QBSB
FM QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB P TJNJMBS
FO GVODJO
EFM B[JNVU Z FMFWBDJO DPO a = $PNQSVFCF TJ FO FM FKF y UJFOF MB NYJNB P MB
NOJNB HBOBODJB EJSFDUJWB 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS MB 'JHVSB TJ UJFOF BMHVOB EVEB TPCSF MB
DPOHVSBDJO EF MB BOUFOB
D
&O MB TJUVBDJO EFM "QBSUBEP C
Z QBSB a = SFQSFTFOUF FM QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO FO FM
QMBOP & RVF QBTB QPS FM FKF y Z FO FM QMBOP ) VUJMJ[BOEP FM NUPEP EF NVMUJQMJDBDJO
EF QBUSPOFT *OEJRVF MB EJSFDDJO EF NYJNB HBOBODJB 5BNCJO JOEJRVF DMBSBNFOUF
MPT FKFT
E
&O MB TJUVBDJO EFM "QBSUBEP C
EJTDVUB DNP DBMDVMBSB FM WBMPS EF MB EJSFDUJWJEBE HB
OBODJB
EF MB BOUFOB JOEJDBOEP TJ TFSB BMHVOP EF MPT TJHVJFOUFT WBMPSFT BSHVNFOUBOEP
TV FMFDDJO
t FM EPCMF EFM WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t MB NJUBE EFM WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t FM NJTNP WBMPS EF MB HBOBODJB QBSB FM EJQPMP
t PUSP WBMPS B DBMDVMBS
4PMVDJO
B
6O QPUFODJBM WFDUPS DVBMRVJFS FO DPPSEFOBEBT FTGSJDBT WJFOF EBEP QPS
A = r cos sin x +r sin sin y + r cos z
TJ TF EFTQMB[B MB BOUFOB VOB EJTUBODJB a FO FM FKF x Z DPNP FTUBNPT FO DBNQPT MFKBOPT

FM WFDUPS EFTQMB[BEP FT QBSBMFMP BM BOUFSJPS Z FM FGFDUP FT FM EF VO EFTGBTF QVFTUP
RVF B FGFDUPT EF NBHOJUVE EFM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS FM EFTQMB[BNJFOUP FT JOTJHOJDBOUF
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB QSPZFDDJO EFM EFTQMB[BNJFOUP TPCSF FM WFDUPS
A
l = ax A = (a, , ) (cos sin , sin sin , cos ) = a cos sin .
&M EFTGBTF FT

x = l = l k ,

MVFHP FM QPUFODJBM WFDUPS EFTQMB[BEP FT
Ax = A e j x = A e jk a cos sin .
4J TF SFQJUF DPO MPT WFDUPSFT (, a, ) Z (, , a) TF PCUJFOF SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
A y = A e j y = A e jk a sin sin
Az = A e j z = A e jk a cos .
C
&M DBNQP DSFBEP QPS FM EJQPMP FO FM QVOUP (a, , ) FT E+a = Ed i p e jk a cos sin FM
QMBOP DPOEVDUPS QPS UFPSB EF JNHFOFT TF TVTUJUVZF QPS VO EJQPMP DPO JOUFOTJEBE
PQVFTUB Ea = Ed i p e jk a cos sin
&M SFTVMUBEP FT MB TVNB
E = E+a + Ea = Ed i p (e jk a cos sen e jk a cos sen )

= Ed i p sen (k a cos sen ) .
1BSB MB EJTUBODJB TVHFSJEB FO FM FOVODJBEP
E = Ed i p sen cos sen .

4F PCTFSWB RVF FO FM FKF y QBSB = pi TF BOVMB &M NYJNP MP UJFOF QBSB = Z
= &M WFDUPS EF 1PZOUJOH TFS EF MB GPSNB
I o cos ( cos )

S = Sd i p sen cos sen = sen cos sen .
r sen

D
5FOFNPT VOB NVMUJQMJDBDJO EF QBUSPOFT DPO d = , = &O MB 'JHVSB B TF
NVFTUSBO MBT BOUFOBT MB PSJHJOBM Z MB JNBHFO DPO TVT QBUSPOFT VOJUBSJPT &M QBUSO EF
HSVQP TF QVFEF DPOTVMUBS P DBMDVMBS DPO
d cos
E = E cos = E cos + .

&TUF QBUSO TF QVFEF PCTFSWBS FO MB 'JHVSB C 3FBMJ[BOEP MB NVMUJQMJDBDJO RVFEB
UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF MB BOUFOB OP SBEJB IBDJB BUST FM EJBHSBNB FO MB 'JHVSB D
&TUF FT FM SFTVMUBEP QBSB FM QMBOP & 1BSB FM QMBOP ) FT JONFEJBUP MPT QBUSPOFT VOJUBSJPT
TPO PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT Z FM QBUSO EF HSVQP FT EJSFDUBNFOUF FM SFTVMUBEP FMJNJOBO
EP FM MCVMP J[RVJFSEP QPS FTUBS EFUST EFM QMBOP DPOEVDUPS 2VFEB FM QBUSO FO MB
'JHVSB E
Y el vector de Poynting ser de la forma
2 p

2 p
h0Io2 cos ( 2 cos q) p
S = Sdip 4 sin cos f sin q =
cos f sin q
4 sin2

2 & 2
8p r 2
sen 2
q 4JTUFNBT 2 &
$BQUVMP SBEJBOUFT
3) Tenemos una multiplicacin de patrones con d=/2, =. En la siguiente figura se muestran las
sus patrones unitarios,
d= /2
.
B
o calcular con
El de grupo se puede consultar
y ,pd cos f + a donde d=2. Este patrn es

= 2E0 cos
E = 2E0 cos
2 la antena
la multiplicacin queda, teniendo en cuenta que no radia
l 2 & atrs:
hacia
z
,
,
haciendo la multiplicacin queda, teniendo en cuenta que la C
antena no radia hacia atrs:

aciendo la multiplicacin queda, teniendo en cuenta que la antena no radia hacia atrs:
z

x
z
resultado para el plano E. Para el plano H es inmediato, los patrones unitarios

x son omnidireccionales
n de grupo es directamente el resultado, eliminando el lbulo izquierdo por estar detrs del plano
r: D
x
Este es el resultado para el plano E. Para el plano H es inmediato, los patrones unitarios son omnidireccionales
y eles
patrn de grupo para
es directamente el Para
resultado,
ste el resultado
conductor:
el plano E. eliminando
el plano
y el lbulo izquierdo
H es inmediato, por estar
los patrones detrs delson
unitarios plano
omnidireccionales
el patrn de grupo es directamente el resultado, eliminando el lbulo izquierdo por estar detrs del plano
onductor:
y

x
y

x
E
x
ancia hay que calcularla. Esta antena tiene un patrn de radiacin distinto que el del dipolo. Y habra
lar la potencia'JHVSB
total
radiada$MDVMP EFM EJBHSBNB
para poder calcularEF laSBEJBDJO
ganancia. -PT QVOUPT
A priori OFHSPT
parece queJOEJDBO
estarMBenQPTJDJO
torno alEF
d) la ganancia hay que calcularla. EstaZ antena tiene
Z C
unEF
la MB BOUFOB
ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porqueFO el
B
patrn espatrn de radiacin
MB BOUFOB
parecido JNBHFO
al distinto
&O B
del dipolo y que el del dipolo.

UFOFNPT
no radia aMPT Y habra
la EJBHSBNBT
izquierda.
que calcular la potencia totalEFradiada para poder calcular la ganancia. A priori parece que estar
SBEJBDJO VOJUBSJPT DFOUSBEPT FO DBEB BOUFOB &O C
TF JODMVZF FM QBUSO en torno al
sdoble
exactamente el doble.
de la ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porque el patrn es parecido al del dipolo y no radia a la izquierda.
la ganancia hay que el EF HSVQPEsta
calcularla. &O D
TF SFQSFTFOUB
antena tiene unFMpatrn
SFTVMUBEP EF MB NVMUJQMJDBDJO
de radiacin distinto que QBSBelFMdel
QMBOP
dipolo. Y habra
Pero no es exactamente doble.
& OUFTF RVF TMP TF SBEJB B MB EFSFDIB EFM QMBOP DPOEVDUPS &O
ue calcular la potencia total radiada para poder calcular la ganancia. A priori parece que estar en torno al E
TF EJCVKB
FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP QBSB FM QMBOP )
oble de la ganancia del dipolo utilizado, porque el patrn es parecido al del dipolo y no radia a la izquierda.
ero no es exactamente el doble.
E
-B HBOBODJB IBZ RVF DBMDVMBSMB &TUB BOUFOB UJFOF VO QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO EJTUJOUP
RVF FM EFM EJQPMP : IBCSB RVF DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB UPUBM SBEJBEB QBSB QPEFS DBMDVMBS
MB HBOBODJB " QSJPSJ QBSFDF RVF FTUBS FO UPSOP BM EPCMF EF MB HBOBODJB EFM EJQPMP
VUJMJ[BEP QPSRVF FM QBUSO FT QBSFDJEP BM EFM EJQPMP Z OP SBEJB B MB J[RVJFSEB 1FSP OP
FT FYBDUBNFOUF FM EPCMF
1 "OUFOB 8J'J
&O VOB VSCBOJ[BDJO TF IB EJTQVFTUP VO QVOUP EF BDDFTP 8J'J FO VO QPTUF EF BMUVSB h t

QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB B VO DPOKVOUP EF WFDJOPT RVF WJWFO FO DBTBT EJTQFSTBT -PT EBUPT EFM
1 "OUFOB 8J'J
TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF FO FM QPTUF TPO MPT JODMVJEPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT TJTUFNB SBEJBDJO 8J'J FO QPTUF QVOUP EF BDDFTP
/NFSP EF DBOBMFT TJNVMUOFPT

"OUFOB %JQPMP
%JTQPTJDJO EFM EJQPMP WFSUJDBM
(BOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB . E#J
1SEJEBT FO MPT DBCMFT E#
1*3& N8
'SFDVFODJB DFOUSBM . ()[
/JWFM EF SFGFSFODJB 8N
4FOTJCJMJEBE JODMVJEP NBSHFO EF E#

E#N
-PT FRVJQPT FO MPT IPHBSFT UJFOFO VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N B MB RVF TF MF BBEF VO
NBSHFO EF E# Z USBOTNJUFO B N8 -B HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB EF MPT SFDFQUPSFT TF
UPNBO B E#J Z VOBT QSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBCMFT FO DPOFDUPSFT : FM QFSM EFM UFSSFOP RVF IBZ
FOUSF FM TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF Z MPT SFDFQUPSFT FT QMBOP DPO DPOEVDUJWJEBE QSDUJDBNFOUF
OVMB Z QFSNJUJWJEBE SFMBUJWB EF WBMPS r =
B
&O QSFWJTJO EFM DVNQMJNJFOUP EF MPT OJWFMFT EF FNJTJPOFT SBEJPFMDUSJDBT TFHO MP
JOEJDBEP FO FM 3FBM %FDSFUP EFM EF 4FQUJFNCSF TF EFTFB DBMDVMBS MPT WBMPSFT
EF QFSNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE GVFSB EFM DVBM FM VKP EF QPUFODJB FT NFOPS EF 8N
$BMDVMF FM QFSNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE TJ MB QSPQBHBDJO TF SFBMJ[B FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
C
$BMDVMF FM QFSNFUSP EF TFHVSJEBE TJ TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB RVF QVFEF IBCFS VO SBZP
SFFKBEP RVF JODJEB UBNCJO FO FM DVFSQP IVNBOP "TVNB FM QFPS DBTP
D
$BMDVMF MB NYJNB DPCFSUVSB TJ TF BTVNF QSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
E
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP C
DBMDVMF TJ B Z NFUSPT FT WJBCMF MB DPNVOJ
DBDJO TJ MB BOUFOB EFM QVOUP EF BDDFTP TF DPMPDB B N EF BMUVSB Z MB SFDFQUPSB B
NFUSPT
4PMVDJO
B
&M VKP EF QPUFODJB UJFOF RVF TFS NFOPS P JHVBM B 8N &O FTQBDJP MJCSF

pire pire
S = < d = . DN.
d Smax
C
4J IBZ VOB SFFYJO FM DBNQP TF QVFEF EVQMJDBS Z FM VKP DVBESVQMJDBS %F GPSNB RVF
TF UJFOF

pire pire
S = < d = . DN.
d Smax
D
-P QSJNFSP RVF IBCSB RVF WFS FT RV FOMBDF MJNJUB MB DPNVOJDBDJO TJ FM BTDFOEFOUF
P FM EFTDFOEFOUF 4JFOEP FM EFTDFOEFOUF FM FOMBDF EFTEF FM QPTUF B MPT IPHBSFT Z FM
BTDFOEFOUF FO FM RVF FM RVF USBOTNJUF FT FM FRVJQP FO MPT IPHBSFT IBDJB FM QPTUF &O
BNCPT DBTPT MBT QSEJEBT QPS SFDJQSPDJEBE Z MB 1*3& QPS FTUBS MJNJUBEB TPO MB
NJTNB QFSP FM EFTDFOEFOUF SFTQFDUP BM BTDFOEFOUF UJFOF VOB EFHSBEBDJO EF E#
EFCJEP B VOB QFPS TFOTJCJMJEBE Z VOB NFKPSB EF . = . E# EFCJEP B MB EJGFSFODJB
FO MBT HBOBODJBT EF BOUFOBT &TP IBDF RVF TFB FM BTDFOEFOUF FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUF MB
DPCFSUVSB MP FTUVEJBNPT &O FTQBDJP MJCSF UFOFNPT RVF MBT QSEJEBT TPO
d
L b f = log .
1PS 'SJJT
PIRE L b f + C mn E#N L b f L b f E#N,
EFTQFKBNPT MB EJTUBODJB
d max L b f = N,
UPNBOEP MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM
E
&O FTUF DBTP UFOFNPT VO NPEFMP EF SFFYJO FO FM TVFMP FO FM RVF OP TF EBO MBT DPOEJ
DJPOFT QBSB BQMJDBS MB BQSPYJNBDJO EF UJFSSB QMBOB )BZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM DPFDJFOUF EF
SFFYJO DPO MBT TJHVJFOUFT FYQSFTJPOFT QBSB QPMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM EBEB MB EJTQPTJDJO
EFM EJQPMP 1SJNFSP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB QFSNJUJWJEBE DPNQMFKB EFM TVFMP
o = r j = { = } = r ,
QBSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS

o TFO o cos
RV = R e j = ,
o TFO + o cos
EPOEF
h t + hr . SBE d = N
= arctan =
d . SBE d = N
R V = . d = N
.
R V = . d = N
8J'J GVODJPOB FO NPEP EVQMFYJO QPS EJWJTJO FO FM UJFNQP UJNF EJWJTJPO EVQMFYJOH 5%%
QPS MP RVF MB
GSFDVFODJB EF TVCJEB Z CBKBEB FT MB NJTNB
1 "OUFOB 8J'J
4J DBMDVMBNPT FM EFTGBTF
l h t h r . d = N
= = = ,
d . d = N
QPEFNPT JODMVJSMP FO MB FYQSFTJO EF QSEJEBT FO FM NPEFMP EF SFFYJO QBSB EJTUBODJBT

DPSUBT TJO JODMVJS SFGSBDDJO
C dr = PIRE L b + G r
d
= PIRE log + log( + R + R cos( + )) + G r .

%FTQFKBOEP
d = N C dr = . E#N
d = N C dr = . E#N
EF GPSNB RVF TMP MB MUJNB FT NBZPS RVF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N ZB JODMVJEP FM

NBSHFO EF E# &TUP FT B EJTUBODJBT JOUFSNFEJBT FM TJTUFNB OP GVODJPOB
&O MB 'JHVSB TF JODMVZF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJO EF MB EJTUBODJB QBSB FM
FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF 4F IB JODMVJEP UBNCJO MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO FTQBDJP MJCSF Z FO FM
NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB QBSB EJTUBODJBT FMFWBEBT d > h t h r
EBEP QPS
Pdr = PIRE log(d) + log(h t h r ) + G r .
Enlace
40
Espacio Libre
Tierra Plana
50 Espacio Libre + Reflexin
60
Pdr
70
80
90
100
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
d (km)
'JHVSB %JQPMP DPO QMBOP SFFDUPS


4FB VOB TJTUFNB EF SBEJPEJGVTJO EF ". B L)[
&O FTUPT TJTUFNBT FT UQJDP
BQPSUBS EBUPT TPCSF MB QSPQBHBDJO NFEJBOUF VOB HSDB WFS 'JHVSB FO MB RVF TF
SFQSFTFOUB FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO GVODJO EF MB EJTUBODJB EPOEF FM DBNQP QSPQPSDJPOBEP E c
E# 7N E#VN
WJFOF EBEP QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJO DPO VOB BOUFOB EF HBOBODJB .
E#J B MB RVF TF MF IB FOUSFHBEP VOB QPUFODJB p t L8 &TUB HBOBODJB TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO MB
HBOBODJB EF VOB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB "7$
NVZ VUJMJ[BEB FO USBOTNJTJPOFT ". "M JHVBM
RVF TF EFOF MB 1*3& TF EFOF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF TPCSF BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB
FFDUJWF NPOPQPMFSBEJBUFE QPXFS &.31
13"7$
EPOEF MB QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF
FT SFTQFDUP B VOB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB EF GPSNB RVF PRAVC = PT +G t E#J
G AV C E#J
EPOEF G AV C = . E#J
B
%F MBT TJHVJFOUFT BOUFOBT JOEJRVF DVM Z QPS RV VUJMJ[BSB DPNP USBOTNJTPS QBSB VOB
SBEJPEJGVTJO EF ". EJQPMP EJQPMP DPSUP CPDJOB ZBHJVEB NPOPQPMP TPCSF
FM TVFMP Z NPOPQPMP DPSUP TPCSF FM TVFMP BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB
4VHFSFODJB QJFOTF
FO VOB USBOTNJTJO B .)[
C
0CUFOHB VOB FYQSFTJO FO EFDJCFMJPT QBSB FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FYQSFTBEP FO E# 7N
FO GVODJO EFM DBNQP E c DVBOEP TF FOUSFHB B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB EF HBOBODJB G t FO

E#J
VOB QPUFODJB DVBMRVJFSB Pt FO E#L
0CUFOHB UBNCJO MB FYQSFTJO RVF SFMBDJPOB
MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO E#N
FO CPSOBT EF VOB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB HFOSJDB EF HBOBODJB
G r E#J
DPO MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FYQSFTBEB BIPSB FO E#8
B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB
MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB G t E#J
Z FM DBNQP E c FO E# 7N

D
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO MB BOUFOB EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB NYJNB HBOBODJB
B VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN DVBOEP TF FOUSFHBO L8 EF QPUFODJB B VOB BOUFOB

USBOTNJTPSB JHVBM B MB EF MB 'JHVSB Z TF USBCBKB B VOB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM EF .)[
-B BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT VOB BOUFOB EF DVBESP UQJDB EF SFDFQDJO FO BQBSBUPT FRVJQPT
DBEFOBT
EF BVEJP WFS 'JHVSB -B BOUFOB TF DPOFDUB BEBQUBEB B VOB JNQFEBODJB
EF FOUSBEB BM FRVJQP EF BVEJP EF -B BOUFOB FT VO DPOKVOUP EF WVFMUBT EF IJMP
DPOEVDUPS DPO GPSNB EF FTQJSB DVBESBOHVMBS DPNP MB SFQSFTFOUBEB FO MB 'JHVSB
EF MBEP l = DN Z SFDPSSJEB QPS VOB DPSSJFOUF EF BNQMJUVE I 4V HBOBODJB UJFOF WBMPS
NYJNP . FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT $PNQSVFCF RVF FM WBMPS EF UFOTJO DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
B FTUB QPUFODJB FTU QPS FODJNB EF VO WBMPS UQJDP EF TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E# 7 Z FT
NFOPS RVF VO WBMPS NYJNP QFSNJUJEP EF E# 7
E
*OEJRVF QBSB MB TJUVBDJO FO FM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS DNP PSJFOUBSB MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB
EF MB 'JHVSB FO SFMBDJO B MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB PCUFOFS MB
NYJNB HBOBODJB {"QVOUBSB FM FKF z IBDJB MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB 3B[POF TV SFTQVFTUB
4PMVDJO
B
-B MPOHJUVE EF POEB FT NVZ HSBOEF QBSB .)[ FT EF NFUSPT MB (JSBMEB NJEF
N
%F GPSNB RVF UBNBPT EF BOUFOBT DPNQBSBCMFT B MB MPOHJUVE EF POEB TFSBO
FOPSNFT "EFNT TF CVTDB VOB BOUFOB PNOJEJSFDDJPOBM QVFT TF USBUB EF VO QSPCMFNB
EF SBEJPEJGVTJO "QBSUF OP FT OFDFTBSJP NPOUBS VOB BOUFOB EF ". FO BMUP QVFTUP RVF
1.5 MHz
100
1 MHz
500 kHz
Intensidad de Campo Elctrico dBV/m 80
60
40
20
20
0 1 2
10 10 10
Distancia (km)
'JHVSB 1SPQBHBDJO FO POEB EF TVQFSDJF $BNQP SFDJCJEP E c FO GVODJO EF MB

EJTUBODJB QBSB L8 EF PRAVC
'JHVSB 'PUPHSBGB EF BOUFOB EF DVBESP UQJDB EF VO SFDFQUPS EF ".
TV NPEP EF QSPQBHBDJO FT QPS POEB EF TVQFSDJF RVF OP FTU BGFDUBEB TFWFSBNFOUF EF

PCTUDVMPT OJ TJNJMBSFT 1PS MP RVF VUJMJ[BS EJQPMPT OP UJFOF TFOUJEP 1PS FTUPT NPUJWPT
UPEBT MBT BOUFOBT RVFEBO EFTDBSUBEBT B FYDFQDJO EFM NPOPQPMP DPSUP P FM NPOPQPMP
NFUSPT

4J DPNQBSBNPT FTUBT BOUFOBT DPO MBT EF '. EPOEF MBT EJNFOTJPOFT TF SFEVDFO FO
Z MB QSPQBHBDJO FT QPS POEB USPQPTGSJDB WFNPT RVF FO '. MBT BOUFOBT UJFOFO RVF
FTUBS FO BMUP : QPS FMMP FM EJQPMP FT VOB CVFOB BOUFOB QBSB '. "T B WFDFT TF
VUJMJ[B DPO FM BJTMBNJFOUP BQSPQJBEP FM NJTNP QPTUF RVF TPTUJFOF MB BOUFOB EF '. P
x
x
I
l I
I
I
l
I l z
I z
I
y I
y
(a) (b)
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF MB BOUFOB EF DVBESP DPO EFTDSJQDJO EF
(a) (b)JOUFOTJEBEFT Z MPOHJUVEFT
Figura 2: a) fotografa de una antena de cuadro para AM y b) esquema de antena de cuadro
Figura 2: a) fotografa de una antena de cuadro para AM y b) esquema de antena de cuadro
Aisladores Aisladores
Cable de Cable de 75 m 75 m
sujeccin sujeccin
Lnea Lnea
Tierra alim.
Tierra alim.
Aislador de la base
Aislador de la base
'JHVSB &TRVFNB
Figura EFpara
3: Antena
Figura 3: Antena para transmisin
MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB
transmisin
Comience a resolver el problema a continuacin y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.

EF aSBEJPFOMBDFT
a resolver el problema continuacin yDPNP FMFNFOUP
en cualquier SBEJBOUFesta
caso entregue EFhoja.
".
C
&M DBNQP SFDJCJEP WJFOF EBEP QPS FM WBMPS EF DBNQP E c FO MB 'JHVSB NT MB
EJGFSFODJB FOUSF MB PRAVC SFBM NFOPT MB VUJMJ[BEB QBSB HFOFSBS MB HVSB L8 E#L
-B PRAVC FT MB TVNB EF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFTQFDUP
B MB BOUFOB WFSUJDBM DPSUB RVF FT FO E# E#J &TUP FT MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NT
35
35
MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB FO E#J NFOPT E#J
E(E# 7N) = E c (E# 7N) + PRAVC(E#L) PRAVC c (E#L)

= E c (E# 7N) + Pt (E#L) + G t (E#J) G ant.v er.cor t (E#J)
PRAVC t,c (E#L),
EPOEF PRAVC FT MB 13"7$ USBOTNJUJEB Z E c FT FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO MB 'JHVSB

QBSB VOB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PRAVC c = E#L
4VTUJUVJNPT WBMPSFT FO MB HVSB QSPQPSDJPOBEB MB PRAVC FT EF L8 E#L Z DPNP
G AV C = . E#J
E(E# 7N) = E c (E# 7N) + Pt (E#L) + G t (E#J) .
1BSB MP TFHVOEP RVF OPT QJEFO MB SFMBDJO FOUSF QPUFODJB Z DBNQP SFDJCJEPT SFDVSSJNPT
B MB FYQSFTJO
Pr (E#N) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) .
Z TVTUJUVJNPT MB BOUFSJPS QBSB SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJ

UJEB PCUFOJFOEP
Pr (E#N) = E c (E# 7N) + Pt (E#L) + G t (E#J)

log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) .(E#).
4J TF FYQSFTB MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO E#8 IBZ RVF SFTUBS E#
Pr (E#N) = E c (E# 7N) + Pt (E#8) + G t (E#J)

log f (.)[) + G r (E#J) .(E#).
D
2VFEB
Pr (E#N) = (E# 7N) + (E#8) + .(E#J)

log (.)[) + .(E#J) .(E#),
EPOEF FM WBMPS TF IB PCUFOJEP EF MB 'JHVSB QBSB d = LN Z f = .)[ DFOUSP

EF MB CBOEB TF QPESB UPNBS UBNCJO FM QFPS DBTP f = . .)[
MPT L8 TPO
E#8 MPT . E#J DPSSFTQPOEFO B VOB BOUFOB NPOPQPMP TPCSF FM TVFMP Z MB
HBOBODJB NYJNB EF MB BOUFOB EF DVBESP DPOTJEFSBEB FT E#J
'JOBMNFOUF
Pr (E#N) = E#N.
-B SFMBDJO FOUSF MB UFOTJO Z MB QPUFODJB FO VO QVOUP EFQFOEF EF MB SFTJTUFODJB EPOEF

TF BQMJRVF MB UFOTJO FO FTUF DBTP P(E#N) = V (E# ) log "T QBSB
E# 7 MB QPUFODJB BTPDJBEB FT EF E#N Z QBSB E# 7 EF E#N $PO

MP RVF FTU EFOUSP EFM SBOHP WMJEP 4F QVFEF DBMDVMBS JHVBMNFOUF RVF MPT E#N
DPSSFTQPOEFO B E# 7 RVF FTU EFOUSP EFM SBOHP
/PUB FM MFDUPS QVFEF TFOUJSTF UFOUBEP EF VUJMJ[BS 'SJJT Z MBT QSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
:B TFB EJSFDUBNFOUF P B USBWT EF BMHVOB FYQSFTJO RVF SFMBDJPOF DBNQP Z QPUFODJB
USBOTNJUJEB &M FSSPS FT HSBWF Z EF DPODFQUP QVFT MB QSPQBHBDJO QPS POEB EF TVQFSDJF
OP FT JHVBM B MB EFM FTQBDJP MJCSF : FO UPEP DBTP IBZ RVF TBCFS RVF MB 'JHVSB BM
JHVBM RVF FO PUSBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT DPNP MB *5631 FT QSFDJTBNFOUF VOB GPSNB
EF EFTDSJCJS MBT QSEJEBT
E
-B BOUFOB QBSB VOB FTQJSB FT FM FRVJWBMFOUF EF BOUFOBT EJQPMPT DPSUPT DFOUSBEBT FO MPT
DFOUSPT EF MPT DVBUSP MBEPT BMJOFBEBT TFHO FTPT MBEPT Z DPO JOUFOTJEBE MB JOEJDBEB FO MB
'JHVSB &M DBNQP SFTVMUBOUF TF QVFEF FTUVEJBS DPNP MB TVNB EFM DBNQP QSPEVDJEP
QBSB DBEB QBS EF MBEPT PQVFTUPT $PNP MBEPT PQVFTUPT UJFOFO JOUFOTJEBEFT PQVFTUBT Z
MB EJTUBODJB BM FKF z FT MB NJTNB FM DBNQP FO VO QVOUP EFM FKF z TFSB DFSP &M DBNQP FT
NYJNP FO FM QMBOP x, y %F GPSNB RVF IBCSB RVF BQVOUBS FM FKF z QFSQFOEJDVMBS BM
QMBOP RVF DPOUJFOF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB &O FTUB TJUVBDJO FM EFTGBTF FOUSF MB UFOTJO
JOEVDJEB FO MBEPT PQVFTUPT TFSB NOJNP Z UFOESBNPT MB NYJNB UFOTJO SFTVMUBOUF
5BNCJO TF QVFEF SB[POBS MP TJHVJFOUF 4F TBCF EFTEF MFDDJPOFT NVZ UFNQSBOBT EF
DBNQPT FN RVF VOB FTQJSB GVODJPOB DPO NYJNP SFOEJNJFOUP DVBOEP MB BUSBWJFTB VO
NYJNP VKP EF DBNQP NBHOUJDP &M EJQPMP P NPOPQPMP FO QPTJDJO WFSUJDBM UJFOFO
VO DBNQP NBHOUJDP EF EJSFDDJO FO DPPSEFOBEBT FTGSJDBT QPS MP RVF FM WFDUPS
TVQFSDJF EF MB FTQJSB EFCF TFS QBSBMFMP B FTUF WFDUPS
3VJEP F *OUFSNPEVMBDJO
& O UPEPT MPT QSPCMFNBT EF FTUF DBQUVMP TF QSPQPOF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP
P DVBMRVJFSB EF TVT WBSJBOUFT "MUFSOBUJWBNFOUF TF QSPQPOF DPNQSPCBS TJ MB QP
UFODJB SFDJCJEB FTU QPS FODJNB EF MB OFDFTBSJB P VNCSBM %POEF FTUF VNCSBM TF DBMDVMB
HFOFSBMNFOUF B QBSUJS EF MB DPOEJDJO EF SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP 5BNCJO FO NVDIPT
EF MPT QSPCMFNBT QSPQVFTUPT TF QJEF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB EF TFBM UJM B QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO
: FO BMHVOPT MB SFMBDJO TFBM UJM B MB TVNB EF
SVJEP NT EJTUPSTJO &O UPEPT MPT QSPCMFNBT TF BTVNF FO HFOFSBM RVF IBZ BEBQUBDJO
EF JNQFEBODJBT
*OUSPEVDDJO
&O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF QSFTFOUB VO TFODJMMP DMDVMP EF SVJEP F JOUFSNPEVMBDJO &M
1SPCMFNB 1 QMBOUFB VO QSPCMFNB EF DMDVMP EF SVJEP FO FM RVF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS
MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB B QBSUJS EF MPT EBUPT EF SVJEP HBMDUJDP Z MB BUNTGFSB &O FM
1SPCMFNB 1 IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF VO TJTUFNB EJHJUBM Z BEFNT TF SFMBDJPOB
TUB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB &M 1SPCMFNB 1 EF VO TJTUFNB EJGVTJO EF BVEJP EJHJUBM
SBEJP EJHJUBM EJHJUBM BVEJP CSPBEDBTUJOH %"#
JOUSPEVDF WBSJBT OPWFEBEFT TF QJEF
USBCBKBS DPO QPUFODJB Z UFOTJO Z BM DBMDVMBS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO DPO EPT UPOPT B MB FOUSBEB
TUPT OP BMDBO[BO MB FOUSBEB EF UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT OP HFOFSBOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FO UPEPT
FMMPT &O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFRVJFSF FM EJTFP EFM MUSP EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB '*

&M 1SPCMFNB 1 OP JOUSPEVDF OPWFEBE BMHVOB SFGPS[BOEP DPODFQUPT BOUFSJPSFT &O
FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF BOBMJ[B EF GPSNB DPOKVOUB FM SVJEP Z MB EJTUPSTJO DBMDVMOEPTF MB
SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP NT JOUFSNPEVMBDJO TJHOBM UP OPJTF BOE EJTUPSUJPO SBUJP 4*/"%

4*/3
Z FWJEFODJBOEP RV FGFDUP QSFEPNJOB QBSB WBMPSFT CBKPT Z BMUPT EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
&M 1SPCMFNB 1 JODJEF TPCSF MB JEFB EF RVF FM SVJEP JOUSPEVDJEP QPS FM USBOTNJTPS FT
EFTQSFDJBCMF OP TF IBDFO DMDVMPT EF SVJEP FO FM USBOTNJTPS
&M 1SPCMFNB 1 QSFTFOUB
VO TJTUFNB RVF USBCBKB DPO OJWFMFT NVZ CBKPT Z BMUPT EF QPUFODJB BOBMJ[BOEP FM SVJEP Z MB
" WFDFT FTUF VNCSBM WJFOF EBEP QPS VO OJWFM NOJNP SFRVFSJEP QPS FM TJTUFNB OP TJFOEP FM SVJEP FM GBDUPS
RVF MJNJUB FM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EFM NJTNP &O FTUF DBTP TF EJDF RVF FM TJTUFNB FTU MJNJUBEP QPS QPUFODJB Z OP
QPS SVJEP

$BQUVMP 3VJEP F *OUFSNPEVMBDJO
JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FO FM NJTNP &O FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFMBDJPOB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE DPO MB

QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB [POBM VTBOEP MB SFDPNFOEBDJO *5631
: FO FM 1SPCMFNB 1 TF JODMVZFO IPKBT EF DBSBDUFSTUJDBT EF FRVJQPT SFBMFT "VORVF
QFSUFOFDF B PUSP DBQUVMP FM 1SPCMFNB 1 FT VO QSPCMFNB CBTUBOUF DPNQMFUP RVF TF
BDPOTFKB SFBMJ[BS BM UFSNJOBS FTUF DBQUVMP
-PT DPODFQUPT OFDFTBSJPT QBSB SFTPMWFS MPT QSPCMFNBT QMBOUFBEPT TF QVFEFO DPOTVMUBS
FO <> FYDFQUP MPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO FM DMDVMP EF QSPQBHBDJO QBSB MPT RVF TF QVFEF
SFDVSSJS B <> " DPOUJOVBDJO TF JODMVZF VOB EFTDSJQDJO EF MPT DMDVMPT NT SFMFWBOUFT
VUJMJ[BEPT FO FTUPT QSPCMFNBT VUJMJ[BOEP MB OPUBDJO JOUSPEVDJEB BM DPNJFO[P EFM UFYUP
3VJEP Z TFOTJCJMJEBE
5FNQFSBUVSB Z HVSB EF SVJEP
&O FTUF UFYUP WFS DPNJFO[P EFM NJTNP TF EFOPUB QPS f r Z Tr MB HVSB Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB
FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF EFM SFDFQUPS GPSNBEP TUF QPS MPT FMFNFOUPT RVF
WBO EFTEF FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB B MB FOUSBEB BM EFNPEVMBEPS 1PS PUSP MBEP f a Z Ta TF
VUJMJ[BO QBSB EFOPUBS MB HVSB Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB : f s Z Ts
EFOPUBO MB HVSB EF SVJEP Z MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB DPNQMFUP BOUFOB NT
SFDFQUPS "RV MBT HVSBT EF SVJEP FTUO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z MBT EFOPUBNPT QPS FMMP
FO NJOTDVMBT -B NJTNB OPUBDJO QBSB MBT HVSBT EF SVJEP FO NBZTDVMBT TF VUJMJ[BS
QBSB EFOPUBS E#
-B SFMBDJO FOUSF FTUBT NBHOJUVEFT WJFOF EBEB QPS MBT TJHVJFOUFT FYQSFTJPOFT -B UFNQF
SBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
Ts = Ta + Tr .
$BMDVMBNPT UBNCJO MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB f s = Ts T EPOEF T FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB

BNCJFOUF ,
&TUB WJFOF EBEB FO USNJOPT EF MB HVSB EF SVJEP EF BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS
QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
f s = f a + f r .
1PS PUSP MBEP Ta = T f a Z Tr = T ( f r ) 0USP SFTVMUBEP DPOPDJEP FT RVF MB HVSB EF

SVJEP EF VOB SFE QBTJWB B UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF FT FM WBMPS EF TVT QSEJEBT
4J FM SFDFQUPS FTU GPSNBEP QPS WBSJPT CMPRVFT FO DBEFOB MB HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF
FT
f f f
fr = f + + + + ...
g g g g g g
EPOEF g i FT MB HBOBODJB EFM CMPRVF i Z f i TV HVSB EF SVJEP Z FM QSJNFS CMPRVF FT FM CMPRVF

TFHVJEP EFM EFM
&M SVJEP B MB TBMJEB EFM TJTUFNB TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS FO GVODJO EF FTUPT WBMPSFT DPNP
n = kTs Bg = kT f s Bg,
/P MJOFBMJEBE
EPOEF B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Z g FT MB HBOBODJB EFTEF MB DPOFYJO

EF BOUFOB IBTUB MB TBMJEB EFM TJTUFNB &T IBCJUVBM USBCBKBS DPO FTUF SVJEP SFGFSJEP FO PUSP
QVOUP DPNP FO FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB "T QPS FKFNQMP TF EJDF RVF FM SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
SFGFSJEP BM QVOUP DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB QVOUP 3 FO MB 'JHVSB FT
nR = kTs B = kT f s B.
4FOTJCJMJEBE
&O SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJPOFT EJHJUBMFT FT IBCJUVBM VUJMJ[BS <>
c e b Tb e b R b
= = ,
n n B n B
EPOEF c FT MB QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB FO VO B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Z
R b = Tb FT FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP
1PS PUSP MBEP TF EFOF w = e b n DPNP MB SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB
eb pr g T Tb pr
w= = = ,
n kT f s g T kT f s R b
EPOEF f s FT MB HVSB P GBDUPS

EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO VO Z g T FT MB HBOBODJB EF UPEPT
MPT CMPRVFT FOUSF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB Z MB FOUSBEB BM EFNPEVMBEPS EPOEF TF NJEF MB w
4F QVFEF EFTQFKBS FTUB FYQSFTJO QBSB PCUFOFS c = pr = wkT f s R b 4J TF FYJHF VOB
SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB NOJNB w min MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT MB VNCSBM P
TFOTJCJMJEBE TVQVFTUP RVF FM TJTUFNB FTU MJNJUBEP QPS SVJEP Z OP QPS QPUFODJB &O FTUF
DBTP TF EFTQFKB t h = w min kT f s R b Z FO E# RVFEB
Th (E#N) = Wmin (E#) + Fs (E#) + log R b (CJUTT) (E#N)[),
EPOEF BM FTUBS FYQSFTBEP FO E#N)[ MB QPUFODJB SFTVMUBOUF UBNCJO MP FTU /UFTF

RVF CJUTT UJFOF EJNFOTJO EF IFSDJP EBEP RVF R b FT FM JOWFSTP EFM UJFNQP EF CJU Z RVF W
Z Fs TPO BEJNFOTJPOBMFT &TUB FYQSFTJO FT NVZ UJM BM QSPQPSDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
QBSB EBEP VO EFUFSNJOBEP OJWFM EF SVJEP Z VO SHJNFO CJOBSJP BMDBO[BS VO W PCKFUJWP &M
W FTU OUJNBNFOUF SFMBDJPOBEP DPO MB UBTB EF FSSPS EF CJU CJU FSSPS SBUF #&3
BMDBO[BEB
-B FYQSFTJO BOUFSJPS FTU EBEB QBSB TJTUFNBT EJHJUBMFT QBSB TJTUFNBT BOBMHJDPT TF MMFHB
B VOB FYQSFTJO QBSFDJEB B QBSUJS EF MB SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP 4/3

Th (E#N) = SN R min (E#) + Fs (E#) + log B()[) (E#N)[).
/P MJOFBMJEBE
4J MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OPT JNQPOF VO NOJNP B MB QPUFODJB NOJNB SFDJCJEB FM DMDVMP EF

MB EJTUPSTJO QPS OP MJOFBMJEBE QFSNJUF EFUFSNJOBS MB QPUFODJB NYJNB RVF FM SFDFQUPS
P USBOTNJTPS QVFEF NBOFKBS -B EJTUPSTJO QPS OP MJOFBMJEBE EF VO EJTQPTJUJWP TF NJEF
EF EJGFSFOUFT GPSNBT 6OB EF MBT NT VUJMJ[BEBT FT DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJO FTQFSBEB FOUSF MB

QPUFODJB UJM B MB TBMJEB Po Z MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO I &TUB
SFMBDJO VOB EJGFSFODJB TJ TF FTDSJCF FO EFDJCFMJPT TF EFOPUB QPS SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO
GSFOUF B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO RP = Po I
1BSB DBMDVMBS FTUF WBMPS TF TVFMF QSPQPSDJPOBS VOB DBSBDUFSTUJDB QSPQJB EF MB OP MJOFBMJ
EBE EFM EJTQPTJUJWP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP P JOUFSDFQDJO EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS
PSEFO IP &TUF MUJNP TF QVFEF EBS B MB FOUSBEB P B MB TBMJEB &O FTUF UFYUP TF USBCBKBS
TJFNQSF B MB TBMJEB $PO FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS FM OJWFM EF EJTUPSTJO
QPS JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO Z DPO TUF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO -B QPUFODJB EF
TBMJEB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUO SFMBDJPOBEPT QPS MB
TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO FO E#
I = Po IPo .
$VBOEP TPO WBSJPT CMPRVFT MPT RVF GPSNBO VO EJTQPTJUJWP P SFDFQUPS TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS FM
QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF QVEJFOEP USBCBKBS QPTUFSJPSNFOUF DPNP TJ TF USBUBTF EF
VO TPMP CMPRVF 4J UFOFNPT n CMPRVFT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF FT
i p = (g g ...g n i p , ) + (g ...g n i p , ) + ... + i p ,n ,
EPOEF i p ,i FT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO EFM CMPRVF i FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z

g i FT MB HBOBODJB EFM CMPRVF i
-B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO TF QVFEF NFEJS JOUSPEVDJFOEP EPT
UPOPT B MB FOUSBEB EF VO TJTUFNB Z BOBMJ[BOEP MB QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB 4J TF JOUSPEVDFO
EPT UPOPT VOP B f Z PUSP B f BQBSFDFSBO QSPEVDUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO B f f Z
B f f DPO QPUFODJB I &O FM QSPDFTP IBZ RVF EFUFSNJOBS DPO DVJEBEP TJ MPT UPOPT
ZP MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO BQBSFDFO P OP B MB TBMJEB TPCSF UPEP TJ IBZ WBSJPT CMPRVFT DPO
EJGFSFOUFT BODIPT EF CBOEB DPNP FO VO SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP 1PS FKFNQMP QVFEFO
DBVTBS JOUFSNPEVMBDJO BM BUSBWFTBS MPT QSJNFSPT CMPRVFT Z OP QBTBS FO MPT TJHVJFOUFT
6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO TF DBMDVMB
SFTUBOEP FTUBT DBOUJEBEFT FO E#
RP = Po I .

4F UJFOF VO SFDFQUPS CBTBEP FO FM EJBHSBNB EF CMPRVFT NPTUSBEP FO MB 'JHVSB 4F QJEF
DBMDVMBS
B
-B TFOTJCJMJEBE RVF BTFHVSB TF DVNQMF MB FTQFDJDBDJO EF SN R = E#
C
-B QPUFODJB EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS DVBOEP TF JOUSPEVDFO EPT
UPOPT EF E#N TFQBSBEPT Z L)[ EF MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM
Gr=20dB G RF=22 dB
GMX=8.5 dB GFI =30 dB
Ltr=0.5 dB
Demod
SNR45 dB
Ta=500 K
FMX=17 dB FFI=10 dB
FRF=3.8 dB IP3,MX o=3 dBm IP3,FI o=
IP3,RFo=23 dBm P1dB=-6 dBm B=16 kHz
P1dB=12.1 dBm
B=2MHz
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSNFUSPT EF TVT

EJTQPTJUJWPT
4PMVDJO
B
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP Z BT DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE VUJMJ[BOEP MB SN R NOJNB BENJTJCMF
IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB Z BOUFT MB HVSB EF SVJEP
EFM SFDFQUPS &TUB MUJNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
f r = l tr ( f RF + ( f M X )g RF + ( f F I )(g RF g M X )) = .
EPOEF TF IB VUJMJ[BEP NJOTDVMBT QBSB EFOPUBS RVF MBT NBHOJUVEFT FTUO FO VOJEBEFT
OBUVSBMFT WFS OPUBDJO
-B HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r ,
EPOEF
f a = Ta To = ..
4F UJFOF DPNP EBUP Ta = , 6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEPT MPT WBMPSFT BOUFSJPSFT RVFEB
Fs = log( f s ) = . E#.
$PNP FM BODIP EF CBOEB NT SFTUSJDUJWP FM MUJNP FT B = FM SVJEP UPUBM SFGFSJEP

B MB FOUSBEB TF DBMDVMB DPNP
N = E#N)[ + Fs + log( ) = . E#N.
: MB TFOTJCJMJEBE QPUFODJB NOJNB B MB FOUSBEB
Pr = SN R + N = SN R + log(B) + Fs
i
= . = . E#N.
C
&TUP FT VOB QSVFCB UQJDB EF EPT UPOPT FO MBT RVF MPT UPOPT TJFNQSF FTUO EFOUSP
EFM BODIP EF CBOEB IBTUB TV TBMJEB DSFBOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FO UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT
$BMDVMBNPT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP Z MVFHP B QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB MB QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO "NCBT MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z FM QVOUP
EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUO EBEPT B MB TBMJEB
i p = ((g M X g F I i p ,RF ) + (i p ,F I )),
EPOEF i p JOEJDB QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB TBMJEB Z FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT

&O EFDJCFMJPT
IP = log(i p ) = . E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB FT EBUP MB EFM UPOP EF FOUSBEB Pi = E#N Z MB HBOBODJB

UPUBM G T EFTEF MB FOUSBEB B MB TBMJEB
G T = L tr + G RF + G M X + G F I = E#.
-B QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB RVFEB Po = Pi + G T = E#N : MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
I = Po IP = . E#N.

-B FTUBDJO UFSSFOB EF VO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT QPS TBUMJUF SFDJCF FO MB GSFDVFODJB
DFOUSBM EF MB CBOEB $ ()[
Z VUJMJ[B VO SFDFQUPS CBTBEP FO FM EJBHSBNB EF CMPRVFT
NPTUSBEP FO MB 'JHVSB FO FM RVF MB BOUFOB FT EF UJQP QBSBCMJDP -B UFNQFSBUVSB EF
BOUFOB FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF Ta = , MBT QSEJEBT FO MPT DBCMFT EF BMJNFOUBDJO L tr = .
E# FM BNQMJDBEPS EF 3' FT VO -/" DPO HBOBODJB EF E# Z UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF
, 4F DPOPDF BEFNT RVF FM NF[DMBEPS QSFTFOUB VOB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF ,
Z VOBT QSEJEBT EF E# Z RVF FM BNQMJDBEPS EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB TF DBSBDUFSJ[B QPS
VOB HBOBODJB EF E# Z UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF , &M SFRVJTJUP QBSB RVF FM
SVJEP OP JOVUJMJDF FM TJTUFNB FT RVF TF DVNQMB MB SFMBDJO GT . + log( f (()[))
E#, -B UFNQFSBUVSB EF SFGFSFODJB FT T = , 4F QJEF
B
%FUFSNJOBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM TJTUFNB
C
$BMDVMBS FM NOJNP EJNFUSP OFDFTBSJP EF MB BOUFOB TVQPOJFOEP VO SFOEJNJFOUP EF
BOUFOB EFM *ODMVZB E# EF NBSHFO
D
4J MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EFM EFNPEVMBEPS TBMJEB EF FUBQB '*
FT E#N {RV QPUFODJB EF
TFBM TF OFDFTJUB B MB FOUSBEB EF MB BOUFOB QVOUP 1 FO MB 'JHVSB
E
$BMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB Ta TJ FM SVJEP RVF QSPQPSDJPOB
TUB BM TJTUFNB TF NPEFMB DPNP FM QSPEVDJEP QPS VOB JNQFEBODJB DPO UFNQFSBUVSB
FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP Tc = , SVJEP HBMDUJDP
TFHVJEB EF MB BUNTGFSB NPEFMBEB
&O DPNVOJDBDJPOFT QPS TBUMJUF FM DPDJFOUF GT = G(E#) log(T( ,))
respuesta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
Problema 2. (0.75+0.75+0.75+0.75)
La estacin terrena de un sistema de comunicaciones por satlite recibe en la frecuencia central de la banda C (6GH
utiliza un receptor basado en el diagrama de bloques mostrado en la figura, en el que la antena es de tipo parablico
temperatura de antena es aproximadamente Ta = 45 K, las prdidas en los cables de alimentacin LTR=0.3dB
amplificador de RF es un LNA
DPNP con ganancia
VO DVBESJQPMP QBTJWPdeBEBQUBEP
30 dB y Btemperatura Tatm = de
UFNQFSBUVSBequivalente , Z35 atm =
K, que elLmezclador
BUFOVBDJO presenta
temperatura equivalente de
. E# 400 K y unas prdidas de 10 dB, y que el amplificador de frecuencia intermedi
caracteriza por una ganancia de 50 dB y temperatura equivalente de ruido de 900 K. El requisito para que el ruid
inutilice el sistema es que se cumpla la relacin G/T 22.7 + 20 log(fGHZ/4) dB/K. La temperatura de referenc
To=290K. Se pide:
GRF GMX GFI
LTR
Ta P
TRF TMX TFI
&TRVFNB
'JHVSB receptor
Figura: Sistema de laEF SFDFQUPS
estacin terrena
a) Determine la temperatura equivalente del sistema.
4PMVDJO
LTR = 0.3; lTR = 10LTR /10 ; TTR = To (lTR - 1) = 20.74
TRF = 35; GRF = 35; gRF = 10 GRF /10
B
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT FRVJWBMFOUFT EF SVJEP EF UPEPT MPT CMPRVFT
TMX = 400; GMX = ! 10; gMX = 10 GMX /10
L = . E#; l tr = L tr ; Ttr = T (l tr ) = . ,,
TFI = 900; GFI = 50; gFI =tr10 GFI /10
TRF = , ; G RF = E#; g RF = G RF ,
TM X = ,; G M X = E#; g M X = G M X ,
TR = TTR + TRF lTR + TMX lTR / grf + TFI lTR /(g RF gmx ) = 68.31 K
TS = Ta + TR = 113.32 TF I = ,; G F I = E#; g F I = G F I .
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrs de este folio si le falta espacio)

1BSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EFM DPOKVOUP FO TFSJF
b) Calcule el mnimo dimetro necesario de la antena, suponiendo un rendimiento de antena del 68 %. Incluya 3 dB
margen. Tr = Ttr + TRF l T R + TM X l tr g r f + TF I l tr (g RF g M x ) = . ,,
G = 22.7 + 20 = Ta++3Tr+=10
log(6T/s 4) + .
log(Ts )= . ,, dB
= 49.76
g = 10G /10 ; EPOEF Ta FT VO EBUP
l = 3 108 /( f 109 );
C
&O QSJNFS MVHBS B QBSUJS EF MB FYQSFTJO RVF OPT TVNJOJTUSBO FO FM FOVODJBEP EFTQFKB
h = .68;
NPT MB FYQSFTJO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB QBSBCMJDB
g = h (p D / l ) 2 D = g / h l p = 5.94 m
GT . + log( f ()[) E#,
G = si.
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrs de esta hoja +
le falta log() + + log(Ts )
espacio) = . E#.
" QBSUJS EF MB FYQSFTJO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB QBSBCMJDB EFTQFKBNPT FM EJNFUSP

g = ( D) D = g = . N,
EPOEF
g = G ,
= ( f ),
= ..
D
-P OJDP RVF IBZ RVF IBDFS FT SFTUBS MB HBOBODJB EF UPEB MB DBEFOB
Pdr = G F I G M X G RF + L T R = . E#N.
NJO
E
&M QSPCMFNB TF SFEVDF B FODPOUSBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF VO TJTUFNB DPO
VOB BOUFOB B Tc Z VO SFDFQUPS RVF FT VO DVBESJQPMP BEBQUBEP EF HBOBODJB L atm B
UFNQFSBUVSB Tatm $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP
Tatm = ,,
L atm = .,
l atm = L atm ,
Tc = ,.
QBSB MVFHP EFUFSNJOBS FTUF WBMPS VTBOEP MB FYQSFTJO EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF

VO DVBESJQPMP QBTJWP B VOB UFNQFSBUVSB EFUFSNJOBEB FO FTUF DBTP MB EF MB BUNTGFSB
RVF UJFOF B TV FOUSBEB VOB JNQFEBODJB B Tc
Tc (l )
Ta = + atm Tatm = . ,,
l atm l atm
RVF FT TJNJMBS BM WBMPS BQPSUBEP DPNP EBUP FO FM FOVODJBEP /UFTF RVF BRV OP TF
QJEF MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF B MB FOUSBEB TJOP B MB TBMJEB QPS FTP TF EJWJEF UPEP QPS
l atm
RVF FT EPOEF FTU MB BOUFOB
1 4JTUFNB %JHJUBM

4F USBOTNJUFO DBOBMFT UFMFGOJDPT NFEJBOUF VOB TFBM 1$. B .CQT -B USBOT
NJTJO TF SFBMJ[B DPEJDBOEP FM USFO EF CJUT SFTVMUBOUF Z NPEVMBOEP VOB QPSUBEPSB FO .
()[ -B EJTUBODJB FT EF LN &M USBOTNJTPS FTU DPNQVFTUP GVOEBNFOUBMNFOUF QPS USFT
NEVMPT DVZBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT TPO
t .PEVMBEPS 214, DPO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EJSFDUBNFOUF FO 4)'
t "NQMJDBEPS EF QPUFODJB
o 1PUFODJB EF TBMJEB E#N
t 'JMUSP EF TBMJEB BKVTUBEP BM MCVMP QSJODJQBM
o 1SEJEBT . E#
&M DBOBM SBEJPFMDUSJDP UJFOFO MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT
1 4JTUFNB %JHJUBM
t "OUFOBT
o (BOBODJB E#J
o 5FNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP ,
t 1SEJEBT EF QSPQBHBDJO
o "TVNB QSPQBHBDJO FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
&M SFDFQUPS FTU DPOTUJUVJEP QPS MPT TJHVJFOUFT CMPRVFT
t 'JMUSP EF FOUSBEB
o 1SEJEBT . E#
t 6O BNQMJDBEPS EF CBKP SVJEP MPX OPJTF BNQMJFS -/"
o (BOBODJB E#
o 'BDUPS EF SVJEP . E#
t %FNPEVMBEPS 214, FO 4)'
-B 'JHVSB NVFTUSB MB E b N OFDFTBSJB B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS QBSB PCUFOFS
EJTUJOUBT UBTBT EF FSSPS EF CJU

#&3

&C /
'JHVSB #&3 EFM EFNPEVMBEPS 214,
4F QJEF
B
4J FM MUSP USBOTNJTPS EFCF UFOFS VO BODIP EF CBOEB JHVBM B B l + .)[ EPOEF B l FT
MB BODIVSB EF CBOEB EF USBOTNJTJO FO CBOEB CBTF EF MB NPEVMBDJO DBMDVMBS FM BODIP
EF CBOEB EFM MUSP EF TBMJEB EFM USBOTNJTPS
C
$BMDVMBS BUFOEJFOEP OJDBNFOUF B MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB MB NYJNB UBTB EF USBOT
NJTJO DPNQBUJCMF DPO VOB #&3 3FFSB TVT DMDVMPT B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS
D
$POUFTUBS B MB TJHVJFOUF QSFHVOUB {)BCS JOUFSGFSFODJB FOUSF TNCPMPT JOUFSTZNCPM
JOUFSGFSFODF *4*
FO FM TJTUFNB 4J MB IVCJFSF EJTFF MB TPMVDJO PQPSUVOB NBOUFOJFOEP
MPT SFTVMUBEPT BOUFSJPSFT
4PMVDJO
B
4J FM MUSP USBOTNJTPS EFCF UFOFS VO BODIP EF CBOEB JHVBM B B l + .)[ OFDFTJUBNPT
DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP B l 1BSB FMMP Z BTVNJFOEP VO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS Z RVF FM SFDFQUPS TF
RVFEB DPO FM MCVMP QSJODJQBM FMJNJOBOEP MBT EFNT DPNQPOFOUFT B l = Ts EPOEF
Ts FT FM UJFNQP EF TNCPMP
1BSB DBMDVMBS Ts QSJNFSP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM UJFNQP EF CJU $PNP R b = . .CQT
FOUPODFT Tb = R b -VFHP OFDFTJUBNPT TBCFS FM ONFSP EF QVOUPT EF MB DPOTUFMBDJO
QBSB DBMDVMBS FM UJFNQP EF TNCPMP $PNP FT VOB NPEVMBDJO DVBUFSOBSJB FM ONFSP
EF QVOUPT EF MB DPOTUFMBDJO FT M = Z Ts = log (M) Tb 2VFEB B l = Ts = .

.)[ %F GPSNB RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB QBTP EF CBOEB RVFEB
B = B l + .)[ = . .)[.
C
" QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB BM SFDFQUPS Z EF MB E b N NOJNB QFSNJUJEB EFTQFKBNPT
FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP NYJNP QPTJCMF
-B QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB FT MB USBOTNJUJEB NFOPT MBT QSEJEBT EFM NFEJP )BZ RVF BQMJDBS
'SJJT
Pdr = PIRE L b + G = . E#N
EPOEF
PIRE = Pt + G t = Pe t L tt + G t = . + G t = . + = . E#N
L b = log(d) = . E#
Z d = N f = . )[ c = NT = c f
$BMDVMBNPT BIPSB FM SVJEP Z QBSB FMMP MB HVSB EF SVJEP B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS
-B FYQSFTJO EF MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT WJFOF EBEB QPS
f s = f a + f r EPOEF f a = Ta T FT MB HVSB EF SVJEP EF BOUFOB Z f r MB EFM SFDFQUPS
&TUF MUJNP FTU DPNQVFTUP QPS VO CMPRVF QBTJWP EF 3' TFHVJEP EF VO BNQMJDBEPS EF
CBKP SVJEP &O FTUF DBTP MB HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF FT MB TVNB FO E# P FM QSPEVDUP
FO VO EF MBT HVSBT EF SVJEPT EF MPT CMPRVFT -B HVSB EF SVJEP EFM QSJNFSP TPO TVT
QSEJEBT BM TFS VOB SFE QBTJWB -B HVSB EF SVJEP EFM -/" FT EBUP
L tr = . E# F l na = . E#
1 %"#
$PO UPEP MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB RVFEB DPO f r = l tr f l na
f s = Ta T + l tr f l na = . Fs = . E#.
$PNP Fs FTU SFGFSJEP FO FM NJTNP QVOUP RVF Pr FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB FO FM SFDFQUPS

WFS 'JHVSB
QPEFNPT JNQPOFS RVF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE TFB JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
Z EFTQFKBS FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP VUJMJ[BOEP MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO
Pr = E b N E# + Fs E# + log(R b (CQT)) E#N)[ = . E#N,
Z EF MB HVSB E b N = E# QBSB BER = RVFEB
log(R b ) =Pr E b N Fs + R b = (R b ) = .CQT.
max
D
)BZ *4* QPS FM TJHVJFOUF NPUJWP 4F VUJMJ[B VO QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EF GPSNB RVF MB
USBOTGPSNBEB EF FTUF QVMTP UJFOF DPNQPOFOUFT FTQFDUSBMFT FO UPEBT MBT GSFDVFODJBT
Z TV EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB PDVQB UPEP FM FTQFDUSP -B NBZPS QBSUF EF MB
QPUFODJB TF DPODFOUSB FO FM MCVMP QSJODJQBM EF MB EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB &O
FTUF QSPCMFNB TF EFUFDUB MB TFBM DPO TMP FTUF MCVMP Z FM FGFDUP FT FM EF IBCFS QBTBEP
MB TFBM SFDJCJEB QPS VO MUSP QBTP EF CBKB EF FTUF BODIP "M TVQSJNJS MPT EFNT MPCVMPT
FM QVMTP SFDUBOHVMBS EFKB EF TFSMP QBSB QBTBS B TFS VOB GPSNB AABDBNQBOBEB DPO DPMBT
RVF BGFDUBO B TNCPMPT QPTUFSJPSFT Z BOUFSJPSFT " FGFDUPT QSDUJDPT FTUP TF USBEVDF FO
RVF TF SFDJCF VO USFO EF QVMTPT RVF EVSBO DBEB VOP NT EF Ts TFHVOEPT Z FO FTUF DBTP
OP DVNQMFO MB DPOEJDJO EF /ZRVJTU HFOFSBOEP *4*
6OB TPMVDJO VTVBM FT VUJMJ[BS VO QVMTP EF SB[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP &TUPT QVMTPT EVSBO
NT EF Ts QFSP DVNQMFO MB DPOEJDJO EF /ZRVJTU 2VFEBSB EJTFBS FM QVMTP QSPQPSDJP
OBOEP FM QBSNFUSP EF DBEB P SPMMP TBCJFOEP RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF
QBTP EF CBKP QBSB FTUF QVMTP TFSB ( + )(Ts )
1 %"#
$POTJEFSF VO EJTFP QSFMJNJOBS EF VO SFDFQUPS EF %"# .)[
CBTBEP FO VO
FTRVFNB TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP DPO DVBUSP TFDDJPOFT BOUFOB FUBQB EF 3' NF[DMBEPS Z FUBQB EF
GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB -PT EBUPT EF DBEB TFDDJO TF JODMVZFO FO MB 'JHVSB 4F DPOPDF
BEFNT RVF
t -B JNQFEBODJB EF FOUSBEB Z TBMJEB EF UPEPT MPT FMFNFOUPT FT EF

t &O FM NPEP %"# VUJMJ[BEP TF USBOTNJUFO CJUT DBEB T
t -B NPEVMBDJO FT %214, &O FTUB NPEVMBDJO TF OFDFTJUB VOB SFMBDJO FOFSHB EF
CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF SVJEP EF E# QBSB VOB BER <
t &TUB BER < FT MB OFDFTBSJB QBSB MB DPSSFDUB EFDPEJDBDJO EF MB TFBM USBOTNJ
UJEB
B
%FUFSNJOF MB UFNQFSBUVSB Z MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
h) Se considera que puede haber seales en canales adyacentes de hasta 50 dB por encima de la seal de int
cuando esta tiene un valor igual al de la sensibilidad. Se considera aqu un valor de sensibilidad de -95 dBm
aparecen a la entrada dos tonos de igual potencia y valor (-95+50 dBm), uno en el canal inmediato sup
(fc+1536 KHz) y otro en el canal siguiente (fc +(2x1536 KHz)) y la potencia de seal en el canal de inter
KHz)es la de la sensibilidad -85 dBm, calcule la relacin a$BQUVMP 3VJEP
la salida entreF *OUFSNPEVMBDJO
la potencia til y la intermodula
producida por estos tonos (nicamente por estos tonos).
Ta=290K
Ga=3dBi
IPo = +20 dBm IPo = +15 dBm IPo = +20 dBm
A B C D
GRF = 15 dB LMX = 7 dB GFI = 30 dB

FRF = 4 dB TMX = 1160K TFI = 1000K
B= 10MHz B =1536 kHz
Fig. P2.B: Receptor

'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM SFDFQUPS
C
$BMDVMF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS QVOUP " $BMDVMF FM WBMPS FO E#N Z FO
E# 7
D
&TDSJCB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FO USNJOPT EF DBNQP FMDUSJDP DBNQP FMDUSJDP OFDFTBSJP FO
MBT JONFEJBDJPOFT EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB

E
4F DPOTJEFSB RVF QVFEF IBCFS TFBMFT FO DBOBMFT BEZBDFOUFT EF IBTUB E# QPS FODJNB
EF MB TFBM EF JOUFST DVBOEP FTUB UJFOF VO WBMPS JHVBM BM EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE : VO WBMPS
EF TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N 4J BQBSFDFO B MB FOUSBEB EPT UPOPT EF JHVBM QPUFODJB Z
WBMPS + E#N
VOP FO FM DBOBM JONFEJBUP TVQFSJPS f c + L)[
Z PUSP FO
FM DBOBM TJHVJFOUF f c + ( L)[
Z MB QPUFODJB EF TFBM FO FM DBOBM EF JOUFST f c

L)[
FT MB EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE E#N DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJO B MB TBMJEB FOUSF MB QPUFODJB
UJM Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO QSPEVDJEB QPS FTUPT UPOPT OJDBNFOUF QPS FTUPT UPOPT

4PMVDJO
B
-B UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EF VO TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS TF DBMDVMB VUJMJ[BOEP MB
FYQSFTJO Ts = Ta + Tr RVF FT MB TVNB EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EF MB BOUFOB Z EFM
SFDFQUPS " TV WF[ Z EBEP RVF IBZ USFT DVBESJQPMPT FO TFSJF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP
EFM SFDFQUPS FT
TM X TF I
Tr = TRF + + ,
g RF g RF g M X
EPOEF MBT HBOBODJBT FTUO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z MBT UFNQFSBUVSBT TPO DPOPDJEBT B
FYDFQDJO EF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EFM CMPRVF EF SBEJPGSFDVFODJB TUB TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EF
MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM CMPRVF E# DPNP
TRF = T ( f RF ),
EPOEF MB HVSB EF SVJEP FTU FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z T FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF

1 %"#
3FBMJ[BOEP MPT DMDVMPT
TRF = ,,
TM X TF I
Tr = TRF + + = ,,
g RF g RF g M X
Ts = Ta + Tr = ,.
1PS PUSP MBEP MB HVSB EF SVJEP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS EJSFDUBNFOUF DPNP
f s = Ts T = . Fs = . E#.
&M QSPCMFNB QPESB IBCFSTF SFTVFMUP UBNCJO SFTPMWJFOEP QSJNFSP MB HVSB EF SVJEP
EFM TJTUFNB Z EFTQVT MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM NJTNP -B FYQSFTJO EF MB HVSB EF
SVJEP FT
f s = f a + f r .
$PNP f a = Ta T = RVFEB f s = f a + f r = f r $BMDVMBNPT FTUB HVSB EF SVJEP MB

FRVJWBMFOUF EF MPT USFT CMPRVFT EFM SFDFQUPS
fM X f
f r = f RF + + FI .
g RF g RF g M X
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB CBTUBSB IBDFS Ts = T f s
C
&M DMDVMP EF MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OP FT DPNQMJDBEP TJ TF UJFOFO CJFO FO DVFOUB VOB TFSJF
EF GBDUPSFT &M QSJNFSP FT TBCFS FO RV QVOUP TF USBCBKB "RV TF USBCBKB B MB FOUSBEB
: OP IBZ DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJO FOUSF BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS -VFHP IBZ RVF EJTUJOHVJS
FOUSF TJTUFNB BOBMHJDP Z TJTUFNB EJHJUBM &O FM QSJNFSP TF TVFMF FYJHJS VOB SFMBDJO
TFBM B SVJEP VOB SFMBDJO FOUSF QPUFODJB EF TFBM Z QPUFODJB EF SVJEP FO FM BODIP EF
CBOEB RVF TF QBTB BM EFNPEVMBEPS &O FM TFHVOEP TF FYJHF RVF TF DVNQMB B MB FOUSBEB
EFM EFNPEVMBEPS VOB EFUFSNJOBEB SFMBDJO FOFSHB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF
QPUFODJB &O OVFTUSP DBTP TF USBUB EF VO TJTUFNB %"# EJHJUBM BVEJP CSPBEDBTUJOH : MB
FYJHFODJB EF DBMJEBE FT VOB SFMBDJO FOFSHB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF
E# &TUB SFMBDJO FT
eb p g Tb pr
w = e b n o = = r = c A = p r = w kTo f s R b .
kTo f s g kTo f s g kTo f s R b
%POEF TF IB EFTQFKBEP MB QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB QSPNFEJP RVF TF SFDJCF FO GVODJO

EFM QSPEVDUP kT FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP R b Z MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB ZB DBMDVMBEB
&TUF OJWFM EF TFBM UJFOF RVF TFS NBZPS RVF FM VNCSBM EBEP QPS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
eb
c A kTo f s R b .
n mn
&O E#
C A E b N E#N)[ + Fs + log R b (CQT).
mn
"QMJDBNPT FTUB FYQSFTJO
C A E#N)[ + . + log = E#N
EPOEF

Rb = = LCQT.

&O USNJOPT EF UFOTJO
V (E# 7) C E#N
MPH R
E# 7.
D
4F QJEF SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB EFUST EF MB BOUFOB DPO FM DBNQP FO MBT JONFEJBDJPOFT
EF MB NJTNB &TUB SFMBDJO WJFOF EBEB QPS FM QSPEVDUP EFM VKP EF QPUFODJB QPS FM SFB
FGFDUJWB 4VTUJUVZFOEP QSJNFSP FM WBMPS EFM VKP EF QPUFODJB FYQSFTBEP FO USNJOPT EF
DBNQP FMDUSJDP FDB[ Z MVFHP FM WBMPS EFM SFB FDB[ FO GVODJO EF MB HBOBODJB EF MB
BOUFOB
e e e
p r = P A e f = Ae f = gr = g .
&TUB FYQSFTJO FO EFDJCFMJPT RVFEB
Pr (E#N) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) + G r ..
&O FTUF QSPCMFNB TF DPOPDF C = Pr Z UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS FM DBNQP FMDUSJDP %FTQF
KBNPT
E(E# 7N) = Pr (E#N) + log f (.)[) G r + ..
&M WBMPS EF MB GSFDVFODJB FT FM WBMPS EF MB GSFDVFODJB QPSUBEPSB 5FOFNPT FO %"# VOB

TFSJF EF DBOBMFT EFOUSP VO BODIP EF CBOEB .)[
RVF FTU FO MB CBOEB ***
1PEFNPT UPNBS FM WBMPS DFOUSBM P TFS DPOTFSWBEPSFT Z UPNBS FM QFPS DBTP &M QFPS DBTP
TF EB QBSB MB NYJNB GSFDVFODJB
E(E# 7N) = . + log + . = .(E# 7N).
E
"RV TF FTU DPNQSPCBOEP MP SPCVTUP RVF FT FM SFDFQUPS B MB QSFTFODJB EF TFBMFT GVFSUFT
QSYJNBT 4F JOUSPEVDFO EPT UPOPT VOP FO FM DBOBM BEZBDFOUF BM EF JOUFST Z PUSP FO FM
TJHVJFOUF &TUPT UPOPT QSPEVDFO JOUFSNPEVMBDJO -B EF UFSDFS PSEFO DBF KVTUP FO MB
GSFDVFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFST : IBZ RVF DPNQBSBS MB QPUFODJB EF TFBM
UJM RVF WFOESB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFST DPO FTUB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO )BZ RVF
UFOFS DVJEBEP QPSRVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO OP FT MB HFOFSBEB QPS MB NF[DMB

EF GSFDVFODJBT EF MB TFBM EF JOUFST "T RVF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS QPS VO MBEP MB QPUFODJB
B MB TBMJEB EFCJEP B MB TFBM UJM : QPS PUSP MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EFCJEB B FTUPT UPOPT
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EFCJEB B FTUPT UPOPT IBZ RVF UFOFS FO
DVFOUB RVF QBTBO QPS MB FUBQB EF 3' Z QPS FM NF[DMBEPS QFSP FO '* TF MUSBO BOUFT EF
BNQMJDBS 1PS MP RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO TF QSPEVDF TMP EFCJEP B MPT EPT QSJNFSPT
CMPRVFT $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP VO CMPRVF FRVJWBMFOUF B FTUPT EPT QSJNFSPT CMPRVFT &M
QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF B MB TBMJEB FT

= + = +
i p o,T g M X i p o,RF i p o,M X
.
N8 . N8
i p o,T = . N8 o
IP,T = . E#N.
-B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EFCJEB B MPT UPOPT RVFEB
I = Po,tonos IP,T
o
= ( + + ) (.) = . E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF TFBM UJM B MB TBMJEB FT MB QPUFODJB B MB GSFDVFODJB EFM DBOBM EF JOUFST
Po,UJM = Pr + G RF L M X = + = E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF
Po,UJM I ,tonos = (.) = . E#.
&M MUJNP CMPRVF TF IB PCWJBEP QPSRVF OP JOUSPEVDF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EFCJEB B MPT UP
OPT EF GVFSB EFM DBOBM -P OJDP RVF IBDF FT BNQMJDBS MB TFBM UJM Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
QPS FM NJTNP GBDUPS %F GPSNB RVF MB SFMBDJO FOUSF NBHOJUVEFT RVFEB JHVBM

4F EFTFB EJTFBS VO SFDFQUPS FO MB CBOEB EF .)[ &M FTRVFNB QSPQVFTUP FT FM JODMVJEP
FO MB 'JHVSB EPOEF FM BNQMJDBEPS EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB TF QVFEF DPOTJEFSBS
MJOFBM
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM ONFSP EF QPMPT EFM MUSP EF '* RVF HBSBOUJ[B VOB QSPUFDDJO SFTQFDUP EFM
DBOBM BEZBDFOUF EF E# 4VQPOHB VOB DBOBMJ[BDJO EF L)[ QBSB USBOTNJUJS VOB
TFBM EF L)[ ZB NPEVMBEB
Z VOB SFTQVFTUB EF UJQP CVUUFSXPSUI
C
$BMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE Z MB NYJNB QPUFODJB BENJTJCMF BNCBT B MB FOUSBEB Z FYQSFTB
EBT FO E#N TJ B MB TBMJEB EFCF IBCFS VOB 4/3 Z VOB SFMBDJO TFBM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
TVQFSJPSFT B E#
Ta=1000 K
Gr=12 dB LMX=3 GFI =20 dB
GRF=15
FMX=10 dB FFI=20 dB
FRF=10 dB
IP3,MXo=10 dBm B=16 kHz
IP3,RFo=20 dBm
B=30 MHz
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSNFUSPT EF TVT EJTQPTJUJWPT
4PMVDJO
B
-B BUFOVBDJO FT EF A = E# FM BODIP EF CBOEB B = L)[ &M QVOUP FO FM RVF TF
UJFOF RVF DVNQMJS MB BUFOVBDJO FT
f = = L)[.
%F GPSNB RVF FO VO MUSP CVUUFSXPSUI FM PSEFO OFDFTBSJP FT

A
n= = .
( log( f (B))
/UFTF RVF FM QVOUP FO FM RVF TF BTFHVSB MB BUFOVBDJO FT KVTUP EPOEF FNQJF[B MB

TJHVJFOUF TFBM EFOUSP EF TV DBOBMJ[BDJO 4F QPESB IBCFS UPNBEP FM QVOUP NFEJP
FOUSF DBOBMJ[BDJO f = . L)[
C
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE OFDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP -B HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWB
MFOUF EFM SFDFQUPS FT
f r = f RF + ( f M X )g RF + ( f F I )(g RF g M X ) = ..
&O EFDJCFMJPT
Fr = log( f r ) = . E#.
4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM SVJEP EF BOUFOB UFOFNPT MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r = Ta T + f r Fs = . E#,
EPOEF Ta = , FT EBUP Z T = , FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF 'JOBMNFOUF MB

TFOTJCJMJEBE QBSB VOB SN R DBTP BOBMHJDP

TVQFSJPSFT B E# RVFEB
Pr = SN R + Fs + log(B = L)[) E#N)[ = . E#N.
min
3FTQFDUP B MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO MB SFMBDJO TFBM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO 4*3

UJFOF RVF
DVNQMJS
SIR = Po I > ,
EPOEF Po FT MB QPUFODJB UJM EF TBMJEB F I MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS

PSEFO $PNP
I = Po IP ,
EPOEF IP FT FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP EF UFSDFS PSEFO B MB TBMJEB RVF QBSB VOB DBEFOB
EF CMPRVFT PCFEFDF B MB FYQSFTJO
i p = ((g M X g F I i p ,RF ) + (g f i i p ,M X ) + (i p ,F I )) IP = . E#N,
EPOEF MB FUBQB EF '* TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP MJOFBM i p ,F I

TVTUJUVZFOEP
Po Po + IP > ,
Z EFTQFKBOEP
Po < IP SIR.
2VFEB Po < . E#N Z DPNP Pi = Po G t Pi < . E#N EPOEF MB HBOBODJB UPUBM

EFM SFDFQUPS FT
G t = G + G + G = E#

4FHO MB SFDPNFOEBDJO $&15 3FD 53 QBSB UFSNJOBMFT SBEJP DPO NPEVMBDJO FO
GSFDVFODJB QBSB WP[ MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO DPOUSB MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO
EFCF TFS NBZPS EF E# NFEJEB FO FM QVOUP QBSB FM RVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
FTU E# QPS FODJNB EF MB QPUFODJB EF SVJEP B MB TBMJEB 4F QJEF
B
7FSJDBS TJ FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO MB 'JHVSB DVNQMF DPO FTUB FTQFDJDBDJO TJ BM
NFEJS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO TF JOUSPEVDFO EPT UPOPT B L)[ Z L)[ EF MB GSFDVFODJB
DFOUSBM EFM DBOBM TJOUPOJ[BEP
C
7FSJDBS MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO TJ MPT UPOPT FTUO B Z L)[ FTUP FT UBM DPNP
JOEJDB MB OPSNB B Z DBOBMFT EFM DBOBM EF JOUFST
! Gr=12!dB!
! GRF=20!dB! GMX=;6.5!dB! GFI!=30!dB!
Ltr=1!dB!
!
Demod!
SNR45!dB!
Ta=500!K!
FMX=15!dB!! FFI=10!dB!
FRF=8!dB! IP3,MXo=!! IP3,FIo=30!dBm!
IP3,RFo=+25!dBm! P1dB=10!dBm! B=12.5!kHz!
P1dB=14!dBm! ! !
B=60!MHz!
!
4PMVDJO
B
#TJDBNFOUF IBZ RVF FTUJNBS FM SVJEP TVNBSMF E# JHVBMBS FM SFTVMUBEP B MB QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z DPNQSPCBS RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FTU E# QPS EFCBKP EF MB
QPUFODJB UJM
1SJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT FM OJWFM EF SVJEP B MB TBMJEB QVFT IBZ RVF DPNQBSBS MB JOUFSNPEVMB
DJO DPO FTUF OJWFM 1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS MB HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF
EFM TJTUFNB Z BOUFT MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS &TUB MUJNB WJFOF EBEB QPS
f r = l tr ( f RF + ( f mx )g RF + ( f F I )(g RF g M X )) = .
NJFOUSBT RVF MB EFM TJTUFNB
f s = f a + f r = .
EPOEF
f a = Ta T = ..
6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEBT FO E# RVFEB
Fs = log( f s ) = . E#.
&M SVJEP UPUBM TF DBMDVMB DPNP
NJ = + Fs + log(B = . ) = . E#N.
&TUF FT FM SVJEP UPUBM EFM TJTUFNB SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EFM TJTUFNB FO MB DPOFYJO EF
BOUFOB 1BSB DBMDVMBSMB B MB TBMJEB TMP IBZ RVF TVNBSMF FO E# MB HBOBODJB UPUBM
NP = NJ + G T = . E#N,
EPOEF
G T = L tr + G RF + G M X + G F I = . E#.
&M SVJEP NT E# FT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO QBSB MB RVF DPNQSPCBS MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFD

DJO
I = NP + = . E#N.
&M QSPCMFNB TF SFEVDF B DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB QBSB MB RVF TF QSPEVDF FTUB
QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO /UFTF RVF MPT UPOPT MMFHBO BM BNQMJDBEPS EF 3' QSP
EVDJFOEP JOUFSNPEVMBDJO QFSP MVFHP WVFMWFO B QSPEVDJS NT FO FM BNQMJDBEPS EF
'* "T MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FT EFCJEB B BNCPT BNQMJDBEPSFT 1BSB SFMBDJPOBS QPUFODJB
EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB IBDF GBMUB FM QVOUP EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO B MB
TBMJEB MP DBMDVMBNPT VUJMJ[BOEP MBT SFMBDJPOFT UFSJDBT PQPSUVOBT
i p = ((g M X g F I i p ,RF ) + (i p ,F I )).
&O EFDJCFMJPT
IP = log i p = . E#N.
-B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO Z MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB FTUO SFMBDJP

OBEBT QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO EF EPOEF TF EFTQFKB MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB
I = P IP PP = (I + IP ) = . E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF
RP = PP I = . E#,
MVFHP OP DVNQMF
C
"IPSB MPT UPOPT OP QBTBO BM BNQMJDBEPS EF '* QPS MP RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FT TMP
MB EF 3' EBEP RVF FM NF[DMBEPS FT MJOFBM
i p = g M X g F I i p ,RF .
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DMDVMPT RP = . E# RVF T DVNQMF MB FTQFDJDBDJO

/PUB MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP FTUO DBMDVMBEPT B MB
TBMJEB

4F EFTFB EJTFBS VO SFDFQUPS EF SBEJPEJGVTJO '. FO FM SBOHP .)[ &M FTRVFNB
QSPQVFTUP FT FM JODMVJEP FO MB 'JHVSB
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM ONFSP EF QPMPT EFM MUSP EF '* RVF HBSBOUJ[B RVF FM MUSP JOUSPEV[DB
VOB BUFOVBDJO JHVBM P NBZPS EF E# FO MB GSFDVFODJB DFOUSBM EFM DBOBM BEZBDFOUF
4VQPOHB VOB DBOBMJ[BDJO EF L)[ QBSB USBOTNJUJS VOB TFBM NPOP EF L)[ EF
BODIP EF CBOEB ZB NPEVMBEB
Z VOB SFTQVFTUB EF UJQP #VUUFSXPSUI
C
$BMDVMBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE Z MB NYJNB QPUFODJB BENJTJCMF BNCBT B MB FOUSBEB Z FO E#N
TJ FM EFNPEVMBEPS EF '. EFCF UFOFS VOB 4*/3
p + n + i
SIN R = log
n + i
TVQFSJPS B E# EPOEF s FT MB QPUFODJB EF TFBM n MB EF SVJEP F i MB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
3FQSFTOUFMB FO GVODJO EF MB QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB
!
Demod!FM!
!
GMX=!3!dB! GFI!=30dB!
GRF=10!dB)
FMX=!10dB! FFI=10!dB!!
FRF=6!dB!
IP3,MXo=!10dBm! IP3,FIo=20!dBm!
IP3,RFo=20!dBm!
B=20!MHz! B=200!kHz!
! !
4PMVDJO
B
-B BUFOVBDJO FYJHJEB FT A = E# 4J FM BODIP EF CBOEB EF QBTP FT B = L)[ Z MB
EJTUBODJB EFM DFOUSP B MB GSFDVFODJB EPOEF EFCF DBFS A E# FT f = L)[ FOUPODFT
FM PSEFO EFM MUSP FT
n = A( log( f (B)) = .
C
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM SVJEP QBSB DBMDVMBS MB 4*/3 1BSB FTP FT OFDFTBSJP DBMDVMBS MB
HVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS
Demod FM
f r = f RF + ( f M X )g RF + ( f F I )(g RF g M X ) = .
G2=3 GFI =30dB

G1=10
Z MB EFM TJTUFNB
F1=6dB F2=10dB, F3=10 dB
o
IP3,2 =10dBm IP3,3o=20dBm
IP3,1o=20dBm
B=20MHz f s = f a + f r B=100KHz
,
Fig. P1: Receptor FM

!
EPOEF
f a = Ta To .
4F BTVNF Ta = , MVFHP Fs = Fr = log f r = . E# &M SVJEP B MB TBMJEB RVFEB
N i = E#N)[ + Fs + log(B = )[)

= . E#N.
N o = N i + G T = . E#N.
EPOEF G T = G RF + G M X + G = E# 5BNCJO MB QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB FT MB QPUFODJB B

MB FOUSBEB NT FTUB HBOBODJB FO EFDJCFMJPT
PP = PJ + G T .
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB 4*/3 IBDF GBMUB BEFNT DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF

UFSDFS PSEFO $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP B MB TBMJEB QVFT QFSNJUF
SFMBDJPOBS MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO DPO MB QPUFODJB UJM
i p = ((g g i p ,RF ) + (g i p ,M X ) + (i p ,F I )),
RVF FO E# RVFEB IP = . E# -B QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FT GVODJO EF FTUF

QBSNFUSP Z EF MB QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB
I = Po IP .
$PNP
I = log(po ) log(i p ) = log(po i p ),
UFOFNPT RVF MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO B MB TBMJEB FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT FT
i = po i p .
'JOBMNFOUF
SN IR = log((p o + i + n)(i + n))

= log((p o + po i p + n)(po i p + n))
= log((p i g T + (p i g T ) i p + n)((p i g T ) i p + n)).
%F SN IR = E# UFOFNPT VOB QPUFODJB NOJNB . E#N RVF TF DPSSFTQPOEF

DPO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE JODMVTP TJ TF UPNB DPNP DSJUFSJP SN R = E# QPSRVF MB JOUFS
NPEVMBDJO FT EFTQSFDJBCMF Z UBNCJO MP FT FM SVJEP SFTQFDUP B MB TFBM -B QPUFODJB
NYJNB BENJTJCMF QBSB BTFHVSBS MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO FT . E#N 4F BEKVOUB
MB 'JHVSB JOEJDBOEP FTUPT QVOUPT
SNIR, I3 y el corte con 20 dB

150
100
50
50
100
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Pi en dBm
'JHVSB 4/3 Z 4*/3 GSFOUF B MB QPUFODJB EF FOUSBEB
/PUB PUSB QPTJCMF TPMVDJO FT DPOTJEFSBS RVF FM SVJEP FT EFTQSFDJBCMF DVBOEP MB

JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FT BMUB Z RVF MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO FT EFTQSFDJBCMF DVBOEP MB SFMBDJO TFBM
B SVJEP FT CBKB %F FTB GPSNB TF PCUJFOFO TJNJMBSFT SFTVMUBEPT DPO NFOPS FTGVFS[P 1PS
FKFNQMP MB QPUFODJB NOJNB BT DBMDVMBEB FT . E#N
/PUB FO FM DMDVMP EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO TF BTVNF RVF TF UJFOFO EPT UPOPT FO FM BODIP
EF CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB RVF QSPEVDFO QSPEVDUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z VOP
DBF EFOUSP EF FTUF BODIP EF CBOEB
1 3VJEP FO TFBM SFDJCJEB EFTEF VO USBOTNJTPS
4FB VO USBOTNJTPS EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT B .)[ DPO SBEJP EF DPCFSUVSB r =

LN -B QSPQBHBDJO EJTDVSSF FO VO UFSSFOP TVCVSCBOP -PT FRVJQPT SFDFQUPSFT UJFOFO
VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE NYJNB VUJMJ[BCMF EF E#N DPOFDUBEPT EJSFDUBNFOUF B VOB BOUFOB
NPOPQPMP TPCSF QMBOP DPOEVDUPS
4F EFTFB HBSBOUJ[BS MB DPCFSUVSB FO FM EF
FNQMB[BNJFOUPT QFSJNFUSBM
Z EFM UJFNQP B MB EJTUBODJB r = LN &M TJTUFNB EFCF
BTFHVSBS FO MBT DJSDVOTUBODJBT EFTDSJUBT VOB UBTB EF FSSPS EF CJU QPS EFCBKP EF RVF
QBSB MB NPEVMBDJO VTBEB L)[ EF BODIP EF CBOEB B LCQT
FRVJWBMF B FYJHJS B MB
TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS VOB SFMBDJO FOFSHB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF E#
&M USBOTNJTPS UJFOF FM FTRVFNB EF MB HVSB Z VOB BMUVSB FGFDUJWB EF N $POTUB EF VO
DPOWFSTPS EF GSFDVFODJB VO BNQMJDBEPS Z EJTUJOUPT DJSDVJUPT EF NJDSPPOEBT DPOTJEFSBEPT
dBm conectados directamente a una antena monopolo /4 (sobre plano conductor). Se desea garantizar la c
50% de emplazamientos y 50% del tiempo a la distancia r=2 Km. El sistema debe asegurar en las circunstan
una tasa de error de bit por debajo de 10-3, que para la modulacin usada (200KHz de ancho de banda
equivale a exigir
1 3VJEP FOa TFBM
la salida delEFTEF
SFDJCJEB receptor una relacin energa de bit a densidad espectral
VO USBOTNJTPS de potencia
transmisor tiene el esquema de la figura, y una altura efectiva de 30 m. La cadena consta de un conversor
un amplificador y distintos circuitos de microondas considerados como pasivos. La antena se conecta a trav
DPNP QBTJWPT -B BOUFOB TF DPOFDUB B USBWT EF VO DBCMF HVJBPOEBT
EF BMJNFOUBDJO
(guiaondas) de alimentacin.
/PUB 1VFEF BTJHOBS WBMPSFT FTUOEBS B PUSPT QBSNFUSPT RVF OFDFTJUF
Nota: Puede asignar valores estndar a otros parmetros que necesite.
G=0 dBd
Pet
L=2 dB
o
o
IP3,Mx IP3,Am =61 dBm
G=52 dB Lcir=4 dB
LMx=6 dB
P1dBo=42 dBm
Transmisor
Figura Pb 2
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM USBOTNJTPS
a) Calcule una estimacin de la mnima potencia necesaria entregada por el transmisor que asegura una BER
b) Calcule la potencia mxima entregada por el transmisor que asegura a la salida una relacin de pr
B
$BMDVMFdeVOB
intermodulacin FTUJNBDJO
tercer EF MB NOJNB
orden, dentro del canalQPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
til, mayor de 35 FOUSFHBEB
dB. QPS FM USBOTNJTPS
RVF BTFHVSB VOB #&3 EF
c) Calcule la figura de ruido, en dB, de los receptores. Si se rediseasen los mismos para mejorar la sensib
cul es el mejor valor de sensibilidad posible.
C
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB NYJNB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM USBOTNJTPS RVF BTFHVSB B MB TBMJEB VOB
SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO QBSB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO EFOUSP EFM DBOBM UJM
Comience NBZPS
a resolver el E#
EF problema a continuacin y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
D
$BMDVMF MB HVSB EF SVJEP FO E# EF MPT SFDFQUPSFT 4J TF SFEJTFBTFO MPT NJTNPT QBSB
NFKPSBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE DBMDVMF DVM FT FM NFKPS WBMPS EF TFOTJCJMJEBE QPTJCMF
4PMVDJO
B
*HVBMBNPT MB TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB QPUFODJB NOJNB SFDJCJEB
S ms = Pdr = Pe t L tt + G t L b + G r L tr
Pe t = S ms + L tt G t + L b G r + L tr
Pe t = + . + L b (. + ) + ,
EPOEF MB HBOBODJB EFM NPOPQPMP FT FM EPCMF EF MB EFM EJQPMP Z MBT QSEJEBT QPS DPOF
YJPOFT Z DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJO FO FM SFDFQUPS TF IBO EFTQSFDJBEP
&M WBMPS EF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB RVF TF IB JHVBMBEP B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FT FM WBMPS NFEJBOP
%F GPSNB RVF FO FM EF UJFNQP FM OJWFM SFDJCJEP FTUBS QPS FODJNB Z FO FM
QPS EFCBKP *HVBMNFOUF FO FM EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT FM OJWFM FTU QPS FODJNB Z FM
QPS EFCBKP
2VFEB DBMDVMBS MBT QSEJEBT EFM NFEJP 4JFOEP VO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT
Z BM OP EJTQPOFS EF EBUPT TPCSF FM USB[BEP VSCBOP TF PQUB QPS VUJMJ[BS FM NUPEP EF
0LVNVSB)BUB QBSB [POB TVCVSCBOB DPO BMUVSB EF NWJM . N
L b = . + . log ( f ) . log (h t )
+ (. . log (h t )) log (d)
L = L b log ( f ) . = . E#.
'JOBMNFOUF Pe t = . E#N
C
"VORVF FO QSJODJQJP QVEJFSB QBSFDFS RVF MPT DMDVMPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO WBO B TFS
DPNQMJDBEPT TMP IBZ VO FMFNFOUP OP MJOFBM FO MB DBEFOB EFM USBOTNJTPS FM BNQMJDBEPS
1PS FMMP OPT JSFNPT B TV TBMJEB QBSB IBDFS MPT DMDVMPT
4BCFNPT RVF
I = Po IPo
RP = Po I = (IP Po ).
4F FYJHF B MB TBMJEB RVF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO TFB NBZPS EF E# UBM DPNP TF IB

EJDIP FT FRVJWBMFOUF B FYJHJSMP B MB TBMJEB EFM BNQMJDBEPS
Po = IPo RP = = . E#N.
$PNP QJEFO QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB
Pe t = Po L c ir = . E#N.
/UFTF RVF DPO FM BQBSUBEP B

Z C
TF IBO EFUFSNJOBEP MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB NOJNB
Z NYJNB RVF QVFEP DPOTJEFSBS FO MB QMBOJDBDJO EFM TJTUFNB
D
-B QSJNFSB QBSUF FT JONFEJBUB 6UJMJ[BOEP MBT GSNVMBT BQSPQJBEBT
S ms = Fs + E b N o ( E#) + log(R b ) E#N)[

Fs = S ms E b N o ( E#) log(R b ) +
Fs = E#N log( ) + E#N)[ = . E#.
1BSB MB TFHVOEB QBSUF EF FTUF BQBSUBEP IBZ RVF QFOTBS VO QPDP &O QSJODJQJP MB HVSB
EF SVJEP EF VO SFDFQUPS FT MB SFMBDJO FOUSF MB 4/3 B MB FOUSBEB Z B MB TBMJEB 4JFOEP FM
SFDFQUPS VO DPOKVOUP EF CMPRVFT RVF USBTMBEBO Z BNQMJDBO MB TFBM FO FM NFKPS EF MPT
DBTPT JEFBM
EFKBSO FTUB SFMBDJO UBM DPNP MB FOUSFHVF MB BOUFOB &TUP FT RVF f r =
E#
" MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP QPEFNPT DPOTJEFSBS RVF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB FT
Ta = T = , 1PS UPEP FMMP
f s = f a + f r = Ta T + f r = Fs = E#.
1BSB FTUB HVSB EF SVJEP MB TFOTJCJMJEBE NYJNB VUJMJ[BCMF TFS TJFNQSF NBZPS EF
S ms = + + log( ) E#N)[ = . E#N.
&O MB 'JHVSB TF JODMVZF VO SFDFQUPS TVQFSIFUFSPEJOP QBSB DPNVOJDBDJPOFT JOBMNCSJ

DBT DPO EPT FUBQBT EF GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB *'
0USBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT EFM SFDFQUPS TPO MBT
TJHVJFOUFT
t &M SBOHP EF FOUSBEB QBSB FM SFDFQUPS FO FM QVOUP " FTU FOUSF E#N Z E#N
t "ODIP EF CBOEB FT . L)[ Z MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP .)[
t &M %Y TXJUDI DPONVUBEPS

FT VO CMPRVF DPO EPT FTUBEPT QPTJCMFT 6OP FO FM RVF MB
TFBM RVF TF SFDJCF FT ECJM Z FO FM RVF MBT QSEJEBT EFM CMPRVF TPO . E# &M PUSP
FTUBEP FTU EJTFBEP QBSB OJWFMFT EF TFBMFT SFDJCJEBT BMUPT &O FTUF DBTP MBT QSEJEBT
TPO E#
t &M FTRVFNB JODMVZF VO BNQMJDBEPS DPO DPOUSPM BVUPNUJDP EF HBOBODJB BVUPNBUJD

HBJO DPOUSPM "($
"($
DPO WBMPSFT EF HBOBODJB FOUSF Z E#
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS NOJNP EF CN FO FM QVOUP $ EFM FTRVFNB EF MB 'JHVSB RVF
TF BMDBO[BS EFOUSP EFM SBOHP EF FOUSBEB DPOTJEFSBEP QBSB FTUF SFDFQUPS B
E#N
EPOEF C FT MB QPUFODJB EF TFBM UJM B MB TBMJEB
C
$BMDVMBS FM QFPS WBMPS EF MB SFMBDJO CI FO FM QVOUP # EFM FTRVFNB EF MB 'JHVSB
RVF TF BMDBO[BS EFOUSP EFM SBOHP EF FOUSBEB %POEF I FT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS
PSEFO
/PUB IBHB MBT BQSPYJNBDJPOFT RVF FTUJNF PQPSUVOBT KVTUJDOEPMBT
4PMVDJO
B
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS FM QFPS DBTP FO USNJOPT EF SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP RVF TF EB QBSB
MB TFBM EF FOUSBEB NFOPS E#N &M %Y 4XJUDI TF QPOF FO FM FTUBEP EF NFOPSFT
QSEJEBT %FTEF FM QVOUP EF WJTUB EFM SVJEP VO CMPRVF BDUJWP QSFDFEJEP EF VOB DBEFOB
EF CMPRVFT QBTJWPT QVFEFO BHSVQBSTF GDJMNFOUF TVNBOEP MBT HVSBT EF SVJEP FO E#
WFS 5BCMB
5BCMB 'JHVSBT EF SVJEP EF MBT QSJNFSB FUBQBT
#MPRVFT %Y #1'%Y .JY .JY #1'

-/" 4XJUDI-/" #1' "($ .)[
"NQ
/' E#

(BJO E#

respuesta en el espacio reservado.
Problema 1. (1.5+1.5) En la Figura Pb 1 se incluye un receptor superheterodino para comunicaciones inalmbricas con
dos etapas de frecuencia intermedia (IF). Otras caractersticas del receptor son las siguientes:
El rango de entrada para el receptor, en el punto A, est entre -110 dBm y -25 dBm.
Ancho de banda es 24.3 KHz y la frecuencia de trabajo 881MHz.
El Dx switch es un bloque con dos estados posibles. Uno en el que la seal que se recibe es dbil y en el que las
prdidas del bloque son 0.5 dB. En este estado se mejora la proteccin contra seales interferentes prximas en
frecuencia. El otro estado est diseado para niveles de seales recibidas altos. En este caso las prdidas son 28
dB.
El esquema incluye un amplificador con control automtico de ganancia (AGC) con valores de ganancia entre 12
y 72 dB.
Gr=0 dBi RF IF-1 IF-2
Pr
QDM
A B C
Bloque: Dx LNA1 881MHz Dx Switch LNA2 Mix 86.8MHz Amp Mix 450MHz AGC 450MHz
Quad.
Dem
NF (dB) 3.7 1.6 1.8 0.5/28 1.6 6 3 1.5 10 6 39 6 -
Gain (dB) -3.7 11 -1.8 -0.5/-28 11 -6 -3 15 23 -6 72/12 -6 -
o
IP3 (dBm) 100 7 100 33 7 30 30 10 5 100 17 100 -
Nota: NF es figura de ruido, Gain es ganancia e IP3o es el punto de intercepto de 3er orden a la salida.
Figura Pb 1
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF SFDFQUPS DPO DPONVUBEPS Z WBMPSFT EF MPT QBSNFUSPT EF TVT EJTQPTJUJWPT
Se pide:
a) Calcule el valor mnimo de C/N en el punto C del esquema de la Figura Pb 1 que se alcanzar dentro del rango de
entrada considerado para este receptor (-110 a -25 dBm).
b) Calcule el peor valor de la relacin C/I3 en el punto B del esquema de la Figura Pb 1 que se alcanzar dentro del rango
de entrada. Donde I3 es la intermodulacin de tercer orden.
Nota: haga las aproximaciones que estime oportunas, justificndolas.
Comience a resolver el problema a continuacin y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
-VFHP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS MB HVSB EF SVJEP UPUBM BQMJDBOEP MB GSNVMB EF MB HVSB EF

SVJEP EF VOB DBEFOB EF CMPRVFT
f f fk
fr = f + + + ... + ,
g g g g g ...g k
EPOEF MBT HVSBT EF SVJEP FTUO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT "QMJDBOEP MB GSNVMB MB HVSB
EF SVJEP RVFEB N Fr = Fr = . E# "TVNJFOEP RVF B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP MB
UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF To = Ta = , MB HVSB EF SVJEP
EFM TJTUFNB RVFEB JHVBM RVF MB EFM SFDFQUPS Fs = Fr = . E#
4F QJEF MB SFMBDJO CN QBSB FMMP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS C Z N
C = Pdr = E#N,
N = log(kT f s B) = E#N)[ + Fs + log(B = . )[)
= . E#N,
Z MVFHP TV EJGFSFODJB UPEP FO EFDJCFMJPT
C N = . = . E#.
C
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS FM QFPS DBTP QBSB MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO RVF TF EBS QBSB VOB TFBM
EF FOUSBEB NYJNB
EF E#N "QMJDBNPT MB GSNVMB QBSB DBMDVMBS FM QVOUP EF
JOUFSDFQUP FRVJWBMFOUF B MB TBMJEB

= + + ... + = . N8 .
i p ,T g ...g k i p , g ...g k i p , i p ,k
5BCMB 1VOUPT EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO Z HBOBODJBT EF MPT DVBESJQPMPT FOUSF MPT QVOUPT " Z
#
#MPRVFT %Y -/" #1' %Y 4XJUDI -/"

i
G i E#
. .
o
IP,i E#N

$PO MP RVF RVFEB IPo = . E#N /UFTF RVF UPEP QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
Z QVOUPT EF JOUFSDFQUPT FTUO SFGFSJEPT B MB TBMJEB -B HBOBODJB FO FTUF QVOUP G T =
i= G i = . E# 1PS MP RVF MB QPUFODJB EF TFBM B MB TBMJEB RVFEB

o
Pdr = Pdr + G T = E#N . E# = . E#N
Z MB QPUFODJB EF JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
I = Po IP,T = (. E#N) (. E#N) = . E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB EF TFBM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
C I = . E#,
DPO C = Pdr
1 $PCFSUVSB Z SVJEP

4F EFTFB JOTUBMBS VO USBOTNJTPS EF POEBT NUSJDBT QBSB SBEJPEJGVTJO '. FTUSFP
.)[
DVZB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB FT SVSBM WBMPS NFEJBOP EF JOUFOTJEBE EF DBNQP NFEJEP
B N QPS FODJNB EFM UFSSFOP OP JOGFSJPS B E# 7N E#V
TFHO MB 3FD EFM
Pb 24. Problema *563
EF 1. LN EF SBEJP
Examen BMSFEFEPS EFM FNQMB[BNJFOUP
Extraordinario. 20.03.2003 &M TJTUFNB SBEJBOUF FT VOB BOUFOB
Apellidos: EJQPMP FO Z FTU TJUVBEP FO FM FYUSFNP EF VO NTUJM EF N EF BMUVSB FSJHJEP FO VO
Nombre:
NPOUDVMP EF N EF BMUVSB TPCSF MB BMUVSB
Problemas (6 ptos) Para aprobar es necesario obtener 2 o ms puntos en NFEJB EFM UFSSFOP BM RVF TF EB TFSWJDJP -B
Problemas.
FNJTPSB FTU TJUVBEB FO MB CBTF EF MB UPSSF VOJOEPTF BM USBOTNJTPS DPO MB BOUFOB NFEJBOUF
VO DBCMF DPBYJBM DVZB QSEJEB B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP FT EF . E#N MBT QSEJEBT FO
P1. (1.5+1.5)DPOFDUPSFT
Justifique todas sus respuestas. Escriba su respuesta en el espacio reservado. Puede continuar escribiendo por detrs de esta hoja o
TF FTUJNBO FO . E# 4J MB POEVMBDJO EFM UFSSFOP TF FTUJNB FO N MB BOUFOB
SFDFQUPSB UJFOF N EF BMUVSB Z E#E EF HBOBODJB =
Z FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS
utilizar ms hojas (en este orden) si le falta espacio.
Se desea instalar un transmisor

PCFEFDF BM FTRVFNB de ondas mtricas
EF MB 'JHVSB paraDBMDVMF
radiodifusin FM estreo (88-108 MHz), cuya zona de cobertura
es urbana (valor mediano de intensidad de campo, medido a 10 m por encima del terreno, no inferior a 66 dBu, segn la
Rcd. 412 del B
ITU-R), de 20 km
-B QPUFODJB de radio alrededor
TVNJOJTUSBEB QPS FM del = El
emplazamiento.
USBOTNJTPS
sistema radiante es una antena dipolo en /2 y
est situado en el extremo de un mstil de 15 m de altura, erigido en un montculo de 135 m. La emisora est situada en la
C
unindose
base de la torre, -B SFMBDJOal CN QBSB con
transmisor VO SFDFQUPS TJUVBEP FO
la antena mediante un FM MNJUF
cable EFM SFB
coaxial cuyaEF TFSWJDJP
prdida QBSB MB de trabajo
a la frecuencia
es de 0.17 dB/m;GSFDVFODJB
las prdidas
NT enBMUB
conectores se estiman en 0.5 dB. Si la ondulacin del terreno se estima en 50 m, la
antena receptora tiene 10 m de altura y 0dBd de ganancia ( = 100%), y el sistema receptor obedece al esquema de la
figura adjunta, calcule:
L0 = 2 dB G1 = 20 dB G2 = 3 dB L3 = 3 dB G4 = 20 dB
Ta=290
B = 2 MHz F1 = 2 dB F2 = 3 dB B = 20 kHz F4 = 10 dB
c) Potencia suministrada
'JHVSB por el transmisor
&TRVFNB EF ( = 90 %).
SFDFQUPS QBSB FTUVEJBS MB DPCFSUVSB EF USBOTNJTJO '.
Se utilizar la Rec 3702 por ser un modelo apropiado para radiodifusin
En la Rec 370 se propone
E=Ec4PMVDJO
+(P)-(h)+(hr)+(L)+(D)
En nuestro problema (h=50m)=0, (hr=10m)=0, (L=50%, valor mediano)=0, y (D)=0 porque no tenemos
B
4F VUJMJ[BS MB 3FD *5631 QPS TFS VO NPEFMP BQSPQJBEP QBSB SBEJPEJGVTJO
datos disponibles. Queda,
E=Ec+(P)
BOUFSJPSNFOUF *5631
Donde (P) se puede leer como PRA en dBk.

E=Ec+PRA(dBk)
De la Figura 3.52 para ht=150m y 20 Km
Ec=64dBu
y
PRA=66-Ec=2dBk
1 $PCFSUVSB Z SVJEP
&O VOB BQMJDBDJO EF FTUB SFDPNFOEBDJO IBZ RVF TFHVJS VOB TFSJF EF QBTPT RVF
FOVNFSBNPT
%FUFSNJOBS UJQP EF USBZFDUP UJFSSB NBS NJYUP &O OVFTUSP DBTP FT EF VO TPMP
UJQP UJFSSB
%FUFSNJOBS FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP SFRVFSJEP &O OVFTUSP DBTP OP EJDFO
OBEB TVQPOESFNPT EFM UJFNQP
$BMDVMBS MB BMUVSB EF MB BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB h Z PCUFOFS FM WBMPS DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
EFM DBNQP E c (h ) SFCBTBEP FO FM EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT &TUF WBMPS TF NJSB
FO VOB EF MBT HVSBT TVNJOJTUSBEBT QPS MB SFDPNFOEBDJO WFS UBNCJO <>
QBSB EJTUJOUPT WBMPSFT EFM EFM UJFNQP GSFDVFODJB Z UJQPT EF TVFMPT /PTPUSPT
UPNBNPT DPNP TF IB JOEJDBEP MB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF BM EFM UJFNQP Z VOB
BMUVSB EF BOUFOB h = + = N : MB EF .)[ RVF FT JEOFB QBSB '.
&YJTUF VOB DVSWB QBSB h = N QPS MP RVF OP IBZ RVF JOUFSQPMBS Z MB DPSSFDDJO
QPS BMUVSB EF BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB (h ) FT DFSP &TUB BMUVSB TF IB UPNBEP TJHVJFOEP
MBT JOTUSVDDJPOFT EF MB SFDPNFOEBDJO MB EJTUBODJB FT NBZPS EF LN OP TF
DPOPDF FM QFSM EFM UFSSFOP Z TF IB BTVNJEP RVF MB UJFSSB BMSFEFEPS FT NT P
NFOPT QMBOB
"DUVBMDFMB DPO MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB TVNBOEP BM WBMPS EF DBNQP SFDJCJEP
FTUB DPSSFDDJO (P)
$PSSFDDJO QPS BMUVSB EF BOUFOB USBOTNJTPSB $PNP FM WBMPS MFEP FT FM DPSSFT
QPOEJFOUF BM EF VOB DVSWB OP IBZ RVF JODMVJS DPSSFDDJO
*OUFSQPMF DPO MB GSFDVFODJB $PNP MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO
.)[ FM WBMPS FT EJSFDUBNFOUF FM MFEP FO MB HVSB TFMFDDJPOBEB /P IBZ RVF
JOUFSQPMBS "T MB DPSSFDDJO QPS GSFDVFODJB FT DFSP (E) =
$PSSJKB FO GVODJO EF MB BMUVSB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB TVNBOEP (h r ) &O OVFTUSP
DBTP MB BMUVSB EF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT EF N RVF FT MB BMUVSB QBSB MB RVF MB DVSWB
EB FM WBMPS EF DBNQP SFDJCJEP FO FOUPSOP SVSBM QPS MB UBOUP (h r ) =
$PSSJKB FO GVODJO EFM USBZFDUP FO NFEJP VSCBOPTVCVSCBOP BBEJFOEP (M) &M
FOUPSOP FT SVSBM Z OP IBZ RVF IBDFS OJOHVOB DPSSFDDJO
$PSSJKB DPO FM EFTQFKBNJFOUP EFM SFDFQUPS (D) /P UFOFNPT JOGPSNBDJO BDFSDB
EFM QFSM EFM UFSSFOP BT RVF BTVNJSFNPT RVF FM OHVMP EF EFTQFKBNJFOUP EFM
SFDFQUPS FT NFOPS B . Z RVF FTUB DPSSFDDJO FT OVMB
$PSSJKB QBSB PUSP QPSDFOUBKF EF VCJDBDJPOFT (L) &O OVFTUSP DBTP TF QJEF FM WBMPS
NFEJBOP Z FTUF TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO EFM UJFNQP Z EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT
E = E c + (h ) + (P) + (h r ) + (M) + (D) + (L) = E c + (P).
%POEF (P) TF QVFEF MFFS DPNP PRA QPUFODJB SBEJBEB BQBSFOUF

FO E#L &TUP FT VO
JODSFNFOUP FO E# EF QPUFODJB SFTQFDUP B MB USBOTNJUJEB TF USBOTNJUF EJSFDUBNFOUF FO
VO JODSFNFOUP FO FM DBNQP SFDJCJEP $PNP MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO MBT HVSBT EF
MB SFDPNFOEBDJO FT L8 EF PRA E#L Z FM WBMPS EF QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB SFBM FO
E#L FT FM JODSFNFOUP EF QPUFODJB FTUP FT (P)
E = E c + PRA E#L.
%F MB HVSB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF FO MB SFDPNFOEBDJO WFS <> QBSB h t = N Z LN

OPT EB
E c = E#V
PRA = E E c = = E#L.
%POEF E FT FM WBMPS OFDFTBSJP RVF TF OPT FYJHF TFB EF E#V %FTQFKBNPT MB QPUFODJB
OFDFTBSJB $PNP
PRA = Pt + G t E#E
= Pe t L tt L at + G t E#E
,
RVFEB
Pe t = PRA + L tt + L at G t = + . + . = . E#L.
C
$BMDVMBNPT MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB MB QPUFODJB EF SVJEP Z MBT SFTUBNPT -B QPUFODJB
SFDJCJEB TF FTDSJCF FO GVODJO EFM DBNQP
Pdr = E log( f (.)[)) . + G

= E#V log() . + . = . E#N.
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM SVJEP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB
Fs = Fa + Fr .
4J Ta = To = , RVF FT VOB BQSPYJNBDJO BDFQUBEB QBSB FTUBT GSFDVFODJBT Z

TVQFSJPSFT FOUPODFT Fs = Fr -B FYQSFTJO FO E# QBSB Fs RVFEB
Fs = Fr = L (E#) + log( f + ( f )g + (l f )(g g )) = . E#,
EPOEF TF IB VTBEP RVF MB HVSB EF SVJEP FRVJWBMFOUF EF VO CMPRVF QSFDFEJEP EF VOB

BUFOVBEPS FT FM QSPEVDUP EF TV HVSB EF SVJEP QPS MBT QSEJEBT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
P MB TVNB FO E#T &M SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EPOEF FTU DBMDVMBEB Pdr
N = Fs (E#) + log(B = )[) (E#N)[) = . E#N
'JOBMNFOUF
CN = Pdr N = . E#.
1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[
&TUF WBMPS FT BMUP -B 3FD EF MB *563 FTUBCMFDF VO OJWFM NVZ TVQFSJPS BM SVJEP
&TUP GBDJMJUB FM IBDFS GSFOUF B QPTJCMFT JOUFSGFSFODJBT EF PUSBT FNJTJPOFT
1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[

4FBO EPT FRVJQPT " Z # &M FRVJQP " DPOTJTUF FO VO TJTUFNB EF QPTJDJPOBNJFOUP (14
DPOFDUBEP B VO USBOTNJTPS B .)[ #BOEB *4.
EPOEF FM (14 DBEB DJFSUP UJFNQP
FOWB MB JOGPSNBDJO EF QPTJDJO BM FRVJQP # "NCPT FRVJQPT TF DPOTUSVZFO B QBSUJS
EF VO USBOTDFQUPS FO VO DIJQ DVZP FTRVFNB TF JODMVZF FO MB 'JHVSB %F GPSNB RVF
DVBOEP TF USBOTNJUF MB JOGPSNBDJO EF " B # FM USBOTDFQUPS FO FM FRVJQP " GVODJPOB DPNP
USBOTNJTPS Z FM EFM FRVJQP # DPNP SFDFQUPS &M USBOTDFQUPS TF QVFEF VUJMJ[BS QBSB Z
.)[ TJFOEP MB QSJNFSB MB GSFDVFODJB VUJMJ[BEB 5BOUP FO FM FRVJQP " DPNP FO FM #
FM USBOTDFQUPS TF DPOFDUB B MB BOUFOB NFEJBOUF VO DJSDVJUP EF QSEJEBT . E# -B BOUFOB
FT VO NPOPQPMP TPCSF QMBOP DPOEVDUPS %FTQSFDJF MBT QSEJEBT EF DPOFDUPSFT -B
QSPQBHBDJO TF BQSPYJNBS QPS FTQBDJP MJCSF Z TF DPOTJEFSB VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN 4F
FTDPHF VOB WFMPDJEBE EF USBOTNJTJO EF . LCJUTT RVF UJFOF BTPDJBEB VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF
E#N QBSB VOB #&3 EF &TUB TFOTJCJMJEBE FT QBSB FM TJTUFNB DPNQMFUP JODMVZFOEP
BOUFOB : FTU SFGFSJEB B MB FOUSBEB EFM USBOTDFQUPS
"UFOEJFOEP B MB 'JHVSB Z UBCMBT BEKVOUBT
B
$BMDVMF VOB FTUJNBDJO EF MB NOJNB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM USBOTNJTPS
" FO FM QVOUP FOUSF FM USBOTDFQUPS Z FM DJSDVJUP EF BOUFOB RVF BTFHVSB VOB #&3 EF
FO FM SFDFQUPS # 4J TF FOUSFHBO E#N {RV NBSHFO TF EFKB QBSB QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
B MBT EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
C
$BMDVMF MB SFMBDJO E b N o B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS OFDFTBSJB QBSB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
FYJHJEB TF BTVNF RVF FM SFDFQUPS FTU MJNJUBEP QPS SVJEP Z OP QPS OJWFM NOJNP EF
QPUFODJB

D
&O FM USBOTNJTPS Z QBSB E#N EF QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJO FOUSF MB
QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO FO FM QVOUP 3' 065
5BCMB $BSBDUFSTUJDBT EF SVJEP EFM 539 B .)[
#MPRVF -/" .JYFS *' 4UBHF

/' E#

(BJO E#

RSSI / IF
RF Buffer
RF IN LNA IF Stage DeMod
Buffer
Encoder
/N
RF OUT PA
Charge XOSC_2
LPF PD /R Osc XOSC_1
Pump
O1O2
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EFM USBOTDFQUPS B .)[
Parmetro) Min.) Tpico) Max) Unidad) )

Separacin 0 64 65 kHz La frecuencia correspondiente al "0"
de digital se denota por f0, mientras que f1
frecuencias, corresponde al "1". La separacin de
FSK binaria frecuencias es f1-f0. La portadora RF, fc,
viene dada por fc=(f0+f1)/2. La
separacin de frecuencia es
programable en pasos de 250 Hz.
Separaciones hasta 65 kHz estn
garantizadas para frecuencias de
referencia de 1 MHz. Separaciones ms
grandes se alcanzan a mayores
frecuencias de referencia.
Potencia de -20 0 10/4 dBm Entregada a una carga de 50 . La

Salida potencia de salida es programable.
433 / 868
MHz
RF 140/80 Modo transmisin, ptima impedancia de
Impedancia carga.
de salida
433 / 868
MHz
Armnicos: -7/-15 dBm Medida para mxima potencia de salida.
2 Armnico -27/-29 Un filtrado externo se debera usar para
3er Armnico reducir la emisin de armnicos para
433/868 MHz cumplir determinados requisitos.
)
'JHVSB $BSBDUFSTUJDBT 3' EFM USBOTDFQUPS B .)[
1 5SBOTDFQUPS B .)[
4PMVDJO
B
-BT QSEJEBT TPO MBT EF FTQBDJP MJCSF
L b = . + log f .)[
+ log d LN

RVF RVFEBO
L b = . + log( f .)[
) + log (d LN
) = . E#.
/P IBZ DBCMFT Z MBT QSEJEBT EF MPT DPOFDUPSFT TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT -BT QSEJEBT FOUSF FM
USBOTNJTPS Z MB BOUFOB TF EFCFO OJDBNFOUF BM EVQMFYPS
L tt = L tr = . E#.
-B HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB FT FM EPCMF EF MB EF VO EJQPMP G = G + = . E#

"QMJDBOEP 'SJJT EFTQFKBNPT MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB QBSB SFDJCJS VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM B MB
TFOTJCJMJEBE
Pdr = Pe t L tt + G t L + G r L tr Pe t = S + L tt G t + L G r + L tr
Pe t = + . . + L . + . = . E#N.
4J VUJMJ[BNPT VOB QPUFODJB EF E#N FM NBSHFO RVF RVFEBSB TFSB
M = Pe t = . E#.
C
)BZ RVF BOBMJ[BS MPT USFT CMPRVFT RVF TJHVFO B MB FOUSBEB 3' */ FO MB 'JHVSB
5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF EFMBOUF UFOFNPT MB BOUFOB Z FM DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP -B HVSB EF
SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB TFSB
f s = f a + f r = Ta T + f r = f r Fs = Fr E#,
EPOEF TF IB BTVNJEP RVF B MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP Ta = To = , 1BTBOEP B

VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT Z BHSVQBOEP FO VO TPMP CMPRVF f FM DJSDVJUP EF BOUFOB Z FM -/"
f f
fr = f + +
g g g
.
= . + + = . Fs = Fr = . E#.
. . .
$PNP MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
E b N o (E#) = C (Fs + log(R b ) E#N)[),
EPOEF C = pr TFHO MB OPUBDJO EF MB 'JHVSB EFTQFKBNPT QPOJFOEP MB FDVBDJO BM

MNJUF Z UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF MB Fs TF IB DBMDVMBEP SFGFSJEB BM QVOUP FOUSF BOUFOB Z
DJSDVJUP EF BDPQMP Z RVF IBZ RVF MMFWBS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE pr = C mn BM NJTNP QVOUP

mn
E b N o (E#) = (C mn + L Dx ) Fs log(R b ) + E#N)[ =

mn
= E#N + . . log(. ) +
= . E#.
D
$POPDFNPT MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO QBSB MB QPUFODJB NYJNB EF TBMJEB &TP OPT QFSNJUF
EFTQFKBS FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP Z DBMDVMBS MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO QBSB DVBMRVJFS PUSP DBTP
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM QVOUP EF JOUFSDFQUP $PNP
I = Po IPo ,
RVFEB
IPo = ( Po I ).
-B QPUFODJB EF TBMJEB NYJNB B .)[ Z MB JOUFSNPEVMBDJO EF UFSDFS PSEFO BTPDJB

EB TPO E#N Z E#N SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF UBM DPNP TF EFTQSFOEF EF MB 'JHVSB
1BSB FTUPT WBMPSFT
IPo = ( Po I ) = ( ()) = . E#N.
1BSB Po = E#N
RP = Po I = (IP Po ) = E#.
&O MB HVSB BQBSFDF EPOEF FM FT QBSB .)[ Z FM QBSB .)[
4FSWJDJP KP UFSSFOBM
*OUSPEVDDJO
&O FTUF TFSWJDJP FM PCKFUJWP FT DPOFDUBS EPT QVOUPT FO UJFSSB CJFO EJSFDUBNFOUF B USBWT EF
VO SBEJPFOMBDF P EF WBSJPT TJ FYJTUFO SFQFUJEPSFT &O HFOFSBM TF SFTVFMWF QSJNFSP FM CBMBODF
EF FOMBDF BTFHVSBOEP RVF TF SFDJCB VOB TFBM QPS FODJNB EFM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE "RV
TF TVFMF UFOFS FO DVFOUB MB EJGSBDDJO DPO VO GBDUPS EF DPSSFDDJO EFM SBEJP UFSSFTUSF
BDPSEF B MBT FYJHFODJBT JNQVFTUBT TJ TF FTU FO TJUVBDJO EF UJFSSB DVSWB " FTUP TF EFEJDBO
FM QSJNFS Z MUJNP QSPCMFNB QSPQVFTUP 1SPCMFNB 1 Z 1SPCMFNB 1 &O FM MUJNP TF
JOUSPEVDF VO SFQFUJEPS BDUJWP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT &TUF QSPCMFNB FT JOUFSFTBOUF EF DBSB B
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6OB WF[ SFTVFMUP FM FOMBDF TF DBMDVMB FM UJFNQP FO FM RVF FM TJTUFNB WB B TVGSJS VOB
JOUFSSVQDJO EFCJEP B FGFDUPT FTQPSEJDPT &OUSF FTUPT FGFDUPT MPT NT JNQPSUBOUFT TPO
MB BWFSB EF FRVJQPT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP EF MB TFBM QPS MMVWJB P VO NVMUJUSBZFDUP QMBOP
P MB EJTUPSTJO RVF TVGSF MB TFBM EFCJEP B VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP FO GSFDVFODJB
EFCJEP B NVMUJUSBZFDUP &M DMDVMP EF MB DBMJEBE DVCSF FM FTUVEJP EF FTUBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT 6O

BOMJTJT JONFEJBUP EF DBMJEBE TFSB FWBMVBS FM UJFNQP FO FM RVF TJTUFNB FTU JOUFSSVNQJEP
Z DPNQBSBSMP DPO VO VNCSBM V PCKFUJWP DPNQSPCBOEP TJ DVNQMF DPO FM NJTNP "RV FM
DSJUFSJP EF DBMJEBE TFSB FM RVF OP IVCJFSB JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
4JO FNCBSHP MB *56 EJTUJOHVF FOUSF EPT UJQPT EF JOUFSSVQDJPOFT BUFOEJFOEP B TV EV
SBDJO .JFOUSBT RVF FM NVMUJUSBZFDUP FT VO FGFDUP DPO VOB DPSUB EVSBDJO UQJDBNFOUF
NFOPS EF VOPT QPDPT TFHVOEPT Z BGFDUB B MB EFMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB MBT BWFSBT Z MB MMVWJB
BGFDUBO B MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB EFKOEPMP JOICJM EVSBOUF NJOVUPT IPSBT P JODMVTP
EBT &YJTUFO EJWFSTBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT RVF FTUBCMFDFO UBOUP FM UJFNQP B QBSUJS EFM DVM VOB
JOUFSSVQDJO TF DPOTJEFSB VOB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE DPNP MPT PCKFUJWPT P UJFNQPT NYJNPT FO
FM RVF FM TJTUFNB QVFEF FTUBS JOEJTQPOJCMF P UFOFS QSEJEBT EF EFMJEBE &O QBSUJDVMBS MB
*56 QSPQPOF VO VNCSBM EF T QBSB EJTUJOHVJS FOUSF BNCBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT FTUBCMFDJFOEP
BT DPNP DSJUFSJPT QBSB FWBMVBS MB DBMJEBE EFM TJTUFNB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJO
NBZPS EF T
Z MB EFMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJO NFOPS EF T
&O TVT EJGFSFOUFT SFDPNFO
EBDJPOFT TF FTUBCMFDFO PCKFUJWPT UJFNQPT NYJNPT QBSB BNCPT DSJUFSJPT &M JOHFOJFSP
FWBMB BNCPT DSJUFSJPT QBSB VO TJTUFNB Z DPNQSVFCB RVF TF DVNQMFO EJDIPT PCKFUJWPT &O

$BQUVMP 4FSWJDJP KP UFSSFOBM
FM SFTUP EF QSPCMFNBT QSPQVFTUPT 1SPCMFNB 1 B 1SPCMFNB 1 TF SFBMJ[B FTUF UJQP EF
FTUVEJP
" DPOUJOVBDJO TF JODMVZFO CSFWFT DPNFOUBSJPT BDFSDB EFM DMDVMP EF FTUBT JOUFSSVQDJP
OFT RVF QVFEF DPNQMFUBS FO <>
&RVJQPT
&OUSF MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT EF MBSHB EVSBDJO TF FODVFOUSB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT

1PS FRVJQP TF FOUJFOEF VOB QBSUF P FM DPOKVOUP EF MPT FRVJQPT FO FM USBOTNJTPS FM SFDFQUPS
VO SFQFUJEPS P VOB FTUBDJO OPEBM : TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS MB EJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS VO FRVJQP FO
QBSUJDVMBS P QPS VO DPOKVOUP EF FMMPT /PSNBMNFOUF TF EFTFB DBMDVMBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
EFM DPOKVOUP EF UPEPT MPT FRVJQPT FO VOP P NT WBOPT EF VO SBEJPFOMBDF "M UBOUP QPS
DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF IBZ JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT TF MF EFOPNJOB FO FTUF UFYUP
U E WFS MB OPUBDJO BM DPNJFO[P EF FTUF EPDVNFOUP
&YJTUFO EJTUJOUBT DPOHVSBDJPOFT EF SFQFUJEPSFT VO TMP FRVJQP VO DPOKVOUP SFDFQUPS
NT USBOTNJTPS "EFNT TF QVFEFO UFOFS FRVJQPT DPO SFTFSWB BDUJWB IPU TUBOE CZ
)4#
$VBOEP IBZ )4# TF TVFMF EFOPUBS BM FTRVFNB M + N QPS DBEB M FRVJQPT GVODJP
OBOEP TF UJFOFO N FRVJQPT EF SFTFSWB %F GPSNB RVF QBSB RVF IBZB VO GBMMP UJFOFO RVF
DBFS TJNVMUOFBNFOUF NT EF N + FRVJQPT -B DBTVTUJDB EF DPOHVSBDJPOFT FT HSBOEF Z
FM JOHFOJFSP EFCF JEFOUJDBSMB Z BQMJDBS MBT FYQSFTJPOFT BEFDVBEBT QBSB DBMDVMBS FTUF UJFNQP
EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 1BSB NFKPSBS FTUB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE TF QVFEFO TFMFDDJPOBS FRVJQPT
DPO UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT NFBO UJNF CFUXFFO GBMJVSFT .5#'
FMFWBEPT UJFNQP
NFEJP FO SFQBSBS NFBO UJNF UP SFQBJS .553
SFEVDJEPT ZP )4# 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS <>
QBSB FODPOUSBS FYQSFTJPOFT RVF MF QFSNJUBO IBDFS FTUPT DMDVMPT
-MVWJB
&O FM DBTP EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB MPT DMDVMPT TPO JONFEJBUPT TJ TF DPOPDF A p MB
BUFOVBDJO FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP &O FTUF DBTP TJ MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB MMFHB DPO VO
NBSHFO EF M E# QPS FODJNB EFM VNCSBM Th MB NYJNB BUFOVBDJO QFSNJUJEB FT M = A p
EF EPOEF TF EFTQFKB U p = p TJFOEP U p MB OPUBDJO VUJMJ[BEB QBSB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
QPS QSFDJQJUBDJO /UFTF RVF MB BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FT JNQPSUBOUF B QBSUJS EF VOPT
()[ 1PS FMMP TF TVFMFO SFBMJ[BS DMDVMPT EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB DVBOEP MB
GSFDVFODJB TVQFSB FTUF WBMPS 1BSB SFEVDJS FM UJFNQP EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB TF
QVFEF JODSFNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB TJ FT QPTJCMF P EJTNJOVJS MB EJTUBODJB JOTUBMBOEP NT
FTUBDJPOFT
%FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP
&M NVMUJUSBZFDUP UJFOF VO EPCMF FGFDUP 1PS VO MBEP IBDF RVF UPEBT MBT GSFDVFODJBT EFM
BODIP EF CBOEB VUJMJ[BEP TF SFDJCBO FO QSPNFEJP DPO VOB DBEB EF F E# : QPS PUSP IBDF
RVF VOBT GSFDVFODJBT TF SFDJCBO DPO NBZPS BUFOVBDJO RVF PUSBT QSPWPDBOEP RVF IBZB
*4* &M QSJNFSP FT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF FM
TJTUFNB OP GVODJPOB EFCJEP B TUF MP EFOPNJOBNPT PT P &M TFHVOEP FT FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
TFMFDUJWP TJFOEP FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP BTPDJBEP PT S : FM SFTVMUBEP EF BNCPT
PT T
/UFTF RVF TJ FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT FTUSFDIP QPSRVF OP TF USBOTNJUBO HSBOEFT WFMPDJEB

EFT FM FGFDUP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP OP FT JNQPSUBOUF 1PS FMMP OP TF TVFMF DBMDVMBS
PT S QBSB SFHNFOFT CJOBSJPT JOGFSJPSFT B .CQT 5BNCJO TJ TF VUJMJ[BO JHVBMBEPSFT V
NPEVMBDJO QPS EJWJTJO FO GSFDVFODJB PSUPHPOBM 0SUIPHPOBM GSFRVFODZ EJWJTJPO NVMUJQMF
YJOH 0'%.
FM FGFDUP TF SFEVDF TFOTJCMFNFOUF P TF FMJNJOB 1VFEF DPOTVMUBS <> QBSB
DBMDVMBS MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT QPS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP
1BSB NFKPSBS MB QSEJEB EF EFMJEBE QPS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP TF QVFEF SFDVSSJS B
BVNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB 4J FTUP OP GVFSB QPTJCMF TF QPESB NFKPSBS TUB Z MB EFCJEB B EFTWB
OFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP VUJMJ[BOEP EJWFSTJEBE -B SFEVDDJO FO MB EJTUBODJB ZP GSFDVFODJB
UBNCJO QVFEF UFOFSTF FO DVFOUB

4F EFTFB DPOTUSVJS VO FOMBDF QPS SBEJP FOUSF VOB FTUBDJO CBTF EF UFMFGPOB NWJM B
.)[ Z VO SFQFUJEPS P 3FFY
&M SBEJPFOMBDF EJTDVSSF QPS VOB SFHJO EF UFSSFOP MMBOP
Z IPSJ[POUBM DPO DPFDJFOUF EF SFFYJO IPSJ[POUBM Z WFSUJDBM BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF R =
TFQBSBEBT FOUSF T QPS VOB EJTUBODJB EF LN -B DPNQBB QSPZFDUJTUB VUJMJ[B UPSSFT EF
N F JOTUBMBDJPOFT FTUOEBS "OUFOB%VQMFYPS(VB EF POEB DVZPT EBUPT TPO
t "OUFOBT 1BSBCMJDBT UJQP 1'&" "/%3&8
o (BOBODJB .E#J
o %JNFUSP .N
o "ODIP EFM IB[ .
o *NQFEBODJB EF FOUSBEB BEBQUBEB B MPT FRVJQPT
o 1PMBSJ[BDJO IPSJ[POUBM
t 'JMUSP EVQMFYPS
o 1SEJEBT . E#
t (VB EF POEB "/%3&8
o "UFOVBDJO B .)[ Z EF . E# N
B
$BMDVMF MB FDJFODJB EF MB BOUFOB Z FTUJNF FM BODIP EFM IB[ $PNQBSF FM SFTVMUBEP DPO
FM EBUP RVF EB FM GBCSJDBOUF
C
$BMDVMF MB EFOTJEBE P VKP
EF QPUFODJB 8N
Z FM WBMPS EF DBNQP FMDUSJDP 7N
RVF IBZ B N EF MB BOUFOB FO MB EJSFDDJO EF NYJNB HBOBODJB Z FO FTQBDJP MJCSF TJ MB

1*3& FT EF E#8 4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM TVFMP DPOEVDUPS QFSGFDUP JOEJRVF IBTUB
EPOEF QPESBO JODSFNFOUBSTF DPNP NYJNP MPT WBMPSFT DBMDVMBEPT
D
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS SFDJCJEP EF QPUFODJB B MB TBMJEB EF MB HVB EF POEB Z FO E#N QPS FTUB
BOUFOB TJ PUSB EF MBT NJTNBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT FOGSFOUBEB B FMMB Z B LN EF EJTUBODJB
USBOTNJUF DPO VOB 1*3& EF E#8
E
&O MB TJUVBDJO EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS Z QBSB IBDFS VOBT QSVFCBT TF DPOFDUB B MB HVB
EF POEB VO SFDFQUPS DPO HVSB EF SVJEP EF E# EF GPSNB RVF QBSB FM DPOKVOUP
BOUFOBEVQMFYPSHVB EF POEBSFDFQUPS TF SFRVJFSF VO WBMPS EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB B MB

FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS EF E#N QBSB DVNQMJS DPO MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EF E b N FOFSHB
EF CJUEFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF SVJEP
B MB TBMJEB EFM SFDFQUPS $PNQSVFCF
QSJNFSP RVF TF DVNQMF RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT NBZPS RVF FTUF WBMPS 4J MB USBOTNJ
TJO FT EJHJUBM DPO BODIP EF CBOEB EF L)[ Z SHJNFO CJOBSJP LCQT DBMDVMF
MB E b N OFDFTBSJB B MB TBMJEB FM SFDFQUPS +VTUJRVF BEFDVBEBNFOUF TVT SFTQVFTUBT 4J
VUJMJ[B VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJO BSHVNFOUF QPS RV MP FMJHF *OEJRVF DMBSBNFOUF MBT
VOJEBEFT FO MBT RVF FYQSFTB TVT SFTVMUBEPT Z DVBOEP QSPDFEB TJ TPO QJDP P QSPNFEJP
4PMVDJO
B
-B HBOBODJB EF VOB BOUFOB QBSBCMJDB FT g = D 5PNBOEP MPT WBMPSFT EF SFGFSFO

DJB
.

. = = . . %.

&M BODIP EF IB[ BQMJDBOEP MB GSNVMB = D ( ) = . MJHFSBNFOUF NBZPS EFM
EBEP QPS FM GBCSJDBOUF .
C
&M DMDVMP EFM VKP EF QPUFODJB TF MMFWB B DBCP VUJMJ[BOEP MB FYQSFTJO
pire
S = = = . Wm .

&M DBNQP BTVNJFOEP DBNQPT MFKBOPT

MP EFTQFKBNPT EF TV SFMBDJO DPO FM VKP EF
QPUFODJB

S = e e = S . = . Vm (rms).
4J TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB FM TVFMP FO BMHVOPT QVOUPT QPEFNPT UFOFS FM EPCMF EF JOUFOTJEBE

EF DBNQP Z DVBUSP WFDFT NT EF QPUFODJB
D
"RV FO QSJODJQJP IBZ RVF EFDBOUBSTF QPS VO NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB P DVSWB 4J TF
DBMDVMB MB FDIB TF DPOTUBUB MP RVF ZB TF JOUVZF B UFOPS EFM WBMPS UBO DPSUP EF MB EJTUBODJB
RVF MB QSPQBHBDJO OP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO VO NPEFMP EF UJFSSB DVSWB 1PS PUSP MBEP
LN GSFOUF B N IBDFO QFOTBS RVF FT WMJEB MB BQSPYJNBDJO EF UJFSSB QMBOB EBEP
BEFNT RVF FM DPFDJFOUF EF SFFYJO FT "T DPNQSPCBNPT TJ d > h t h r = .
LN Z DPNP MB SFTQVFTUB FT BSNBUJWB BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJO BQSPYJNBEB EF UJFSSB
QMBOB
L b = log d(km) log(h t (m) h r (m)) +

= log log( ) + = E#,
EPOEF OP TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB POEB EF TVQFSDJF QPS TFS MB GSFDVFODJB NBZPS EF
.)[ Z B DPOUJOVBDJO 'SJJT
Pdr = PIRE L b + G t L tr = (dBW) (dB) + .(dB) .(dB)

= . E#8 = . E#N,
EPOEF
L tr = l c abl e + L du pl x = . . + . = . E#.
E
$PNP MMFHBO . E#N DVNQMF DPO DSFDFT FM WBMPS SFRVFSJEP
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB E b N BTPDJBEB B MPT E#N DBMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM SVJEP -B HVSB
EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FT Fs = L tr + Fr = . + = .dB TVQVFTUB MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF
SVJEP EF BOUFOB , -B TFOTJCJMJEBE B MB TBMJEB EF BOUFOB EPOEF FTU SFGFSJEB MB
BOUFSJPS HVSB EF SVJEP FT E#N+. = . E#N BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJO EF
TFOTJCJMJEBE FO FM DBTP EJHJUBM
Th (dBm) = E b N (dB) (dB) + Fs (dB)

mn
+ log R b (bps) (dBmHz).
4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT Z EFTQFKBOEP
.(dBm) = E b N (dB) (dB) + .(dB)

mn
+ log (bitssg) E b N (dB) .dB.
%F GPSNB RVF E b N = . E#

mn
4F DPOTJEFSB VO WBOP EF SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM RVF UJFOF MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT
t (BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = E#
t 1SEJEBT FO DBCMFT BMJNFOUBDJO L T = . E#
t *OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R . = NNI
t 1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PIRE = E#N
t 6NCSBM QBSB BER = T h = E#N
t MT TR = I
t MTBF = I
t f = . ()[
t 1PMBSJ[BDJO 7FSUJDBM
t 7FMPDJEBE R b = .CJUTT
t .PEVMBDJO 2".
t %FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP DPO GBDUPS Po = .
t .BSHFO OFUP M e = . E#
t %JTUBODJB d = LN
%POEF MPT EBUPT EF FRVJQPT MPT .5#' FTUO ZB EBEPT QBSB MPT EPT TFOUJEPT 4VQPOHB
QSPQBHBDJO FO FTQBDJP MJCSF
B
&WBMF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z MB EFMJEBE EFM FOMBDF Z DPNQSVFCF RVF DVNQMF DPO
PCKFUJWPT EF MB *56 TFDDJO SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJPOFT *563
*563 '
Z
*563 ' Z '
QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z EFMJEBE SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF Z
LN 1BSB EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF TF PCUJFOF VO PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBM B MB
EJTUBODJB 4J MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS EF LN TF PCUJFOF FM PCKFUJWP QBSB LN -PT
PCKFUJWPT FTUO EBEPT QBSB MB SFMBDJO EF TFHVOEPT DPO NVDIPT FSSPSFT TFWFSFMZ FSSPSFE
TFDPOE SBUJP 4&43

C
$BMDVMF MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r
D
4VQPOHB RVF FM OJWFM BMUVSB
EF MB TJHOBUVSB EF FTUF UJQP EF SFDFQUPSFT TF NBOUJFOF
DPOTUBOUF JOEFQFOEJFOUFNFOUF EFM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT : FM BODIP EF MB NJTNB JHVBM
BM BODIP EF CBOEB EFM SFDFQUPS
W FT EJSFDUBNFOUF QSPQPSDJPOBM B log M DPO M

DVBMRVJFS ONFSP EF OJWFMFT W(MHz) = W log M QBSB BMHO W 4J TF BTVNJFTF

UBNCJO RVF FM VNCSBM OFDFTBSJP Th OP WBSB DPO FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT
t {-B DBMJEBE NFKPSB P FNQFPSB DPO FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT %FNVTUSFMP
t $BMDVMF FM DPOKVOUP EF OJWFMFT QBSB MPT DVBMFT TF BTFHVSB RVF TF DVNQMFO MPT
PCKFUJWPT EF DBMJEBE SFDPNFOEBEPT QPS MB *563
/PUB 3FDVFSEF RVF QBSB EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF TF PCUJFOF VO PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBM
B MB EJTUBODJB 4J MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS EF LN TF PCUJFOF FM PCKFUJWP QBSB LN -PT
PCKFUJWPT EBEPT FO FM FOVODJBEP FTUO EBEPT QBSB MB 4&43
4PMVDJO
B
&O DVBOUP B MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE UFOFNPT MB TVNB EFCJEB B QSPQBHBDJO MMVWJB
Z B
FRVJQPT
U = UE + UP .
-B EFCJEB B FRVJQPT TF DBMDVMB EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
U E = MT TRMTBF = . %.
-B U P OP TF DBMDVMB ZB RVF B ()[ OP IBZ BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB U P =
U = U E + U P = . %.
&M PCKFUJWP NBSDBEP QPS MB *563 QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE FT EF . = . %

QBSB MPOHJUVEFT JHVBMFT P JOGFSJPSFT B LN RVF FT NBZPS RVF . % TF DVNQMFO
PCKFUJWPT
3FTQFDUP B MB EFMJEBE IBZ RVF FWBMVBS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z TFMFDUJWP $PNP OPT
EBO FM NBSHFO OFUP MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP P TFMFDUJWP FT
PT T = . M e = . %.
&M PCKFUJWP NBSDBEP QBSB MPOHJUVEFT JOGFSJPSFT B LN FT EF . =

. % TF DVNQMFO PCKFUJWPT
C
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB DPOPDJFOEP FM NBSHFO OFUP TF TJHVF FM TJHVJFOUF
QSPDFEJNJFOUP

4F DBMDVMB FM NBSHFO CSVUP 1BSB FMMP TF DBMDVMBO MBT QSEJEBT
L b = log(d) = . E#
Z MVFHP FM NBSHFO
M = PIRE L b + G T L T R Th = . E#.

4F DBMDVMB MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP PT S
PT S = P (M e M ) = . %.

4F EFTQFKB MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB k r EF
PT S = C Pb k r ( m Ts )
EPOEF
= exp(. P. ) = .
C=
Pb = .
m = .(d). = . ns
Ts = log (M)R b = . ns, M = .
2VFEB
k r = PT S ( C Pb ( m Ts ) ) = .
D
4J FM VNCSBM OP EFQFOEJFTF EFM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT FM PT P TF NBOUFOESB DPOTUBOUF
2VFEB PT T mx = . % Z PT P = P M EF EPOEF TF TBDB RVF PT S =
PT T PT P = . % "RV PT S FT FM NYJNP QPSDFOUBKF BENJTJCMF QBSB EFTWB
mx
mx mx
OFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP
4J FM OJWFM BMUVSB
EF MB TJHOBUVSB TF NBOUJFOF DPOTUBOUF JOEFQFOEJFOUFNFOUF EFM
ONFSP EF OJWFMFT Z FM BODIP EF MB NJTNB JHVBM BM BODIP EF CBOEB EFM SFDFQUPS
TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS DPNP B .)[

= W log M DPO M DVBMRVJFS ONFSP EF OJWFMFT

&M WBMPS EF C FT VO GBDUPS EF DPSSFDDJO RVF UPNBNPT B Z MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF RVF b DPFDJFOUF EFM TFHVOEP
SBZP EFM NPEFMP EF EPT SBZPT WBMHB VOP TF UPNB B
&O MB QSDUJDB MB E N OFDFTBSJB QBSB VOB #&3 EBEB BVNFOUB DPO MPT OJWFMFT EF MB NPEVMBDJO
b
&O MB QSDUJDB Z FO HFOFSBM FM OJWFM QVFEF TVCJS BM BVNFOUBS FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT BM TFS MB DPOTUFMBDJO NT
TFOTJCMF B QFSUVSCBDJPOFT
JOUSPEVDJNPT FTUPT WBMPSFT FO MB TJHOBUVSB
k r = K A K B
EPOEF
K A = B(.)[) Ts
T
K B = s B C .
%F GPSNB RVF
Ts
k r = B(.)[) B C

DPO Ts Z FO sg 3FBMJ[BOEP DMDVMPT TJNQMFT QPOFNPT MB TJHOBUVSB k r FO GVODJO
EF MB TJHOBUVSB EFM DBTP EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS k r RVF FTUBCB EBEP QBSB VOB 2".
log MR b

W
k r =
B C
log M
log M log M r
k r = W
B C
Rb log M r
log M r log M log M log M
k r = W
B C
= kr
= kr
.
Vb log M r log M r

"RV M r = FT FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT JOJDJBM FM EF VOB 2".
*OUSPEVDJFOEP FM WBMPS EF MB TJHOBUVSB FO FM DMDVMP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP
PT S = C Pb k r log M( m Ts ) ,

PT S = C Pb k r log M m
(ns) ( (T log M)) ,

b
PT S = C Pb k r m
(ns) ( R ) log M .

b
-VFHP QPEFNPT DPODMVJS RVF PT S DSFDF BM EJTNJOVJS FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT : FM

mx
ONFSP EF OJWFMFT NOJNP QBSB DVNQMJS DPO MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT FT
log M = C Pb k r m
(ns) ( R ) P = . M .

b TS mx

6OB DPNQBB WB B JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP KP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT 4F DPOPDFO
MPT EBUPT JODMVJEPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF B ()[
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = E#
*OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R . NNI
1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB PIRE = E#N
1SEJEBT EF DBCMFT Z DPOFDUPSFT FO DBEB FYUSFNP E#
.PEVMBDJO 214,
1BSB #&3 4/3 OPSNBMJ[BEB W = E b N = E#
3HJNFO CJOBSJP .CQT
'JHVSB EF SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EF MB FUBQB EF 3' Fs = E#
%BUPT JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FO DBEB FYUSFNP MT TR = I
MTBF = I
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = .. ()[
1PMBSJ[BDJO )PSJ[POUBM
%FTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP DPO GBDUPS P = .
%JTUBODJB d = LN
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS kr =
&M FOMBDF OP UFOES JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NBZPSFT EF T FO FM EFM UJFNQP OJ

JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NFOPSFT EF T FO FM )BCS JOUFSSVQDJO DVBOEP MB BER >
&M QFSM FT FM EBEP FO MB 'JHVSB Z TF DPOTJEFSB VO NPEFMP EF QSPQBHBDJO EF UJFSSB
QMBOB DPO EJTUBODJB NVDIP NBZPS RVF MBT BMUVSBT EF MBT BOUFOBT d >> h , h
10 m 15 m
16 km
m
'JHVSB 1FSM EFM SBEJPFOMBDF
4F QJEF
7FS DVBESP OBDJPOBM EF BUSJCVDJO EF GSFDVFODJBT $/"'

MB IPKB EF VUJMJ[BDJO 6/ Z MB JOUFSGB[SBEJPFMD
USJDB SFHMBNFOUBEB *3 QBSB MPT SBEJPFOMBDFT EFM TFSWJDJP KP QVOUP B QVOUP FO MB CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJBT EF
.)[
B
$PNQSPCBS TJ QBSB VO SHJNFO EF .CQT FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT
QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT &O DBTP EF RVF OP MP DVNQMB BQPSUF QPTJCMFT TPMVDJPOFT
4PMVDJO
B
1BSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF MMVWJB -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FT DPNP TJHVF &O DBEB FYUSFNP IBZ EPT FRVJQPT JHVBMFT
1PS MP RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT RVFEB
U E = MT TR(MTBF) = () = .
$PNP MB GSFDVFODJB FT CBKB Z BEFNT MB EJTUBODJB UBNCJO OP IBZ JOUFSSVQDJPOFT

MBSHBT QPS MMVWJB 1PS MP RVF
U = U P + U E = + . % < . %.
-VFHP T DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP

3FTQFDUP B MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT DPNP FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP FT BMUP FT QPTJCMF RVF
IBZB QSPCMFNBT QPS NVMUJUSBZFDUP UBOUP QMBOP DPNP TFMFDUJWP
PT T = PT P + PT S = (Po M + C Pb () k m
T ) ( %).
s
1BSB FM DMDVMP EFM NBSHFO CSVUP QBSB FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP IBDF GBMUB DBMDVMBS FM
NBSHFO Z FTUF B QBSUJS EFM VNCSBM &M VNCSBM RVFEB
Pdr Th = E b N (E#) (dBmHz) + Fs (E#) + log R b (bps)

mn
= + + log = . E#N.
: DBMDVMBOEP MBT QSEJEBT
L b = log d(LN) log(h h ) + + a d

L b = log (LN) log( ) + + d = . E#.
6UJMJ[BOEP 'SJJT FM NBSHFO RVFEB
M = PIRE L b + G r L tr Th
= . + (.) = . E#,
EPOEF MBT QSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT B FTUB GSFDVFODJB TPO NOJNBT Z TF IBO
EFTQSFDJBEP 1BSB FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP TF DBMDVMB = exp(. Po. ) =
. Z
.
d(km)
m = . OT = . OT.

&M UJFNQP EF TNCPMP FT Ts = () OT = . OT : FM NBSHFO ZB TF DBMDVM

BOUFSJPSNFOUF
'JOBMNFOUF
PT T = PT P + PT S = . + . = . % > . %.
: /0 DVNQMF
1BSB SFEVDJS FTUF QPSDFOUBKF TF QPESB BVNFOUBS MB QPUFODJB QFSP OP MPHSBSBNPT
SFEVDJSMP NT BMM EF PT S 5BNCJO TF QPESB JOUSPEVDJS EJWFSTJEBE P VO SFDFQUPS EF
NFKPSFT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT RVF JODMVZB JHVBMBDJO $PO FTUB MUJNB TPMVDJO QPEFNPT
DPOTVMUBOEP FM WBMPS EF MB TJHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB QBSB VO SFDFQUPS 214, DPO JHVBMBDJO
SFEVDJS MB TJHOBUVSB EF B %F GPSNB RVF RVFEBSB
PT T = PT P + PT S = . + . = . %,
RVF 4 DVNQMF

4F DPOTJEFSB VO WBOP EF SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM RVF UJFOF MBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT JODMVJEBT FO MB
5BCMB Z FM QFSM FO MB 'JHVSB %POEF MBT BMUVSBT FTUO EBEBT TPCSF FM OJWFM EFM NBS
&M SBEJP EF MB UJFSSB FT R T = LN
5BCMB %BUPT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP KP
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = E#
1SEJEBT FO DBCMFT BMJNFOUBDJO E#
*OUFOTJEBE EF MMVWJB QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP R . NNI
.PEVMBDJO 2".
3FMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB QBSB #&3 w = E b N = E#
'JHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB DPOKVOUP BOUFOB Z SFDFQUPS Fs = E#
5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS MT TR = I
5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT EF DBEB USBOTDFQUPS MTBF = I
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = .. ()[
'BDUPS EF BQBSJDJO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP P = .
%JTUBODJB d = LN
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r = .
&M GBDUPS EF SBEJP FGFDUJWP EF MB UJFSSB k T =
6O SBEJPDBOBM VOB GSFDVFODJB EF JEB Z PUSB EF WVFMUB
1PMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM
B
&WBMF MBT QSEJEBT CTJDBT EF QSPQBHBDJO
uesta en el espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente al Plan al que pertenece ( Nuevo/ Antiguo).
blema 1. (1+2) Se considera un vano de radioenlace digital que tiene las siguientes caractersticas
! Ganancias de Antenas G=35 dB ! f =2.4 GHz
! Prdidasen cables alimentacin 0 dB ! Polarizacin $BQUVMP 4FSWJDJP KP UFSSFOBM
Vertical
! Intensidad de lluvia para el 0.01% del ! Desvanecimiento multitrayecto con factor
tiempo RC
0.01%JTDVUB DNP JOUFSWJFOF FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP PFO
=32mm/h o=0.27
MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z EFMJEBE EFM
! Potencia transmitida
SBEJPFOMBDF PIRE=60
$PNQSVFCF dBm TJ FT WJBCMF FM ! Distancia
SBEJPFOMBDF d=15 Km
B VO SHJNFO CJOBSJP EF .CQT
Pb 30. Problema 1. Segundo Parcial 06.03
! Modulacin QPSK
FO USNJOPT EF DBMJEBE Z MPT PCKFUJWPT Nombre:
Apellidos:
! Signatura
EF MB *563 '
normalizada
Z *563del receptor
'
Plan: NZ!
Kr=1.7A !
-3
Para BER=10 '
Justifique , w=E
todas /N =
b QBSB
o 15
sus respuestas. dB
SiJOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE !
en el inciso de alguna Zpregunta
EFMJEBE El factor de radio
SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
encuentra efectivo de
Z lasLN
dificultad, pase a contestar la tierra: k=4/3
siguientes. Escriba su
! Th3= -60
Umbralrespuesta en el dBm ! Nota: Sialnecesitase
espacio reservado. No olvide marcar la casilla correspondiente evaluar(los
Plan al que pertenece criterios
Nuevo/ de fidelidad
Antiguo).
! Fs=8 dB /PUB 1.
Problema 3FDVFSEF
(1+2) SeRVF QBSB EJTUBODJBT
considera un vano de NFOPSFT (calidad)
radioenlaceEFdigital
y compararlos
TF PCUJFOF
que tiene VO PCKFUJWP
las siguientes con objetivos de la ITU,
QSPQPSDJPOBM
caractersticas
B MB! EJTUBODJB 4J de
MB EJTUBODJB FT NFOPS utilice slo los
PCKFUJWP QBSB LN(Severely
relativos a la SESR Errored
! MTTR=1h Ganancias Antenas G=35 dB EF LN TF !PCUJFOF f =2.4FMGHz -PT
! PCKFUJWPT
MTBF=20000h EBEPTenFOcables
FM FOVODJBEP FTUO Seconds
EBEPT QBSB MB!4&43 Ratio).
! Prdidas alimentacin 0 dB Polarizacin Vertical
! Intensidad de lluvia para el 0.01% del ! Desvanecimiento multitrayecto con factor
l siguiente pe tiempo R0.01=32mm/h Po=0.27
! Potencia transmitida PIRE=60 dBm ! Distancia d=15 Km 15 m
! Modulacin QPSK ! Signatura normalizada del receptor 200Kr=1.7
m
20 m Para BER=10-3, w=Eb/No= 15 dB ! El factor de radio efectivo de la tierra: k=4/3
!
160 m
! Umbral Th3= -60 dBm Nota: Si necesitase evaluar los criterios de fidelidad
! Fs=8 dB 120 m (calidad) y compararlos con objetivos de la ITU,
! MTTR=1h utilice slo los relativos a la SESR (Severely Errored
! MTBF=20000h Seconds Ratio).
50 m
Y el siguiente perfil 9 km
15 m
20 m 200 m
15 km 160 m
nde las alturas estn dadas sobre el nivel del 120
mar.mEl radio de la tierra es 6370 Km.
pide: 'JHVSB %BUPT EFM QFSM EFM SBEJPFOMBDF DPO EJGSBDDJO
Evale las prdidas bsicas de propagacin.
50 m
4PMVDJO
calcula la flecha 9 Km plana, f<5m:
para comprobar que estamos en tierra x (d x ) 9 (15 9)
f (x ) = = 103 = 3.18m
2kRo 2 4 / 3 Ro
B
4F DBMDVMB QSJNFSP MB FDIB QBSB DPNQSPCBS RVF 15 Km FTUBNPT FO UJFSSB QMBOB f < N WFS
culamos el radio
Dondede la alturas
'JHVSB
las primera zona
estn desobre
dadas Fresnel:
el nivel
R1 del
= {Rmar.
(m),El radiodde
f (MHz), (Km)la }tierra
= 548es 6370
d1d2
Km.= 21.22 m
x (d x) ( )
f (d1 + d2 )
a) Evale las prdidas bsicasf (x) = = = . N.

Se pide:

R T
de propagacin.
k T R T
Se calcula
T la flecha para comprobar que estamos en tierra plana, f<5m: f (x ) = x (d x ) = 9R (15 9) 103 = 3.18m
$PNQSPCBNPT TJ IBZ EJGSBDDJO DBMDVMBOEP FM SBEJP EF MB QSJNFSB 2kRo [POB
2 4 / 3EF
Ro'SFTOFM Z
MB BMUVSB EFM PCTUDVMP Z DPNQSPCBOEP

Calculamos el radio de la primera zona de Fresnel:Y R TJ
(x) MB [POB EF 'SFTOFM TF PCTUBDVMJ[B
d1d2 NT BMM EFM
ht R1 = { R(m), f (MHz), d (Km)} = 548
f (d1 + d2 ) hr
= 21.22 m
O
c(x)
T R
z(0) YR(x) z(d) c(d)

0) ht hr
O f(x)
c(x)
z(0) z(d) c(d)

c(0)
f(x)
altura del rayo a 9Km: y(x)=z(0k+(z(d)-zk0))/d x=140+(215-140)/159=185 m
despejamiento:'JHVSB
h(x)=c(x)+f(x)-y(x)=160+3.18-185=-21.82 m
1FSM EFM UFSSFOP JODMVZFOEP MB QSPUVCFSBODJB EF MB UJFSSB Z MB OPUBDJO VUJMJ[B
)/R1 < -0.6 luego haydel
La altura
EB
despejamiento
rayo a 9Km: suficiente y no hay obstculo.
y(x)=z(0k+(z(d)-zk0))/d Adems, este obstculo
x=140+(215-140)/159=185 m apantalla el rayo reflejado
la frecuenciaEl2.4 GHz las prdidas por lluvia son despreciables. Las
despejamiento: h(x)=c(x)+f(x)-y(x)=160+3.18-185=-21.82 m
prdidas son las bsicas en el vaco:
Lbf=20 log(4h(x)/R
d/ 1)=123.57
< -0.6 luegodB
hay despejamiento suficiente y no hay obstculo. Adems, este obstculo apantalla el rayo reflejado
y a la frecuencia 2.4 GHz las prdidas por lluvia son despreciables. Las prdidas son las bsicas en el vaco:
de continuar escribiendo por detrs de este folio si le falta espacio)
Lb=Lbf=20 log(4 d/ )=123.57 dB
74
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrs de este folio si le falta espacio)
MNJUF QFSNJUJEP &M SBEJP TF DBMDVMB DPNP

R = {R(N), f (.)[), d(LN)} =
d d
= . N.
f (d + d )
1PS PUSP MBEP DBMDVMBNPT MB BMUVSB EFM SBZP QPS FODJNB EFM PCTUDVMP B LN
y(x) = z() + ((z(d) z())d) x = + (( )) = N.
&M EFTQFKBNJFOUP
h(x) = c(x) + f (x) y(x) = + . = . N,
Z FM EFTQFKBNJFOUP OPSNBMJ[BEP h(x)R = . RVF FT CBTUBOUF NFOPS EF .

MVFHP IBZ EFTQFKBNJFOUP TVDJFOUF Z OP IBZ PCTUDVMP "EFNT BTVNJNPT RVF FTUF
PCTUDVMP BQBOUBMMB FM SBZP SFFKBEP Z B MB GSFDVFODJB ()[ QFPS DBTP MBT QSEJEBT
QPS MMVWJB TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT 1PS MP RVF MBT QSEJEBT TPO MBT CTJDBT FO FM WBDP
L b = L b f = log(d) = . E#.
C
&M SHJNFO CJOBSJP JOUFSWJFOF FO FM NBSHFO CSVUP B USBWT EFM VNCSBM BGFDUBOEP BM
NBSHFO QBSB MMVWJB Z QBSB EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP NVMUJUSBZFDUP 5BNCJO JOUFSWJFOF FO
MB QSPCBCJMJEBE P QPSDFOUBKF EF UJFNQP FO FM RVF IBZ VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP ZB
RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT NBZPS &O FTUF DBTP OP BGFDUB B MBT QSEJEBT QPS MMVWJB QPSRVF
MB GSFDVFODJB FT NFOPS EF ()[ %F GPSNB RVF TMP JOUFSWJFOF FO FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
NVMUJUSBZFDUP FTUP FT FO MB QSEJEB EF EFMJEBE
1SJNFSP FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z MVFHP MB EFMJEBE -B QSJNFSB WJFOF EBEB QPS
MB TVNB EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS QSPQBHBDJO MMVWJB
Z QPS JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EFCJEB
B FRVJQPT
U T = U P + U E . %,
EPOEF FM PCKFUJWP TFHO MB SFDPNFOEBDJO EF MB *56 FT . = . %

&M QSJNFSP FT DFSP ZB RVF MB GSFDVFODJB FT NFOPS EF ()[ Z QPS EFCBKP EF FTUB
GSFDVFODJB MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP EFCJEP B MMVWJB FT NVZ QFRVFB
U P %.
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT
U E = MT TRMTBF = . %,
EPOEF TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB RVF UFOFNPT EPT FRVJQPT USBOTDFQUPSFT VOP FO DBEB
FYUSFNP
%F GPSNB RVF
U T = . % < . %,
MVFHP FT NFOPS RVF FM PCKFUJWP KBEP QPS MB *56 4F DPOTUBUB RVF FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP OP
JOUFSWJFOF FO FM DMDVMP EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
3FTQFDUP B MB EFMJEBE TF DBMDVMB MB TVNB EF MPT UJFNQPT FO MPT RVF IBZ QSEJEB EF
EFMJEBE EFCJEP B EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z TFMFDUJWP
PT T = PT P + PT S . %,
Z TF DPNQBSB DPO FM PCKFUJWP RVF TFHO MB SFDPNFOEBDJO EF MB *56 FT .

= . % EBEP RVF MB MPOHJUVE FT NFOPS EF LN
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP PT P OFDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS FM NBSHFO -B QP
UFODJB SFDJCJEB FT
C = Pr = PIRE L b + G = . E#N.
4VQPOFNPT R b = .CQT Z DBMDVMBNPT FM VNCSBM
Th = W E#
+ Fs E#
+ log(R b CQT
) E#N)[
= . E#N.
3FTUBNPT BNCPT WBMPSFT QBSB PCUFOFS FM NBSHFO
M = C Th = . E#N.
/UFTF RVF EBEP RVF MBT QSEJEBT FO DPOFDUPSFT Z DBCMFT FT DFSP EB JHVBM TJ UPNBNPT
FM DPOFDUPS EF BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB P MB FOUSBEB EFM SFDFQUPS DPNP QVOUPT EF SFGFSFODJB
QBSB FM SVJEP &M EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP WJFOF EBEP QPS
PT P = P (M ) = . %.
4J DBMDVMBNPT BIPSB FM WBMPS EF PT S QBSB R b = .CQT
PT S = C Pb k r ( m Ts ) = . %,
EPOEF C = Z Pb = TPO WBMPSFT VTBEPT IBCJUVBMNFOUF Z
= exp(. P. ) = .
m = . (d). = . ns
N = log () =

Ts = NR b = . ns.
2VFEB
PT T = PT P + PT S = . % . %,
RVF FT NFOPS RVF FM PCKFUJWP MVFHP DVNQMF &M SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MBT FTQFDJDB
DJPOFT EF EFMJEBE

6OB DPNQBB WB B JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP KP FOUSF EPT QVOUPT $BEB FYUSFNP
DPOTUB EF VOB VOJEBE JOUFSOB FRVJQP EF JOUFSJPS RVF FOWB MB TFBM B VOB VOJEBE FYUFSOB
RVF FTU TJUVBEB KVTUP EFUST EF MB BOUFOB -B VOJEBE FYUFSOB FT MB RVF IBDF EF USBOTDFQUPS
TVCF Z CBKB FO SFDFQDJO
B SBEJPGSFDVFODJB 4F DPOPDFO BEFNT MPT EBUPT FO MB 5BCMB
5BCMB %BUPT EF SBEJPFOMBDF B ()[
(BOBODJBT EF "OUFOBT G = . E#
"UFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB WFS HVSB BEKVOUB
.PEVMBDJO 214,
1BSB #&3 4/3 OPSNBMJ[BEB W = E b N = E#
3HJNFO CJOBSJP & .CQT
'JHVSB EF SVJEP SFGFSJEP B MB FOUSBEB EF MB FUBQB EF 3' Fs = E#
%BUPT FRVJQPT EF VOJEBEFT FYUFSJPSFT MT TR = I
MTBF = BPT
%BUPT FRVJQPT EF VOJEBEFT JOUFSJPSFT MT TR = I
MTBF = BPT
'SFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP f = ()[
'BDUPS EF BQBSJDJO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP Po = .
%JTUBODJB d = LN
4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k r = TJO JHVBMBDJO
5BNCJO TF TBCF RVF FOUSF BOUFOB Z VOJEBE FYUFSOB IBZ DPOFDUPSFT RVF JOUSPEVDFO
E# EF QSEJEBT
1BSB FTUF UJQP EF FOMBDF Z EJTUBODJBT NFOPSFT EF LN OP TF UFOESO JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
NBZPSFT EF T FO FM EFM UJFNQP OJ JOUFSSVQDJPOFT NFOPSFT EF T FO FM
)BCS JOUFSSVQDJO DVBOEP MB BER > &M QFSM FT UBM RVF FM SBZP SFFKBEP
FTU BQBOUBMMBEP Z OP IBZ QSEJEBT QPS EJGSBDDJO -B BUFOVBDJO FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM
UJFNQP EFCJEP B MMVWJB QBSB LN ()[ Z FTB [POB DMJNBUPMHJDB WJFOF EBEB QPS MB
'JHVSB QBSB MB QPMBSJ[BDJO VTBEB WFSUJDBM
4F QJEF
B
$PNQSPCBS RVF FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT KBEPT QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
4VQPOHB RVF OP IBZ SFFYJO OJ EJGSBDDJO
C
$PNQSPCBS TJ FM SBEJPFOMBDF DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT KBEPT QBSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
TJ FM SBEJPFOMBDF DPOTUBSB EF EPT WBOPT JHVBMFT BM EFTDSJUP
4PMVDJO
B
1BSB MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT FWBMVBNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF MMVWJB -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT FT DPNP TJHVF &O DBEB FYUSFNP IBZ EPT FRVJQPT VOJEBE
Atenuacin excedida (dB)

10
20
30
40
50 3 2 1
10 10 10
% del tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ LN EF
EJTUBODJB Z QPMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM
FYUFSOB Z VOJEBE JOUFSOB &M DPOKVOUP EF MPT EPT FT VO FRVJQP DPO JHVBM UJFNQP EF
SFQBSBDJO Z UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT EBEP QPS
MTBFt = MTBF int + MTBFe x t

= ( ) + ( ) MTBFt = I.
: FM DPOKVOUP EFM SBEJPFOMBDF UJFOF VOB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE RVF FT FM EPCMF EF MB JOEJTQP

OJCJMJEBE EF DBEB FYUSFNP 1PS MP RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT RVFEB
U E = MT TRMTBFt = () = . .
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM NBSHFO Z TUF B QBSUJS EFM VNCSBM
Z MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB &M VNCSBM FT FM TJHVJFOUF
Pdr Th = E b N dBmHz + Fs + log R b (bps)

mn
= + + log = . E#N.
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB EFQFOEF EF MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB Z EF MBT QSEJEBT B USBWT EF MB

GSNVMB EF 'SJJT -BT QSEJEBT QBSB FM QFSM EFTDSJUP TF DPSSFTQPOEFO DPO MBT QSEJEBT
FO FTQBDJP MJCSF NT MBT QSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT RVF TF QVFEFO DPOTVMUBS FO
<> P FO MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT EF MB *56
L b = . + log f (()[) + log d(LN) + a d

= . + log + log (LN) + .dBkm d(LN) = . E#
Z FM NBSHFO
M = PIRE L b + G r L tr Th
= . + (.) = . E#.
-BT QSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT B FTUB GSFDVFODJB IBO SFTVMUBEP TFS NOJNBT Z QPS
FMMP TF IBO EFTQSFDJBEP $PO FTUF NBSHFO Z DPOTVMUBOEP MB HVSB BEKVOUB TF UJFOF VO
U P = p = . %
: FO UPUBM
U = U P + U E = . % < . %
-VFHP 4 DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP 3FTQFDUP B MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT CSFWFT DSFBEBT QPS EFTWB
OFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP FTUBT WJFOFO EBEBT QPS MB FYQSFTJO
PT T = PT P + PT S = (Po M + C Pb () k m
T ) ( %)
s
EPOEF = exp(. Po. ) = . Z
d(LN)
.
m = . OT = . OT.
&M UJFNQP EF TNCPMP FT Ts = () OT = . OT : FM NBSHFO ZB TF DBMDVM

BOUFSJPSNFOUF 'JOBMNFOUF
PT T = PT P + PT S = . + . = . % < . %.
4 DVNQMJFOEP MPT PCKFUJWPT 4J TF EFTFBTF SFEVDJS FTUF WBMPS TF QPESB BVNFOUBS MB

QPUFODJB QVFT MBT JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT FTUO MJNJUBEBT QPS QPUFODJB FTUP FT QPS
EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP QMBOP Z OP TFMFDUJWP 5BNCJO TF QPESB VUJMJ[BS EJWFSTJEBE
C
4J FM SBEJPFOMBDF UVWJFSB EPT WBOPT Z DPNP MB EJTUBODJB TVNB EF MPT EPT FT NFOPS EF
LN MPT PCKFUJWPT RVFEBSBO JHVBM : FM QPSDFOUBKF EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE Z EF QSEJEB
EF EFMJEBE DBMJEBE
TF EVQMJDBSB &O FTUF FTDFOBSJP WFNPT RVF
U WBOPT = U = . % = . % . %,
QPS MP RVF OP DVNQMJSB QPS QPDP DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 3FTQFDUP B
MPT PCKFUJWPT EF EFMJEBE
PT T , WBOPT = PT T = . % = . % < . %,
RVF 4 DVNQMF DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT 1BSB IBDFS FM SBEJPFOMBDF WJBCMF TF QPESBO JOUSPEVDJS
QPS FKFNQMP VO TJTUFNB SFEVOEBOUF )4#


6OB DPNQBB EF UFMFGPOB NWJM EFTFB JOTUBMBS VO SBEJPFOMBDF EJHJUBM EFM TFSWJDJP KP B
()[ QBSB VOJS EPT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF B USBWT EF VO WBOP EF LN EF MPOHJUVE &M FOMBDF
UJFOF VO PCTUDVMP BHVEP EF JODJEFODJB SBTBOUF FTUP FT DPO EFTQFKBNJFOUP h = Z RVF
JOUSPEVDF VOBT QSEJEBT EF E# B MB QBS RVF FWJUB DVBMRVJFS SFFYJO FO FM TVFMP
4F QSPQPOF VUJMJ[BS QBSB FMMP FRVJQPT EF MB TFSJF 'MFYJ)PQQFS EF /PLJB QBSB VOB
USBOTNJTJO EQMFY EF & SFTVMUBOEP . .CQT FO DBEB TFOUJEP NPEVMBEPT FO VO
SBEJPDBOBM 5BOUP FM USBOTNJTPS DPNP FM SFDFQUPS DPOTUBO EF VOB VOJEBE JOUFSJPS *6

BM QJ EF MB UPSSF Z VOB VOJEBE FYUFSJPS 06
DPO MB FUBQB EF 3' KVOUP B MB BOUFOB FO
FM FYUSFNP TVQFSJPS EF MBT UPSSFT EF N 4F TBCF BEFNT RVF IBZ VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE
= . EF RVF FYJTUB BDUJWJEBE NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO FM WBOP QBSB FTB [POB DMJNUJDB
"EFNT QBSB FTB [POB DMJNUJDB Z MB QPMBSJ[BDJO VTBEB WFSUJDBM TF DPOPDF MB BUFOVBDJO
A p FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP WFS 'JHVSB 4F DPOPDFO BEFNT MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT
t 1PUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FOUSFHBEB B BOUFOB

SFHVMBCMF B E#N
t (BOBODJB BOUFOBT . E#J
t .PEVMBDJO %214,
t 1PUFODJB SFDJCJEB OFDFTBSJB QBSB BER = Z & . .CQT
Pdr = E#N
t 'JHVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB E#
t )4# UBOUP FO 06 DPNP FO *6
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT MTBF BPT QBSB 06 Z MTBF BPT QBSB *6
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS MT TR IPSBT UBOUP QBSB 06 DPNP *6
t 4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EFM SFDFQUPS k = log M M FM ONFSP EF QVOUPT EF MB

DPOTUFMBDJO EF MB NPEVMBDJO
&M PQFSBEPS IB KBEP DPNP DSJUFSJPT EF DBMJEBE FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EFM UJFNQP FO FM RVF
FM TJTUFNB TVGSF JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT Z DPSUBT Z DPNP PCKFUJWPT RVF MBT QSJNFSBT >T
BER >
OP TVQFSFO FM . % Z MBT DPSUBT T BER >
OP TVQFSFO FM
BOVBM &M EFQBSUBNFOUP EF SBEJP UJFOF RVF DBMDVMBS MB NOJNB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB QBSB
MB RVF FM FOMBDF TFB WJBCMF FWJUBOEP BT JOUFSGFSFODJBT B PUSPT TJTUFNBT
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM WBMPS EF FTUB QPUFODJB *OEJRVF TJ FT OFDFTBSJP NBOUFOFS FO FM EJTFP FM
)4#
4PMVDJO
B
&O QSJODJQJP MB GSFDVFODJB EF USBCBKP OP FT NVZ BMUB MP RVF IBDF QFOTBS RVF FM FOMBDF
OP FTUBS MJNJUBEP QPS MMVWJB -PT UJFNQPT NFEJPT FOUSF GBMMPT TPO HSBOEFT MP RVF
QBSFDF JOEJDBS RVF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE P JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT OP WB B TFS VO QSPCMFNB
.JFOUSBT RVF T MP TFS MB QSEJEB EF EFMJEBE P JOUFSSVQDJPOFT CSFWFT FO MBT RVF
DPNP FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP FT CBKP .CQT FM FGFDUP EFM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP TFMFDUJWP FT
EFTQSFDJBCMF
FM JOEJDB RVF TF VUJMJ[BO MBT EPT QPMBSJ[BDJPOFT QBSB USBOTNJUJS
Atenuacin excedida (dB)

10
20
30
40
50 3 2 1
10 10 10
% del tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO FM p EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ LN EF
EJTUBODJB Z QPMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM
1SPDFEFNPT DBMDVMBOEP FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP QBSB RVF TF DVNQMBO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF

JOUFSSVQDJPOFT MBSHBT JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE
Z DPSUBT EFMJEBE
Z RVFEBSOPT DPO FM NT
SFTUSJDUJWP FM NBZPS 1BSB MVFHP DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB OFDFTBSJB
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP QBSB RVF TF DVNQMB MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE -B
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT TFSB MB SFTVMUBOUF EF MB TVNB EF MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE FO
DBEB FYUSFNP &O DBEB FYUSFNP UFOFNPT EPT FRVJQPT GVODJPOBOEP MB *6 Z MB 06 FM
MTBF FRVJWBMFOUF FT
MTBFe = (MTBFIU
+ MTFB )
OU
= (( ) + ( ) ) = . ,
: DBMDVMBNPT
q = MT TR(MT TR + MTBFe ) = ( + . ) = . .
QBSB OBMNFOUF FTUJNBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE

M+N
U e = (mq) N+
N +
+
= ( . )+ = . %,
+
)FNPT UFOJEP FO DVFOUB FM )4# MVFHP WFSFNPT BM OBM TJ FT OFDFTBSJP NBOUFOFSMP
EPOEF m = QPSRVF UFOFNPT VO WBOP Z M = N = QPSRVF FM )4# )PU 4UBOE #Z
FT
M + N = + %BEP RVF FM NYJNP WBMPS QFSNJUJEP FT . % Z RVF FM WBMPS BOUFSJPS
EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT FT NVZ NVZ QFRVFP FM NYJNP WBMPS QFSNJUJEP
QBSB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS QSPQBHBDJO FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF FTUF NJTNP WBMPS
U = U e + U p = . + U p U p . %.
.JSBOEP FO MB HVSB EF BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FM WBMPS EFM NBSHFO TPQPSUBEP RVFEB
M ,U = E# BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB QSEJEB EF EFMJEBE DBMDVMBNPT MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS VO EFTWBOFDJ
NJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP PCWJBOEP MPT EFTWBOFDJNJFOUPT TFMFDUJWPT EBEP RVF FM SHJNFO
CJOBSJP FT SFEVDJEP NFOPS EF .CQT
PT T = PT P + PT S = PT P . %,
EPOEF
PT P = P (M ) . %.
%FTQFKBNPT FM NBSHFO OFDFTBSJP
M ,PT T = log( P ) = . E#,
EPOEF FM WBMPS EFM GBDUPS EF BQBSJDJO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP .VMUJQBUI 0DDVSSFODF 'BDUPS

P TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM WBMPS EFM BDUJWJEBE NVMUJUSBZFDUP = . FO UBOUP QPS
VOP

= exp(. Po. ) Po = ..
$PNP TF QSFWFB FM NBSHFO QBSB BTFHVSBS MB EFMJEBE FT FM NT SFTUSJDUJWP Z FT FM RVF

KB MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB UBM DPNP TJHVF -B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT QPS 'SJJT
C = Pdr = Pe t L tt + G t L b + G r L tr
= Pe t + . . + . = Pe t . E#N,
EPOEF
L b = log(d) + L D + o+w d
= log(.) + + . = . E#,
Z EPOEF B TV WF[ MBT QSEJEBT QPS EJGSBDDJO DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT B VO EFTQFKBNJFOUP

h = N TPO E# OP TF IB UFOJEP FO DVFOUB OJOHVOB SFFYJO Z MB BUFOVBDJO
FTQFDDB EF HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT TF IB DPOTVMUBEP FO MB HSDB DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF
%BEP RVF FM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE FT EBUP Th = E#N Z FM NBSHFO CSVUP DBMDVMBEP
FT M = . E#
C min = Th + M = . E#N.
*HVBMBOEP
Pe t . = . E#N Pe t = . E#N.
'JOBMNFOUF TF DPODMVZF UBM DPNP TJHVF RVF FM )4# OP FT OFDFTBSJP 1BSB MB QPUFODJB
7FS <> MBT SFDPNFOEBDJPOFT EF MB *56
1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[
FOUSFHBEB DBMDVMBEB FM NBSHFO CSVUP FT EF . E# Z MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB FT

JOTJHOJDBOUF U p = . FO MB HVSB -B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT TJO )4# RVFEB
U e = q = . %,
RVF TVNBEB B MB U p FT NFOPS EFM PCKFUJWP
1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[

4F EFTFB BOBMJ[BS FO 4FWJMMB MB WJBCJMJEBE EF VO SBEJPFOMBDF EFM TFSWJDJP KP FO MB CBOEB
JOEVTUSJBM DJFOUDB Z NEJDB JOEVTUSJBM TDJFOUJD BOE NFEJDBM *4.
*$.
B
()[ 4F VUJMJ[BSO FRVJQPT /PLJB $BEB FYUSFNP DPOTUB EF VO QBS EF FRVJQPT VOB VOJEBE
JOEPPS *6
P EF JOUFSJPS Z VOB VOJEBE PVUEPPS 06
P EF FYUFSJPS -B VOJEBE EF FYUFSJPS
DPOTUB EF EPT CMPRVFT VOB FUBQB EF 3' TFHVJEB EF MB BOUFOB -B VOJEBE EF JOUFSJPS Z MB
FYUFSJPS TF DPOFDUBO FO CBEB CBTF B USBWT EF VOB JOUFSGB[ QSPQJFUBSJB EFOPNJOBEB FYCVT
-B VOJEBE JOUFSJPS *6
UJFOF VO UJFNQP NFEJP FOUSF BWFSBT NVZ HSBOEF DPNQBSBEP DPO
FM EF MB VOJEBE FYUFSJPS EF GPSNB RVF MB *6 OP TF UJFOF FO DVFOUB B MB IPSB EF DBMDVMBS MB
JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE UPUBM -B VOJEBE EF FYUFSJPS UJFOF MBT TJHVJFOUFT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT
t 5BTB EF USBOTNJTJO FO DBEB TFOUJEP .CQT
t %FUFDDJO %PCMF %JGFSFODJBM %%%
'&$ Z FOUSFMB[BEP RVF OPT EBO VO WBMPS
OFDFTBSJP EF E#N QBSB VOB #&3 EF
t (BOBODJB EF BOUFOB E#J
t -B QSEJEB EF MB DPOFYJO FOUSF MB FUBQB EF 3' Z MB BOUFOB FT EFTQSFDJBCMF
t $VNQMF DPO MB OPSNB &54 RVF FTUBCMFDF VO BODIP EF CBOEB EF .)[
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FOUSF GBMMPT .5#' EFM DPOKVOUP *606 FT EF BPT
t 5JFNQP NFEJP FO SFQBSBS .553 EF I
t 5SBOTNJTJO FO 5%%
t 1*3& NYJNB EF E#8
t 1SEJEBT QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP EF BOUFOBT E#
t .PEVMBDJO .4,
t "MUVSBT EF BOUFOBT EF N
t 1PMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM
t 4JHOBUVSB OPSNBMJ[BEB EF QBSB VOB #&3 EF
&O DVBOUP B MBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT EF MB QSPQBHBDJO FO FTUB MPDBMJ[BDJO
t 4F BQPSUB FM DMDVMP EF MB BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO VO p EFM UJFNQP QBSB
FTUB [POB DMJNBUPMHJDB Z QPMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM FO MB 'JHVSB
t &O DVBOUP BM NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO MB [POB FM GBDUPS Po EF BQBSJDJO EF NVMUJUSBZFDUP
.0' NVMUJQBUI PDDVSSFODF GBDUPS
SFTQPOEF B MB FYQSFTJO . f
d
DPO
f FO ()[ Z d FO LN
4F EFTFB VUJMJ[BS FTUPT FRVJQPT QBSB DVCSJS VO TMP WBOP FOUSF EPT FEJDJPT EFOUSP EF
VO DBNQVT VOJWFSTJUBSJP RVF EJTUBO N &O FM BOMJTJT EFM SBEJPFOMBDF VO TPMP WBOP Z
QBSB VO TPMP DBOBM TF BTVNF WJTJO EJSFDUB Z BVTFODJB EF SFFYJO JOUFOTB FO FM TVFMP
B
%JTDVUB DNP BGFDUBSO MPT TJHVJFOUFT GBDUPSFT B MB IPSB EF BOBMJ[BS FM SBEJPFOMBDF HBTFT
BUNPTGSJDPT MMVWJB WFHFUBDJO EJGSBDDJO NVMUJUSBZFDUP F JOUFSGFSFODJBT *OEJRVF
EF GPSNB QSFDJTB TJ IBZ RVF UFOFSMPT FO DVFOUB P OP Z FO DBTP BSNBUJWP EFTDSJCB
CSFWFNFOUF DVM TFSB FM FGFDUP
C
$BMDVMF TJ QBSB FTB EJTUBODJB N Z VO WBMPS EF JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJPOFT
NBZPSFT EF T
JHVBM BM JNQVFTUP QPS MB 6*5 *563 '
EF WBMPS FM
FOMBDF FT WJBCMF
D
$BMDVMF FM WBMPS EF EFMJEBE JOUFSSVQDJPOFT DPSUBT NFOPSFT EF T
FO DVBOUP B 4&4
Z WFSJRVF TJ DVNQMF FM PCKFUJWP EF MB 6*5 *563 ' Z '
EF
30
25
20
Arain dB
15
10
0 4 3 2 1 0
10 10 10 10 10
porcentage de tiempo
'JHVSB "UFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB FYDFEJEB FO VO QPSDFOUBKF EFM UJFNQP QBSB ()[ Z
N DPO QPMBSJ[BDJO WFSUJDBM
4PMVDJO
B
1BTBNPT B EFTDSJCJS FM FGFDUP B ()[
t (BTFT BUNPTGSJDPT MB GSFDVFODJB FTU FO VO QJDP EF BUFOVBDJO FMFWBEP "GFDUBS
EF GPSNB EFDJTJWB
t -MVWJB UFOES VO FGFDUP NBSDBEP RVF MJNJUBS MB EJTUBODJB NYJNB
t %JGSBDDJO B FTUB GSFDVFODJB FM SBEJP EF MB QSJNFSB [POB EF 'SFTOFM FT NVZ
QFRVFP Z TF FYJHF MOFB EF WJTJO EJSFDUB MJOF PG TJHIU -04

t 7FHFUBDJO FM FGFDUP FT QSPOVODJBEP Z TF DPNQPSUB DPNP VOB EJGSBDDJO
t .VMUJUSBZFDUP DPNP MBT EJTUBODJBT TFSO DPSUBT Z BO TJFOEP MPT NSHFOFT QFRVF
PT OP TFSO VO QSPCMFNB
1 3BEJPFOMBDF B ()[
t *OUFSGFSFODJBT TJFOEP VOB CBOEB *$. UJFOF FO QSJODJQJP QSPCMFNBT EF JOUFSGF

SFODJB 1FSP DPNP MB BUFOVBDJO EFCJEP B HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT FT HSBOEF OP TF
DBVTB JOUFSGFSFODJBT FMFWBEBT B PUSPT TJTUFNBT B NFOPT RVF FTUO NVZ DFSDB 1PS
FTP JODMVTP FO MB CBOEB MJDFODJBEB FO &TQBB EF ()[ OP PUPSHBO DBOBMFT
DPODSFUPT TJOP TMP MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF USBOTNJUJS 1PS PUSB QBSUF FTUF UJQP EF SBEJP
FOMBDF TF VUJMJ[B FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT FOUSF TBUMJUFT ZB RVF BMM MB BUFOVBDJO QPS
HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT FT JSSFMFWBOUF &T NT TF FWJUBO BT JOUFSGFSFODJBT EFTEF UJFSSB
C
&M PCKFUJWP QSPQPSDJPOBEP FT FM EF MB SFDPNFOEBDJO *563 ' QBSB VOB EJTUBODJB
JOGFSJPS P JHVBM B LN "OBMJ[BNPT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE EF FRVJQPT Z EF QSPQBHBDJO
U = U E + U p . %.
-B JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT IBZ VOP FO DBEB FYUSFNP EFM SBEJPFOMBDF
MT TR .
U i ( %) = = ..
MTBF
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS MMVWJB DBMDVMBNPT FM NBSHFO CSVUP
M = PIRE L b + G r L tr Th = ( + (E#N)) L b + ()
= L b .
'BMUBSB QPS DBMDVMBS MBT QSEJEBT
L b = . + log f (()[) + log d(km) + a d + L a ,
EPOEF L a TPO MBT QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT FO FTUF DBTP QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP $PO d = .
LN RVFEB
L b = . + log . + log .(km) + dBkm .(km) +
= . E#
: FM NBSHFO
M = L b = . E#
)BDJFOEP M = A p = A rain Z EFTQFKBOEP U p = p RVFEB NJSBOEP FO MB 'JHVSB

U p = . % RVF TVNBEP B MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE QPS FRVJQPT SFTVMUB
U = U E + U p = . + . = . %,
RVF FT NFOPS EFM PCKFUJWP DVNQMJOEPMP
D
3FTQFDUP BM EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP NVMUJUSBZFDUP FM GBDUPS EF BQBSJDJO EF EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
RVFEB
f d . .
P = . = . = . ,

QBSB d = . LN P = . &TUF WBMPS FT NVZ CBKP EFCJEP B RVF MB EJTUBODJB FT
SFEVDJEB -B QSEJEB EF EFMJEBE EFCJEB B NVMUJUSBZFDUP SFTQPOEF B MB FYQSFTJO
PT T = PT P + PT S
= (Po M + CPb ()k m
T ) ( %) . %(d < LN),
EPOEF = exp(. Po. ) = . Z m = . d(km) OT = .

.

OT &M UJFNQP EF TNCPMP FT OT ZB RVF TF USBOTNJUFO .CQT FO DBEB TFOUJEP
FO 5%% Z MB UBTB FGFDUJWB FT EF .CQT "EFNT BM TFS VOB .4, TF USBUB EF VOB
NPEVMBDJO CJOBSJB 1BSB SFHNFOFT NFOPSFT EF .CQT FM PT S FT EFTQSFDJBCMF OP
PCTUBOUF MP DBMDVMBNPT 1PS PUSP MBEP UFOFNPT DBMDVMBEP FM NBSHFO EFM BQBSUBEP
BOUFSJPS M = . E# 4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT
PT T = PT P + PT S
= (. M + . . (..) )
= (. + . ) = . % << . %.
4F DPODMVZF RVF T TF DVNQMFO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF EFMJEBE Z RVF FM GBDUPS RVF MJNJUB MB
EJTUBODJB FT MB JOEJTQPOJCJMJEBE 4F PCTFSWB BEFNT RVF EFCJEP B RVF MB EJTUBODJB FT
NVZ QFRVFB MB EJTQFSTJO EFM SFUBSEP EFM TFHVOEP USBZFDUP SFTQFDUP BM QSJNFSP FO
FM NPEFMP EF EPT SBZPT FT NVZ QFRVFB "EFNT FM UJFNQP EF TNCPMP OP FT NVZ
QFRVFP MP RVF EJTNJOVZF FM FGFDUP EF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FOUSF TNCPMPT %F IFDIP
QPESBNPT IBCFS PCWJBEP FM DMDVMP ZB RVF QBSB SFHNFOFT CJOBSJPT NFOPSFT EF
.CQT OP TF TVFMF DBMDVMBS 1PS UPEP FMMP MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF UFOFS EFTWBOFDJNJFOUP
TFMFDUJWP FT EFTQSFDJBCMF

4F QSPQPOF SFBMJ[BS VO SBEJPFOMBDF FOUSF EPT QVOUPT " Z $ &O QSJODJQJP VUJMJ[BOEP
GSFDVFODJBT EF MB CBOEB *$. B . ()[ &M SBEJPFOMBDF UJFOF EPT WBOPT DPO VO SFQFUJEPS
BDUJWP OP SFHFOFSBUJWP # CBDLUPCBDL FO VO QVOUP JOUFSNFEJP EF g B EF HBOBODJB
-BT EJTUBODJBT FOUSF " Z # Z FOUSF # Z $ TPO d AB Z d BC SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF EF WBMPSFT
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT d AB = d BC = d 4F VUJMJ[BO BOUFOBT QBSBCMJDBT UPEBT JHVBMFT EF
HBOBODJB g a EJNFUSP D Z SFOEJNJFOUP 5PEBT MBT BMUVSBT EF BOUFOB TPCSF FM TVFMP TPO
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT EF WBMPS h 7FS 'JHVSB 4F OFDFTJUB B MB TBMJEB EF MB DBCFDFSB
GSPOUFOE VOB SFMBDJO FOFSHB EF CJU B EFOTJEBE FTQFDUSBM EF QPUFODJB EF SVJEP E b N
EF E# QBSB VO SHJNFO CJOBSJP EF .CQT
B
%FNVFTUSF RVF QBSB VO TPMP WBOP TJ TF VTBO BOUFOBT QBSBCMJDBT EF EJNFUSP KP Z TJ
MB QSPQBHBDJO GVFTF FO FTQBDJP MJCSF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO GVODJO EF MB QPUFODJB
c c Fr ,C = 10 log fr ,C
gtr = 0.1 dB/m Ga = 10 log ga =20 dBi T0 =290 K

d) Si el repetidor B y el receptor en C tienen igual punto de intercepto de tercer orden, indique y explique si a efectos de
1 3FQFUJEPS
clculo BDUJWP OP SFHFOFSBUJWP
de intermodulacin a la salida del receptor en C, el repetidor puede obviarse, introduce una intermodulacin
parecida a la del receptor C, o si por el contrario es el elemento que ms contribuye a la distorsin.
pet ,A pt ,A pr ,B pr ,C
gB , fr ,B ltr
ga ga ga ga
h
gC , fr ,C n0 ?
d
Fig'JHVSB
Pb 1: &TRVFNB
Esquema EFM SFQFUJEPS
del sistema
5BCMB %BUPT "QBSUBEP $
Pt,A = log p t,A N8

= E#N G B = log g B = E# Fr,B = log f r,B = . E# 18
h = N d = LN G C = log g C = E# Fr,C = log f r,C = E#
tr = . E#N G a = log g a = . E# T = ,
USBOTNJUJEB OP EJTNJOVZF BM BVNFOUBS MB GSFDVFODJB f {2V EFQFOEFODJB UJFOF DPO

MB GSFDVFODJB 3FQJUB MPT DMDVMPT QBSB DBMDVMBS MB EFQFOEFODJB DPO MB GSFDVFODJB TJ MB
QSPQBHBDJO GVFTF FO UJFSSB QMBOB d > h t h r

C
$BMDVMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FO $ Pr,C FO GVODJO EF MB QPUFODJB USBOTNJUJEB FO "
p t,A TJ TF BTVNF NPEFMP EF UJFSSB QMBOB d > h t h r
&YQSFTF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
FO GVODJO FOUSF PUSPT EF MPT QBSNFUSPT D, , h, f , d Z c %POEF c FT MB WFMPDJEBE EF
QSPQBHBDJO
D
&M SFQFUJEPS UJFOF VOB HVSB EF SVJEP f r,B 4F VUJMJ[B DPNP DBCFDFSB FO $ VO USBOT
DFQUPS RVF UJFOF VOB HVSB EF SVJEP f r,C Z VOB HBOBODJB FO SFDFQDJO g C -PT DB
CMFT FOUSF BOUFOB Z USBOTDFQUPS UJFOFO VOBT QSEJEBT l tr GVODJO EF VOB BUFOVBDJO
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UJFOF VOB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB EF p = 8 VOB BOUFOB EF HBOBODJB G = E# &M VTVBSJP
FTU TJUVBEP FO VO QVOUP EF DPPSEFOBEBT HFPHSDBT . / Z . 8
/PUB FM SBEJP EF MB UJFSSB r = LN Z MB EJTUBODJB TBUMJUF B DFOUSP EF MB UJFSSB FT
D s = (r + h) = LN
4F QJEF
B
$BMDVMBS FM GBDUPS EF DBEB QSPHSFTJWB iSPMMP w
EF MPT MUSPT EF SB[ EF DPTFOP
BM[BEP
5BCMB %BUPT 4BUMJUF VSBZB
1PTJDJO PSCJUBM EFM TBUMJUF (&0

&
.PEVMBDJO %214,
7FMPDJEBE OFUB EF CJUT QPS DBOBM LCQT
7FMPDJEBE CSVUB EF CJUT QPS DBOBM . LCQT
"ODIVSB EF CBOEB QPS DBOBM . L)[
#&3 OFDFTBSJB
%JNFUSP Z FDJFODJB EF MB BOUFOB EFM TBUMJUF D = . N =
#BOEB EF GSFDVFODJBT EFM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF . . .)[
C
$BMDVMBS MB SFMBDJO GT EFM TBUMJUF
D
+VTUJDBS MB WJBCJMJEBE EFM FOMBDF TVQPOHB VOB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EF TJTUFNB EF
,

4PMVDJO
B
$PNP FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT ( + )Ts EPOEF Ts FT FM UJFNQP EF TNCPMP TF EFEVDF
RVF . = ( + ) , log () Z TF EFTQFKB = .

C
%FOJNPT DPNP f r MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM DPOKVOUP GPSNBEP QPS FMFNFOUPT QBTJWPT
EFTEF BOUFOB BM SFDFQUPS Z FM QSPQJP SFDFQUPS f Rx MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS
$BMDVMBNPT MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB &TUB WJFOF EBEB QPS MB FYQSFTJO
f s = f a + f r .
-B HVSB EF SVJEP Fr BM TFS MB EF VO DBCMF TFHVJEP EF VO CMPRVF DPO HVSB EF SVJEP

FRx RVFEB
Fr = L c + FRx = + . = . E#
f r = Fr = ..
1PS PUSP MBEP MB HVSB EF BOUFOB FT FM DPDJFOUF FOUSF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB Z MB

UFNQFSBUVSB BNCJFOUF
f a = Ta T = = ..
'JOBMNFOUF
f s = . + . = .
Fs = log( f s ) = . E#
Ts = T f s = . = . ,
$BMDVMBNPT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FO FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF G ra
D .
G ra = log = log . = . E#.
EPOEF QBSB DBMDVMBS MB MPOHJUVE EF POEB TF UPN MB NBZPS GSFDVFODJB : FM GBDUPS EF

DBMJEBE FO FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF
GT = G ra log(Ts ) = . log . = . E#,.
D
$BMDVMBNPT MB 1*3&
PIRE = log + = E#8 = E#N,
Z FM VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE RVF WJFOF EBEP QPS MB FYQSFTJO
Th = E b N E#N)[ + log R b + Fs .
4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT JODMVJEP FM WBMPS EF E b N = E# RVF QBSB MB NPEVMBDJO

%214, Z VOB BER = TF QVFEF MFFS FO MB 'JHVSB
Th = + log . + . = . E#N.
"IPSB BQMJDBNPT 'SJJT F JNQPOFNPT RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB TFB NBZPS RVF MB TFOTJCJ
MJEBE PIRE L b + G r Th $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MBT QSEJEBT
L b = log(d) = log ( d(km) ( )) = . E#.
EPOEF IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB EJTUBODJB TBUMJUF FTUBDJO UFSSFOB

d = D s + r rD s cos cos = LN,
EPOEF B TV WF[ = = . Z = . /P DPOGVOEJS FTUF DPO FM

BOUFSJPS RVF EFOPUBCB MPOHJUVE EF POEB
4F DPODMVZF RVF FM FOMBDF FT WJBCMF BVORVF DPO FTDBTP NBSHFO
PIRE L b + G r Th
. + . . E#N . ..
&O FM EJTFP EF VO TBUMJUF TF DPOUFNQMB TV VTP QBSB EBS TFSWJDJP EF SBEJPEJGVTJO EF 57

EF VO DBOBM DPO BODIP EF CBOEB .)[ 4F EFTFB DBMDVMBS MB 1*3& FO FM TBUMJUF QBSB VOB
GT FO SFDFQDJO FTUBDJO UFSSFOB
EF E#, 4F USBCBKB FO MB CBOEB ,V Z ()[

-B EFHSBEBDJO EFM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF EFOJEB DPNP
(cn) t
L = log ,
(cn)d
TF KB FO . E# EPOEF (cn) t FT MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B SVJEP UPUBM FO FM

SFDFQUPS EF MB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB Z (cn)d FT MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B SVJEP FO FM
SFDFQUPS EFCJEB TMP BM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF BNCBT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT -B (CN) t FO
E# OFDFTBSJB B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS FT EF . E# 4F EFCFO JODMVJS FO MPT DMDVMPT
. E# EF QSEJEBT QPS EFTQPMBSJ[BDJO Z . E# QPS QSEJEBT QPS EFTBQVOUBNJFOUP -BT
QSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT Z MMVWJBT TPO EFTQSFDJBCMFT
&M TBUMJUF FT (&0 DPO QPTJDJO & 4F FTUVEJB DVCSJS VOB [POB MP NT BM OPSUF QPTJCMF
QBTFT OSEJDPT
FO FTUF NJTNP NFSJEJBOP
B
$BMDVMF EF GPSNB FYBDUB MB MBUJUVE NYJNB B MB RVF TF QVFEF EBS DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMDUSJDB
*OEJRVF TJ TF QPES EBS DPCFSUVSB B MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE DFOUSBEB FO & /
FO
/PSVFHB
C
$BMDVMF MB 1*3& RVF EFCFSB UFOFS FM TBUMJUF QBSB MB MBUJUVE OPSUF
NYJNB QPTJCMF
D
&M TJTUFNB EF SFDFQDJO FTU GPSNBEP QPS VOB BOUFOB QBSBCMJDB EF N EF EJNFUSP
SFOEJNJFOUP Z UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP Ta = , TFHVJEP EF VO -/# EF HVSB EF
SVJEP F = . E# $PNQSVFCF RVF FM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS DVNQMF MBT FTQFDJDBDJPOFT EF
GT E#,
/PUBT SBEJP EF MB UJFSSB r = LN EJTUBODJB TBUMJUF B DFOUSP EF MB UJFSSB D s = (r + h) =

LN 1VFEF CVTDBS MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE FO VO NBQB DPNP (PPHMF .BQT P (PPHMF
&BSUI &M TBUMJUF FT USBOTQBSFOUF FTUP FT OP FT SFHFOFSBUJWP
4PMVDJO
B
&O FTUB TJUVBDJO MB FMFWBDJO FT EF TFHO MB EFOJDJO EF DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMDUSJDB
5FOFNPT MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT = = =? r = LN Z D s =
LN $BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB EJGFSFODJB EF MPOHJUVEFT = = &M B[JNVU FT
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB FMFWBDJO Z EFTQFKBS MB MBUJUVE DBMDVMBNPT FM OHVMP JOUFSNFEJP
a = arc cos (cos cos ) DPO FM UFPSFNB EFM TFOP
sen a cos() cos( + a)

= = ,
d r+h r
Z EFTQFKBNPT
r
= a = acos cos() = { = } = . ,
r+h
EPOEF TF IB JNQVFTUP = EBEP RVF QPS EFCBKP OP IBZ DPCFSUVSB SBEJPFMDUSJDB
-VFHP OP TFS QPTJCMF DVCSJS MB JTMB EF 4WBMCBSE
C
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB SFMBDJO CN OFDFTBSJB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF B QBSUJS EF MB
UPUBM Z MB EFHSBEBDJO
(cn) t
L = log log (cn)d = log (cn) t L = E#.
(cn)d
-VFHP DBMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJO CN FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF
C G rd
= PIRE d (E#8) L b f d E#
L a p+pol +
E#
N d Ts
log k(E#8, )[) log(B()[)),
EPOEF
L b f d = . + log f ()[
+ log d LN
= . + log() + log() = . E#
TPO MBT QSEJEBT FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF L a p+pol MBT QSEJEBT QPS EFTBEBQUBDJO Z
EFTQPMBSJ[BDJO G rd MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF Ts MB
UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF k FT MB DPOTUBOUF
EF #PMU[NBO Z B FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB FRVJWBMFOUF EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO FM
FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF : MB EJTUBODJB OFDFTBSJB FO FM DMDVMP EF MBT QSEJEBT BQMJDBOEP MB
GSNVMB P FM UFPSFNB EFM DPTFOP TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP
sen a
d= D s + r rD s cos cos = (r + h) = LN.
cos()
'JOBMNFOUF EF
EFTQFKBNPT MB PIRE
E# = PIRE d + . + + . log( )
PIRE d = E#8.
&TUB QPUFODJB FTU VOPT E# QPS FODJNB EF MB 1*3& NYJNB IBCJUVBM EF TBUMJUFT #44
1PS PUSP MBEP FO FTUPT DMDVMPT OP TF IBO JODMVJEP QSEJEBT QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT OJ
QPS MMVWJB RVF OP TFSO NVZ JNQPSUBOUFT BM TFS MB GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB DFSDBOB B
()[
D
1PEFNPT DBMDVMBS MB GT Z DPNQBSBS P UBNCJO EBEP RVF FM EJNFUSP EF MB BOUFOB
FTU KBEP EFTQFKBS MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP OFDFTBSJB Z WFS TJ FM WBMPS EF MB NJTNB
QBSB FM SFDFQUPS FT NFOPS )BDFNPT FTUP MUJNP 1PS VO MBEP
G rd
E#
G rd log(Ts ),
Ts
EPOEF Ts FT MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF 1PS PUSP
D
G rd = log = log . = . E#.
$PNP log(Ts ) = G rd = . TF DPODMVZF RVF UJFOF RVF DVNQMJSTF Ts . ,
-B UFNQFSBUVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB SFDFQUPS FO MB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB FT Ts = Ta + Tr

EPOEF Tr = T ( f r ) = (. ) = . = . Z Ta = , UBM DPNP
TF BQPSUB FO FM FOVODJBEP "T QBSB MB BOUFOB QBSBCMJDB VUJMJ[BEB MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF
SVJEP FYJHJEB FT . , Z MB EFM SFDFQUPS Ts = . + = . , MVFHP FM SFDFQUPS
DVNQMF TPCSBEBNFOUF
1 4BUMJUF (&0 Z 5%."
4J MP IVCJSBNPT IFDIP DBMDVMBOEP MB GT RVFEBSB SFTVNJEP EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
l = L E#
= . = .
Tr = T ( f r ) = (. ) = . ,
Ts = Ta + Tr = . ,
GT E#,
= G rd log(.) = . E#, > E#,.
1 4BUMJUF (&0 Z 5%."

6O TBUMJUF (&0 FM "TUSB - FO . & EJTQPOF FOUSF PUSPT EF VO USBOTQPOEFEPS EF
.)[ 4F EFTFB EBS TFSWJDJP B VOB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB FO *CJ[B & Z / DPO
GT EF E#, -B GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB FT EF ()[
B
$BMDVMF FM B[JNVU Z FMFWBDJO EF MB BOUFOB $BMDVMF MB EJTUBODJB EFM TBUMJUF B MB FTUBDJO
UFSSFOB
C
4VQPOHB RVF TF SFDJCF FO MB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB VOB USBNB NMUJQMFY QPS EJWJTJO FO
UJFNQP UJNF EJWJTJPO NVMUJQMFY 5%.
EF NT EF EVSBDJO DPOTJTUFOUF FO + N
TMPUT JHVBMFT TJFOEP MPT EPT QSJNFSPT TMPUT USBOTNJTJPOFT EF USDP EF TFBMJ[BDJO
QBSB TJODSPOJ[BDJO DPO CJUT DBEB VOP Z FM SFTUP JHVBMFT DPO CJUT EF DBCFDFSB Z
n CJUT EF EBUPT &M UJFNQP EF HVBSEB EF DBEB TMPU FT OT Z FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP UPUBM
CSVUP EF MB USBNB FT EF .CQT *OEJRVF FM ONFSP NYJNP EF VTVBSJPT TJNVMUOFPT
QPTJCMF TJ DBEB VTVBSJP HFOFSB VO USDP ZB DPEJDBEP B LCQT
D
4J TF VUJMJ[BTF UPEP FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJO EJHJUBM 5%.5%." DPO
NPEVMBDJO %214, DPO SB[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP Z GBDUPS EF DBEB SPMMP
= . Z
TF OFDFTJUB VOB E b N . E# QBSB VOB #&3 B MB TBMJEB EFM EFDPEJDBEPS EF
DBOBM EF UBTB DPO VOB 1*3& EF E#8 DPNQSVFCF TJ FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP EF
.CQT ZB DPEJDBEP FT WJBCMF
4PMVDJO
B
$BMDVMBNPT QSJNFSP MB EJGFSFODJB EF MPOHJUVEFT = = . . = .
"IPSB DBMDVMBNPT FM B[JNVU 1BSB FTP DBMDVMBNPT FM OHVMP JOUFSNFEJP
UBO
& BUBO = .
TJO
: DPNP FTUBNPT FO FM DVBESBOUF /0 A = E = . 1BSB DBMDVMBS MB FMFWBDJO

DBMDVMBNPT FM OHVMP BVYJMJBS a Z BQMJDBNPT MB FYQSFTJO
= atan((cos(a) .) sen(a)) = . ,
EPOEF FT FM DPDJFOUF r(r + h) DPO r = LN Z h = LN Z cos(a) =

cos() cos() = .
$BMDVMBNPT QPS MUJNP MB EJTUBODJB %BEPT MPT EBUPT = . = . r =

LN Z D s = LN TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP

d = D s + r rD s cos cos = km.
C
*NQPOFNPT RVF UPEP MP USBOTNJUJEP FO VOB USBNB EVSF FM UJFNQP EF USBNB Ttr =
NT
Ttr = (()Tb + TG ) + N(( + n)Tb + TG ),
EPOEF TG = OT FT FM UJFNQP EF HVBSEB Z Tb = /FDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS n

5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF DBEB TMPU EFCF USBOTNJUJS LCQT
Ttr = n n = .
: EFTQFKBOEP RVFEB N =
D
$PNQSPCFNPT QSJNFSP RVF FM BODIP EF CBOEB FT TVDJFOUF FTUP FT RVF FM BODIP EF
CBOEB B FT NFOPS P JHVBM BM EFM DBOBM B c
B = ( + )Ts = ( + )R b B c ,
EPOEF Ts = log MTb = Tb DPO M = QPS TFS VOB NPEVMBDJO DVBUFSOBSJB $PNP
= . Z B c = .)[ BODIP EF CBOEB EFM USBOTQPOEFEPS
RVFEB BM JHVBMBS R b =

.CQT
1PS PUSP MBEP IBZ RVF DPNQSPCBS RVF MMFHB QPUFODJB TVDJFOUF -B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB
WJFOF EBEB QPS
C = PIRE L b + G r ,
Z MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
C n = E b N min + log(kT) + log R b .
1BSB RVF MB DPNVOJDBDJO TFB WJBCMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB UJFOF RVF TFS DPNP NOJNP
JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB C C n "T QBSB C = C n QPEFNPT EFTQFKBS MB 1*3&
NOJNB OFDFTBSJB
C C n = PIRE L b + G r (E b N min + log(kT) + log R b ) =
Z RVFEB
log R b = PIRE E#8

E b N min L b + GT k E#8,)[
,
EPOEF FT OFDFTBSJP FTUJNBS MBT QSEJEBT RVF TJO UFOFS FO DVFOUB MB BUFOVBDJO QPS
MMVWJB Z HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT FT NBZPSNFOUF EFCJEB B QSEJEBT FO FTQBDJP MJCSF -BT
QSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBOEP BUFOVBDJO QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT Z MB BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB
RVFEBO
L b = log(d) = log ( d(km) ( )) = . E#.
4VTUJUVZFOEP FO

log(R b ) = E#8
. . + (.) E#8,)[
= .,
Z
R b = . .CQT.
&TUF WBMPS FT NVZ TVQFSJPS B .CQT FTUP QFSNJUJSB SFMBKBS MB GT FO VO WBMPS EF
. log( .CQT
) = . E#.

6O TBUMJUF (&0 TJUVBEP FO FM NFSJEJBOP 8 Z USBCBKBOEP FO MB GSFDVFODJB EF CBKBEB EF
()[ EJTQPOF FOUSF PUSPT EF VO USBOTQPOEFEPS EF .)[ 4F EFTFB EBS TFSWJDJP B
VOB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB FO 4FWJMMB 8 Z / DPO GT EF E#,
B
4J TF VUJMJ[BTF UPEP FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB VOB USBOTNJTJO EJHJUBM DPO NPEVMBDJO
214, DPO SB[ EF DPTFOP BM[BEP Z GBDUPS EF DBEB SPMMP
= . Z TF OFDFTJUB VOB
E b N . E# QBSB VOB #&3 VUJMJ[BOEP DPSSFDJO EF FSSPSFT DPEJDBDJO EF
DBOBM
IBDJB EFMBOUF GPSXBSE FSSPS DPSSFDUJPO '&$
JOEJRVF MB 1*3& NOJNB
OFDFTBSJB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF TBUMJUF B UJFSSB
Z FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP BTPDJBEP B MB
USBOTNJTJO
C
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP B
TJ TF VUJMJ[BTF FM USBOTQPOEFEPS QBSB RVF BDDFEJFTFO
N VTVBSJPT NFEJBOUF 5%." DBMDVMF FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP UJM EF DBEB VTVBSJP -B USBNB
EF NT EF EVSBDJO DPOTJTUF FO +N TMPUT TJFOEP MPT EPT QSJNFSPT TMPUT USBOTNJTJPOFT
EF USDP EF TFBMJ[BDJO QBSB TJODSPOJ[BDJO DPO CJUT DBEB VOP Z FM SFTUP JHVBMFT
DPO CJUT EF DBCFDFSB Z n CJUT EF EBUPT &OUSF DBEB QBS EF TMPUT IBZ OT EF
HVBSEB *OEJRVF FM ONFSP NYJNP EF VTVBSJPT TJNVMUOFPT QPTJCMF TJ DBEB VTVBSJP
HFOFSB VO USDP B LCQT ZB DPEJDBEP
D
&O MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EFM "QBSUBEP C
TF QSFTUB TFSWJDJP EF UFMFGPOB B VO DPOKVOUP EF
FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT FO VO SFB HFPHSDB &O FM TJTUFNB IBZ . UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB
FO MB QFPS IPSB QPS DBEB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB DPO VOB EVSBDJO EF MMBNBEB EF T
4F DPOTJEFSB VO SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO QSEJEBT Z VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF QSEJEB
EF MMBNBEB EFM 4VQPOHB RVF TF SFTFSWBO TMPUT QBSB FTUF TFSWJDJP NT QBSB
TFBMJ[BDJO JOEJRVF DVOUBT FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT TF QPESBO TFSWJS
4PMVDJO
B
-B QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB WJFOF EBEB QPS
C = PIRE L b + G r ,
Z MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB QPS
C n = E b N min + log(kT) + log R b .
1BSB RVF MB DPNVOJDBDJO TFB WJBCMF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB UJFOF RVF TFS DPNP NOJNP
JHVBM B MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB C C n "T QBSB C = C n QPEFNPT EFTQFKBS MB 1*3&
NOJNB OFDFTBSJB
C C n = PIRE L b + G r (E b N min + log(kT) + log R b ) =
Z RVFEB
PIRE E#8
= E b N min + log(R b ) + L b GT + k E#8,)[
.
4VTUJUVZFOEP WBMPSFT DPOPDJEPT
PIRE E#8
= . + log(R b ) + L b + (.) E#8,)[
,
Z RVFEBSB DBMDVMBS FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP Z MBT QSEJEBT

&M SHJNFO CJOBSJP TF DBMDVMB EF GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB FM BODIP EF
CBOEB B F JNQPOJFOEP RVF TFB NFOPS RVF FM EFM USBOTQPOEFEPS B c
B = ( + )Ts B c .
$PNP = . Z B c = .)[ BM JHVBMBS RVFEB Ts = . T Z FM UJFNQP EF CJU

MB NJUBE EBEP RVF UFOFNPT VOB 214, Tb = Ts = . = T %F
GPSNB RVF FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP FT
R b = Tb = .CQT.
1BSB DBMDVMBS MBT QSEJEBT UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS MB EJTUBODJB %BEPT MPT EBUPT =
= . = . r = LN Z D s = LN DBMDVMBNPT MB EJTUBODJB

d = D s + r rD s cos cos = km,
DPO = -BT QSEJEBT EFTQSFDJBOEP BUFOVBDJO QPS HBTFT BUNPTGSJDPT Z MB

BUFOVBDJO QPS MMVWJB RVFEB
L b = log(d) = log ( d(km) ( ))

= . E#.
'JOBMNFOUF TVTUJUVZFOEP FTUPT WBMPSFT
PIRE E#8
= . + log( ) + . + (.) E#8,)[
= . E#8.
C
*NQPOFNPT RVF MB EVSBDJO EF UPEP MP USBOTNJUJEP FO VOB USBNB JHVBMF FM UJFNQP EF
USBNB Ttr = NT
Ttr = (()Tb + TG ) + N(( + n)Tb + TG )
EPOEF TG = OT FT FM UJFNQP EF HVBSEB /FDFTJUBNPT DBMDVMBS n 5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB

RVF DBEB TMPU EFCF USBOTNJUJS LCQT
Ttr = n n = .
: EFTQFKBOEP RVFEB N =
D
&M USDP PGFSUBEP FO MB [POB A o UJFOF RVF TFS NBZPS P JHVBM BM EFNBOEBEP A d &M
USDP EFNBOEBEP FT A d = M e t L l l H l l EPOEF M e t FT FM ONFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT
1BSB VOB FTUBDJO UFSSFOB
a d = L l l H l l = . = . N& NJMJ&SMBOH
.
&M USDP PGFSUBEP QBSB SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO QSEJEBT WJFOF EBEP QPS MB &SMBOH #
JOWFSTB
A o = B (p = ., N c = ) = . &.
*HVBMBOEP A o Z A d Z EFTQFKBOEP FM ONFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT UFSSFOBT RVFEB M e t =

4JTUFNBT $FMVMBSFT
& O FM EJTFP P QMBOJDBDJO SBEJP EF TJTUFNBT DFMVMBSFT TF USBCBKB FO HFOFSBM DPO USFT
MJNJUBDJPOFT
t 2VF MB SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP CN TFB NBZPS RVF VO WBMPS NOJNP FO MB [POB EF
DPCFSUVSB
t 2VF MB SFMBDJO TFBM B JOUFSGFSFODJB CI TFB NBZPS RVF VOB EFUFSNJOBEB SFMBDJO
EF QSPUFDDJO R p EPOEF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FTU DSFBEB QPS PUSBT DFMEBT
t 2VF MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO P (P4 TFB JOGFSJPS B VO WBMPS EBEP BTFHVSBOEP

RVF FM VTVBSJP UJFOF SFDVSTPT EJTQPOJCMFT QBSB IBDFS VOB MMBNBEB FO VO FMFWBEP
QPSDFOUBKF EFM UJFNQP
"EFNT TF QVFEFO JODMVJS EJTUJOUBT UFDOPMPHBT UBMFT DPNP TFDUPSJ[BDJO UJMU P DBCFDFP
BTJHOBDJO EJONJDB EF DBOBMFT EZOBNJD DIBOOFM BMMPDBUJPO %$"
RVF VOJEBT BM UJQP
EF BDDFTP NMUJQMF Z MB EVQMFYBDJO IBDFO RVF MB DBTVTUJDB EF EJTUJOUPT QSPCMFNBT RVF
OPT QPEFNPT FODPOUSBS TFB NVZ HSBOEF &O FTUF DBQUVMP TF QSPQPOFO EJTUJOUPT FKFNQMPT
EF FTUBT TJUVBDJPOFT
*OUSPEVDDJO
&O FTUF DBQUVMP TF JODMVZF VOB NVFTUSB SFQSFTFOUBUJWB EF MPT EJWFSTPT FTDFOBSJPT B MPT RVF
FM JOHFOJFSP SBEJP TF QVFEF FOGSFOUBS FO FM EJTFP EF TJTUFNBT DFMVMBSFT &O FM 1SPCMFNB 1
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t 3FMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO OFDFTBSJB EF E# FO NPEP 'VMM 5$) RVF FT FM RVF TF QSFW
VUJMJ[BS
t -B BMUVSB EF MBT BOUFOBT EF MBT #54 TPO EF NFUSPT Z QBSB MPT .4 TF DPOTJEFSB MB
BMUVSB FTUOEBS EF . N
t &M DBCMF EF BMJNFOUBDJO RVF VOF USBOTNJTPS Z BOUFOBT EF MB #54 UJFOF E# EF
QSEJEBT
EF . E#N Z VOB
TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N
t /P IBZ TFDUPSJ[BDJO
t -BT BOUFOBT EF MBT #54 TPO PNOJEJSFDJPOBMFT EF E#J EF HBOBODJB

t &M TJTUFNB EFCFSB PQFSBS DPO UFMGPOPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE JHVBMFT P NFKPSFT B E#N
NFEJEPT FO MB VOJO BOUFOBSFDFQUPS

t -BT HBOBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT FO MPT UFSNJOBMFT TF TVQPOESO E#J /P TF DPOTJEFSBO
QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
t -BT QSEJEBT TF NPEFMBO DPO MB FYQSFTJO l b = kd n DPO d FO NFUSPT k = Z n = .
t 4F EFCF JODMVJS FO MBT QSEJEBT VO NBSHFO EF E#
t 4F VUJMJ[B VO DBOBM EF TFBMJ[BDJO QPS FTUBDJO CBTF
t -B PQFSBEPSB EJTQPOF EF VO UFSDJP EF MB CBOEB EF
-B PQFSBEPSB IB EFDJEJEP EFTQMFHBS DFMEBT EF SBEJP . LN Z OFDFTJUB DBMDVMBS

B
&M ONFSP EF USBOTDFQUPSFT OFDFTBSJPT QPS FTUBDJO CBTF
C
-B QPUFODJB NOJNB B USBOTNJUJS EFTEF MB FTUBDJO CBTF QBSB BTFHVSBS DPCFSUVSB QFSJ
NFUSBM FO FM EFM UJFNQP Z EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT 0CUFOHB MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB

USBOTNJUJEB QPS FM NWJM B QBSUJS EF MB QPUFODJB BOUFSJPS MB OFDFTBSJB FO MB FTUBDJO
CBTF
4PMVDJO
B
$BMDVMBNPT FM USDP EFNBOEBEP QBSB FM UBNBP EF DFMEB EBEP : MP JHVBMBNPT BM
USDP EFNBOEBEP FO GVODJO EFM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP QBSB EFTQFKBS FTUF
MUJNP
&M USDP EFNBOEBEP FO VOB DMVMB FT
A d = S c m L l l H l l = . . = . &,
EPOEF

S c = R = . = . LN .
*HVBMOEPMP BM PGFSUBEP FO VOB DMVMB DPO N c DBOBMFT
A o = B (p c = %, N c )
OPT EB JOUFSQPMBOEP FO MB UBCMB 5BCMB VO UPUBM EF N c = DBOBMFT OFDFTBSJPT

2VFEBSB DPNQSPCBS TJ FT QPTJCMF DPO MPT SFDVSTPT EFM TJTUFNB DVCSJS FTUB OFDFTJEBE
&O QSJODJQJP OFDFTJUBNPT N c = DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP B MPT RVF BBEJNPT VO DBOBM NT
EF TFBMJ[BDJO &O %$4 TF USBOTNJUFO TMPUT QPS QPSUBEPSB %F GPSNB RVF DPO
QPSUBEPSBT P USBOTDFQUPSFT TBUJTGBDFNPT MBT FYJHFODJBT EF USDP 7BNPT B DPNQSPCBS
B DPOUJOVBDJO RVF TF EJTQPOF EF FTUF ONFSP EF DBOBMFT FO FM TJTUFNB &M ONFSP
EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT EF OVFTUSB PQFSBEPSB FT 1BSB VOB DFMEB TFSB FTUF
ONFSP FOUSF FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO J RVF EFTDPOPDFNPT Z UFOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS
1BSB MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO EBEB R p = E# RVFEB FO VO r p = R p = . : FM
ONFSP NOJNP EF DFMEBT QPS SBDJNP OFDFTBSJP J TF DBMDVMB QBSB FM DBTP EF BOUFOBT
PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT BDVEJFOEP B MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO
J = ( + ( r p )n ) = ( + ( .). ) = . ,
EPOEF TF IB UPNBEP FM ONFSP SNCJDP JONFEJBUBNFOUF TVQFSJPS "T FOUSF J =

TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF QPS DFMEB
4F DPODMVZF RVF IBZ DBOBMFT EF TPCSB RVF QPESBO EFEJDBSTF B [POBT NVZ EFOTBT B
USBOTNJTJO EF EBUPT (134&%(&
y
C
&TUBNPT FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT EF UFMFGPOB NWJM BVUPNUJDB QVCMJD MBOE NPCJMF OFUXPSL
1-./
5."
EJHJUBMFT /FDFTJUBNPT RVF MMFHVF VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
EFM NWJM S = E#N NT L = E# EF QSEJEB BEJDJPOBM NT VOB DPSSFDDJO QPS
EFM UJFNQP Z FNQMB[BNJFOUP e C NT VO NBSHFO EF E# MB DPSSFDDJO
QPS SVJEP FO TJTUFNBT 5." EJHJUBMFT FTU JODMVJEB FO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE

Pdr = C n = C min + L + e C + M = + + . + = . E#N
EPOEF
e C = ((K(L)L ) + (K(T)T ) ) = (( L ) + (. ) ) = . E#
Z K() = . EF MB 5BCMB EF <> Z T = E# FT EBUP

1PS 'SJJT Pdr = Pe t L tt + G t L b M + G r Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM 5Y EF MB #54
Pe t = . + . + . = . E#N,
EPOEF TJ l b = kd n Z L b = log l b = log( . ) = . E#

1BSB FM NWJM UFOFNPT RVF MBT QSEJEBT TPO MBT NJTNBT FM DBOBM FT SFDQSPDP DBNCJB MB
TFOTJCJMJEBE FO E# Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BIPSB FT E# NFOPT
Pe t = Pe t (S ms S bts ) = . = . E#N.
ms bts

6O PQFSBEPS EF UFMFGPOB NWJM (4. EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB EF . .)[ FO DBEB TFOUJEP
FOMBDF EF TVCJEB Z FOMBDF EF CBKBEB 4F EB TFSWJDJP B VOB [POB MMBOB SVSBM EF TVQFSDJF
LN FO MB RVF MBT QSEJEBT EF QSPQBHBDJO TF NPEFMBO DPNP l b (d) = k d . d FO NFUSPT
-B EFOTJEBE EF USDP FT IPNPHOFB Z EF WBMPS &LN &M ONFSP NFEJP EF UFOUBUJWBT
EF MMBNBEBT QPS BCPOBEP EVSBOUF MB IPSB EF NBZPS EFNBOEB FT EF Z MB EVSBDJO NFEJB
EF TUBT EF T &M PCKFUJWP EF DBMJEBE QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO
KBEP QPS FM PQFSBEPS
QBSB FM TJTUFNB B EFTBSSPMMBS FT EFM Z MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO TFBM B JOUFSGFSFODJB
DPDBOBM FT EF E# %JNFOTJPOF FM TJTUFNB DFMVMBS QBSB TBUJTGBDFS FM USDP FO MB QFPS
IPSB DPO MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO EBEB VUJMJ[BOEP DMVMBT TFDUPSFT
IFYBHPOBMFT
&O DBEB DMVMB TF FNQMFBS VO DBOBM EF VTVBSJP QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO
B
4J TF VUJMJ[BO DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT DPO TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT DBMDVMF FM
ONFSP UPUBM EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT
C
1BSB FWJUBS VO UBNBP FYDFTJWP EFM QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO TF QSPQPOF JODMVJS TFDUPSJ[BDJO
-B TFDUPSJ[BDJO FT EF EF GPSNB RVF TF DPMPDB VO QPTUF P FNQMB[BNJFOUP FO FM
WSUJDF DPNO EF USFT DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT TJFOEP DBEB VOB EF MBT USFT DFMEBT VOB
FTUBDJO CBTF DPO TVT QSPQJPT FRVJQPT &M ONFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJO J BIPSB
TFS NMUJQMP EF Z EFCFS TFS SNCJDP NBOUFOJOEPTF MB SFMBDJO J = (DR)
EPOEF D FT MB EJTUBODJB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO Z R FT FM SBEJP EF MB DFMEB 4F SFRVJFSF DBMDVMBS
VOB FYQSFTJO QBSB FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJO DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO J FO GVODJO
EF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO r p RVF IBDF RVF TF DVNQMB MB NJTNB : DBMDVMBS FM OVFWP
ONFSP EF DFMEBT UPUBM UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB MB TFDUPSJ[BDJO 1BSB FMMP QVFEF
(2 + 1 ptos) (1 hora)
Un operador de telefona mvil GSM dispone de una banda de 4.2 MHz (tanto en el sentido ascendente como en el
descendente). Se da servicio a una zona llana rural de superficie 400 Km2 en la que las prdidas de propagacin se
2.9
modelan como lb(d)=kd . La densidad de trfico es homognea y de valor 12 Erlang/Km2. El nmero medio de
tentativas de llamadas por abonado durante la hora de mayor demanda es de 0.2 y la duracin media de stas de 120 s. El
objetivo de calidad (probabilidad de congestin) fijado por el operador para el sistema a desarrollar es del 2%, y la
relacin de proteccin seal a interferencia cocanal es de 15 dB.
Dimensione el sistema celular para satisfacer el trfico en la peor hora con la probabilidad de congestin dada, utilizando
t clulas
6UJMJ[BS BMHVOB
(sectores) BQSPYJNBDJO
hexagonales. En cada clula seCVSEB
emplear un canal de usuario para sealizacin. Se pide:
a) Si se utilizan celdas hexagonales con sistemas radiantes omnidireccionales, calcule el nmero total de celdas
t necesarias.
1SPDFEFS EF VOB GPSNB NT FYBDUB EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJO
FOUSF
b) MB QPUFODJB
Para evitar UJM Z del
un tamao excesivo MB patrn
JOUFSGFSFOUF ci
de radiacin se DVBOEP
propone TMP IBZBLaVOB
incluir sectorizacin. DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF
sectorizacin es de 120, de
UBM DPNP TF JOEJDB FO MB 'JHVSB Z
DBMDVMF VOB FYQSFTJO RVF
forma que se coloca un poste o emplazamiento en el vrtice comn de tres celdas hexagonales, siendo cada una de las tres
celdas una estacin base con sus propios equipos. El nmero de celdas por agrupacin, J, ahora ser mltiplo SFMBDJPOF
de 3 y
FM QBUSO
deber EF mantenindose
ser rmbico, SFVUJMJ[BDJO DPO( MB
la relacin D / SFMBDJO
R)2 / 3 = J . EF QSPUFDDJO
Se requiere calcular una FOexpresin
FM DBTP EFel nmero
para UFOFS
BHSVQBDJPOFT
de celdas por agrupacinBMSFEFEPS "QSPYJNF
con sectorizacin, FM FGFDUP
J, en funcin EFM SFTUP
de la relacin EF MBTrp, que
de proteccin,
misma. Y calcular el nuevo nmero de celdas total, teniendo en cuenta la sectorizacin.
DFMEBT
hace queJOUFSGFSFOUFT
se cumpla la
BQSPYJNBOEP MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM DPNP WFDFT MB DBMDVMBEB BOUFSJPSNFOUF FO

Para ello puede

EBEP RVF las
b.1 Utilizar BM aproximaciones
NFOPT EF queMBT TFJT
estime DBVTBO VOB JOUFSGFSFODJB QSDUJDBNFOUF OVMB
oportunas
EFCJEP b.2 B MB PSJFOUBDJO
Proceder de una forma ms EFexacta,
TV QBUSO EF SBEJBDJO
de la siguiente forma: 1) calculeZ EPT EF MBT
la relacin entreSFTUBOUFT UJFOFO
la potencia til y la
VOB JOUFSGFSFODJB NFOPS
interferente, c/i, cuando RVF
slo haya MB
una QSPWPDBEB
celda interferente QPS MB
tal como RVF DBVTB
se indica MB NBZPS
en la siguiente JOUFSGFSFODJB
figura, Fig Pb 2, y 2)
calcule una expresin que relacione el patrn de reutilizacin con la relacin de proteccin en el caso de tener 6
FO
agrupaciones
Z TF BTVNF RVFAproxime
alrededor. MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF deBNCBT
el efecto del resto FRVJWBMF
las 5 celdas B MB
interferentes EF TUBla interferencia
aproximando
total como 3 veces la calculada anteriormente, en 1), dado que al menos 3 de las seis causan una interferencia
prcticamente nula debido a la orientacin de su patrn de radiacin.
Nota: La opcin b.1 puntuar 0.3 ptos y la b.2 puntuar 1pto.
c
i
2R D
Fig Pb 2: sectorizacin de 120 con celdas hexagonales.

'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJO EF
N B=1% 2% 3% 5%
1 .001 0.0204 0.0309 0.0526
4PMVDJO 6
10
1.91
4.46
2.28
5.08
2.54
5.53
2.96
6.22
11 5.16 5.84 6.33 7.08
16 8.88 9.83 10.5 11.5
B
1SPDFEFNPT EF GPSNB FTUOEBS DBMDVMBOEP FM USDP PGFSUBEP FM USDP EFNBOEBEP F
21 21.8 14 15.9 16.2
JHVBMOEPMPT 60 46.9 49.6 51.6 54.6
100 84.1 88 90.8 95.2
150 131.6 136.8 114.06 146.7
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM USDP PGFSUBEP OFDFTJUBNPT TBCFS FM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJPT
200 179.7 186.2 190.9 198.5
QBSB KVOUP DPO MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO VUJMJ[BS MB &SMBOH # 1BSB DBMDVMBS FM
Tabla P2. Trfico en Erlangs servido con N canales y una probabilidad de congestin dada
ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP UFOFNPT RVF SFQBSUJS FM BODIP EF CBOEB FOUSF MBT DMVMBT
93
EF VOB BHSVQBDJO J 5FOFNPT RVF DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP FTUF ONFSP 1SJNFSP DBMDVMBNPT
MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO
r p = R p = = .
Z MVFHP FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO
J = + ( r p )n = [ + ( .). ] = ..

1PS MP UBOUP J = FM ONFSP SNCJDP NT DFSDBOP QPS BSSJCB &TUF J FT FM ONFSP EF

DFMEBT QPS SBDJNP P QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO &M ONFSP EF QBSFT EF
QPSUBEPSBT FO
DBEB DFMEB FT FM BODIP EF MB CBOEB EJWJEJEP QPS FM BODIP EF VO SBEJPDBOBM FO (4.
L)[
C c = B L)[ = L)[ L)[ = .
&O (4. UFOFNPT JOUFSWBMPT EF UJFNQP P DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP FO DBEB QPSUBEPSB 1PS
MP RVF EJWJEJNPT FM ONFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM ONFSP EF DMVMBT NVMUJQMJDBNPT QPS
Z MF RVJUBNPT VO DBOBM DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TFBMJ[BDJO
N c = C c J = .
&M USDP PGFSUBEP QPS DBEB DFMEB FT MB JOWFSTB EF MB GVODJO &SMBOH # B ( %, ) = .

&
1PESBNPT JHVBMBS USDP PGFSUBEP Z EFNBOEBEP B OJWFM EF DFMEB QBSB EFTQFKBS FM SFB
EF DFMEB Z MVFHP FM QSPEVDUP QJ FM ONFSP UPUBM EF DFMEBT 1FSP QBSB FM EBUP RVF TF
QJEF FT NT JONFEJBUP JHVBMBS MB PGFSUB Z MB EFNBOEB FO UPEB MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB
$BMDVMBNPT FM USDP EFNBOEBEP UPUBM
A t,d = S t a
EPOEF a = &LN Z S t = LN *HVBMBOEP USDPT PGFSUBEPT Z EFNBOEBEPT

UPUBMFT A t,o = A t,d RVFEB A t,o = QJA o %FTQFKBOEP FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT UPUBM FT
QJ = S t a A o = . = .
C
&O MB QSJNFSB PQDJO QPEFNPT VUJMJ[BS MB NJTNB GSNVMB RVF FO DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOB
MFT Z TVQPOFS RVF BM IBCFS TFDUPSJ[BDJO Z UFOFS BOUFOBT EJSFDDJPOBMFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FT
EFCJEB B BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF DFMEBT Z OP B 3FFTDSJCJFOEP MB FYQSFTJO SFFNQMB[BOEP
FM QPS FM RVFEB

J + (r p )n = ..

2VF BSSPKB VO WBMPS EF J = FM NBZPS FOUFSP NMUJQMP EF Z SNCJDP FT J = 3FQFUJ
NPT MPT DMDVMPT EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS QBSB FTUF QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO %JWJEJNPT FM
ONFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM ONFSP EF DMVMBT NVMUJQMJDBNPT QPS Z MF RVJUBNPT VO
DBOBM DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TFBMJ[BDJO
N c = C c J = .
1BSB FTUF SFTVMUBEP FM USDP PGFSUBEP QPS DFMEB FT
A o = . &.
-B PGFSUB UPUBM RVFEB BM JHVBM RVF BOUFT A t,o = QJA o 'JOBMNFOUF JHVBMBOEP USDP
PGFSUBEP Z EFNBOEBEP UPUBM A t,o = A t,d FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJP RVFEB
QJ = S t a A o = .
2VF FT TFOTJCMFNFOUF NFOPS "EFNT IBZ RVF UFOFS FO DVFOUB RVF DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO
TMP IBDF GBMUB VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP QPS DBEB USFT DFMEBT 5BNCJO BVORVF OP TF IB UFOJEP
FO DVFOUB DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO TF QVFEF VUJMJ[BS UJMU NFKPSBOEP BO NT FM TJTUFNB
1 1MBOJDBDJO (4.
4J DPNP TFHVOEB PQDJO TFHVJNPT MPT QBTPT NBSDBEPT FO FM FOVODJBEP QBSB PCUFOFS
VOB NFKPS BQSPYJNBDJO UFOFNPT RVF QSPDFEFS EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB $BMDVMBNPT
QSJNFSP MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB UJM B JOUFSGFSFOUF
c pire(kd cn ) d in D c + R c n
= = =
i pire(kd in ) d cn R c
n n
D
= c + = (J) + .
R c
1BSB JOUFSGFSFOUFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM FT WFDFT MB DBMDVMBEB QBSB VOP
n
c
= (J) + .
it
*NQPOFNPT RVF TFB NBZPS RVF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO Z EFTQFKBOEP DBMDVMBNPT FM
QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO
n

ci t r p (J) + r p J (r p )n .

1BSB FM QSPCMFNB RVF OPT PDVQB RVFEB

J (r p )n = .,

MVFHP FM NBZPS FOUFSP NMUJQMP EF Z SNCJDP FT J = )BCSB VOB QPSUBEPSB QPS
DFMEB Z UFOESBNPT FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP NJTNP ONFSP EF DFMEBT RVF BOUFSJPSNFOUF
&O QSJODJQJP FTUB FYQSFTJO FT NT QSFDJTB Z DPOTFSWBEPSB RVF MB EF MB FYQSFYJO

%F IFDIP IBZ VOB EJGFSFODJB TJHOJDBUJWB FOUSF MPT WBMPSFT . Z . "M
BVNFOUBS MB EJTUBODJB EF R B R MB SFMBDJO ci FNQFPSB SFTQFDUP B MB TJUVBDJO EF
QBSUJEB FO
1PS PUSP MBEP FO VO DBTP TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM
DPNP EPT WFDFT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF MB DFMEB NT JOUFSGFSFOUF NJFOUSBT RVF FO FM TFHVOEP
TF IB DPOTJEFSBEP VO GBDUPS EF "QBSUF DPO UJMU PCUFOESBNPT VOB EJGFSFODJB NFOPT
TJHOJDBUJWB 5BNCJO MBT QSEJEBT FO FOUPSOPT SVSBMFT TPO QFRVFBT FO DPNQBSBDJO
DPO VO FOUPSOP VSCBOP &TP IBDF RVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF DFMEBT DPDBOBMFT TFB NBZPS
4J TF VUJMJ[BO FYQPOFOUFT EF QSEJEBT NBZPSFT QPS FKFNQMP EF . . MB EJGFSFODJB
TF SFEVDJSB BVO NT
1 1MBOJDBDJO (4.

6O PQFSBEPS EF UFMFGPOB NWJM (4. EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB EF . .)[ FO FM TFOUJEP
BTDFOEFOUF Z PUSP BODIP EF CBOEB EF . .)[ FO FM EFTDFOEFOUF
4F QMBOFB MPDBMJ[BS VO
DFOUSBM EF DPONVUBDJO FO TJTUFNB EF DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT NPCJMF TXJUDIJOH DFOUFS
.4$
QBSB TFSWJS VOB [POB VSCBOB DJSDVMBS EF SBEJP LN FO MB RVF MBT QSEJEBT EF
QSPQBHBDJO TF NPEFMBO DPNP l b (d) = k d . DPO d FO NFUSPT -B EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT
FO FTUB [POB FT EF habkm &M OEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJO EF FTUF PQFSBEPS FO MB QPCMBDJO
FT EF VO EF BCPOBEPT &M ONFSP NFEJP EF UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEBT QPS BCPOBEP

EVSBOUF MB IPSB EF NBZPS EFNBOEB FT EF Z MB EVSBDJO NFEJB EF TUBT EF T &M
PCKFUJWP EF DBMJEBE QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO
KBEP QPS FM PQFSBEPS QBSB FM TJTUFNB B
EFTBSSPMMBS FT EFM Z TF QSFW JOTUBMBS BOUFOBT VUJMJ[BOEP UJMU EF GPSNB RVF MB SFMBDJO
EF QSPUFDDJO FGFDUJWB TF SFEVDF EF B E#
%JNFOTJPOF FM TJTUFNB DFMVMBS QBSB TBUJTGBDFS FM USDP FO MB QFPS IPSB DPO MB QSPCBCJMJ
EBE EF DPOHFTUJO EBEB VUJMJ[BOEP DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT Z TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT PNOJEJSFDDJP
OFT &O DBEB DMVMB TF FNQMFBS VO DBOBM GTJDP QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO
B
$BMDVMF FM ONFSP NOJNP QPTJCMF EF DMVMBT QPS SBDJNP
C
$BMDVMF FM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT GTJDPT EJTQPOJCMFT QBSB UPEB MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB Z QBSB
FM ONFSP EF DMVMBT QPS SBDJNP PCUFOJEP FM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF USDP EJTQPOJCMFT
FO VOB #54
D
1BSB FM ONFSP EF DMVMBT DBMDVMBEP FO FM "QBSUBEP B
PCUFOHB FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO
Z FM ONFSP UPUBM EF #54 OFDFTBSJBT
E
&M DPTUF EF JOTUBMBDJO EF VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP FT FMFWBEP ZB RVF IBZ CVTDBSMP QBHBS QPS
FM VTP EFM NJTNP QPS MB JOTUBMBDJO EF MB DBTFUJMMB JOTUBMBDJPOFT FMDUSJDBT FRVJQPT FUD
1PS FMMP TF QJEF FO FTUF BQBSUBEP FTUVEJBS BMHVOB QSPQVFTUB BMUFSOBUJWB RVF QFSNJUB
SFEVDJS FM ONFSP EF TUPT $PNQBSF FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT PCUFOJEP DPO FM
EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS /PUB TVQPOHB RVF MB PQFSBEPSB QVFEF JODPSQPSBS MPT TJTUFNBT P
UDOJDBT RVF VTUFE DSFB DPOWFOJFOUF
4PMVDJO
B
-B SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO RVF TF FYJHF FT EF E# RVF TF SFEVDF EF GPSNB FGFDUJWB B
E# TJ IBZ UJMU 1BSB DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT OP IBZ UJMU "T MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO
RVF IBZ RVF FYJHJS FT E# RVF FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT FT
r p = R p = = ..
&TUB FT MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB EF QPSUBEPSB B JOUFSGFSFODJB NYJNB RVF TPQPSUB FM TJTUFNB

%F FTUF WBMPS TF TBDB FM NOJNP QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO QPTJCMF
J = + ( r p )n = [ + ( .). ] = ..

$PNP FO HFPNFUSB IFYBHPOBM FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT QPS BHSVQBDJO UJFOF RVF TFS VO
ONFSP SNCJDP FM NOJNP QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FT FM NFOPS ONFSP SNCJDP
NBZPS EF J FTUP FT J =
C
5FOFNPT JOUFSWBMPT EF UJFNQP QPS DBEB QPSUBEPSB &M ONFSP EF QBSFT EF QPSUBEPSBT
FT FM BODIP EF MB CBOEB EJWJEJEP QPS FM BODIP EF VO SBEJPDBOBM FO (4. L)[
C c = B L)[ = L)[ L)[ = .
1 1MBOJDBDJO (4.
%JWJEJNPT FM ONFSP SFTVMUBOUF FOUSF FM ONFSP EF DMVMBT Z MF RVJUBNPT VO DBOBM

DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B TFBMJ[BDJO
N c = C c J = = .
-B FYQSFTJO BOUFSJPS JOEJDB RVF TF SFQBSUFO QPSUBEPSBT DPNQMFUBT B FTUBDJPOFT CBTF

4PCSB VOB QPSUBEPSB RVF QPESB EFKBSTF EF SFTFSWB QBSB FTUBDJO CBTF RVF MVFHP WFB
JODSFNFOUBEP TV USDP 5BNCJO QPESB IBCFSTF TVQVFTUP QPS TJNQMJDJEBE VO SFQBSUP
VOJGPSNF EF TMPUT FOUSF DFMEBT "VORVF FTUP OP TF DPSSFTQPOEF DPO MB SFBMJEBE EF (4.
D
&O FM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS TF DBMDVM FM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP &M USDP RVF
VOB DFMEB QVFEF TFSWJS DPO FTPT DBOBMFT A o TF DBMDVMB DPNP TJHVF &M USDP PGFSUBEP
TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM (P4 Z EFM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP EJTQPOJCMFT FO
OVFTUSP DBTP
A o = B (p c , N c ) = B ( %, ) = . &.
&TUB FT MB PGFSUB EF USDP QPS QBSUF EF VOB #54 P DFMEB

1PS PUSP MBEP FM USDP EFNBOEBEP QPS MPT VTVBSJPT TF DBMDVMB NVMUJQMJDBOEP FM USDP
QPS NWJM a Z FM ONFSP EF NWJMFT FO VOB DFMEB M c &M USDP QPS NWJM BCPOBEP
TF QVFEF DBMDVMBS DPNP
a = L l l H l l = . MMI T = . MMT T = . &,
EPOEF L l l FT FM ONFSP EF UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB FO MB QFPS IPSB Z H l l FT MB

EVSBDJO EF MB MMBNBEB FO TFHVOEPT
4J JHVBMBNPT FM USDP PGFSUBEP BM EFNBOEBEP
A o = A d = M c a,
EFTQFKBNPT FM ONFSP EF NWJMFT QPS DFMEB M c = A o a = .

1BSB DBMDVMBS MB TVQFSDJF EF DFMEB S c B QBSUJS EF M c QSPDFEFNPT DPNP TJHVF 4J M t FT
FM ONFSP UPUBM EF NWJMFT FO MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB Z S t MB TVQFSDJF UPUBM EF DPCFSUVSB
MB EFOTJEBE EF NWJMFT FT
m = M t S t = M c S c .
: MB TVQFSDJF EF DFMEB S c FT
S c = M c m = M c S t M t = A o S t (aM t ) = . LN .
EPOEF M t = S t h I p = . . = . FT FM ONFSP UPUBM EF BCPOBEPT

FO FM SFB EF DPCFSUVSB I p FT FM OEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJO EFM PQFSBEPS FO MB QPCMBDJO Z
h FT MB EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT FO MB [POB
1BSB DBMDVMBS FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO JHVBMBNPT SFBT
QJS c = S t = A o S t (aM t ),
EPOEF S t = R = . LN %FTQFKBOEP
Q J = . = . ,
6O OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO NT DFSDBOP B MB SFBMJEBE TFSB Q = J = ..

%F GPSNB HFOFSBM FO QSPCMFNBT EF TJTUFNBT DFMVMBSFT '%." TJNJMBSFT TF QVFEF
DBMDVMBS QSJNFSP MB TVQFSDJF EF DFMEB TJ OP FT EBUP Z MVFHP B QBSUJS EF FTUB TVQFSDJF
SFTPMWFS DVBMRVJFS QSFHVOUB RVF TF GPSNVMF BDFSDB EFM TJTUFNB 4JO FNCBSHP OP FT
MB OJDB GPSNB FO MB RVF TF QVFEF SFTPMWFS FM QSPCMFNB &O FTUF DBTP QPS FKFNQMP
QPESBNPT IBCFS DBMDVMBEP EF GPSNB EJSFDUB MP RVF OPT QJEFO FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO
TJO NT RVF JHVBMBS FM USDP UPUBM PGFSUBEP FO FM TJTUFNB FO UPEBT MBT DFMEBT DPO FM
USDP EFNBOEBEP FO UPEBT FMMBT 4F JODMVZFO B DPOUJOVBDJO FTUPT DMDVMPT BMUFSOBUJWPT
QBSB DPODMVJS FM NJTNP SFTVMUBEP BOUFSJPS
&M USDP PGFSUBEP UPUBM FO FM SFB EF DPCFSUVSB FT
A t,o = QJA o ,
Z MB EFNBOEB UPUBM EF USDP

A t,d = M t a.
-B PGFSUB UPUBM EFCF TFS JHVBM B MB EFNBOEB UPUBM A t,d = A t,o DPO MP RVF
M t a = QJA o Q = M t ((A o a)J) = .,
RVF QSPQPSDJPOB Q FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FM ONFSP EF WFDFT RVF TF SFQJUF VOB

BHSVQBDJO FO MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB $PNP DBEB BHSVQBDJO UJFOF J FTUBDJPOFT CBTF Z
UJFOF RVF IBCFS VO ONFSP FOUFSP EF FMMBT FM ONFSP UPUBM EF DMVMBT FT
Q J = . = . .
E
4F QSPQPOFO WBSJBT TPMVDJPOFT
4PMVDJO 4FDUPSJ[BDJO 6OB TPMVDJO QPTJCMF FT VTBS TFDUPSJ[BDJO &O FTUF DBTP FT
IBCJUVBM VUJMJ[BS $BEB TFDUPS FT VOB DFMEB IFYBHPOBM &M FNQMB[BNJFOUP FTU FO
VO WSUJDF DPNO EF MPT IFYHPOPT &O QSJODJQJP FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO J FT VO
ONFSP SNCJDP Z BEFNT VO NMUJQMP EF QBSB QPEFS BT SFQFUJS MB BHSVQBDJO EF
GPSNB TJTUFNUJDB Z RVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB FO UPEBT MBT DFMEBT TFB MB NJTNB &M OVFWP
QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO TFSB EF GPSNB BQSPYJNBEB
J = + ( r p )n = [ + ( .). ] = .,

Z J = FM ONFSP SNCJDP TVQFSJPS NMUJQMP EF 5PEP RVFEB JHVBM RVF BOUFT BVORVF
DPO VOB CI NFKPS QPSRVF TF QVFEF JOUSPEVDJS UJMU QPS MB TFDUPSJ[BDJO Z UBNCJO DPO
VOB SFEVDDJO FO VO GBDUPS EF FO FM ONFSP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT EFTEF MPT RVF TF
SBEJBSB B TFDUPSFT
/PUB TF QPESB IBCFS VUJMJ[BEP UBNCJO r p FO WF[ EF r p 4F IB PQUBEP QPS VOB
TPMVDJO NT BQSPYJNBEB BVO TJFOEP NFOPT DPOTFSWBEPSB

4PMVDJO %$" -B TJHVJFOUF TPMVDJO QSPQVFTUB FT BQMJDBS %$" B UPEB MB BHSVQBDJO
&M DMDVMP FT DPNQMJDBEP Z MP RVF BRV TF WB B SFBMJ[B FT VOB FTUJNBDJO PQUJNJTUB TVQP
OJFOEP RVF TF QVFEFO SFQBSUJS MBT QPSUBEPSBT TFHO FM USDP FO MBT DFMEBT DVNQMJFOEP
TJFNQSF DPO MBT SFTUSJDDJO JNQVFTUB QPS MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO "EFNT OP FT
JONFEJBUP JNQPOFS RVF TF BTJHOFO QPSUBEPSBT DPNQMFUBT B MPT TFDUPSFT BT RVF BTVNJ
SFNPT RVF TF SFQBSUFO TMPUT BVORVF FO MB SFBMJEBE TBCFNPT RVF TF BTJHOBO QPSUBEPSBT
DPNQMFUBT &O FTUF DBTP TF QVFEF BTJHOBS DVBMRVJFS SFDVSTP TMPU B DVBMRVJFS DFMEB Z FM
USDP PGFSUBEP WJFOF EBEP QPS VOB &SMBOH # DPO UPEPT MPT TMPUT EJTQPOJCMFT
%FM "QBSUBEP C
UFOFNPT TMPUT QPS DFMEBT Z BEFNT OPT TPCSBCB VOB QPSUBEPSB
QPS MP RVF UFOFNPT N c = + = DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP USDP EJTQPOJCMFT FO
MB BHSVQBDJO B MPT RVF IBCS RVF RVJUBS BM NFOPT QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO $BMDVMBNPT
A o = B (N c , p c ) FM USDP PGSFDJEP B UPEB MB BHSVQBDJO *OUFSQPMBOEP EF MPT WBMPSFT
EF VOB UBCMB EF &SMBOH
A = (N c ) (. .)( ) + . = . &.
&M OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO Q = M t (Aa) = . : FM ONFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT CBTF UPUBM

QJ = .
&TUP TFSB MP NFKPS RVF MP QPESB IBDFS TJ TF QVEJFTF EJTUSJCVJS TMPUT TFHO EFNBOEB
BTVNJFOEP RVF OP IBZ JOUFSGFSFODJBT 7FNPT RVF TF SFEVDF FM ONFSP EF FTUBDJPOFT
CBTF EF B
/PUB 1PESBNPT NF[DMBS MBT TPMVDJPOFT Z

6OB FNQSFTB IB EFTQMFHBEP VO TJTUFNB NWJM UFSSFTUSF QCMJDP (4. &M EFTQMJFHVF
UJFOF BHSVQBDJPOFT DPO QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO JHVBM B J = QBSB BIPSSBS GSFDVFODJBT
"T MB BHSVQBDJO FTU GPSNBEB QPS USFT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF FO VO NJTNP FNQMB[BNJFOUP
&TUP FT USFT TJTUFNBT SBEJBOUFT EF UBM DPNP TF NVFTUSB FO MB 'JHVSB : UPEBT MBT
QPSUBEPSBT FO VO NJTNP FNQMB[BNJFOUP TPO EJTUJOUBT 4F IB BTVNJEP VOB EJTUSJCVDJO
IPNPHOFB EF VTVBSJPT 5BNCJO VOB QSPQBHBDJO IPNPHOFB FTUP FT RVF MBT QSEJEBT
EF QSPQBHBDJO TPO MBT NJTNBT FO UPEBT MBT EJSFDDJPOFT EFTEF DVBMRVJFS FNQMB[BNJFOUP
&M SFB EF DFMEB EJTFBEB TFDUPS
FT EF LN SBEJP JHVBM B R = . LN
-B PQFSBEPSB
FODBSHB B PUSB FNQSFTB RVF DPNQSVFCF RVF TF DVNQMFO MPT SFRVJTJUPT EF DBMJEBE QBSB FTUF
TJTUFNB
4F DPOPDF RVF MBT QSEJEBT TF QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBS RVF TJHVFO MB FYQSFTJO l b = kd n DPO
d MB EJTUBODJB FO NFUSPT k = . Z n = . : TF EFCF JODMVJS VO NBSHFO EF E# 5BNCJO
TF BQPSUBO MPT QBSNFUSPT DPO MPT RVF TF EJTF FM TJTUFNB
t 4VQFSDJF UPUBM LN
t 1PCMBDJO IBCJUBOUFT
FTUB PQFSBEPSB BDBQBSB FM EF FTUF NFSDBEP
S1& S1&
S2& S2& Pot.&
S3& S3& S1& S2& S3&

S1& S1& S1&
S2& S2& S2& Frec.&
S3& S3& S3&
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJO DPO J =

t -B EVSBDJO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF T
t 4F FYJHF VO (P4 UBNCJO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO
EFM
t 3FMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO CI DPDBOBM OFDFTBSJB EF E# JODMVJEB MB NFKPSB QPS UJMU
t &TUBDJPOFT #54 DVZBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT NT SFMFWBOUFT TPO VOB QPUFODJB NYJNB
FOUSFHBEB QPS QPSUBEPSB EF 5Y
EF . E#N Z VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N -BT
BOUFOBT TPO TFDUPSJBMFT EF E#J EF HBOBODJB
QSEJEBT
&M TJTUFNB EFCFSB PQFSBS
DPO UFMGPOPT EF TFOTJCJMJEBE JHVBMFT P NFKPSFT B E#N NFEJEPT FO MB VOJO
BOUFOBSFDFQUPS
-BT HBOBODJBT EF MBT BOUFOBT TF TVQPOESO E#J 4F DPOTJEFSBO
E# EF QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
t 4F VUJMJ[B TMPU QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO QPS DBEB EPT USBOTDFQUPSFT
t -B PQFSBEPSB EJTQPOF EF DBOBMFT FO MB CBOEB EF
4F QJEF
B
$PNQSPCBS RVF TF DVNQMF FM SFRVJTJUP EF DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP B MB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF
DPOHFTUJO
C
$PNQSPCBS TJ TF DVNQMF MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP BM OJWFM EF TFBM DPO MPT FRVJQPT QSP
QPSDJPOBEPT 1BSB FM QVOUP NT BMFKBEP EFM USBOTNJTPS Z EFM UJFNQP &O FM FOMBDF
BTDFOEFOUF Z EFTDFOEFOUF
D
$PNQSPCBS MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP B MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB UJM B JOUFSGFSFODJB CI FO
FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF Z QBSB FTUF DBTP QBSUJDVMBS DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO Z J = 1BSB FMMP
TVQPOHB RVF UPEPT MPT USBOTNJTPSFT UJFOFO MB NJTNB QPUFODJB Z
$BMDVMF EF GPSNB FYBDUB MB SFMBDJO QPUFODJB UJM EF QPSUBEPSB B QPUFODJB JOUFSGF
SFOUF FOUSF VOB DFMEB DVBMRVJFSB Z MB DFMEB DPDBOBM RVF NBZPS JOUFSGFSFODJB MF DBVTB
1BSB FMMP TFMFDDJPOF MB DFMEB DPDBOBM JOUFSGFSFOUF DPO MB NBZPS HBOBODJB FO MB EJSFDDJO
EF MB DFMEB JOUFSGFSJEB
"QSPYJNF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM EF UPEBT MBT DFMEBT DPDBOBMFT DPNP WFDFT MB JOUFS
GFSFODJB NYJNB EFM BQBSUBEP BOUFSJPS $PO FTUB JOUFSGFSFODJB UPUBM DBMDVMF MB SFMBDJO
UJM EF QPSUBEPSB B QPUFODJB JOUFSGFSFOUF UPUBM
E
-B PQFSBEPSB EFDJEF JOUSPEVDJS VO OVFWP TJTUFNB QBSB EBS DPCFSUVSB EF EBUPT QBSB MP
RVF JOUSPEVDF VOB OVFWB CBOEB EF GSFDVFODJBT $BEB VTVBSJP NWJM HFOFSB .#ZUF B
MB IPSB FO MB QFPS IPSB : FM TJTUFNB JOUSPEVDJEP QFSNJUF VUJMJ[BS MB NJTNB GSFDVFODJB
FO UPSOP BM DFOUSP EFM FNQMB[BNJFOUP WFS 'JHVSB 4J MB FDJFODJB FTQFDUSBM EF FTUF
OVFWP TJTUFNB FT CT)[ Z FM SBEJP EF MPT IFYHPOPT DFOUSBMFT GPOEP CMBODP
FT
N DBMDVMF FM BODIP EF CBOEB W 4 4 4
FO 'JHVSB OFDFTBSJP QBSB QPEFS
TFSWJS FO QSPNFEJP TJO JNQPSUBS FM SFUSBTP FM USDP EFNBOEBEP
S1& S1& S1&

Pot.&
S2& S2& S2&
S1S& 2S& 3&
S3& S3& S3& S1+2+3&
S1& S1&
Frec.&
S2& S2&
S3& S3&
'JHVSB &TRVFNB 4'3
/PUB &M MBEP EF VO IFYHPOP FT JHVBM B TV SBEJP
4PMVDJO
B
$PNQSPCBNPT TJ FM USDP PGFSUBEP FT NBZPS EFM USDP EFNBOEBEP
&M ONFSP EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT FT C c = RVF FOUSF J = TPO QPS DFMEB &M
ONFSP EF DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP FT N c = = ZB RVF IBZ TMPUT QPS QPSUBEPSB Z
SFTFSWBNPT QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO VUJMJ[BOEP MPT EBUPT BQPSUBEPT &M USDP PGFSUBEP QPS
DFMEB FT A o = B (p c = %, N c = ) = . &
&M USDP EFNBOEBEP QPS LN TF DBMDVMB B QBSUJS EFM USDP BENJTJCMF a = m L l l H l l =
. . = . &LN %POEF m = . . = .
BCLN FT MB EFOTJEBE EF BCPOBEPT QPS VOJEBE EF TVQFSDJF Z TF DBMDVMB DPNP FM
ONFSP EF IBCJUBOUFT QPS FM OEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJO EF MB UFMFGPOB NWJM QPS FM OEJDF
" FTUF TJTUFNB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO EF GSFDVFODJB TF MF EFOPNJOB SFVUJMJ[BDJO QBSDJBM EF GSFDVFODJBT 1BSUJBM
'SFRVFODZ 3FVTF 1'3

EF QFOFUSBDJO EF MB PQFSBEPSB QBSUJEP QPS MB TVQFSDJF UPUBM "IPSB TF QBTB B DBMDVMBS

FM USDP EFNBOEBEP FO VOB DFMEB TFDUPS
Ad = Sc a
F JNQPOFNPT MB DPOEJDJO EF RVF TFB NFOPS RVF FM USDP PGFSUBEP
A o A d . . 4 .
C
5FOFNPT RVF DPNQSPCBS RVF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB FT NBZPS EF MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB
EBEB QPS MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT Z UJFNQP SFRVFSJEPT Z
VO NBSHFO BEJDJPOBM TJ MP IVCJFSF &O BNCPT FOMBDFT FM EFTDFOEFOUF Z FM BTDFOEFOUF
&TUBNPT FO DPNVOJDBDJPOFT 5." EJHJUBMFT /FDFTJUBNPT RVF MMFHVF VOB QPUFODJB JHVBM
B MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EFM NWJM S ms = E#N NT VOB DPSSFDDJO QPS % EFM UJFNQP
e C NT VO NBSHFO EF E# -B DPSSFDDJO QPS SVJEP Z NVMUJUSBZFDUP FO TJTUFNBT
EJHJUBMFT Z B EJGFSFODJB EF MPT TJTUFNBT BOBMHJDPT FTU JODMVJEB FO MB TFOTJCJMJEBE
"QBSUF MBT QSEJEBT FO DPOFDUPSFT FO FM NWJM TPO OVMBT "T
Pdr = S ms + L + e C + M = + + . + = . E#N,
EPOEF e C = K(T)T = . = . E#

1PS 'SJJT Pdr = Pe t L tt + G t L b + G r MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB QPS FM 5Y EF MB #54
Pe t = Pdr + L tt G t + L b G r = . + + .
BT S
= . E#N < . E#N.
"RV TF IB DBMDVMBEP MBT QSEJEBT EFM NFEJP L b DPNP TJHVF 4J l b = kd n Z L b = log l b

FOUPODFT L b = log(.( . ). ) = . E# 4F PCTFSWB RVF MB QPUFODJB
OFDFTBSJB FOUSFHBEB FO MB FTUBDJO CBTF FTU QPS EFCBKP EFM OJWFM NYJNP
1BSB FM NWJM UFOFNPT RVF MBT QSEJEBT TPO MBT NJTNBT FM DBOBM FT BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
SFDQSPDP DBNCJB MB TFOTJCJMJEBE FO E# Z MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB BIPSB FT E# NFOPS
Pe t = (S ms S bts ) = . = . E#N < E#N.
MS
-VFHP T QVFEF DVNQMJSTF DPO MPT FRVJQPT QSPQVFTUPT MB DPOEJDJO EF DBMJEBE
D
$BMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJO ci WFS 'JHVSB
pt
c
= = () .
k(R)n n
pt
i k(R)n
-BT GSFDVFODJBT EFM 6- OP FT MB NJTNB RVF FO FM %- BVORVF NVZ DFSDBOB EF GPSNB RVF MBT QSEJEBT EF
QSPQBHBDJO TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF JHVBMFT Z EF WBMPS l b = kd n
S1& S1&
c& i&
S2& S2&
S3& S3&
S1& S1& S1&
S2& S2& S2&
S3& S3& S3&
'JHVSB *OUFSGFSFODJB Z QPUFODJB UJM FO FTRVFNB EF TFDUPSJ[BDJO DPO J =
"IPSB JNQPOFNPT c (i) r p EPOEF TF UJFOFO FO DVFOUB FM SFTUP EF JOUFSGFSFOUFT EF

BRV TF EFEVDF RVF
c
= () r p .
n

i
/UFTF RVF r p JODMVZF FM FGFDUP EFM UJMU Z VO NBSHFO
$BMDVMBNPT MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT r p = R p = = .
Z RVFEB
c
= () = . > r p = ..
n

i
-VFHP 4* TF DVNQMF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO Z IBZ DPCFSUVSB FO DVBOUP B CI
E
$BMDVMFNPT FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP RVF TF OFDFTJUB Z FM RVF PGFSUB FM TJTUFNB MPT JHVBMBNPT
Z EFTQFKBNPT FM BODIP EF CBOEB -B EFOTJEBE EF NWJMFT m TF DBMDVM FO FM QSJNFS
BQBSUBEP
m = M t I p I o S t = . . = . BCLN .
: FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP EFNBOEBEP FO MPT TFDUPSFT JOUFSJPSFT EF VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP

IFYHPOPT EF GPOEP CMBODP
FT FM QSPEVDUP EFM ONFSP EF BCPOBEPT FO FTUPT TFDUPSFT
QPS FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP QSPNFEJP EF DBEB VOP EF FMMPT R b,ab
R b,d = m S c,s f r R b,ab = . .CQT
EPOEF
S c,s f r = = . LN
Z FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP EF DBEB BCPOBEP FT
R b,ab = . = . LCQT.
&O FTUF MUJNP DMDVMP TF IB EJWJEJEP FM WPMVNFO EF EBUPT CBKBEPT QPS VTVBSJP FO CZUFT
QPS QBSB QBTBSMP B CJUT Z EJWJEP QPS TFHVOEPT QBSB DBMDVMBS FM QSPNFEJP
'JOBMNFOUF FM BODIP EF CBOEB OFDFTBSJP FT FTUF WBMPS EJWJEP QPS MB FDJFODJB FTQFDUSBM
W = R b,d e = . . = . .)[
Pb 41. Problema 4. 1 conv. Ordinaria (examen final). 04.07.06

1 4JTUFNB (4.3
Apellidos: Nombre:
Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en el inciso de alguna pregunta encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar las siguientes. E
respuesta en el espacio
&M TJTUFNB reservado.
HMPCBM QBSB MBT DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT FO MOFBT GFSSPWJBSJBT HMPCBM TZTUFN GPS
ProblemaNPCJMF DPNNVOJDBUJPOT 3BJMXBZ (4.3
FT VO TJTUFNB (4. BEBQUBEP BTVNB RVF
4. (1.5+1+0.5)
FT (4. B FGFDUPT EF SFTPMWFS FM QSPCMFNB
B TJTUFNBT GFSSPWJBSJPT 4F QMBOUFB EJTFBS VO
El sistemaTJTUFNB
GSM-R FO FM(Global
RVF VOPSystem for Mobile
EF MPT PCKFUJWPT FT EBSCommunications-
DPCFSUVSB BM QFSTPOBM Rail)
EF MBesFNQSFTB
un sistema GSM adaptado (asuma
GFSSPWJBSJB
a efectos BdeMPresolver
MBSHP EF el MB problema)
WB EF USFO aEPOEF
sistemasMB EFOTJEBE EF USDP
ferroviarios. QPS LNdisear
Se plantea FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB en
un sistema FT el que uno de los
EF .al&personal
dar cobertura Z TF SFRVJFSF
de laVOB QSPCBCJMJEBE
empresa EF DPOHFTUJO
ferroviaria a lo largoEFMde

la -B
vaSFMBDJO
de tren,EFdonde
QSPUFDDJO
la densidad de trfico
FYJHJEB
hora cargada FT EF
es de 0.5Erlang
E# -ByFNQSFTB
se requiereEFEJDB unaB FTUF NFOFTUFS VO
probabilidad de FTQFDUSP
congestin EF del
.)[
2%.4FLaEFTFB
empresa dedica a este
DVCSJS
espectro de VO USBNP
2 MHz. EF
Se desea LN EFunWB
cubrir EFM USFO
tramo EF BMUB
de 200 Km WFMPDJEBE
de va del.BESJE4FWJMMB
tren de alta FO VO USBNPMadrid-Sevilla en u
velocidad
RVF EJTDVSSF
discurre sobre CastillaTPCSF $BTUJMMB -B
La Mancha en .BODIB FO MOFB
lnea recta. SFDUB -B PSPHSBGB
La orografa del terreno EFMse
UFSSFOP
puedeTFconsiderar
QVFEF plana. Como e
limitado DPOTJEFSBS
tendremos QMBOB $PNP FM
que utilizar FTQFDUSP FT MJNJUBEP
reutilizacin UFOESFNPT
de frecuencia. RVF VUJMJ[BS la
Lgicamente, SFVUJMJ[BDJO EF
solucin consiste en poner un
GSFDVFODJB -HJDBNFOUF MB TPMVDJO DPOTJTUF FO QPOFS VO DPOKVOUP EF FTUBDJPOFT
estaciones bases repartidas a igual distancia de forma lineal a lo largo de este recorrido. Vase el siguie CBTFT
EF GPSNB
adjunto. Nota: LosMJOFBM SFQBSUJEBT
apartados b) yB c)
JHVBM EJTUBODJB Bde
se plantean MP forma
MBSHP EFindependiente
FTUF SFDPSSJEPal 7BTF FM FTRVFNB
a). Lea todo el problema antes d
FO
resolverlo. MB 'JHVSB
Se pide:
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF MB TPMVDJO QSPQVFTUB QBSB (4.3 DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO
a) Si la relacin de proteccin es de 12 dB obtenga el patrn de reutilizacin. Se valorar positivamente
expresin aproximada para calcular este valor en este sistema celular (lineal). Para ello suponga que la
4F QJEF
causada por todas las posibles celdas interferentes es la misma. Asuma prdidas en vaco.
b) CalculeB
el0CUFOFS
nmeroFMdeQBUSO
celdasEFnecesarias
SFVUJMJ[BDJO 4F WBMPSBS QPTJUJWBNFOUF PCUFOFS VOB FYQSFTJO
si se asume un patrn de reutilizacin de 5.
BQSPYJNBEB QBSB DBMDVMBS FTUF WBMPS FO FTUF TJTUFNB DFMVMBS MJOFBM
1BSB FMMP TVQPOHB
c) Calcule elRVF MB JOUFSGFSFODJB
ndice DBVTBEB QPS UPEBT MBT QPTJCMFT DFMEBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT FT MB NJTNB
de reutilizacin.
"TVNB QSEJEBT IPNPHOFBT EF MB GPSNB l b = kd n QBSB BMHVOB DPOTUBOUF k Z FYQPOFOUF
Comience a EF resolver el problema a continuacin y en cualquier caso entregue esta hoja.
QSEJEBT n
C
$BMDVMBS FM ONFSP EF DFMEBT OFDFTBSJBT TJ TF BTVNF VO QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO EF J =
D
$BMDVMBS FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO
1 4JTUFNB (4.3
4PMVDJO
B
$BMDVMBNPT MB QPUFODJB UJM SFDJCJEB MB JOUFSGFSFOUF Z EFTQFKBNPT FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ
[BDJO RVF IBDF RVF FM DPDJFOUF EF BNCBT FTU QPS FODJNB EF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO
-B QPUFODJB RVF MMFHB B VO QVOUP B VOB EJTUBODJB d c EFTEF MB FTUBDJO CBTF WJFOF EBEB
QPS MB TJHVJFOUF FYQSFTJO FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT
c = pire t g r (kd cn ),
EPOEF pire t FT MB 1*3& EF MB FTUBDJO CBTF FO MB EJSFDDJO RVF VOF FTUBDJO CBTF Z FM
QVOUP Z g r FT MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB 4VQPOESFNPT B UFOPS EF MB HVSB
BEKVOUB RVF MBT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF TPO PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT Z QPS UBOUP MB 1*3& FT MB NJTNB
FO UPEBT EJSFDDJPOFT EFTQSFDJBNPT MB EJGFSFODJB EF HBOBODJB QBSB QVOUPT DPO EJTUJOUBT
EJTUBODJBT 1PS PUSP MBEP BTVNJNPT RVF MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB FT JTUSPQB
%F JHVBM GPSNB MB QPUFODJB JOUFSGFSFOUF EFCJEB B VOB DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF FT
c = pire t g r (kd in ),
EPOEF TF IB EFOPUBEP DPO TVCOEJDF i B MB EJTUBODJB FTUBDJO CBTF JOUFSGFSFOUF BM QVOUP

EPOEF TF RVJFSF DBMDVMBS MB SFMBDJO ci
%JWJEJNPT BNCPT WBMPSFT QBSB PCUFOFS FM DPDJFOUF ci
c p t g t (kd cn ) di n
= = .
i p t g t (kd in ) dc
&M QVOUP QBSB FM RVF IBZ RVF FWBMVBS MB SFMBDJO ci EFCF TFS QBSB FM QVOUP EF VOB
DFMEB QBSB FM RVF MB ci FT QFPS FTUP FT QBSB FM WBMPS d i d c NFOPS 5PNFNPT RVF FT
BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF FM QVOUP NT BMFKBEP EF MB DMVMB EF JOUFST FO MB EJSFDDJO RVF
VOF BNCBT DFMEBT WFS EJCVKP BEKVOUP FO 'JHVSB
&O FTUF FTRVFNB MB EJTUBODJB
EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FT D c = J d Z MB EJTUBODJB EF VO JOUFSGFSFOUF D c d = d(J )
OBMNFOUF RVFEB
c di n Jd d n
= = = (J ) .
n

i dc d
&TUB SFMBDJO FT QBSB VOB TPMB JOUFSGFSFOUF &O FM DBTP RVF OPT PDVQB UFOFNPT EPT
JOUFSGFSFOUFT VOB EF DBEB TFOUJEP EF MB WB 4J TJFOEP DPOTFSWBEPSFT BQSPYJNBNPT MB
JOUFSGFSFODJB EF MB DFMEB JOUFSGFSFOUF FO TFOUJEP PQVFTUP FTUBSB QPS MB J[RVJFSEB FO MB
'JHVSB QPS VO WBMPS JHVBM BM DBMDVMBEP TF NVMUJQMJDB QPS EPT MB JOUFSGFSFODJB
c c
= = (J ) ,
n

i total i
&O FM DBTP FYBDUP FT GDJM DPNQSPCBS RVF RVFEBSB VOB SFMBDJO EFM UJQP c
i total
=
(J+)n +(J)n
r p Z RVF
J = DVNQMJSB DPO VOB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO EF . E#
Z FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FO GVODJO EF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO RVFEB

c
r p J + r p
n
i total
ncia que llega a un punto divida por la potencia
interferente generada por una celda es

= + ( . ) = . J = ,

/ kdc n
di n

=
/ kdin
dc
EPOEFd TF
uscar el peor caso, donde IB UPNBEP n = QPS DPOTJEFSBSTF FM QFPS DBTP FO [POBT SVSBMFT Z DBNQP
i/dc es menor. Tomemos que es aproximadamente el punto ms alejado de
BCJFSUP /UFTF RVFceldas
e inters en la direccin que une ambas OP IBDF GBMUB RVF
(ver dibujo TFB ONFSP
adjunto). SNCJDP
La distancia QPSRVF FMesEFTQMJFHVF FT
de reutilizacin
MJOFBM
2d y la distancia de un interferente D d = d(2J 1) , finalmente queda
( d ( 2Jd 1) )
n n
J
d = R 3 /2 D = J 2d
xima la interferencia'JHVSB
de la
celda &TRVFNB
interferenteEFenMBsentido opuesto
TPMVDJO por sta
QSPQVFTUB misma,
QBSB (4.3se multiplica por
DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO
rferencia
1
( 2J 1 )n y el patrn de reutilizacin en funcin de la relacin de proteccin es
C
4J TF UJFOFO C c = QPSUBEPSBT FO UPUBM .)[L)[ UFOFNPT EPT QPS DFMEB &O
=
2
1
UPUBM TMPUT QPS DFMEB FO (4. IBZ TMPUT P DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP QPS QPSUBEPSB B MPT
1
J
2
(
1 + ( 2RVF
1/ n
2
)
= 1 + (VO
rp ) MFT RVJUBNPT (
2 DBOBM
1/ 2
101.2 )EF DPOUSPM
= 3.3150
&O )
J =
UPUBM 4TMPUT QPS DFMEBT &M USDP PGFSUBEP FT
A o el= despliegue
e no hace falta que sea nmero rmbico porque B (p c , Nes
c ) lineal.
= B (, %) = &.
enen 10 portadoras&M USDP EFNBOEBEP

(2MHz/200KHz) FO tenemos
en total, VOB DFMEBdosFTpor = l En
A d celda. a =total
l(LN 16) slots
. por
*HVBMBOEP
celda, a
quitamos un canal de control. En total 15 slots por celdas. El trfico ofertado es
A o = A d = l(LN) . l = LN
p)= B-1(15,2%)=9 Erlang

demandado en una $PNP l FTA FM=EJNFUSP
celda esFTUF l (km) 0.5 DFMEB FO LN IBCS DMVMBT
EF .MBIgualando
9 = l (kmD
) .5
&M l =EF
OEJDF Km
18SFVUJMJ[BDJO FT Q = J = =
es el dimetro de la celda, en 200 Km habr 200/1812 clulas.
1esQ=12/53
e de reutilizacin 4JTUFNB (4.3 TFDUPSJ[BEP
(Puede continuar escribiendo por detrs de esta hoja si le falta espacio)
&M (4.3 FT VO TJTUFNB (4. BEBQUBEP BTVNB RVF FT (4. B FGFDUPT EF SFTPMWFS FM
QSPCMFNB
B TJTUFNBT GFSSPWJBSJPT 4F QMBOUFB EJTFBS VO TJTUFNB WFS 'JHVSB QBSB
EBS DPCFSUVSB BM QFSTPOBM EF MB FNQSFTB GFSSPWJBSJB B MP MBSHP EF MB WB EF USFO EPOEF MB
EFOTJEBE EF USDP QPS LN FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB FT EF & Z TF SFRVJFSF VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF
DPOHFTUJO EFM -B FNQSFTB EJTQPOF EF VO FTQFDUSP EF .)[ 4F EFTFB DVCSJS VO
USBNP MJOFBM EF LN EF WB EFM USFO EF BMUB WFMPDJEBE .BESJE#BSDFMPOB FO VO USBNP
RVF EJTDVSSF TPCSF "SBHO -B PSPHSBGB EFM UFSSFOP TF QVFEF DPOTJEFSBS QMBOB -B TPMVDJO
QMBOUFBEB FT TJUVBS FNQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO EF B MP MBSHP EFM SFDPSSJEP
1 4JTUFNB (4.3 TFDUPSJ[BEP
Z KVOUP B MB MOFB GFSSPWJBSJB &M NPEFMP EF QSEJEBT EFM NFEJP FT EFM UJQP l = kd n DPO
n = . k = Z d FO NFUSPT
!"
#$"
'JHVSB &TRVFNB EF MB TPMVDJO QSPQVFTUB QBSB (4.3 DPO TFDUPSJ[BDJO
B
4J MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO SFRVFSJEB FT EF E# RVF QVFEF SFMBKBSTF E# DPO VO UJMU
BEFDVBEP DBMDVMF FM ONFSP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT OFDFTBSJPT 1BSB FMMP TVQPOHB RVF
MB JOUFSGFSFODJB DBVTBEB QPS UPEBT MBT QPTJCMFT DFMEBT JOUFSGFSFOUFT FT MB NJTNB : RVF
QBSB SBEJPT NFOPSFT EF LN OP IBZ QSPCMFNBT EF DPCFSUVSB FO DVBOUP B SFMBDJO
TFBM B SVJEP
4PMVDJO
B
-B SFMBDJO FOUSF MB QPUFODJB UJM c Z MB JOUFSGFSFODJB i TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS FO GVODJO EF
MB 1*3& MB HBOBODJB EF MB BOUFOB SFDFQUPSB g r RVF TF BTVNJS JTUSPQB Z MBT EJTUBODJBT
d c Z d i EFTEF MB FTUBDJO CBTF DPO MB RVF TF DPNVOJDB FM NWJM Z EFTEF MB FTUBDJO CBTF
JOUFSGFSFOUF SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF BM QVOUP EPOEF TF DBMDVMB &M SFTVMUBEP FT FM TJHVJFOUF
c (pire t g r )kd cn di n
= = .
i (pire t g r )kd in dc
-B DBMDVMBNPT QBSB FM QVOUP EF MB DFMEB EPOEF TV WBMPS FT NOJNP EPOEF d i d c FT

NFOPS 5PNFNPT RVF FT FM QVOUP NT BMFKBEP EF MB DMVMB EF JOUFST Z EF MB JOUFSGFSFOUF
FO MB EJSFDDJO RVF VOF BNCBT DFMEBT -B EJTUBODJB EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FT D c = J d EPOEF
J FT QBS Z d FT MB EJTUBODJB EFTEF FM DFOUSP B VO MBEP EF VOB DFMEB IFYBHPOBM /UFTF RVF
QPS DBEB FNQMB[BNJFOUP UFOFNPT EPT DFMEBT "T MB EJTUBODJB EF VO FNQMB[BNJFOUP
JOUFSGFSFOUF BM CPSEF EF VOB DFMEB JOUFSGFSJEB FT D c + d = (J + )d -B EJTUBODJB
d c = d 'JOBMNFOUF RVFEB
d (J + )
n
c di n
= = = (J + ) .
n

i dc d
: FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FO GVODJO EF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO FT

c
r p J r p = (. ) = . J = .
n .

i
/UFTF RVF OP IBDF GBMUB RVF TFB ONFSP SNCJDP QPSRVF FM EFTQMJFHVF FT MJOFBM 1PS
PUSP MBEP TF IB UPNBEP Rp = DPNP MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO FGFDUJWB BM JOUSPEVDJS
UJMU P DBCFDFP
4J TF UJFOFO QPSUBEPSBT FO UPUBM .)[ L)[ UFOFNPT EPT QPS DFMEB DVBUSP
QPS FNQMB[BNJFOUP $PNP MB DBQB GTJDB FT JHVBM RVF MB EF (4. UFOFNPT FO UPUBM
TMPUT P DBOBMFT EF VTVBSJP QPS DFMEB B MPT RVF MFT RVJUBNPT VO DBOBM EF DPOUSPM &O
UPUBM TMPUT QPS DFMEBT &M USDP PGFSUBEP FT A o = B (Nc, p) = B (, %) = &
rea deFOTeora
&M USDP EFNBOEBEP l A =
de laFTSeal
VOB DFMEB l(LN) *HVBMBOEP
y Comunicaciones
RADIACIN Y RADIOCOMUNICACIN
A o = A d = l(LN) l = LN.
nvocatoria Ordinaria (Final). 2 Cuatrimestre. 01.07.10

idos: DFMEB FO LN IBCS = DFMEBT FNQMB[B
$PNP FTUF FT FM EJNFUSP EF MB Nombre: Plan: N A
NJFOUPT
su nombre ahora mismo, Justifique todas sus respuestas. Si en algn apartado encuentra dificultad, pase a contestar los siguientes. En
er caso entregue esta hoja firmada.
lema 2. 3 ptos
4F DPOTJEFSB VOB [POB FO MB RVF VOB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOB NWJM RVJFSF EFTQMFHBS VO
a:
TJTUFNB (4. -B [POB DPOTUB EF EPT [POBT VOB EFOUSP EF MB PUSB DPO EJGFSFOUFT
EFOTJEBEFT EF IBCJUBOUFT 4F QSPQPOF IBDFS VO EFTQMJFHVF QPS DBQBT EPOEF TF DVCSF
nsidera una zona en la que una operadora de telefona mvil quiere desplegar un sistema GSM 900. La zona consta
UPEB MB [POB DPO VOB $BQB DPOTJTUFOUF FO VO NBMMBEP IFYBHPOBM DPO DFMEBT EF LN EF
s zonas, una dentro de la otra, con diferentes densidades de habitantes. Se propone hacer un despliegue por capas,
SBEJP Z FO MB [POB DFOUSBM TF JODMVZF TVQFSQVFTUB VOB $BQB DPO VO NBMMBEP EF DFMEBT
se cubre toda la zona con una Capa 1 consistente en un mallado hexagonal con celdas de 5 Km de radio y en la
IFYBHPOBMFT EF SBEJP LN WFS MB 'JHVSB
central se incluye superpuesta una Capa 2 con un mallado de celdas hexagonales de radio 1.25 Km.
4 hab/km2
Zona Rural
300 hab/km2
Zona
Suburbana
Zona a cubrir
Figura Pb 2: Zona a cubrir

'JHVSB %FUBMMFT EF MB [POB B DVCSJS DPO MBT DBQBT Z FM USDP FO DBEB [POB
peradora le pide al departamento de planificacin radio a usted- que responda a las siguientes cuestiones:
Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura perimetral de seal, para un 90% de
4F DPOPDFO MPT EBUPT EFM TJTUFNB JODMVJEPT B DPOUJOVBDJO
emplazamientos y 50% del tiempo, en la Zona Suburbana para la Capa 1 (celdas omnidireccionales de radio 5
Km). Se sabe que ten4VQFSDJF
la zona rural
UPUBMse
cumple
LN este requisito y que las celdas de la Capa 2 tambin.
Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema puede ser viable en cuanto a trfico, cumpliendo con los objetivos
t -BaUBTB
de C/I en toda la zona EF QFOFUSBDJO FTUB PQFSBEPSB FO MB QPCMBDJO FT EFM %
cubrir.
t -PT BCPOBEPT SFBMJ[BSO . JOUFOUPT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB
partamento de planificacin radio cuenta con los siguientes datos:
perficie total 800 Km2 Se utilizarn estaciones BTS ultrasite de Nokia, cuyas
tasa de penetracin esta operadora en la caractersticas ms relevantes son una potencia mxima
blacin es del 20%. entregada por portadora de (Tx) de 44.5 dBm y una
os abonados realizarn 1.2 intentos de llamada por sensibilidad de -110 dBm. Las antenas tienen 17 dBi de
ra. ganancia.
t -B EVSBDJO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF . NJOVUPT

t 4F FYJHF FM (P4 UBNCJO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO
EF MB OPSNB (4. %
t 3FMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO CI DPDBOBM OFDFTBSJB EF + E# FO NPEP 'VMM 5$) RVF
FT FM RVF TF QSFW VUJMJ[BS %POEF MPT + E# TF IBO BBEJEP EF NBSHFO
t 4F VUJMJ[B DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT DPO QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO J = RVF BTFHVSB
TF DVNQMFO MPT SFRVJTJUPT EF CI
t -B BMUVSB EF MBT #54 TPO EF NFUSPT Z QBSB MPT UFSNJOBMFT NWJMFT .4
TF DPOTJEFSB
MB BMUVSB FTUOEBS EF . N
QSEJEBT
t 4F VUJMJ[BSO FTUBDJPOFT #54 DVZBT DBSBDUFSTUJDBT NT SFMFWBOUFT TPO VOB QPUFODJB
NYJNB FOUSFHBEB QPS QPSUBEPSB EF 5Y
EF . E#N Z VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF
E#N -BT BOUFOBT UJFOFO E#J EF HBOBODJB
BOUFOBSFDFQUPS
QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
t -BT QSEJEBT TF QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBS RVF TJHVFO MB FYQSFTJO l b = kd n DPO k = Z
n = . FO [POB SVSBM Z n = . FO [POB TVCVSCBOB Z d FO NFUSPT
t 4F EFCF JODMVJS VO NBSHFO EF E# FO BNCPT FOMBDFT 6- Z %-
t 4F VUJMJ[B VO DBOBM EF VTVBSJP
QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO QPS FTUBDJO CBTF
-B PQFSBEPSB MF QJEF BM EFQBSUBNFOUP EF QMBOJDBDJO SBEJP RVF
B
$PNQSVFCF RVF FO FTUBT DPOEJDJPOFT FM TJTUFNB FT WJBCMF FO DVBOUP B DPCFSUVSB QFSJNF
USBM EF TFBM QBSB VO EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT Z EFM UJFNQP FO MB [POB TVCVSCBOB
QBSB MB $BQB DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT EF SBEJP LN
%JTDVUB TJ MB [POB SVSBM $BQB
Z MB $BQB UFOESO DPCFSUVSB
C
$PNQSVFCF RVF FO FTUBT DPOEJDJPOFT FM TJTUFNB QVFEF TFS WJBCMF FO DVBOUP B USDP
DVNQMJFOEP DPO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF $* FO UPEB MB [POB B DVCSJS
4PMVDJO
B
"OUFT EF DPNFO[BS FT DPOWFOJFOUF BOBMJ[BS FM TJTUFNB 'VFSB EFM DVBESBEP JOUFSOP
MPT VTVBSJPT FTUO FO $BQB Z MB DPCFSUVSB WJFOF EBEB QPS VO FOUPSOP SVSBM %FOUSP
EFM DVBESBEP JOUFSOP MPT VTVBSJPT QVFEFO FTUBS DPOFDUBEPT B MB $BQB B MB $BQB
Z FO DVBMRVJFS DBTP MB DPCFSUVSB FT EF DBSDUFS TVCVSCBOP "T TF EJTUJOHVFO USFT
TJUVBDJPOFT $BQB FO [POB SVSBM $BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB Z $BQB
5BNCJO DPOWJFOF BOBMJ[BS BOUFT RV FOMBDF TJ FM BTDFOEFOUF P FM EFTDFOEFOUF MJNJUB

MB DPCFSUVSB CN &O FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N FO FM BTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N &O FTUB TJUVBDJO FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUB MB DPCFSUVSB FT FM
BTDFOEFOUF
$BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB MB QPUFODJB NFEJBOB OFDFTBSJB FT C n = C mn + e C EPOEF
C n = C mn + e C + M = + . + = . E#N.
Z

e C = (K(L)L ) + (K(T)T ) = (. ) = . E#.
ms bts
= + . + = . E#N.
EPOEF
L b = log (kd n ) = log ( (). ) = . E#.
$PNP Pdr > C n 4 IBZ DPCFSUVSB QFSJNFUSBM $/

ms
$BQB FO [POB SVSBM Z $BQB 4J DPNQBSBNPT FTUB TJUVBDJO DPO MB EF MB $BQB [POB
SVSBM EPOEF FM FYQPOFOUF EF QSEJEBT FT NFOPS Z MB EF MB $BQB [POB TVCVSCBOB
EPOEF FM SBEJP FT NFOPS TF DPODMVZF RVF IBZ DPCFSUVSB FO MBT USFT TJUVBDJPOFT %F IFDIP
MB $BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB TF IB FTDPHJEP DPNP QSJNFS DBTP B FTUVEJBS QPS TFS FM
QFPS DBTP
C
*HVBMBNPT FM USDP PGFSUBEP BM EFNBOEBEP 1BSB FMMP EJWJEJNPT FM FTQFDUSP FO EPT
QBSUFT BTJHOBOEP VOB QBSUF B MB $BQB Z PUSB B MB $BQB & JOUFOUBNPT TFSWJS FM USDP
DPO FTUPT DBOBMFT
&M ONFSP EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT FT RVF FOUSF J = TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
QPS DFMEB 4J SFTFSWBNPT VOP QBSB MB QSJNFSB DBQB Z QBSB MB PUSB UFOFNPT QBSB UPEB
MB $BQB Z FO QBSUJDVMBS QBSB MB [POB SVSBM
A d = M c L l l H l l = S c I p L l l H l l = . . (.). = . &
: FM USDP PGFSUBEP FO MB $BQB FT
A o = B (p c , N c ) = B ( %, ) = B ( %, ) = . &,
EPOEF TF VUJMJ[B VOB TPMB QPSUBEPSB TMPUT NFOPT VOP EF TFBMJ[BDJO 4F WF RV FT

TVDJFOUF DPO VOB QPSUBEPSB Z RVF FM USDP PGFSUBEP FT NBZPS RVF FM EFNBOEBEP
1BSB MB $BQB WBNPT B WFS TJ DPO FM SFTUP EF QPSUBEPSBT QPEFNPT TFSWJS UPEP FM USDP
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DMDVMPT
A d = M c L l l H l l = S c I p L l l H l l = . . (.). = . &
&M USDP PGFSUBEP QPS QPSUBEPSBT DPO TMPUT DBEB VOB NFOPT VOP EF TFBMJ[BDJO
FT
A o = B (p c , N c ) = B ( %, ) = . &
rea de Teora de la Seal y Comunicaciones

$PO MP RVF DPO MBT USFT QPSUBEPSBT QPEFNPT TFSWJS UPEP FM USDP EF MB [POB JOUFSJPS Z
RADIACIN Y RADIOCOMUNICACIN
Segundo parcial BEFNT UFOFNPT VOB QPSUBEPSB NT EF MB $BQB QBSB JODSFNFOUBS MB PGFSUB EF USDP 07.06.10
TJ FT OFDFTBSJP -VFHP UBNCJO TF DVNQMF MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP BM (P4
Apellidos: Nombre: Plan: N ! A!
Escriba su nombre ahora/UFTF RVF BM SFTFSWBS
mismo, Justifique todas susVOP B MB $BQB
respuestas. Si enalgn
Z MPT apartado
PUSPT B MB $BQB dificultad,
encuentra FWJUBNPT JOUFSGFSFODJBT
pase a contestar los siguientes. En
FOUSF
cualquier caso entregue esta hoja[POBT Z RVF FTUB FT MB JEFB EFM EJTFP QPS DBQBT P MBZFST FO JOHMT
firmada.
Problema 2. 3 ptos
Firma: 4F DPOTJEFSB VOB [POB FO MB RVF VOB PQFSBEPSB EF UFMFGPOB NWJM RVJFSF EFTQMFHBS VO
TJTUFNB (4. -B [POB DPOTUB EF EPT [POBT VOB EFOUSP EF MB PUSB DPO EJGFSFOUFT
Se considera una EFOTJEBEFT
zona en la que una operadora
EF IBCJUBOUFT WFS de telefona
'JHVSB mvil quiereIBDFS
4F QSPQPOF desplegar un sistema
VO BOMJTJT GSM 900.
QPS DBQBT La zona consta
EPOEF
de dos zonas, unaTFdentro
DVCSB UPEB MB [POB DPO VO NBMMBEP IFYBHPOBM DPO DFMEBT EF LN EF SBEJP Z FO MB [POB por capas,
de la otra, con diferentes densidades de habitantes. Se propone hacer un anlisis
donde se cubra toda la zona con un mallado hexagonal con celdas de 5 Km de radio y en la zona central se incluya una
DFOUSBM TF JODMVZB VOB TFHVOEB DBQB DPO DFMEBT IFYBHPOBMFT EF SBEJP LN
segunda capa con celdas hexagonales de radio 1.25 Km.
2.94 hab/km2
Zona Rural
294 hab/km2
Zona
Suburbana
Zona a cubrir
Figura
'JHVSB Pb%FUBMMFT
2: Zona EF
a cubrir
MB [POB B DVCSJS DPO MBT DBQBT Z FM USDP FO DBEB [POB
La operadora le pide al departamento de planificacin radio a usted- que responda a las siguientes cuestiones:
a) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura de C/I.
4F DPOPDFO MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT EFM TJTUFNB
b) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a cobertura perimetral de seal, para un 90% de
emplazamientos.t 4VQFSDJF UPUBM LN
c) Compruebe que en estas condiciones el sistema es viable en cuanto a trfico.
t -B UBTB EF QFOFUSBDJO FTUB PQFSBEPSB FO MB QPCMBDJO FT EFM %
t -PT BCPOBEPT
El departamento de planificacin radio SFBMJ[BSO
cuenta con. JOUFOUPT EF
los siguientes MMBNBEB QPS NJOVUP
datos:
2
! Superficie total 800 Km ! Se utilizarn
t -B EVSBDJO NFEJB EF MBT MMBNBEBT FT EF . NJOVUPT estaciones BTS ultrasite de Nokia, cuyas
! La tasa de penetracin esta operadora en la caractersticas ms relevantes son una potencia mxima
poblacin es del 20%. entregada por portadora de (Tx) de 44.5 dBm y una
! Los abonados realizarn 0.02 intentos de llamada por sensibilidad de -110 dBm. Las antenas tienen 17 dBi de
minuto. ganancia.
! La duracin media de las llamadas es de 2.5 minutos. ! Se consideran MS con potencia mxima de 30 dBm (1W).
! Se exige el grado de servicio (GOS) (tambin El sistema debera operar con telfonos de sensibilidad
t 4F FYJHF FM (P4 UBNCJO QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO

EF MB OPSNB (4. %
t 3FMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO CI DPDBOBM OFDFTBSJB EF + E# FO NPEP 'VMM 5$) RVF
FT FM RVF TF QSFW VUJMJ[BS %POEF MPT + E# TF IBO BBEJEP EF NBSHFO
t 4F VUJMJ[B VOB TFDUPSJ[BDJO
t -B BMUVSB EF MBT BOUFOBT EF MBT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF #54
TPO EF NFUSPT Z QBSB MPT
UFSNJOBMFT NWJMFT .4
TF DPOTJEFSB MB BMUVSB FTUOEBS EF . N
QSEJEBT
EF . E#N Z VOB
TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N -BT BOUFOBT UJFOFO E#J EF HBOBODJB
BOUFOBSFDFQUPS
QSEJEBT BEJDJPOBMFT
t -BT QSEJEBT TF QVFEFO DPOTJEFSBS RVF TJHVFO MB FYQSFTJO l b = kd n DPO k = Z
n = . FO [POB SVSBM Z n = . FO [POB TVCVSCBOB Z d FO NFUSPT
t 4F EFCF JODMVJS VO NBSHFO EF E# FO BNCPT FOMBDFT 6- Z %-
t 4F VUJMJ[B VO DBOBM EF VTVBSJP
QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO QPS FTUBDJO CBTF
-B PQFSBEPSB MF QJEF BM EFQBSUBNFOUP EF QMBOJDBDJO SBEJP RVF

B
$PNQSVFCF RVF FO FTUBT DPOEJDJPOFT FM TJTUFNB FT WJBCMF FO DVBOUP B DPCFSUVSB EF CI
C
$PNQSVFCF RVF FO FTUBT DPOEJDJPOFT FM TJTUFNB FT WJBCMF FO DVBOUP B DPCFSUVSB QFSJ
NFUSBM EF TFBM QBSB VO EFM UJFNQP Z EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT
D
$PNQSVFCF RVF FO FTUBT DPOEJDJPOFT FM TJTUFNB FT WJBCMF FO DVBOUP B USDP
4PMVDJO
B
"OUFT EF DPNFO[BS FT DPOWFOJFOUF BOBMJ[BS FM TJTUFNB 'VFSB EFM DVBESBEP JOUFSOP
MPT VTVBSJPT FTUO FO $BQB Z MB DPCFSUVSB WJFOF EBEB QPS VO FOUPSOP SVSBM %FOUSP
EFM DVBESBEP JOUFSOP MPT VTVBSJPT QVFEFO FTUBS DPOFDUBEPT B MB $BQB B MB $BQB
Z FO DVBMRVJFS DBTP MB DPCFSUVSB FT EF DBSDUFS TVCVSCBOP "T TF EJTUJOHVFO USFT
TJUVBDJPOFT $BQB FO [POB SVSBM $BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB Z $BQB
1BSB DPNQSPCBS MBT DPOEJDJPOFT FO DVBOUP B CI DBMDVMBNPT QBSB FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[B
DJO J EBEP DVOUP WBMF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO Z DPNQBSBNPT &O OVFTUSP DBTP QBSB
VOB TFDUPSJ[BDJO UFOFNPT VOB BHSVQBDJO DPO FNQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO TFDUPSFT
DFMEBT P #54
DBEB VOP %F GPSNB RVF UFOFNPT J =
$BQB FO [POB SVSBM FO FTUB [POB
Dc n

ci ci J = = ..
n .

Rc
&O E#
CI = log(ci) = . > R p = + = E#,
Z TF DVNQMF
$BQB FO [POB SVSBM Z $BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB
TF DVNQMF DPO NBZPS NBSHFO
QVFT FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO FT FM NJTNP Z MBT QSEJEBT TPO NBZPSFT
C
&O FTUF DBTP MB DFMEB FT TFDUPSJ[BEB &M QFPS DBTP QBSB DPNQSPCBS FM UBOUP QPS DJFOUP
EFM UJFNQP FT FM QVOUP NT BMFKBEP EF MB FTUBDJO CBTF 1PS PUSP MBEP JHVBMNFOUF TF
EJTUJOHVFO USFT TJUVBDJPOFT $BQB FO [POB SVSBM $BQB FO [POB TVCVSCBOB Z $BQB
5BNCJO DPOWJFOF BOBMJ[BS BOUFT RV FOMBDF TJ FM BTDFOEFOUF P FM EFTDFOEFOUF
MJNJUB MB DPCFSUVSB &O FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N
Z MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N FO FM BTDFOEFOUF MB QPUFODJB FOUSFHBEB FT EF E#N Z
MB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N &O FTUB TJUVBDJO FM FOMBDF RVF MJNJUB MB DPCFSUVSB FT FM
EFTDFOEFOUF
$BQB [POB SVSBM -B QPUFODJB NFEJBOB OFDFTBSJB FT C n = C mn + e C EPOEF
C n = C mn + e C + M = + . + = . E#N.
Z

e C = (K(L)L ) + (K(T)T ) = (. ) = . E#.
ms bts
= . + . + = . E#N
EPOEF
L b = log (kd n ) = log ( ( ). ) = . E#.
/UFTF RVF BM FTUBS FM FNQMB[BNJFOUP FO VO WSUJDF EF MB DFMEB MB EJTUBODJB NYJNB B MB

RVF TF NJEF FM QFSNFUSP FT EPT WFDFT FM SBEJP
$PNP Pdr < C n /0 IBZ DPCFSUVSB QFSJNFUSBM $/
ms
$BQB FO MB [POB TVCVSCBOB /P TF DVNQMJS QPSRVF MBT QSEJEBT TPO NBZPSFT
3FIBDJFOEP MPT DMDVMPT
Pdr = . E#N < C n ,
ms
Z /0 DVNQMF
$BQB &M SBEJP FT NFOPS LN QFSP MBT QSEJEBT TPO NBZPSFT Z IBZ RVF SFIBDFS
MPT DMDVMPT QBSB DPNQSPCBS RV QBTB
Pdr = . E#N < C n .
ms
: /0 TF DVNQMFO MPT PCKFUJWPT EF DPCFSUVSB FO MB [POB TVCVSCBOB /UFTF RVF FM

NBSHFO M = E# FT VO WBMPS NVZ BMUP RVF FM TJTUFNB OP FT DBQB[ EF BTFHVSBS
D
&M ONFSP EF SBEJPDBOBMFT EJTQPOJCMFT FT RVF FOUSF J = TPO BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF
QPS DFMEB
4J SFTFSWBNPT VOP QBSB MB QSJNFSB DBQB Z QBSB MB PUSB UFOFNPT QBSB UPEB MB [POB
A d = M c L l l H l l = S c I p L l l H l l = . . . . . = . &
: FM USDP PGFSUBEP FT
A o = B (p c , N c ) = B ( %, ) = B ( %, ) = . &,
EPOEF TF VUJMJ[B VOB TMB QPSUBEPSB TMPUT NFOPT VOP EF TFBMJ[BDJO 4F WF RV FT

TVDJFOUF DPO VOB QPSUBEPSB Z RVF FM USDP PGFSUBEP FT NBZPS RVF FM EFNBOEBEP
1BSB MB $BQB WBNPT B WFS TJ DPO FM SFTUP EF QPSUBEPSBT QPEFNPT TFSWJS UPEP FM USDP
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DMDVMPT
A d = M c L l l H l l = S c I p L l l H l l = . . . . = . &
&M USDP PGFSUBEP QPS QPSUBEPSBT DPO TMPUT DBEB VOB NFOPT VOP EF TFBMJ[BDJO
FT
A o = B (p c , N c ) = B ( %, ) = . &
$PO MP RVF UBNCJO TF DVNQMF MB DBMJEBE FO DVBOUP BM (P4 /UFTF RVF BM SFTFSWBS VOP
B MB $BQB Z MPT PUSPT B MB $BQB FWJUBNPT JOUFSGFSFODJBT FOUSF [POBT
1 1MBOJDBDJO 3BEJP
4F QFSTJHVF EJTFBS VO TJTUFNB (4. FO MB CBOEB EF QBSB DVCSJS VOB [POB EBEB QPS FM
QFSNFUSP EF MB 'JHVSB &M OEJDF EF QFOFUSBDJO EF UFMFGPOB NWJM I p FT EFM Z
MB DVPUB EFM NFSDBEP QBSB FTUF PQFSBEPS I o FT EF &M PQFSBEPS EJTQPOF EF VOB CBOEB
W EF .)[ QBSB DVCSJS FTUB [POB $BEB NWJM SFBMJ[B FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB VOB UFOUBUJWB
EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB DPO VOB EVSBDJO NFEJB EF TFHVOEPT 4F EFTFB VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE
EF DPOHFTUJO EFM
-BT [POBT FO MB HVSB TF IBO PCUFOJEP SFBMJ[BOEP VO FTUVEJP EF NFKPS TFSWJEPS DBEB
QVOUP TF BTJHOB BM USBOTNJTPS RVF MMFHB DPO NT OJWFM EF TFBM -BT SFBT SFTVMUBOUFT S c
1 1MBOJDBDJO 3BEJP
FO LN TF EFUBMMBO FO MB 5BCMB KVOUP DPO MB EFOTJEBE EF IBCJUBOUFT hab FO NJMFT EF

IBCJUBOUFT QPS LN FO DBEB VOB EF FMMBT
5BCMB %BUPT EF MB 1MBOJDBDJO 3BEJP (4.
;POB 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sc
hab
Ad
P
"TJHO
S2!
S4!
S1!
S3! S5!
S6! S8!
S9!
S7! S10!
!
'JHVSB SFB B DVCSJS Z DFMEBT SFTVMUBOUFT EF FTUVEJP EF NFKPS TFSWJEPS
$PNQMFUF MB 5BCMB

B
$BMDVMF FM USDP EFNBOEBEP FO DBEB [POB A d FO &SMBOHT Z FM ONFSP EF QPSUBEPSBT
OFDFTBSJBT P
C
4F EFTFB RVF MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO CI TFB TVQFSJPS B E# 1BSB FMMP TF JOTUBMB
UJMU Z TF DPNQSVFCB RVF FTUB SFMBDJO TF DVNQMF TJFNQSF RVF [POBT DPOUJHVBT OP TFBO
DPDBOBMFT /VNFSF MBT QPSUBEPSBT EJTQPOJCMFT FO FM TJTUFNB QPS FKFNQMP B C D E
Z
QSPQPOHB VOB BTJHOBDJO EF QPSUBEPSBT "TJHO
FO GVODJO EFM SFTVMUBEP EFM BQBSUBEP
BOUFSJPS {$VOUBT QPSUBEPSBT IBDFO GBMUB {)BZ FTQFDUSP TVDJFOUF
4VHFSFODJB DPNJFODF BTJHOBOEP GSFDVFODJBT B MBT [POBT 4 4 4 Z 4
%PT [POBT RVF DPNQBSUFO WSUJDF TF DPOTJEFSBO DPOUJHVBT
4PMVDJO
B
&O FM DMDVMP EF USDP MB JEFB FT TJFNQSF DBMDVMBS FM USDP EFNBOEBEP A d QPS MPT
VTVBSJPT FO VOB DFMEB Z GPS[BS RVF TFB TFSWJEP QPS FM USDP PGFSUBEP A o FO MB FTUBDJO
CBTF FO FTB DFMEB &O DBEB DFMEB FM USDP EFNBOEBEP FT FM QSPEVDUP
A d = S c hab I p I o a
EPOEF a FT FM USDP HFOFSBEP QPS DBEB NWJM FO MB IPSB DBSHBEB RVF EFQFOEF EF MBT
UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB L Z EF MB EVSBDJO NFEJB EF MB MMBNBEB FO TFHVOEPT
H EF MB TJHVJFOUF GPSNB
a = LH = = &.
2VFEB QBSB DBEB [POB

A d = S c hab . = S c hab &.

$PNQMFUBNPT MB UBCMB
;POB 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Sc
hab
Ad
6OB WF[ DBMDVMBEP FM USDP EFNBOEBEP MP JHVBMBNPT BM PGFSUBEP QPS DBEB USBOTNJTPS
Z EFTQFKBNPT FM ONFSP EF QPSUBEPSBT OFDFTBSJBT 1BSB FMMP SFDVSSJNPT B MB FYQSFTJO
EF MB &SMBOH # JOWFSTB QBSB VOB QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO EFM Z VO USDP EBEP
BQPSUBOEP FM ONFSP EF DBOBMFT OFDFTBSJPT
N = B (p, A o ).
1BSB p = % Z MPT WBMPSFT PCUFOJEPT QSFWJBNFOUF DPNQMFUBNPT MB TJHVJFOUF MB EF MB

UBCMB UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF FO (4. TF UJFOF VOB FTUSVDUVSB 5%." EF TMPUT QPS
QPSUBEPSB Z RVF IBZ RVF EFKBS BMHO TMPU MJCSF QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO S %F GPSNB RVF FM
ONFSP EF QPSUBEPSBT OFDFTBSJBT TFS
P = (N + S).
-PT TJHVJFOUFT WBMPSFT EF MB &SMBOH # JOWFSTB TPO UJMFT QBSB IBDFS MPT DMDVMPT
A d &

$BOBMFT N

1PSUBEPSBT P

EPOEF TF IB TVQVFTUP VO DBOBM EF TFBMJ[BDJO S = QBSB QPSUBEPSBT Z S = QBSB
2VFEB
1 4JTUFNB 1".3 5&53"
;POB 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Ad
P
C
4F PCTFSWB RVF FO FM QVOUP DFOUSBM EF MB [POB B DVCSJS IBZ DFMEBT DPNQBSUJFOEP
WSUJDF &O FTUBT DFMEBT IBZ FO UPUBM DBOBMFT QPS MP RVF DPNP NOJNP IBSO GBMUB
FTUF ONFSP 4J OVNFSBNPT FTUBT QPSUBEPSBT EF MB B B MB N Z MBT BTJHOBNPT B MPT
USBOTNJTPSFT DFOUSBMFT RVFEB
;POB 4 4 4 4
P
"TJHOBDJO B C D E F G H I J K L M N
"IPSB JOUFOUBNPT SFVUJMJ[BS FTUBT GSFDVFODJBT FO MBT PUSBT DFMEBT DVNQMJFOEP DPO MB
DPOEJDJO EF RVF DFMEBT DPOUJHVBT OP DPNQBSUBO DBOBMFT 4F QSPQPOF MB TJHVJFOUF
BTJHOBDJO
;POB 4 4 4 4 4 4
P
"TJHOBDJO F G L L M N H I N O F G E B C D
&TUB BTJHOBDJO DVNQMF DPO MBT FTQFDJDBDJPOFT QPS MP RVF TPO OFDFTBSJBT QPSUBEP
SBT &O (4. DBEB QPSUBEPSB '%%
PDVQB L)[ QPS MP RVF FT OFDFTBSJP EJTQPOFS
EF .)[ RVF FTU QPS EFCBKP EFM BODIP EF CBOEB EJTQPOJCMF TJFOEP WJBCMF FM
EFTQMJFHVF
/UFTF RVF TF IB JOUFOUBEP SFVUJMJ[BS GSFDVFODJBT FO DFMEBT MP NT EJTUBOUFT QPTJCMF
UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB BEFNT MB EJSFDDJO Z TFOUJEP EF MPT USBOTNJTPSFT
1 4JTUFNB 1".3 5&53"

4F QSFUFOEF EJTFBS VO TJTUFNB 1".3 5&53" EJHJUBM
FO MB CBOEB EF .)[ QBSB VOB
HSBO [POB DVBESBOHVMBS EF LN EF MBEP &M TJTUFNB 5FSSFTUSJBM 5SVOLFE 3"EJP 5&53"
FT VO TJTUFNB EVQMFYJO QPS EJWJTJO FO GSFDVFODJB GSFRVFODZ EJWJTJPO EVQMFYJOH '%%
/#5%." DPO DBOBMJ[BDJO EF L)[ Z TMPUT QPS QPSUBEPSB Z MB [POB B DVCSJS FT VOB
[POB SVSBM 4F EJTQPOF EF MPT TJHVJFOUFT EBUPT
t &M TJTUFNB FO DVFTUJO EJTQPOF EF . .)[ EF BODIP EF CBOEB '%%

t -B SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO $* FYJHJEB FT EF E#
t 4F EJTQPOF EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT DPO BMUVSBT EF N EPOEF JOTUBMBS MBT FTUBDJPOFT
CBTF
t &M TJTUFNB EF USBOTNJTJO Z SBEJBDJO TFMFDDJPOBEP UJFOFO VOB 1*3& EF E#N
t 4F QMBOUFB VO EJTFP DPO DFMEBT PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT 4F BTVNF VOB QSPQBHBDJO
IPNPHOFB Z RVF DBEB FTUBDJO CBTF WB B DVCSJS BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF FM NJTNP ONFSP
EF VTVBSJPT
t -BT QSEJEBT CTJDBT EF QSPQBHBDJO FO FOUPSOP SVSBM TF QVFEFO DBMDVMBS DPNP

l = kd n EPOEF n = . Z k = Z d FTU FO NFUSPT
t -PT FRVJQPT QPSUUJMFT UJFOFO VOB HBOBODJB EF E#J Z VOB TFOTJCJMJEBE EF E#N
$PO QSEJEBT OVMBT FO DPOFDUPSFT Z DBCMFT EF BMJNFOUBDJO
t %BEP RVF FTUF TJTUFNB EFCF DVCSJS TJUVBDJPOFT EF FNFSHFODJBT TF EJNFOTJPOB DBEB
FTUBDJO CBTF QBSB TFSWJS VTVBSJPT %VSBOUF FTUB TJUVBDJO EF FNFSHFODJB FO MB
QFPS IPSB DBEB VTVBSJP QSPEVDF VOB NFEJB EF UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB Z MB
EVSBDJO NFEJB EF FTUBT MMBNBEBT FT EF TFHVOEPT 4F EFTFB RVF MPT VTVBSJPT OP
FTQFSFO NT EF TFHVOEPT QBSB IBDFS VOB MMBNBEB QBSB FMMP TF KB MB QSPCBCJMJEBE
NYJNB EF RVF TF TVQFSF FTUF UJFNQP FO FM
0.9
A=11.5
0.8
A=9.5
0.7
A=7.5
0.6
A=5.5
C(N,A)
0.5
A=3.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
N
'JHVSB &SMBOH $
/PUB MPT ONFSPT SNCJDPT FOUSF Z TPO MPT TJHVJFOUFT

4F QJEF RVF
B
$PNQSVFCF DPO BZVEB EF MB HVSB BEKVOUB 'JHVSB RVF TF HBSBOUJ[B FM (04
FO SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO FTQFSB KBEP QBSB UBNBPT EF DFMEB EF SBEJP R = LN {:
FO SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO QSEJEBT
1 4JTUFNB 1".3 5&53"
C
$PNQSVFCF RVF FM QPSDFOUBKF EF VCJDBDJPOFT DPO DPCFSUVSB FO FM FOMBDF EFTDFOEFOUF
Z FO FM MNJUF EF MB [POB EF TFSWJDJP QBSB FM EFM UJFNQP TVQFSB FM TVQPOJFOEP
RVF MBT FTUBDJPOFT CBTF TF WBO B TJUVBS FO HFOFSBM FO MPT QVFCMPT EF MB [POB Z RVF QPS
FMMP FO FM MNJUF EF MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB MB [POB FT SVSBM
4PMVDJO
B
&O FM DMDVMP EF USDP MB JEFB FT TJFNQSF DBMDVMBS FM USDP EFNBOEBEP A d QPS MPT
VTVBSJPT FO VOB DFMEB Z GPS[BS RVF TFB TFSWJEP QPS FM USDP PGFSUBEP A o FO MB FTUBDJO
CBTF FO FTB DFMEB
4JFOEP VO TJTUFNB 1".3 TFS FO HFOFSBM VO TJTUFNB DFMVMBS /FDFTJUBNPT QPS FMMP
DBMDVMBS FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO Z DPNQSPCBS RVF IBZ SFVUJMJ[BDJO EF GSFDVFODJB FTUP
FT VO ONFSP EF DFMEBT NBZPS RVF FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO J P FRVJWBMFOUFNFOUF
Q > 4J FT BT SFQBSUJSFNPT B DBEB DFMEB C c J DBOBMFT EPOEF C c FT FM ONFSP EF
DBOBMFT UPUBM EJTQPOJCMF
&O TJTUFNBT 5&53" MB SFMBDJO EF QSPUFDDJO FT FMFWBEB -P RVF IBDF RVF FO HFOFSBM
FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO TFB FMFWBEP UBNCJO
$BMDVMBNPT FM QBUSO EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO J Z FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO Q 1BSB DFMEBT
PNOJEJSFDDJPOBMFT MBT VTBEBT FO FM TJTUFNB
J ( + (r p )n ) = ..
&M ONFSP SNCJDP JONFEJBUBNFOUF TVQFSJPS FT FM &M SFB UPUBM FT S t = LN Z

MB EF DFMEB FT
S c = R = . LN.
4J DBMDVMBNPT FM OEJDF EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO Q = S t JS c = . TF DPODMVZF RVF MB SFVUJMJ

[BDJO FT OFDFTBSJB
&M TJHVJFOUF QBTP FT EJNFOTJPOBS FM TJTUFNB DFMVMBS FO USNJOPT EF USDP 4F OPT EJDF
RVF FO FM QFPS EF MPT FTDFOBSJPT MB DFMEB UJFOF RVF TPQPSUBS M c = VTVBSJPT DPO
L l l = UFOUBUJWBT EF MMBNBEB QPS IPSB Z VOB EVSBDJO QSPNFEJP EF MB MMBNBEB EF
H l l = T &M USDP EFNBOEBEP RVFEB
A d = M c L l l H l l = = . &.
&M USDP PGFSUBEP EFQFOEFS EFM SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT Z EF MPT SFDVSTPT EF MB FTUBDJO
CBTF &M SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO TJTUFNBT QSJWBEPT QVFEF TFS FO QSEJEBT EF BI RVF
TF GBDJMJUF MB DVSWB EF USDP TFHO MB &SMBOH $ Z RVF TF OPT QJEB QSJNFSP BTFHVSBS FM
(04 FO FTUF SHJNFO -PT SFDVSTPT RVF OPT JOEJDBO FT FM BODIP EF CBOEB W = .
.)[ RVF FOUSF f = L)[ MB DBOBMJ[BDJO EFM TJTUFNB QFSNJUF EJTUSJCVJS FOUSF MBT
DFMEBT EF VOB NJTNB BHSVQBDJO C c = W f = DBOBMFT $PNP J = UFOFNPT
QPSUBEPSBT P SBEJPDBOBMFT QPS FTUBDJO CBTF 3FDPSEBS RVF QPS SBEJPDBOBM TF FOUJFOEF
VO QBS EF QPSUBEPSBT VOB EF JEB Z PUSB EF WVFMUB NPEP '%%
$PNP TF JOEJDB FO FM
FOVODJBEP QPS DBEB QPSUBEPSB UFOFNPT VO 5%." EF TMPUT &O UPUBM IBZ =
TMPUT FO DBEB FTUBDJO CBTF Z TJ VTBNPT VOP QBSB TFBMJ[BDJO N = DBOBMFT EF USDP
UJM
1BSB HBSBOUJ[BS RVF FM USDP PGFSUBEP FT TVDJFOUF TF JNQPOF RVF FM (04 P QSPCBCJMJ
EBE EF DPOHFTUJO TFB NFOPS EFM WBMPS SFRVFSJEP EFM % 4F DPNQSVFCB
GOS( %) = C(A d , N c )e (N c A d ) . % < %,
EPOEF TF IB UPNBEP EF MB HVSB FM WBMPS C(A d , N c ) . UPNBOEP N c = Z MB

DVSWB A = . & %F GPSNB RVF DPO VOB TPMB DFMEB TF DVNQMFO MPT PCKFUJWPT QBSB FM
(04
3FQJUJFOEP MPT DMDVMPT QBSB SHJNFO EF MMBNBEBT FO QSEJEBT DBMDVMBSBNPT
GOS = B (A d , N)
Z TF DPNQSVFCB RVF OP DVNQMJSB BM FTUBS FM (04 FO BMHO WBMPS FOUSF Z
C
&M TJTUFNB FT EJHJUBM Z USBCBKBNPT DPO WBMPSFT EF QPUFODJB Z OP EF DBNQP 1BSB DBMDVMBS
FM QPSDFOUBKF EF VCJDBDJPOFT IBZ RVF DBMDVMBS FM WBMPS EF QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB RVF IBDF
GBMUB FM OFDFTBSJP DBMDVMBS FM RVF MMFHB Z EF MB SFTUB EF BNCPT EFM FYDFTP EF QPUFODJB
DBMDVMBS FM QPSDFOUBKF EF VCJDBDJPOFT
-B QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB FT MB TVNB EF MB QPUFODJB NOJNB VUJMJ[BCMF C m Z EF MB DPSSFDDJO
QPS UBOUP QPS DJFOUP EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT Z UJFNQP FO FM MNJUF EF MB [POB EF DPCFSUVSB
&TUF MUJNP WBMPS MP EFTDPOPDFNPT Z FM WBMPS C m FT MB TFOTJCJMJEBE TVNJOJTUSBEB
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L)[ EF MBT RVF FM TF EFEJDBO B WP[ &TUP FT IBZ EJTQPOJCMFT
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1SEJEBT QFOFUSBDJO FO JOUFSJPSFT E#
1PSDFOUBKF EF FNQMB[BNJFOUPT
7BSJBO[B EF MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB DPO FNQMB[BNJFOUPT L E#
4PMVDJO
B
4J FM GBDUPS EF FOTBODIBEP SF FT FM SHJNFO EF TNCPMPT CBVEJPT
WJFOF EBEP FO
GVODJO EFM UJFNQP EF TNCPMP
Ts = SF Tc ,
EPOEF Tc = . FT FM UJFNQP EF DIJQ FO 6.54 "T R s = Ts = LTQT

$PNP TF VUJMJ[B VOB NPEVMBDJO DVBUFSOBSJB FM ONFSP EF OJWFMFT FT Z R b,bruto =
log R s = LCQT &M EF FTUB USDP FT EF DPOUSPM DPO MP RVF UJM RVFEB
R b,c anal = .R b,bruto = LCQT 'JOBMNFOUF DPNP MB UBTB EFM DEJHP EF DBOBM FT

r = MB NJUBE FT SHJNFO UJM 5FOJFOEP FO DVFOUB UPEP FTUP TF QVFEF FTDSJCJS
R b = r . log R s = LCQT.
C
&TUVEJBNPT FM FOMBDF BTDFOEFOUF 6- BTVNJFOEP RVF FT FM RVF MJNJUB MB DPNVOJDBDJO
1 $%." FO 6.54
&O %4$%." MB QPUFODJB OFDFTBSJB VNCSBM P TFOTJCJMJEBE FO SFDFQDJO FO FM /PEP

# QBSB VO DPSSFDUP GVODJPOBNJFOUP WJFOF EBEB QPS
Th E#N
=W E#
+ Fs E#
+ log R b,bruto CQT
E#N)[
log( CL U ),
EPOEF W = E b N FT MB SFMBDJO TFBM B SVJEP OPSNBMJ[BEB OFDFTBSJB QBSB VOB DPSSFDUB

EFNPEVMBDJO Fs FT MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM TJTUFNB Z CL U FT FM GBDUPS EF DBSHB -B
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EF BMJNFOUBDJO Z FM SFDFQUPS Z BTVNJFOEP RVF MB UFNQFSBUVSB EF BOUFOB FT ,
FT JHVBM B MB HVSB EF SVJEP EFM SFDFQUPS RVF FT EBUP Fs = Fr = . E# /UFTF RVF
FM SHJNFO CJOBSJP TF UPNB B MB FOUSBEB EFM EFNPEVMBEPS BOUFT EFM EFDPEJDBEPS EF
DBOBM Z MB EFNVMUJQMFYBDJO 2VFEB QPS DPOPDFS FM GBDUPS EF DBSHB
&M GBDUPS EF DBSHB PCFEFDF B MB FYQSFTJO
CL U = u f u (N c )k u ,
EPOEF u FT FM GBDUPS EF BDUJWJEBE f u FT FM GBDUPS EF SFVUJMJ[BDJO RVF OPT JOEJDB DNP

OPT BGFDUB MB JOUFSGFSFODJB EF PUSBT DFMEBT k u = SFw DPO w = e b n FT MB HBOBODJB
OFUB EFM TFSWJDJP Z N c FT FM ONFSP EF VTVBSJPT RVF USBOTNJUFO EF GPSNB TJNVMUOFB
OVFTUSB JODHOJUB FO FTUF QSPCMFNB
%FM QBS EF FDVBDJPOFT BOUFSJPSFT
Z
TF DPODMVZF RVF TJ JHVBMBNPT MB
QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB BM VNCSBM Z EFTQFKBNPT FM GBDUPS EF DBSHB QPEFNPT DBMDVMBS N c
1BSB DBMDVMBS MB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB BQMJDBNPT 'SJJT QSJNFSP QBSB d = N
Pdr = PIREU E L b + G S HO+D iv + G Nod oB L tr = . E#N,
Nod oB
EPOEF G S HO+D iv = E# FT MB HBOBODJB QPS 4)0 Z EJWFSTJEBE Z UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB MBT

QSEJEBT FO QBSFEFT QBSB JOUFSJPSFT
L b = log(kd n ) + L int = log(. . ) + = . E#.
&TUB QPUFODJB SFDJCJEB IBZ RVF SFEVDJSMB QPS FM NBSHFO QBSB L = EF FNQMB[BNJFO
UPT FO FM QFSNFUSP

Pdr = Pdr e C = . E#N,
EPOEF
e C = K(L)L = . . = . E#.
'JOBMNFOUF JHVBMBOEP

Z
TF EFTQFKB FM GBDUPS EF DBSHB
CL U = .,
Z N c =
3FQJUJFOEP QBSB d = Z d = N RVFEBO MPT QBSFT EF WBMPSFT CL U = .
N c = Z CL U = . N c = SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF 4F DPODMVZF RVF MB EJTUBODJB NYJNB

TJ FM 6- MJNJUB MB DPNVOJDBDJO FT N
4J TF IVCJFSB BOBMJ[BEP FM %- FM QSPCMFNB IVCJFSB TJEP NVZ EJTUJOUP ZB RVF FO FM FOMBDF
EFTDFOEFOUF FM MNJUF EF DPCFSUVSB QPS DBQBDJEBE MP NBSDB FM SFQBSUP EF MB QPUFODJB
EJTQPOJCMF FO FM /PEP # FOUSF UPEPT MPT VTVBSJPT RVF IBZB FO MB DFMEB
"QOEJDF "
&M DPODFQUP EF E#
& M MFDUPS TF QVFEF QSFHVOUBS QPS RV TJ UFOFNPT MBT VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT OPT DPNQMJDBNPT
MB WJEB DPO MPT EFDJCFMJPT EF BRV FO BEFMBOUF E#
-B SFTQVFTUB FT EPCMF TF QVFEFO
VUJMJ[BS MPT E# DPNP VO DBNCJP FO MB FTDBMB EF NFEJEB EF GPSNB RVF HSBOEFT DBNCJPT
FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT VO
TF USBEV[DBO FO QFRVFBT EJGFSFODJBT FO E# &M FKFNQMP NT
DMBSP MP UFOFNPT FO MB SFQSFTFOUBDJO EF MB #&3 GSFOUF B MB SFMBDJO E b N 4F SFQSFTFOUB
FTUB SFMBDJO FO E# QBSB QPEFS PCTFSWBS RVF FT FO FTUB FTDBMB EPOEF TF BQSFDJBO CJFO MPT
DBNCJPT FO MB #&3 &M TFHVOEP NPUJWP QPS FM RVF VUJMJ[BS E# FT QPS DPNPEJEBE "VORVF BM
QSJODJQJP QVFEB QBSFDFS BMHP DPNQMJDBEP BM OBM SFTVMUB NVZ DNPEP TVNBS NBHOJUVEFT
Z HBOBODJBT FO WF[ EF NVMUJQMJDBSMBT
-PT E# QBSB VOB NBHOJUVE p EF FOFSHB P QPUFODJB TF TVFMFO EFOJS DPNP
P = log(pre f ), "
EPOEF re f FT VOB SFGFSFODJB DPO MB RVF DPNQBSBS OVFTUSB NBHOJUVE Z log FT MPHBSJUNP FO
CBTF "T TJ p FT QPUFODJB TF QVFEFO UFOFS MBT TJHVJFOUF TJUVBDJPOFT
re f = 8 P(E#8) = log(p 8) = log(p FO XBUJPT), "
re f = N8 P(E#N) = log(p N8) = log(p FO NJMJXBUJPT), "
re f = L8 P(E#L) = log(p L8) = log(p FO LJMPXBUJPT). "
1BSB VOB NBHOJUVE a RVF TFB VOB BNQMJUVE
A = log(a re f ) = log(are f ), "
Z EF JHVBM GPSNB re f FT VOB SFGFSFODJB RVF QFSNJUF EFOJS QPS FKFNQMP QBSB UFOTJO
re f = V A(E#7) = log(a7) = log(a FO 7), "
re f = V A(E# 7 E#V) = log(a 7) = log(a FO 7). "
.JFOUSBT OP TF FTQFDJRVF FYQMDJUBNFOUF MP DPOUSBSJP MBT NBHOJUVEFT FTUBSO FO WBMPS FDB[ 3.4

&O PUSBT SFGFSFODJBT TF EFOF E#V DPNP AAVOMPBEFE E# Z MB EFOJDJO FT EJGFSFOUF

$BQUVMP " &M DPODFQUP EF E#
1BSB DBNQP FMDUSJDP UFOFNPT MBT NJTNBT EFOJDJPOFT RVFEBOEP MBT VOJEBEFT FO EFDJCF
MJPT E#7N Z E# 7N SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF
1BSB VOB SFMBDJO P DPDJFOUF BEJNFOTJPOBM MPT E# TF EFOFO EF JHVBM GPSNB "T QBSB
VOB SFMBDJO FOUSF QPUFODJBT P FOFSHBT p p
G(E#) = log(p p ). "
1BSB VOB SFMBDJO FOUSF BNQMJUVEFT a a
Gv (E#) = log(a a ). "
/J RVF EFDJS UJFOF RVF EF FTUB GPSNB DVBOEP TF NVMUJQMJRVF VOB NBHOJUVE QPS VOB
HBOBODJB MP RVF UFOFNPT FO E# FT MB TVNB EF MB NBHOJUVE Z MB HBOBODJB
p = p g P (E#8) = log(p g) = P + G, "
a = a gv A (E#8) = log(a gv ) = A + Gv . "
3FTVMUB NVZ UJM DPOPDFS FM WBMPS EF BMHVOBT DPOWFSTJPOFT EF VO B E# Z WJDFWFSTB

-BT NT TJHOJDBUJWBT TPO EF Z VO B E# &O MB QSJNFSB log() "T TJ TF
NVMUJQMJDB QPS EPT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT VOB NBHOJUVE EF QPUFODJB P FOFSHB MB DBOUJEBE
FO E# TFS MB PSJHJOBM NT E# 4J FTUBNPT USBCBKBOEP DPO VOB BNQMJUVE TF TVNBSO
E# 1PS PUSP MBEP FO VO FT E# %F GPSNB RVF TJ FT VOB HBOBODJB BM TVNSTFMB B VOB
NBHOJUVE TUB RVFEB JHVBM : TJ FT VOB NBHOJUVE TBCFNPT RVF FO EFDJCFMJPT FT VOJEBE
-B DPOWFSTJO EF VO FT JONFEJBUB Z NVZ UJM B E# 4J TF USBUBTF EF NBHOJUVEFT EF
BNQMJUVE E#
1PS MUJNP Z B NPEP EF SFDPNFOEBDJO TF JOTUB BM MFDUPS B RVF DVBOEP OP WFB DMBSP
BMHP DPO E# QBTF UPEP B VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT PQFSF BMM Z MVFHP EFWVFMWB FM SFTVMUBEP B
E# $VBOEP IBHB FTUP VO QBS EF WFDFT DPNQSFOEFS MBT WFOUBKBT EF MPT E# Z FNQF[BS B
VUJMJ[BSMPT
" $BNCJP EF VOJEBEFT
-PT QBTPT FOUSF NFEJEBT FO E#8 E#L E#N TF QVFEFO IBDFS QFOTBOEP MP TJHVJFOUF 4J
UFOFNPT QPS FKFNQMP P E#L Z MP QBTBNPT B E#8 TF QVFEF DPODMVJS RVF UFOESFNPT VOB
DBOUJEBE NBZPS Z QPS PUSP MBEP MB EJGFSFODJB FT FO VOJEBEFT OBUVSBMFT RVF FT +
FO E# -PT QBTPT FOUSF DBOUJEBEFT FO WPMUJPT WPMUJPTN FUD TF SFBMJ[BO EF JHVBM GPSNB
QFSP UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB RVF FTUO BM DVBESBEP "T FO WF[ EF NVMUJQMJDBSEJWJEJS QPS
DBEB DBNCJP EF PSEFO FO MB FTDBMB TF NVMUJQMJDBEJWJEF QPS FM DVBESBEP -P RVF TF
USBEVDF FO TVNBSSFTUBS E# FO WF[ EF E#
5FOJFOEP FTUP FO NFOUF DVBMRVJFS DBNCJP EF VOJEBEFT FT JONFEJBUP 6OB QPUFODJB FO
WBUJPT P(8) FO VOJEBEFT MPHBSUNJDBT RVFEB
P(E#8) = log(P). "
&O 3' FT IBCJUVBM FYQSFTBSMB FO E#N EFOJEB DPNP MB QPUFODJB TPCSF VO NJMJXBUJP QBTBEB
B VOJEBEFT MPHBSUNJDBT
P(E#N) = log(1N8) = log(P ). "
" WFDFT JOUFSFTB FYQSFTBS MB QPUFODJB TPCSF VO LJMPXBUJP UFOFNPT BT MPT E#L
P(E#L) = log(1L8) = log(P ). "
-B SFMBDJO FOUSF FTUBT DBOUJEBEFT RVFEB
P(E#L) = log(P ) = log(P) = P(E#8) , "
Z
P(E#N) = log(P ) = log(P) + = P(E#8) + . "
1PS PUSP MBEP MB UFOTJO V FO WPMUJPT Z QPS UBOUP FM DBNQP FMDUSJDP E FO 7N
TF
TVFMFO FYQSFTBS FO UFOTJO TPCSF VO NJDSPWPMUJP QBTBEB B VOJEBEFT MPHBSUNJDBT
E(E# 7N) = log(E7N) = log(E ) = E(E#7N) + , "
V (E# 7) = log(7 7) = log(7 ) = V (E#7) + .

"

1BSB SFMBDJPOBS UFOTJO DBNQP
Z QPUFODJB TF SFDVSSF B MB JNQFEBODJB &TUP FT B MB QPUFODJB
EJTJQBEB QPS VOB JNQFEBODJB EF WBMPS R
-B QPUFODJB TF QVFEF FYQSFTBS DPNP
P = V I = V R, "
RVF FO VOJEBEFT MPHBSUNJDBT RVFEB
P( E#8) = V (E#7) log R, "
P(E#N) = V (E#V) log R, "
P(E#N) = V (E#V) log R . "
#JCMJPHSBGB
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DBDJPOFT
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<> + . )FSOBOEP3CBOPT $PNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT FE &E 3BNO "SFDFT
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6OJWFSTJEBE EF 4FWJMMB
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(MPTBSJP
"($ DPOUSPM BVUPNUJDP EF HBOBODJB BVUPNBUJD HBJO DPOUSPM "($

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%"# EJGVTJO EF BVEJP EJHJUBM SBEJP EJHJUBM EJHJUBM BVEJP CSPBEDBTUJOH
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B .)[ EJHJUBM DPNNVOJDBUJPO
TZTUFN
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'%% EVQMFYJO QPS EJWJTJO FO GSFDVFODJB GSFRVFODZ EJWJTJPO EVQMFYJOH
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'&$ DPSSFDJO EF FSSPSFT DPEJDBDJO EF DBOBM
IBDJB EFMBOUF GPSXBSE FSSPS DPSSFDUJPO

'* GSFDVFODJB JOUFSNFEJB

(MPTBSJP
(P4 HSBEP EF TFSWJDJP P QSPCBCJMJEBE EF DPOHFTUJO HSBEF PG TFSWJDF

(4. TJTUFNB HMPCBM QBSB MBT DPNVOJDBDJPOFT NWJMFT HMPCBM TZTUFN GPS NPCJMF DPNNVOJ
DBUJPOT o
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TZTUFN GPS NPCJMF DPNNVOJDBUJPOT 3BJMXBZ
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*$. JOEVTUSJBM DJFOUDB Z NEJDB JOEVTUSJBM TDJFOUJD BOE NFEJDBM *4.

*4* JOUFSGFSFODJB FOUSF TNCPMPT JOUFSTZNCPM JOUFSGFSFODF
*56 VOJO JOUFSOBDJPOBM EF UFMFDPNVOJDBDJPOFT JOUFSOBUJPOBM UFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPO VOJPO

*563 *56 TFDDJO SBEJPDPNVOJDBDJPOFT
-/" BNQMJDBEPS EF CBKP SVJEP MPX OPJTF BNQMJFS
-/# CMPRVF DPOWFSTPS EF GSFDVFODJB EF CBKP SVJEP MPXOPJTF CMPDL EPXODPOWFSUFS

-04 MOFB EF WJTJO EJSFDUB MJOF PG TJHIU
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DFOUFS
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NVMUJQMFYJOH
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1*3& QPUFODJB JTUSPQB SBEJBEB FRVJWBMFOUF FRVJWBMFOU JTPUSPQJDBMMZ SBEJBUFE QPXFS P
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o

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QPXFS &.31

3# CMPRVF EF SFDVSTP 3FTPVSDF #MPDL o
4&43 SFMBDJO EF TFHVOEPT DPO NVDIPT FSSPSFT TFWFSFMZ FSSPSFE TFDPOE SBUJP
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4*/"%

4*3 SFMBDJO TFBM B JOUFSNPEVMBDJO
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6& FRVJQP EF VTVBSJP NWJM

VTFS FRVJQNFOU
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TZTUFN

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Juan Jos Murillo Fuentes

Juan Jos Murillo Fuentes

Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera

Escuela Tcnica Superior de Ingeniera

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PIRE = Pt + D t (E#J). 

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PIRE = Pt (E#N) + G t (E#) = Pt (E#N) + G t (E#E) + G d i p (E#) = PRA + G d i p (E#),

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E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#8) log d(LN), 

E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#L) log d(LN), 

E(E# 7N) = . + PRA(E#L) log d(LN). 

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Pr (E#8) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r 

Pr (E#N) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r . 

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Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) L tt L at + D t L b f + D r L tr L ar = 

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4VTUJUVZFOEP MB FDVBDJO EF 'SJJT FO 

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EPOEF E#E JOEJDB E# SFTQFDUP B MB BOUFOB EJQPMP

PIRE = Pt + D t (E#J).

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E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#8) log d(LN),

E(E# 7N) = . + PIRE(E#L) log d(LN),

E(E# 7N) = . + PRA(E#L) log d(LN).

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Pr (E#8) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r

Pr (E#N) = E(E# 7N) log f (.)[) . + G r .

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Pdr (E#N) = Pe t (E#N) L tt L at + D t L b f + D r L tr L ar =

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E(E# 7N) = Pt (E#8) + G t L b + log f (.)[) + .

E(E# 7N) = PIRE L b + log f (.)[) +

E(E# 7N) = PRA L b + log f (.)[) + ..

E (E# 7N) = . + PIRE t (E#L) log d(LN)

E (E# 7N) = . + PIRE t (E#L) log d(LN).

E (E# 7N) E (E# 7N) = PIRE t (E#L) PIRE t (E#L).

E (E# 7N) E (E# 7N) = PIRE t (E#L).

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d = max d(, ) = .(k l) = . = . E#.

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I(z) = I e j(z+l ) .

DPO dr = dzz Z r = zz EF GPSNB RVF I(r ) = I e j(z+l ) Z k r r = k z cos -B

'JHVSB "OUFOB SFBMJ[BEB DPO MOFB EF USBOTNJTJO

=jA(sen + cos )1BSB

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E = jA = jA( sen + cos )

E = jA = jA(cos (cos + sen )).

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